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Books on the topic 'Positive affect'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2023

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1

Tomkins, Silvan S. Affect, imagery, consciousness, Vol. 1: The positive affects. New York: Springer Publishing Co, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/14351-000.

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2

United States. Internal Revenue Service., ed. How do we affect taxpayer behavior?: The case for positive incentives, assistance, or enforcement. [Washington, D.C.]: Dept. of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, 1991.

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3

IRS Research Conference (8th 1990 Washington, D.C.). How do we affect taxpayer behavior?: The case for positive incentive, assistance, or enforcement. Washington, D.C: Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, 1991.

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4

Hidden dynamics: How emotions affect business performance & how you can harness their power for positive results. New York: American Management Association, 1995.

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5

Hopkins, Sally-Kay. Do people's learning styles affect their aproach towards education?: And if so, how could they be adapted in a positive manner to a specific outdoor programme? Ambleside: St Martin's college, 2001.

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6

Chinnadurai, R. Interventions of livelihood options for HIV and AIDS affected people in the rural areas. Hyderabad: National Institute of Rural Development, 2010.

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7

Munthali, Alister C. Identifying opportunities for skills building among youth infected and affected by HIV/AIDS in Malawi: A final report. [Zomba, Malawi]: University of Malawi, Centre for Social Research, 2002.

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8

Badykova, Idelya, and Anna Romanova. Project management of innovative activity of enterprises. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1415574.

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The monograph examines the statement that the combination of innovation activity and corporate social responsibility should create a synergistic effect of sustainable development of the enterprise. It is shown that increasing loyalty on the part of a large number of stakeholder groups (especially employees, consumers, suppliers, etc.) and reducing the level of risk perception on the part of financial stakeholders, consumers, etc. through the emergence of a "halo" or "halo" of responsible business are extremely important for high-risk innovation activities, increase the effectiveness of project management. At the same time, a positive perception on the part of stakeholders should affect the competitiveness of the company as a whole and its economic efficiency. For students and teachers, as well as all those interested in the economy of enterprises.
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9

Alm, Håkan. When and why does cooperation positively or negatively affect innovation?: An exploration into turbulent waters. Manchester: Centre for Research on Innovation and Competition, 2000.

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10

Association, Health Visitors', ed. Positive practice: An HVA guide to caring for families and children affected by HIV/AIDS. London: Health Visitors' Association, 1994.

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11

Alliance, India HIV/AIDS. Unheard, unsung, but not unaware: We are determined to raise our voices : a chronicle of the struggle and challenges faced by women living with or affected by HIV/AIDS. New Delhi: India HIV/AIDS Alliance, 2007.

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12

Martin, Jeffrey J. Positive Affect. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190638054.003.0022.

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This chapter examines disability sport research on positive affect that ranges from momentary emotions to broader and longer-lasting affective states. The chapter is organized in three ways: a hedonic perspective of momentary experiences of pleasure, engagement such as the experience of flow in sport and peak experiences in hiking and mountain climbing, and obtaining meaning in life, such as contributing to the broader society. Research in these three categories is presented. A plethora of research in disability sport has indicated that sport participation is associated with life satisfaction. Other researchers examining disabled military veterans have shown evidence of posttraumatic growth after acquisition of a disability and have shown how sport has helped facilitate such growth. Research on noncompetitive sport has also indicated that feelings of gratitude and well-being are associated with activities such as hiking, mountain climbing, and water-based activities. The chapter concludes with advocacy for an examination of flow in disability sport.
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13

Rhee, Seung-Yoon, and Hye Jung Yoon. Shared Positive Affect in Workgroups. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199734610.013.0017.

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14

Craske, Michelle G., Halina Dour, Michael Treanor, and Alicia E. Meuret. Positive Affect Treatment for Depression and Anxiety. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780197548523.001.0001.

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Abstract Positive Affect Treatment for Depression and Anxiety: Therapist Guide contains step-by-step detailed procedures for assessing and treating specific problems and diagnoses. According to the growing consensus, evidence-based practice offers the most responsible course of action for mental health professionals. The guide is intended for clinicians familiar with cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) and clinical presentations of depression, anxiety, and anhedonia. Positive Affect Treatment (PAT) was developed to specifically target areas of reward sensitivity that are believed to contribute to anhedonia. The treatment is expected to be an indispensable resource for all practitioners who wish to effectively and efficiently help individuals regain and improve their quality of life.
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15

Meuret, Alicia E., Halina Dour, Amanda Loerinc Guinyard, and Michelle G. Craske. Positive Affect Treatment for Depression and Anxiety. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780197548608.001.0001.

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Abstract Positive Affect Treatment for Depression and Anxiety: Workbook discusses the process and advantages of the Positive Affect Treatment (PAT), which is a program specifically designed to increase interest or joy in usual activities for individuals with depression or anxiety. The program has three main sets of exercises: Actions Toward Feeling Better, Attending to the Positive, and Building Positivity. The title highlights how PAT will be an indispensable resource for individuals with depression or anxiety who are struggling to find enjoyment in life. It also tackles the concept of anhedonia, which refers to the loss of interest or joy in usual activities.
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16

Moskowitz, Judith Tedlie. Coping Interventions and the Regulation of Positive Affect. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195375343.013.0020.

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17

Positive Affect Treatment for Depression and Anxiety: Workbook. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2022.

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18

Positive Affect Treatment for Depression and Anxiety: Therapist Guide. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2022.

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19

Leal, Angela M. THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INSTRUMENT FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL COMFORT (EMOTION, POSITIVE AFFECT). 1986.

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20

Wong, Emma. Positive Affirmations Affect Powerful Change in Your Life, Attract Positive Energy to Heal Your Body, Gain Optimum Health, and Live a Happier You. Independently Published, 2018.

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21

Davis, Mary C., Chung Jung Mun, Dhwani Kothari, Shannon Moore, Crys Rivers, Kirti Thummala, and Giulia Weyrich. The Nature and Adaptive Implications of Pain-Affect Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627898.003.0013.

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Because pain is in part an affective experience, investigators over the past several decades have sought to elaborate the nature of pain-affect connections. Our evolving understanding of the intersection of pain and affect is especially relevant to intervention efforts designed to enhance the quality of life and functional health of individuals managing chronic pain. This chapter describes how pain influences arousal of the vigilance/defensive and appetitive/approach motivational systems and thus the affective health of chronic pain patients. The focus then moves to the dynamic relations between changes in pain and other stressors and changes in positive and negative affect as observed in daily life and laboratory-based experiments. A consensus emerges that sustaining positive affect during pain and stress flares may limit their detrimental effects and promote better functional health. The authors consider the implications of increased understanding of the dynamic interplay between pain and affective experience for enhancing existing interventions.
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22

Hagger, Martin S., and Cleo Protogerou. Affect in the Context of Self-Determination Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0007.

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Self-determination theory has been applied to understand the role of affect in motivation and behavior in health contexts. According to self-determination theory, autonomous forms of motivation, reflecting self-endorsed reasons for acting and the satisfaction of psychological needs, are related to participation and persistence in health behavior. Research examining the role of affect in determining health behavior from the perspective of the theory is relatively sparse. Affect has served as both an outcome and process in applications of the theory to health behavior. Positive affect and psychological well-being have been identified as important outcomes of participating in behaviors for autonomous reasons. Affect is inextricably linked to motivational processes through eudaimonic and hedonic well-being, the passionate pursuit of activities, and the regulation of behavior through active management of aversive emotional responses. The chapter outlines how support for autonomous motivation by significant others may lead to adaptive behavioral engagement and affective responses in health behavior.
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23

Uphold, Constance Rae. CONTACT, SOCIALLY SUPPORTIVE BEHAVIORS, AND POSITIVE AFFECT BETWEEN ADULT, WORKING WOMEN AND THEIR MOTHERS AND MOTHERS-IN-LAW. 1988.

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24

Sayer, Maria. Brain As a Supercomputer and How It Affects Our Physical and Emotional Wellbeing: Quantum Physics and Mind and Body, How Negative and Positive Feelings Can Affect Our Mindset. Independently Published, 2021.

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25

Rhodes, Ryan E., and Samantha M. Gray. Affect in the Process of Action Control of Health-Protective Behaviors. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0002.

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Preventing chronic disease is critical for society. Behavioral factors are often responsible for explaining much of chronic disease etiologies, yet engagement in health-protective behaviors is low. Intention to engage in behavior has been considered a critical determinant of behavior, and is supported by ample correlational evidence. Nevertheless, much of the correspondence between intention and behavior is among nonintenders who subsequently do not act; there is considerable variability in behavior performance for intenders. Thus, action control—the translation of positive intentions into behavior—is a crucial consideration for health behaviors. This chapter proposes several pathways in which affect may determine action control for protective behaviors such as physical activity and healthy eating. The three main affective processes include reflective affect, manipulated affect through volitional regulation, and reflexive affect. Carefully designed future studies should help support or falsify several of the proposed pathways suggested in our model of affect and action control.
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26

de Ridder, Denise, and Catharine Evers. “Stressed Spelled Backward Is Desserts”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0012.

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This chapter discusses the relationship between affect and eating behavior from two points of view—how affect shapes eating behavior and how eating behavior generates affect—arguing that appreciating how affect influences eating behavior depends on understanding in what way eating generates affect. It first discusses biological and social-cultural perspectives on the pleasure of eating and posits that the inherently rewarding experience of eating is compromised by concerns about the health consequences of eating too much or by eating the wrong foods. The second part of this chapter explains in what way both negative and positive affect influences consumption and highlights the contrast between theoretical notions on the phenomenon of emotional eating and empirical findings. It elaborates on new avenues for investigating the association between affect and eating, including the role of positive emotions, emotions as justifications for overeating, and eating as a coping strategy for dealing with negative emotions.
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27

Verschaffel, Lieven, Fien Depaepe, and Wim Van Dooren. Individual Differences in Word Problem Solving. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.040.

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There is currently a rather broad consensus that the competencies that are required to solve word problems involve: (a) a well-organized and flexibly accessible knowledge base involving the relevant factual, conceptual, and procedural knowledge that is relevant for solving word problems; (b) heuristic methods, i.e. search strategies for problem analysis and transformation which increase the probability of finding a solution; (c) metacognition, involving both metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive skills; (d) positive task-related affects, involving positive beliefs, attitudes, and emotions; and (e) meta-affect, involving knowledge about one’s affects and skills for regulating one’s affective processes. The present chapter reviews and discusses research that provides a view on how individual differences in performance on word problems can be related to each of these components.
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28

Watson, Marilyn. Attachment Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190867263.003.0002.

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The origins of attachment theory and the work of John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth are described. Four types of child–parent attachment relationships—secure, insecure/anxious, insecure/ambivalent, and insecure/disorganized—are outlined along with the ways each type might manifest itself in the classroom. A longitudinal study, conducted by Alan Sroufe and his colleagues, of the development and effects on learning and interpersonal relationships of different child–parent attachment relationships is described. Teachers too have a history of attachment relationships that can affect how they relate to their students. The chapter describes adult attachment and how one’s attachment history might, positively or negatively, affect one’s ability to build positive, nurturing relationships with students. Specific examples of ways teachers can offset the negative effects of a student’s or their own history of insecure attachment are described.
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29

Martin, Jeffrey J. Mood. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190638054.003.0021.

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The purpose of this chapter is to overview the sport mood model and mood research conducted in disability sport. Researchers in disability sport have examined mood in a limited fashion, with an overreliance on the Profile of Mood States (POMS) scale, which measures vigor, confusion, depressed mood, anger, fatigue, and tension. A clear limitation of the POMS scale is the underrepresentation of positive mood states that athletes experience. Many of the researchers in disability sport have asked modest questions, such as do athletes with acquired versus congenital disabilities have more positive mood states? Other researchers have used the positive and negative affective schedule and have been able to offer a more well-rounded commentary on various positive and negative affective states and how they are related to other cognitions and sport performance. The chapter concludes with the recommendation that researchers use models of emotion and mood such as the 12-point affect circumplex (12-PAC) model and address how core affect can be assessed to reflect mood or emotion.
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30

Miller, Alissa A., and Stacey L. Rucas. Social Aggression, Sleep, and Well-Being among Sidama Women of Rural Southwestern Ethiopia. Edited by Maryanne L. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.013.24.

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Many researchers have studied how social competition and aggression affect health and well-being. However, few have made significant theoretical contributions to the understanding of how competition and aggression specific to women’s same-sex social networks may alter their health and well-being. Indeed, several lines of research indicate that positive interpersonal relationships between women are correlated to improved health, and, as a corollary, stressful and competitive interpersonal relationships result in significant health costs. Using evolutionary ecological theory and supporting data from Sidama pastoralist women in rural southwestern Ethiopia, this essay proposes that sleep quality and trade-offs between time spent sleeping for more waking time may be one of the pathways through which women’s health is affected by competition and aggression with other women. Sleep is gained or lost due to ruminations and investments over immediate social situations with other women, and this in turn can affect women’s health and well-being.
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31

Ha, Thao, and Hanjoe Kim. The Paradox of Love in Adolescent Romantic Relationships. Edited by Thomas J. Dishion and James Snyder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.013.13.

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We investigate whether the amplification of positive affect during conflict discussions or “up regulation” between adolescent romantic partners functions to prevent or terminate interpersonal conflict. Unfortunately, this up regulation strategy may also result in unresolved relationship problems, and ultimately increase adolescent depressive symptoms. The concept of coercion is reviewed as it applies to conflict resolution and avoidance in a sample of 80 adolescent romantic relationships. Results from multilevel hazard models showed that longer durations of observed upregulation states predicted increases in depressive symptoms in both males and females over the course of 2 years. In addition, female depression predicted slower exits from coercive states, which in turn predicted higher levels of males’ depressive symptoms. Implications of these findings are discussed, as well as the possibility that positive affect can be negatively reinforced when it functions to avoid conflict in recently formed close relationships.
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32

Montgomery, Erwin B. Controlling the Flow of Electrical Charges. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259600.003.0004.

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In depolarization to effect neuronal activations,, electrical charges are delivered to the neuron to affect the electrical potential across the neuronal membrane to subsequently affect voltage-gated ionic conductance channels. The orientation of the field of electrical charges to the neuronal membrane is critical. Electrical charges flow from the negative contact to the positive contact. The negative electrostatic charge “pushes” negative charges onto the outer surface of the neuron, which results in depolarization of the neuronal membrane. Neurons near the positive contact will not have negative electrical charges deposited on the outer surface, will not be depolarized, and thus, are not activated. Likewise, neurons whose membranes are oriented parallel to the lines of electrical forces that move electrical charges will not receive the electrical charges and, consequently, will not be activated. The electronics of the DBS systems are designed to control the electrostatic forces so as to control the activations of the nervous system to generate benefit and avoid adverse effects.
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33

Wenzelburger, Georg. The Partisan Politics of Law and Order. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190920487.001.0001.

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The comparative study of law and order policies has mostly overlooked partisan politics as a possible explanation of differences between Western nations. Filling this gap in the literature, this book argues theoretically and substantiates empirically that law and order policies are heavily affected by partisan politics. By means of a large-N analysis of spending data and a new dataset on law and order legislation as well as four in-depth case studies, the empirical evidence shows that party competition and the party ideology of governments do affect policies—depending on the institutional context of a political system. Moreover, path dependencies tend to freeze these effects over a certain period of time creating positive feedback dynamics.
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34

Marcsisin, Michael J., and Jessica M. Gannon. History and Phenomenology of Schizophrenia and Related Psychoses. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199331505.003.0001.

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Psychosis has probably affected humans since the start of humanity itself, although the construct of schizophrenia is a relatively new phenomenon, dating back to the nineteenth century. Work by Emil Kraepelin and Eugen Bleuler helped consolidate ideas about psychotic disorders, setting the stage for both clinical care and neuroscience research in subsequent centuries. Phenomenologically, psychotic symptoms range from “positive” symptoms (delusions, hallucinations), to “negative” symptoms (avolition, affective blunting), to “disorganization” symptoms (disorganized speech and behavior), which all combine to produce functional deficits. Different psychotic disorders have different combinations of symptoms, which can combine with mood and anxiety symptoms to affect functioning problems in unique ways. These symptoms can be recognized fairly reliably in individuals. Understanding the inner experience of psychosis can help improve patient-centered care.
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35

Lucas, Richard. Subjective Well-Being in Psychology. Edited by Matthew D. Adler and Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.13.

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Within psychology, subjective well-being refers to a person’s overall evaluation of the quality of life from his or her own perspective. Traditionally, psychologists have focused on three specific components of subjective well-being: life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect, though disagreements exist about precisely how these components should be best measured. Psychological research shows that intuitively appealing predictors of SWB, such as income and health, are typically only weakly correlated with SWB, whereas personality predictors tend to be stronger. This chapter reviews basic psychological research on SWB, addresses questions about the conceptualization and measurement of the construct, and discusses recent attempts to clarify the associations among the various components that are typically studied.
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36

Scott, Brent A., Fadel K. Matta, and Joel Koopman. Within-Person Approaches to the Study of Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: Antecedents, Consequences, and Boundary Conditions. Edited by Philip M. Podsakoff, Scott B. Mackenzie, and Nathan P. Podsakoff. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219000.013.17.

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This chapter provides a review of the nascent (but growing) literature on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) at the within-person level of analysis. We organize our review of the existing literature chronologically, discussing antecedents and consequences of within-person fluctuations in OCB. After providing a narrative review of the literature, we provide a quantitative summary of the literature via meta-analysis, summarizing the within-person relationships between OCB and its most common within-person correlates (i.e., positive affect, negative affect, job satisfaction, stressors, strain, and task performance). Looking to the future of OCB at the within-person level of analysis, we suggest that researchers can contribute to the domain by tailoring the measurement of OCB to the within-person level of analysis, better illuminating the causal direction between OCB and affect, clarifying the relationship between OCB and counterproductive work behavior at the within-person level, expanding the “dark side” of within-person OCB, exploring between-person differences in within-person OCB variability, and incorporating new theories.
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37

Pickering, Gary. Power of Positive Thinking: How Negative Thought Affects Your Health. Independently Published, 2021.

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38

Jetten, Jolanda, S. Alexander Haslam, Tegan Cruwys, and Nyla R. Branscombe. Social Identity, Stigma, and Health. Edited by Brenda Major, John F. Dovidio, and Bruce G. Link. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190243470.013.18.

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This chapter argues that an understanding of social identity processes is critical to understand when and how stigma affects health. This chapter presents a social identity analysis of the relationship between stigma and health and starts from the premise that it is particularly difficult for individuals who belong to stigmatized groups to derive a positive identity from their social group memberships. However, when individuals turn to the stigmatized group, identify with it, and draw social support from others within it, their health will be buffered against some of the negative consequences of discrimination because group memberships—and the social identities that are derived from them—act as psychological resources. Perceptions of the broader sociostructural context that affect appraisals of discrimination and coping with stigma play an important role in determining whether the curing properties of group memberships are unlocked, turning the curse of belonging to a stigmatized group into a cure.
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39

Rottenberg, Catherine. Back from the Future. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190901226.003.0005.

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Chapter 4 examines two well-trafficked mommy blogs written by Ivy League–educated professional women with children. Reading these blogs as part of the larger neoliberal feminist turn, the chapter demonstrates how neoliberal feminism is currently interpellating middle-aged women differently from their younger counterparts. If younger women are exhorted to sequence their lives in order to ensure a happy work-family balance in the future, for older feminist subjects—those who already have children and a successful career—notions of happiness have expanded to include the normative demand to live in the present as fully and as positively as possible. The turn from a future-oriented perspective to “the here and now” reveals how different temporalities operate as part of the technologies of the self within contemporary neoliberal feminism. This chapter thus demonstrates how positive affect is the mode through which technologies of the self-direct subjects toward certain temporal horizons.
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40

Ramirez, Reba. Tiny Habits: 3 Proven Habits That Will Affect Your Life Positively. Independently Published, 2022.

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41

Winner, Ellen. Too Easy to Be Good? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190863357.003.0009.

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This chapter examines whether beliefs about how an artwork was made unconsciously affect judgments. Philosopher Denis Dutton believed that we judge an artwork in part by the kind of achievement it represents. Something created without effort constitutes a different achievement from something created with much effort. One might assume that a work completed without much effort would be most valued because such a work is evidence of a greater talent than one completed with greater effort. However, research shows the opposite. All else being equal (and without priming people to think about talent), more effort leads to a more positive judgment. The history behind the work is part and parcel of the work. We cannot help but allow process to affect our evaluation of the product. This understanding helps to explain why many connoisseurs were angered by artist David Hockney’s theory that certain Renaissance artists used optical aids to achieve realism.
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42

Toscano del Cairo, Claudia Alejandra, Segundo Gonzalo Pazmay Ramos, Eliana Quiroz González, Jennifer Tatiana Muñoz Jaramillo, Carlos Forero Aponte, Juan Javier Vesga Rodríguez, and Mónica García Rubiano. Engagement y cambio organizacional. Edited by Juan Javier Vesga Rodríguez and Mónica García Rubiano. Editorial Universidad Católica de Colombia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14718/9789585133419.2020.

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This book is the product of an institutional research project and looks towards making a contribution to those who work in the organizational field. Both organizational change and engagement are important variables in organizations because they are part of a mechanism and, as such, can affect the development and growth of the organization. This book, which addresses various aspects that contribute to give an extensive approach to the topics, allows us to observe how these variables are related to each other. In this way, it starts from the management of human talent in organizations and how positive psychology can be framed in the organizational field. Therefore, what is the role of organizational change, and finally the relationship between the variables under study is presented from the perspective of positive psychology.
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43

Onwumere, Juliana, and Elizabeth Kuipers. Psychosis and the family: the role of family interventions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198828761.003.0010.

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The development of psychotic illness exerts a significant impact on the affected individual but will also affect, in a variety of ways, their family and social networks. Although psychotic conditions are severe mental health problems, they are treatable, and family care and support play an important role in helping to achieve better recovery outcomes. In its first half, this chapter provides an overview of the impact of psychosis on family carers and the close relationship that exists between family wellbeing and patient outcomes, including the relevance of expressed emotion. The second half of the chapter offers an outline of family interventions—the psychological talking therapies designed to help individuals living with psychosis and their families to improve their understanding of the illness, develop skills in positive communication, problem-solving and coping, and identify appropriate support pathways. The evidence base underpinning the interventions and future developments in working with families is also discussed.
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44

Martin, Jeffrey J. Self-Efficacy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190638054.003.0023.

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Self-efficacy theory is one of the most researched topics in sport psychology. This chapter defines self-efficacy and provides an overview of the antecedents and outcomes of strong and weak self-efficacy. An overview of self-efficacy-based research in disability sport is also provided. Correlational work has demonstrated that athletes with strong self-efficacy, relative to athletes with weaker efficacy, have stronger psychological skills, less anxiety, more positive affect, and less negative affect and receive more social support from significant others. Imagery and self-talk are also related to self-efficacy providing theoretical support for these two antecedents. Athletes with strong training self-efficacy also tend to have strong performance self-efficacy. Research examining self-efficacy for pain management and the challenges of training is advocated as well as longitudinal research and intervention work. Similarly, work examining disability and disability sport–specific antecedents and outcomes of efficacy is called for, as is research into coach, team, and referee self-efficacy.
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45

Martin, Jeffrey J. Physical Activity Interventions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190638054.003.0036.

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In addition to theory testing, researchers have also examined if exercise interventions serve to enhance psychological constructs such as self-esteem and behavior such as functional fitness, activities of daily living (ADL), and physical activity. The purpose of this chapter is to review the physical activity (PA) intervention research and offer criticisms and future research directions. Laboratory PA interventions have been effective at increasing physical capacity, muscular strength, walking ability, and reducing body weight, stress, depression, and pain. However, laboratory research has been criticized for lacking ecological validity, thus researchers have also investigated whether lifestyle-type community or field-based interventions are effective. Researchers have shown that increasing social support for PA is effective for adults, and water-based activities help children with cerebral palsy increase their functional fitness. Nontraditional approaches such as yoga, massage, relaxation, and mindfulness training might be considered potential antecedents of reduced negative affect, increased positive affect, and enhanced functional fitness.
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46

Langer, Julia K., and Thomas L. Rodebaugh. Comorbidity of Social Anxiety Disorder and Depression. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.030.

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Social anxiety disorder (SAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are prevalent disorders that exhibit a high rate of co-occurrence. Furthermore, these disorders have been shown to be associated with each other, suggesting that the presence of one disorder increases risk for the other disorder. In this chapter, we discuss relevant theories that attempt to explain why SAD and MDD are related. We propose that the available evidence provides support for conceptualizing the comorbidity of SAD and MDD as resulting from a shared underlying vulnerability. There is evidence that this underlying vulnerability is genetic in nature and related to trait-like constructs such as positive and negative affect. We also discuss the possibility that the underlying vulnerability may confer tendencies toward certain patterns of thinking. Finally, we discuss theories that propose additional causal pathways between the disorders such as direct pathways from one disorder to the other. We advocate for a psychoevolutionary conceptualization that links the findings on the underlying cognitions to the shared relation of lower positive affect and the findings on peer victimization. We suggest that, in addition to a shared underlying vulnerability, the symptoms of social anxiety and depression may function as a part of a behavior trap in which attempts to cope with perceived social exclusion lead to even higher levels of social anxiety and depression. Finally, we make recommendations for the best methods for assessing SAD and MDD as well as suggestions for treating individuals with both disorders.
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47

Misra, Girishwar, ed. Psychology: Volume 1. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199498840.001.0001.

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This survey of research on psychology in five volumes is a part of a series undertaken by the ICSSR since 1969, which covers various disciplines under social science. Volume One of this survey, Cognitive and Affective Processes, discusses the developments in the study of cognitive and affective processes within the Indian context. It offers an up-to-date assessment of theoretical developments and empirical studies in the rapidly evolving fields of cognitive science, applied cognition, and positive psychology. It also analyses how pedagogy responds to a shift in the practices of knowing and learning. Additionally, drawing upon insights from related fields it proposes epithymetics–desire studies – as an upcoming field of research and the volume investigates the impact of evolving cognitive and affective processes in Indian research and real life contexts. The development of cognitive capability distinguishes human beings from other species and allows creation and use of complex verbal symbols, facilitates imagination and empowers to function at an abstract level. However, much of the vitality characterizing human life is owed to the diverse emotions and desires. This has made the study of cognition and affect as frontier areas of psychology. With this in view, this volume focuses on delineating cognitive scientific contributions, cognition in educational context, context, diverse applications of cognition, psychology of desire, and positive psychology. The five chapters comprising this volume have approached the scholarly developments in the fields of cognition and affect in innovative ways, and have addressed basic as well applied issues.
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48

Myers, Lorna, and John J. Barry. Diagnostic Challenges for the Mental Health Team and Psychiatrist. Edited by Barbara A. Dworetzky and Gaston C. Baslet. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265045.003.0008.

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Establishing a positive therapeutic alliance during the initial psychiatric interview allows the clinician to collect the necessary diagnostic information and can have a significant impact on a patient’s decision to follow up with treatment recommendations once the diagnosis of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) is determined. When evaluating a patient with suspected PNES in an out- or inpatient setting, there are a variety of clinician behaviors that can support or obstruct the establishment of a positive therapeutic alliance. Similarly, a number of typical patient characteristics in PNES can affect the psychiatric assessment. In this chapter, these characteristics and behaviors are discussed, a clinician checklist is provided, and dialogue boxes illustrate a few common patient–clinician interactions, hypothetical challenges, and clinician responses. Distinctive challenges, including interaction with specific PNES subtypes (i.e., developmentally delayed, malingering, or hostile patients) and patients who are effectively incapacitated by high event frequency and systemic barriers, are presented.
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Koopmann-Holm, Birgit, and Jeanne L. Tsai. The Cultural Shaping of Compassion. Edited by Emma M. Seppälä, Emiliana Simon-Thomas, Stephanie L. Brown, Monica C. Worline, C. Daryl Cameron, and James R. Doty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464684.013.21.

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In this chapter, we first review the existing literature on cross-cultural studies on compassion. While cultural similarities exist, we demonstrate cultural differences in the conception, experience, and expression of compassion. Then we present our own work on the cultural shaping of compassion by introducing Affect Valuation Theory (e.g., Tsai, Knutson, & Fung, 2006), our theoretical framework. We show how the desire to avoid feeling negative partly explains cultural differences in conceptualizations and expressions of compassion. Specifically, the more people want to avoid feeling negative, the more they focus on the positive (e.g., comforting memories) than the negative (e.g., the pain of someone’s death) when responding to others’ suffering, and the more they regard responses as helpful that focus on the positive (vs. negative). Finally, we discuss implications of our work for counseling, health care, and public service settings, as well as for interventions that aim to promote compassion.
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50

Smith, Caroline. Plan a Is for Autism: Using the Affects Model to Promote Positive Behaviour. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.

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