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1

The positive obligations of the state under the European Convention of Human Rights. New York: Routledge, 2012.

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2

Dröge, Cordula. Positive Verpflichtungen der Staaten in der Europäischen Menschenrechtskonvention =: Positive obligations of states under the European Convention of Human Rights. Berlin: Springer, 2003.

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3

State succession and commercial obligations. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers, 2006.

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4

Ferber, Thaddeus. Positive youth development: State strategies. Denver, Colo: National Conference of State Legislatures, 2005.

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5

Clapham, Andrew. Human rights obligations of non-state actors. Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press, 2006.

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6

Witthaus, Dieter. Störungen im Schuldverhältnis: Unmöglichkeit, Schuldnerverzug, Gläubigerverzug, positive Vertragsverletzung, Culpa in contrahendo, Sachmängelhaftung des Verkäufers. Bochum: N. Brockmeyer, 1986.

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7

Conde-Ruiz, Jose Ignacio. Positive arithmetic of the welfare state. Badia Fiesolana, San Domenico: European University Institute, 2000.

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8

Murray, Daragh. Human rights obligations of non-state armed groups. Oxford: Hart Publishing Ltd, 2016.

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9

Wright, Nigel. Free church, free state: The positive Baptist vision. Bletchley, Milton Keynes, UK: Paternoster Press, 2005.

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10

Positive changes: The education, science & technology policies of Korea. Seoul, Korea: Korea Economic Daily & Business Publications Inc., 2012.

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11

Monsma, Stephen V. Positive neutrality: Letting religious freedom ring. Grand Rapids, Mich: Baker Books, 1995.

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12

Monsma, Stephen V. Positive neutrality: Letting religious freedom ring. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1993.

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13

Szabó, Marcel. State responsibility and the law of treaties. The Hague: Eleven International Pub., 2010.

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14

Szabó, Marcel. State responsibility and the law of treaties. The Hague: Eleven International Pub., 2010.

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15

Kischel, Uwe. State contracts: Völker-, schieds- und internationalprivatrechtliche Aspekte des anwendbaren Rechts. Stuttgart: R. Boorberg, 1992.

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16

State participation in international treaty regimes. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Pub. Company, 2009.

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17

Cruz, Oscar V. Administrative process for dispensation from clerical obligations and dismissal from the clerical state. Manila, Philippines: CBCP Communications Development Foundation, Inc., 2013.

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18

State responsibility and international liability of states for lawful acts: A discussion of principles. Uppsala: Iustus Förlag, 1997.

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19

O, Alashi S., and Ahmad M. K, eds. A positive and normative analysis of bank supervision in Nigeria. Nairobi: African Economic Research Consortium, 2004.

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20

Seidman, Harold. Politics, position, and power: From the positive to the regulatory state. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.

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21

Mowbray, A. R. The development of positive obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights by the European Court of Human Rights. Oxford: Hart Pub., 2004.

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22

The theory of legal duties and rights: An introduction to analytical jurisprudence. Littleton, Colo: F.B. Rothman, 1990.

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23

Naab, Bryan. An audit, Petroleum Inspection Fee Revenue Obligations Program. Madison, WI: Wisconsin Legislative Audit Bureau, 2000.

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24

Naab, Bryan. An audit, Petroleum Inspection Fee Revenue Obligations Program. Madison, WI: Wisconsin Legislative Audit Bureau, 2001.

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25

Allard, Patricia E. Rebuilding families, reclaiming lives: State obligations to children in foster care and their incarcerated parents. New York: Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law, 2006.

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26

Pritchett, Lant. What education production functions really show: A positive theory of education expenditures. Washington, DC: World Bank, Development Research Group, Poverty and Human Resources, 1997.

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27

Great Britain. Colonial Office. Canada (Hamilton municipal bonds): Return to an address of the Honourable the House of Commons, dated 21 April 1863 for, a "copy of all the correspondence between the Secretary of State for the Colonies and the Governor General of Canada, on the subject of the Hamilton municipal bonds". [London: HMSO, 2001.

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28

Pratt, George J. Code to joy: The four-step solution to unlocking your natural state of happiness. New York: HarperOne, 2012.

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29

Levin, Benjamin. How to change 5000 schools: A practical and positive approach for leading change at every level. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard Education Press, 2008.

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30

How to change 5000 schools: A practical and positive approach for leading change at every level. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard Education Press, 2008.

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31

Justice, Oklahoma State Advisory Committee on Juvenile. In search of positive alternatives--: 1985 State of Oklahoma juvenile justice and delinquency prevention plan. Oklahoma City, Okla. (4545 N. Lincoln Blvd., Suite 285, Oklahoma City 73105-3481): Oklahoma Dept. of Economic and Community Affairs, 1985.

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32

New York (State). Legislature. Assembly. Committee on Health. Public hearing, health care in New York State prisons. [Albany, N.Y.?]: Associated Reporters Int'l., 2003.

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33

Yudkivska, Ganna. Territorial Jurisdiction and Positive Obligations of an Occupied State. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830009.003.0008.

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The international law of occupation—as it has developed since the nineteenth century—traditionally regulates the conduct and obligations of occupying forces. Very little is said about the obligations of an occupied State, or a ‘victim’ State. This chapter focuses on a limited practice of the European Court of Human Rights in developing some principles in this respect. The main emphasis is put on the landmark judgment Ilascu v Moldova and Russia, in which, for the first time, the Court has found that a State, which lost effective control over a part of its territory and was unable to exercise its jurisdiction there, still had some positive obligations deriving from its de jure jurisdiction. It is argued that the Court’s approach represented a new development in international law, which traditionally considered human rights obligations to be primarily triggered by an effective territorial control. It is further discussed that it might be quite difficult to reconcile positive obligations towards people remaining in occupied territories with a State’s obligation to refrain from supporting separatist regimes. Substitution of effective control for the concept of ‘positive obligations’ necessitates a very delicate assessment of different political, diplomatic, judicial, and other measures, which requires a high degree of sensitivity on the part of the international court. The scope of the positive obligations of an injured State vis-à-vis the positive obligations of an occupying State needs to be elucidated further.
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34

Papanicolopulu, Irini. The Content of State Obligations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789390.003.0005.

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The chapter discusses the content of the legal obligations owed by States to people at sea. It first argues in favour of the emergence of a new general principle of international law, according to which States have the duty to protect people at sea and to ensure that people enjoy their human rights. It then explores the nature of these duties and the extent to which an extensive range of positive obligations accompany negative ones. There follows a discussion of the tension between comprehensiveness and severability, and some measure of scrutiny over the usefulness of the different approaches for the protection of people at sea. Eventually, the book argues that the widespread acceptance of human rights and the development of detailed regulation providing for the exercise of mandatory legislative and enforcement jurisdiction are actually transforming the rights attributed to States under the traditional law of the sea into duties
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35

Xenos, Dimitris. Positive Obligations of the State under the European Convention of Human Rights. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.

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36

Boundaries of State, Boundaries of Rights: Human Rights, Private Actors, and Positive Obligations. Cambridge University Press, 2018.

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37

Kahana, Tsvi, and Anat Scolnicov. Boundaries of State, Boundaries of Rights: Human Rights, Private Actors, and Positive Obligations. Cambridge University Press, 2016.

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38

James, Aaron. Sovereignty and Associative Obligations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190922542.003.0014.

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Conservative American jurisprudence often staunchly maintains that each society—and especially the United States—enjoys an absolute right of sovereignty as against the constraints of international law. This position is often maintained in a philosophically dogmatic way—as a morally unsupported assertion that political authority can only have a domestic source. Yet the social contract tradition, especially in the work of Thomas Hobbes, but also in contemporary arguments by Michael Walzer, offers something of a principled defense of this view. This chapter will outline a fundamental alternative to this conservative position, also located within the social contract tradition. Domestic political authority, on this rival view, partly has its source in the larger state system that constitutes and defines the right of sovereignty with a political social practice of global scope.
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39

Stoyanova, Vladislava. Human Trafficking and Slavery Reconsidered: Conceptual Limits and States' Positive Obligations in European Law. Cambridge University Press, 2017.

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40

Stoyanova, Vladislava. Human Trafficking and Slavery Reconsidered: Conceptual Limits and States' Positive Obligations in European Law. Cambridge University Press, 2018.

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41

Dröge, Cordula. Positive Verpflichtungen der Staaten in der Europäischen Menschenrechtskonvention: Positive Obligations of States under the European Convention on Human ... öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht). Springer, 2003.

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42

Positive Obligations In Criminal Law. Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, 2013.

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43

Kjeldgaard-Pedersen, Astrid. The International Legal Personality of the Individual. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820376.001.0001.

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This book scrutinizes the relationship between the concept of international legal personality as a theoretical construct and the position of the individual as a matter of positive international law. By testing four main theoretical conceptions of international legal personality against historical and existing international legal norms that govern individuals, the book argues that the common narrative about the development of the role of the individual in international law is flawed. Contrary to conventional wisdom, international law did not apply to States alone until the Second World War, only to transform during the second half of the twentieth century to include individuals as its subjects. Rather, the answer to the question of individual rights and obligations under international law is—and always was—solely contingent upon the interpretation of international legal norms. It follows, of course, that the entities governed by a particular norm tell us nothing about the legal system to which that norm belongs. Instead, the distinction between international and national legal norms turns exclusively on the nature of their respective sources. Against the background of these insights, the book shows how present-day international lawyers continue to allow an idea, which was never more than a scholarly invention of the nineteenth century, to influence the interpretation and application of contemporary international law. This state of affairs has significant real-world ramifications as international legal rights and obligations of individuals (and other non-State entities) are frequently applied more restrictively than interpretation without presumptions regarding ‘personality’ would merit.
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44

Palchetti, Paolo. Consequences for Third States as a Result of an Unlawful Use of Force. Edited by Marc Weller. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673049.003.0058.

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This chapter explores some of the problems concerning the role of third states in situations of unlawful use of force by a state against another state. It first draws a distinction between states directly involved in conflict either as the instigator or as the victim of an unlawful armed intervention, and ‘third states’. It then considers the rules that define the legal position of third states in situations arising from an unlawful use of force, as well as the responses that such states are entitled or obliged to take when dealing with such situations. In particular, the chapter examines the rules on state responsibility and their impact on and interaction with the other rules dealing with the position of third states. It also describes the scope of applicability of the law of neutrality, collective self-defence, enforcement of erga omnes obligations, and centralized versus decentralized responses by third states.
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45

Klosko, George. Political Obligation. Edited by George Klosko. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238804.003.0044.

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By political obligation, theorists generally mean a moral requirement to obey the law of one's state or one's country. In the liberal tradition, liberty is a central value, and so the fact that some individuals should obey others must be explained. The liberal—or “modern”—view of political obligation is classically expressed in John Locke's Second Treatise of Government. According to Locke, political obligation must stem from an individual's own consent, and so must be self-assumed, based on a specific action or performance by each individual himself. Thomas Hobbes presented a fully modern theory of political obligation. With Hobbes, the burden of argument shifts. Whereas, in the late medieval period, the default position favored obedience, Hobbes's starting point is individual freedom. Locke's view of tacit consent was classically criticized by David Hume, who believes that his account has the considerable advantage of doing without the fictions of an original state of nature, individual consent, and social contract. Contemporary debates about political obligation have been heavily influenced by the popularity of so-called philosophical anarchism.
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46

Cheng, Tai-Heng. State Succession and Commercial Obligations. BRILL, 2006.

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47

Kjeldgaard-Pedersen, Astrid. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820376.003.0009.

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Chapter 9 reiterates and reflects on the overall conclusions of the previous chapters: (1) that positive international law has consistently supported Kelsen’s ‘a posteriori’ conception of international legal personality; (2) that, consequently, the international legal personality of any entity is solely a matter of (presumption-free) interpretation of international norms; and (3) that we must abandon both the widespread presumption against direct individual rights and obligations (in accordance with the ‘modified States-only’ conception of international legal personality) and the use of the orthodox ‘States-only’ conception of international legal personality as means to distinguish between international law and national law.
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48

Cannizzaro, Enzo. Common Interests of Humankind and the International Regulation of the Use of Force. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825210.003.0022.

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The chapter discusses the philosophical foundations of the current regulation of the use of force. The chapter argues that, in correspondence with the emergence of a sphere of substantive rules protecting common interests of humankind, international law is also gradually developing a system of protection against egregious breaches of these interests. This conclusion is reached through an analysis of the law and practice governing the action of the UN Security Council as well as the law of state responsibility concerning individual and collective reactions to serious breaches of common interests. This system is based on positive obligations imposed upon individual states as well as UN organs, and it appears to be still rudimentary and inefficient. However, the chapter suggests that the mere existence of this system, these shortcomings notwithstanding, has the effect of promoting the further development of the law in search for more appropriate mechanisms of protection.
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49

Summers, James, and Alex Gough, eds. Non-State Actors and International Obligations. Brill | Nijhoff, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004340251.

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50

Lawrence, Sr, Barchue. 11 The IMO, the Audit Scheme, and Its Role in Global Ocean Governance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198823957.003.0011.

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This chapter explains the origins, aims and structure of the compulsory IMO Audit Scheme recently adopted in the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The Scheme was originally trialled in the IMO on a voluntary basis. The results of the trial, in which several IMO Member States offered themselves for audit, was so positive that any remaining opposition to compulsory audit was soon overcome. The aim of the audits is not to ‘name and shame’ countries which are found to be wanting in terms of compliance with their IMO treaty obligations. Rather, it was conceived as a tool that could assist Member States in identifying any shortcomings in their legal and administrative regimes and in suggesting what further actions need to be taken to overcome these deficiencies.
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