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Journal articles on the topic 'Possessive adjective'
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1
Jitpranee, Jutharat. "A Study of Adjective Types and Functions in Popular Science Articles." International Journal of Linguistics 9, no. 2 (2017): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v9i2.10811.
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This study aims to analyze adjective types and functions found in popular science articles. 25 articles were randomly selected to analyze by employing the conceptual framework of adjective types in English by Khamying (2007). The findings reveal that ten types of adjectives including descriptive, proper, quantitative, numeral, demonstrative, possessive, distributive, emphasizing, exclamatory, and relative were found in the articles. The first five ranks of adjective types, which frequently used were hierarchically ordered from the descriptive adjectives (66.51%), the possessive adjectives (7.69%), the quantitative adjectives (7.57%), the demonstrative adjectives (5.26%), and the cardinal numeral adjectives (5.20%). The exclamatory adjectives were ranked as the least in use and the interrogative adjectives were not found in this study.
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Orozco, Rafael. "Variation in the expression of nominal possession in Costeño Spanish." Spanish in Context 7, no. 2 (2010): 194–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.7.2.03oro.
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To express nominal possession, Spanish speakers use a linguistic variable with three variants: a possessive adjective, a definite article and periphrasis. This study explores the expression of possession in Barranquilla, Colombia examining data extracted from sociolinguistic interviews with a socially stratified group of twenty informants. I conducted a series of statistical regression analyses for each variant testing ten linguistic and five social constraints. The results revealed that possessive adjectives and definite articles marking possession are almost evenly distributed. The expression of possession is conditioned by eight linguistic and two social constraints including distance between referent and possessive, semantic category, type of subject, speaker’s sex and social status/age. The results also suggest that the incursion of possessive periphrasis may constitute a manifestation of cyclicity, a crosslinguistic evolutionary process triggering internal syntactic and morphological adjustments. The results help increase our understanding of variation in contemporary Spanish and of how the sociolinguistic forces constraining language variation in Colombian Costeño Spanish conform to established sociolinguistic theory.
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Spencer, Andrew, and Irina Nikolaeva. "Denominal adjectives as mixed categories." Word Structure 10, no. 1 (2017): 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2017.0101.
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Many languages have morphological devices to turn a noun into an adjective. Often this morphology is genuinely derivational in that it adds semantic content such as ‘similar-to-N’ (similitudinal), ‘located-on/in’ (locational) and so on. In other cases the denominal adjective expresses no more than a pragmatically determined relationship, as in preposition-al phrase (see the synonymous preposition phrase), often called ‘relational adjectives’. In many languages relational adjectives are noun-to-adjective transpositions, that is, adjectival forms (‘representations’) of nominals. In some languages and constructions they retain some of the noun-related properties of the base. For example, the base can be modified by an attribute as though it were still a syntactically represented noun, giving rise to what we will call ‘syntagmatic category mixing’. We also find instances of ‘paradigmatic category mixing’ in which the derived adjectival form retains some of the inflectional morphology (case and/or number and/or possessive) of its base noun, as in a number of Uralic and Altaic languages. We address this kind of categorial mixing within the descriptive framework for lexical relatedness proposed in Spencer (2013) . A true transposition has a complex ‘semantic function’ (sf) role, consisting of the semantic function role of the derived category overlaid over that of the base. We explain how the complex semantic structure role of noun-to-adjective transpositions maps onto c-structure nodes, using the syntactic framework of Lexical Functional Grammar.
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Słapek, Daniel. "L'uso dell'articolo determinativo davanti ai singenionimi affettivi preceduti da un possessivo: un quadro statistico." Romanische Forschungen 133, no. 2 (2021): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3196/003581221832836666.
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Among the most complex rules of Italian grammar are those relating to the use of the definite article with possessive adjectives followed by kinship names: in this case, the article is not employed, but its omission is subject to various structural, syntactical, and semantic restrictions concerning the noun / phrase in question. Grammar books usually highlight the use of the article with plural nouns or with the possessive form loro, but they are much less careful about other features of the kinship noun / phrase in which possessives are involved (compound nouns, nouns followed by prepositional complements, etc.). Furthermore, they disagree with regard to the syntax of affective names, in which case the use of the article is often considered optional. With this study, then, I intend to analyze the use of the definite article with possessive adjectives followed by the affective kinship names mamma and papà (therefore, nouns without suffixes) in the largest corpus of written Italian, Italian Web 2016 of the Sketch Engine system. The results of this research are interesting because, statistically, the use of the article depends on the possessive adjective used in the text (mio, tuo, suo, etc.) and, therefore, on the degree of the speaker's emotional involvement.
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Mondon, Jean-François. "Breton non-local spirantization reexamined." Indo-European Linguistics 8, no. 1 (2020): 254–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22125892-bja10002.
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Abstract In certain dialects of Breton, spirantization triggered by a few possessive adjectives appears to apply their mutation on a non-local word. A plausible diachronic development is proposed in which noun phrases with and without the intervening word were nearly semantically identical, making it easier for the mutation effects on the noun to spread to the construction in which a word intervened between the possessive adjective and the noun. A synchronic solution couched in Distributed Morphology which makes use of string-vacuous Local Dislocation is proposed, which provides a locality-obeying account.
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Fitria, Tira Nur. "Analysis of Deixis in the Subtitle Movie of “First Kiss”." LET: Linguistics, Literature and English Teaching Journal 10, no. 1 (2020): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.18592/let.v10i1.3582.
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The objective of this research is to analyze the type and its examples of deixis found in the subtitle movie of “First Kiss”. This research method of this method is qualitative methodology. In data collection, the research use document analysis in this research. The result of this research shows that three types of deixis found in the subtitle movie of “First Kiss” movie such as a person, time, and place deixis. In-person deixis, the deictic expressions are the personal pronoun “I” as a singular subject pronoun, ‘Me” as singular object pronoun, “My” as a possessive adjective, “We” as a plural subject pronoun, “Us” as object pronoun, “Our” as a possessive adjective. In the second person, they are “You” as a subject and object pronoun, and “Your” as an object pronoun. The third person “He” as a subject pronoun, “Him” as object pronoun, and “His” as a possessive adjective, ‘She” as a subject pronoun, “Her” as object pronoun and as possessive adjective, “It” as subject and object pronoun. In space/spatial/place deixis, the deictic expressions are “here” and “there”. While in the temporal/time deixis, the deictic expressions are “now” and “tomorrow”.
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Bratishenko, Elena. "Genitive‐accusative and possessive adjective in Old East Slavic." Scando-Slavica 49, no. 1 (2003): 83–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00806760308601194.
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Schiattarella, Valentina. "Noun modifiers and the n preposition in Siwi Berber (Egypt)." Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 41, no. 2 (2020): 239–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jall-2020-2011.
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Abstract The three most common strategies used to modify a head noun, namely through a possessive, an adjective and a relative clause construction feature in Siwi the use of the preposition n. Its presence is obligatory in the possessive constructions, but only present before an adjective or a relative clause in some contexts, depending on the level of restriction that the speaker wants to place on the head noun. The aim of the article is to describe the use and function of n in all three contexts of noun modification in Siwi and present supplementary data that helps the understanding of the global function of this preposition.
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Repanšek, Luka. "Loucita: Etymological Notes on a Female Name from the Norico-Pannonian Onomastic Landscape." Вопросы ономастики 17, no. 3 (2020): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/vopr_onom.2020.17.3.034.
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The undoubtedly Gaulish personal name Loucita, attested in the Norico-Pannonian onomastic area, is particularly interesting from the point of view of its word formation. Unambiguous parallels for such a derivative are difficult to find in Celtic onomastic material, the only possible but very uncertain candidate being a Goidelic river name Ἀργίτα, recorded by Ptolemy. Outside of Celtic, the name of a Germanic seeress Vel(a)eda, if it goes back to *u̯elētā- (which is a probable but not the only possibility), is a potential case in point, which would then unavoidably imply that Loucita < *leu̯k-ēt-ā- must somehow be based on the oblique stem with a generalised length of the suffixal vowel (*leu̯k-ēt-) taken over from the nominative singular, where it was inherited. Since the category of lexicalised, synchronically unproductive dethematic *-et-stems in Celtic typically displays exactly that phenomenon, this etymological interpretation cannot be dismissed as ultimately improbable. Another reasonable possibility, however, would be to start from a feminine abstract *lou̯k-i-/*leu̯k-i- ‘brightness, lustre’ (itself based on the thematic possessive adjective *leu̯k-ó- by external derivation), to which Loucita could then represent a barbātus-type adjectival derivative *leu̯k-i-to- ‘having lustre,’ exactly parallel to the type seen in Indo-Iranian colour adjectives. It is argued that the latter type probably does not represent thematic possessives of t-abstracts to i-stem adjectives but, contrary to the communis opinion, rather goes back to to-possessives of i-stem abstracts. Under both analyses, however, the name is an important addition to the Proto-Indo-European type of derivative in *-ito-, so far unambiguously identified only within Indo-Iranian.
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Fitria, Tira Nur. "An Analysis of Derivational and Inflectional Morpheme in Selected News From Tempo.Co." Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies 9, no. 2 (2020): 146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/rainbow.v9i2.40348.
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The objectives of this research are to know the derivational and inflectional morphemes and to know the functions of morpheme in the selected news from Tempo.co. This research uses qualitative method. The analysis shows that the derivational and inflectional morphemes found in Tempo.co as 357 words. Derivational shows 97 data (27.17 %) and inflectional shows 260 data (72.83 %). Derivational changes the grammatical categories of words which consists of suffix and prefix, for example, noun-forming suffix changes the words/morphemes to nouns in the suffix –ion, -ment, -ist, -ship and –er. Adjective-forming suffix changes the words/ morphemes to adjectives in the suffix –able, -al, -ful, -ic, -cal, and –ous. Adverb-forming suffix changes the words/morphemes to an adverb in the suffix –ly. While, verb-forming prefix changes adjective to new adjective or form verb to new verb in the prefix un- and mis-. The inflectional does not change the grammatical categories of words which consists of “-s, -‘s, -er, -est, -s, -ed, -ing, and –en”. The suffix –s means plural. The suffix -‘s, -s’ means possessive. The suffix –er means comparative. The suffix –est means superlative. The suffix –ed means past. The suffix –ing means Ving (continuous). The suffix –en means participle.
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Lee, In-Young. "On the So-Called "Possessive Dative": Comparison with Possessive Adjective, Genitive, U+Genitive, and Benefactive Dative in Russian." 러시아연구 18, no. 1 (2008): 181–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.22414/rusins.2008.18.1.181.
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LaPolla, Randy J., and Chenglong Huang. "The Copula and Existential Verbs in Qiang." Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics 2, no. 1 (2007): 233–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405478x-90000032.
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This paper discusses the copula and existential verb constructions in Qiang, a Tibeto-Burman language of northern Sichuan, China. There is only one copula verb in Qiang, which can be used in equational, identificational, attributive, naming, and cleft constructions, as well as one type of possessive construction. There are five existential verbs in Qiang, the use of which depends on the semantics of the referent being predicated as existing and its location. The existential verbs have a number of the characteristics of adjective-like stative verbs, and can be modified by adverbs of degree, but they cannot directly modify nouns. Also, the meaning of reduplication of existential verbs is different from that of adjective-like stative verbs: reduplication of existential verbs results in transitivization, while reduplication of adjective-like stative verbs results in emphasis of degree.
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Minlos, Philip R. "Word Order in Adjective-Noun Pairs Inside and Outside the Prepositional Phrase: A Contribution to the 15th International Congress of Slavists (Minsk, 2013)." Slovene 1, no. 2 (2012): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2012.1.2.4.
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This paper discusses a statistical correlation between possessive prenominal placement and the presence of a preposition. The data from mediaeval Russian, Czech, and Croatian are validated against standard statistical measures (chisquare (X2) test and phi (φ) coefficient). Different explanations for the correlation are proposed; the most natural and simple one links the syntactic feature with the phonetic chunking of preposition and adjacent possessive, strengthened by their frequent co-occurence.
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Noble, Adam J. "The effect of noun, adjective, and possessive noun labels on perceptions of someone with epilepsy." Epilepsy & Behavior 68 (March 2017): 236–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.01.011.
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Syafutri, Tania, and Andri Saputra. "The First Language Interference toward Students’ English Speaking as Foreign Language." Linguists : Journal Of Linguistics and Language Teaching 7, no. 1 (2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.29300/ling.v7i1.4327.
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This research aims at analyzing the first language interference toward students’ English speaking as foreign language made by sixth semester students in course design subject, such as phonological interference (pronunciation), grammatical (morphological and lexical), and lexical interference (vocabulary), and the factors that caused interference of the first language. This research is descriptive qualitative. The findings of the research explained that students made three types of interference categorized as phonological interference such as pronounce the word incorrectly (vowel, diphthong, consonan, and allophonic variation), grammatical interference such as in morphological (singular-plural agreement) and syntactical (subject-verb agreement, phrase, comparative adjective, possessive adjective, and parallel structure), and lexical interference such as in vocabulary (combining between Indonesian and the English language). The data showed that students often make error in phonological aspect. The factors that caused first language interference are lack of knowledge, Indonesian transfer, and lack of vocabularies of foreign language that mastered by students or respondents.
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Bischoff, Andreas M. "Name of thrones?" Altorientalische Forschungen 45, no. 1 (2018): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2018-0003.
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AbstractThis article deals with the etymology of the Hattic throne-goddess dḪanwaašuit and the functions of the Hattic case ending with -(V)n. Usually, this case marks a noun for the genitive case in a phrase with two nouns N1-(V)n N2. In the Hattic corpus, there are nouns ending with -(V)n without having a second noun (N2) next to it (free n-case). This paper provides examples of free n-case words with possessive meanings, e. g. takeha=un „the lion’s one“ or wur=un „the country’s (people)“. A free n-case word is a denominal noun which is comparable with a possessive noun or a nominalized adjective. It is shown that the Hattic word for throne was not ḫanwaašuit but ḫanwaašuittun „dḪanwaašuit’s (throne)“. The goddess dḪanwaašuit seems to be a tutelary deity (hattic dWaašul, fem. *dWaašuit) and her name is probably related to (d)ḫanwaašu(i)sin(u) meaning aššu- „good“.
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Rugaiyah, Rugaiyah. "Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes: A Morphological Analisis." J-SHMIC : Journal of English for Academic 5, no. 2 (2018): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jshmic.2018.vol5(2).1887.
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This study was intended to describe the category of inflectional and derivational morphemes found in Reading Texts of 2013 Curriculum English Textbook for the X Grade of Senior High Schools Published by Ministry of Education and Culture. Morpheme is used to refer to the smallest unit that has meaning or serves a grammatical function in a language. The morphemes which can meaningfully stand alone are called free morphemes while the morphemes such as –er and –s, which cannot meaningfully stand alone are called bound morphemes. The design of this study was descriptive qualitative. The results of this study show that Derivational prefixes consist of inter-, eco-, un-, ar-, pre-, re-, pro-, be-, de-, in-, dis-, a-, ex-, auto-, mis-, agri-, em-, ap-, im- and al-. While, Derivational suffixes consist of four categories. Thus are nominal, verbal, adjectival, and adverbial suffixes. First, nominal suffixes, namely –ism, -ation, -al, -ing, -ist, -or, -ity, -er, -ance, -ment, -ion, -ess, -ium, -ature, -ry, -ant, -ce, -ive, -cy, -y, -r, -ge, and -ness. Second, Verbal suffixes, namely –n and –ize. Third, Adjectival suffixes, namely –al, -ly, -ous, -ing, -able, -ic, -ish, -ive, -ian, -ny, -less, -ed, -ary, -nese, -y, and –ful and the last is adverbial suffix –ly. Otherwise, the categories of inflectional morphemes that found in texts consist of Noun suffixes (plural) such as; –s, -ies, and –es, Noun suffixes (possessive) e.g; –s’ and -’s, Verb suffixes (3rd person singular) are –s and –es, Verb suffixes (past tense) are –ed and –d, Verb suffixes (past participle) such as; –n, -d, and -ed, Adjective suffixes (comparative) are –er, - r, and –ier and Adjective suffixes (superlative) are –st and –est. Therefore, based on the result of finding verb suffixes are not found.
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Morgan, J. D. "Persius 5.129–31." Classical Quarterly 38, no. 2 (1988): 567–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800037253.
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This is the reading of Clausen's OCT, in which no variant for line 131 is recorded in the apparatus.No doubt the hendiadys ‘scutica et metus…erilis’ is not impossible,2 but it seems to me not to be a well chosen expression. Since the scutica belongs to the master, one is tempted to construe erilis with both nouns, not just with metus. But then the adjective must function in two different ways: ‘scutica… erilis’ is possessive, ‘his master's strap’, but ‘metus…erilis’ is objective, ‘fear of his master’. And ‘metus…erilis’ in this passage receives no support from ‘erilis…metus’ at Plautus, Amphitruo 1069, which means ‘fear for my mistress’.
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Jones, Taylor. "An argument for ezafe constructions and construct state in Zulu." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 3, no. 1 (2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v3i1.4353.
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Zulu (Niger-Congo, South Africa) exhibits a complicated interplay between morphological and phonological processes that, combined with an inherited, traditionalist approach to syntactic categories in the Nguni languages, obscures an overt phoneme that is argued to be common to all complex DPs. Here it is claimed that the traditional categories of adjective, relative, compound noun, possessive, and demonstrative can all be unified under a DP approach that takes this overt phoneme to be a functional marker that is analogous to those appearing in Persian ezafe constructions and construct state constructions in Afro-Asiatic languages. This approach reduces a variety of seemingly different Zulu-specific phenomena to a single, cross-linguistically established phenomenon.
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Cetnarowska, Bożena. "Group adjectives, possessives and single-participant derived nominals in Polish." Questions and Answers in Linguistics 3, no. 2 (2016): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/qal-2016-0005.
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Abstract The article compares the occurrence of pronominal possessive adjectives and denominal group adjectives in Polish event nominals. It is demonstrated that while in other Slavonic languages (e.g., in Russian) relational adjectives clearly contrast with possessive adjectives (both pronominal and lexical ones), in Polish denominal group adjectives, such as prezydencki ‘presidential’, ministerialny ‘ministerial’, or urzędniczy ‘clerk.ADJ’, resemble possessive pronouns in functioning as elements which can satisfy the argument structure of event nominals. The focus is laid on intransitive nominals, in view of the Possessor Principle proposed for Polish by Rozwadowska (1997). While some Polish intransitive nominals accompanied by possessives or by group adjectives are recognized as referential nominals (as is predicted by the analysis of Greek and Romanian group adjectives presented by Alexiadou and Stavrou, 2011, and Moreno, 2015), other intransitive nominals with such adjectival satellites are argued to be argument-supporting nominals. The association with the agentive reading (i.e., external argument interpretation) is shown to be characteristic, but not obligatory, with thematic group adjectives.
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Knežević, Božana, and Irena Brdar. "Unaccusatives and unergatives: Evidence from Croatian." Folia Linguistica 48, no. 1 (2014): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin.2014.003.
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Abstract We argue that the unaccusativity phenomenon occurs in Croatian, as in many other languages. We demonstrate that unaccusative predicates not only have to meet specific (morpho)syntactic diagnostic criteria, but also that semantic criteria are involved. We show that it is possible to characterize Croatian intransitive verbs as unaccusatives using the following diagnostics: 1. past participle derivation by suffixation of -l; 2. participial adjective formation; 3. -ač (-er) nominals; 4. prefixation by the preverbs po-, do- and u-; 5. the perfective aspect; 6. resultative constructions; and 7. the possessive dative. In order to demonstrate a number of relevant semantic diagnostics, three classes of verbs are isolated, defined in terms of their lexical semantic representation and their morphosyntactic configuration: verbs of change of state, verbs of appearance and verbs of inherently directed motion
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Shumilova, Marina Vladimirovna. "ON DYNAMICS OF PRODUCTIVITY OF THE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE SUFFIX -ОВ- IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE (ACCORDING TO LEXICOGRAPHIC SOURCES)". Philological Sciences. Issues of Theory and Practice, № 1-1 (січень 2018): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/filnauki.2018-1-1.49.
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Skrzypek, Dominika. "Om possessiva adjektiv i polskan och svenskan." Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia 20, no. 1 (2016): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fsp-2016-0040.
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Abstract The article discusses possessive adjectives in Polish (derived from nouns and used to mark possession), their structure and functional scope as well as diachrony, and contrasts them with similar formations in Swedish. Adjectives derived from names and surnames are a marginal phenomenon in the Scandinavian languages and as such absent from most grammatical descriptions; their scope of use is limited. However, a comparison with Polish allows a new perspective on these adjectives in Polish as an alternative possessiva structure. The analysis is based on corpora search of Polish and Swedish texts.
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Kapeliuk, Olga. "Notes on relative and correlative constructions in Gǝʿǝz". Aethiopica 6 (20 січня 2013): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.6.1.376.
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ዘሞትነ ንሕነ ወዘነገሥነ ንሕነ: The relative verb accompanied by its headnoun, forming a relative clause which functions as the equivalent of an adjective, is the normal construction in the Semitic languages. In Gǝʿǝz, however, it is the substantivized relative clause, in which the headnoun is missing, that is the most diversified in its function and probably statistically more frequent. These are the correlative clauses. They present some specific morpho-syntactic features; thus the feminine relative pronoun is not encountered in them and the number of the relative pronoun is consistently accorded with the putative headnoun. In the regular relative clauses the headnoun is a noun or an independent pronoun but also suffixed pronouns and whole sentences may be qualified by a relative clause. Nominal sentences are common as relative or correlative clauses. In case the predicate of the nominal clause is a substantive, a pronoun with copulative function is introduced preventing the confusion between the construction in question and a possessive complex with nota genetivi.
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Cirillo, Robert. "Why all John's Friends are Dutch, Not German: On the Determiner-Like Characteristics of the Inflection on the Universal Quantifier in West Germanic." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 28, no. 3 (2016): 179–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542716000052.
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The word order in a phrase such asall John's friends, in which a universal quantifier is immediately followed by a genitive, is perfectly grammatical in Dutch but unacceptable in German. This article shows that there are three explanations for this difference between the two closely related languages. First, in German, the Saxon Genitive is a true case assigned in Spec, NP. In contrast, in Dutch and English, genitive case cannot be assigned in Spec, NP without a preposition. The Saxon Genitive in these languages is comparable to a possessive adjective that originates as the head of PossP and moves to D. Second, in a definite DP in a Germanic language, either D or Spec, DP must be occupied; if one of these positions is overtly occupied, and if genitive case has already been assigned, the movement of a genitive phrase to D or Spec, DP is unmotivated and causes ungrammaticality. Third, there is evidence that the-einflection on the universal quantifieralle‘all’ in German and Dutch has the characteristics of a determiner.*
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Muttaqin, Syariful. "Language Variations In Madurese across Regions and Age Groups: Looking at Syntactic and Lexical Variations among Regions and Age Groups:." KLAUSA (Kajian Linguistik, Pembelajaran Bahasa, dan Sastra) 3, no. 01 (2019): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33479/klausa.v3i01.193.
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This research is aimed to describe the syntactic and lexical variations of Madurese language based on different ages and regions in Madura. This is due to the changing phenomena of language especially Madurese due to socioeconomic and technological development. Participants of this study were youths and old groups from different regions. Data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively in accordance to the research problems. It was found out that syntactically, Madurese language has similar basic word order structure as Indonesian language. The possessive structure is determined by the last sound of the word, either vocal or consonant. Other structures, noun phrase, prepositions, adjective clause, nonverbal clause, and existential clause are much similar to that of Indonesian language. No differences were found in terms of syntactic variations among different ages and regions in Madura. In terms of lexical, some variations do occur as attributed to the socio-cultural background of each speaker. The level of politeness indicates that social level influences the choice of lexical terms used by speakers based on different ages and regions in Madura.
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Rudnitskaya, E. L. "Some Tendencies in the Functioning of Deverbal Nouns (Lexical Nominalizations) in the Modern Evenki." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 19, no. 2 (2020): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-2-9-25.
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The paper deals with derivational processes: meaning and syntactic functions of deverbal nouns in the literary and spoken Evenki. Three affixes are considered: -kīt (nominalization with the meaning of the place of the action, or of an abstract action), -ďĀk (nominalization with the meaning of the place of the action), and -wūn (derived nouns with -wūn have the meaning of the result of the action, of the instrument, an abstract noun meaning, etc.). It is mentioned in grammars and vocabularies that -kīt shows a quite regular polysemy ‘place of action’ vs ‘abstract noun’; This polysemy is based on real uses in newspapers (the ‘abstract noun’ meanings found in the texts are often not listed in the dictionaries). The affix -ďĀk can have only the ‘place of action’ meaning in both written and spoken texts. The affix -wūn has a lot of nominal meaning; the ‘abstract noun’ meaning is found both in the literary and in the spoken language. This meaning is widely mentioned in dictionaries and grammars. All of the three affixes occur in the prenominal adjective / modifier position with the modification function. Cases of functioning of these three affixes as adjectives / modifiers are hardly mentioned in the dictionaries, and especially in the grammars, whereas you can find the nouns with -ďĀk, -kīt, -wūn in the noun modifier function in literary texts regularly. In this function, the nominalization loses important morphological properties of a noun, such as ability to bear a possessive or reflexive affix. The nominalization in the noun modifier position can optionally agree with the noun it modifies in case and/or number: this is a characteristic feature of Evenki adjectives. In spoken texts, we have found only ‑wūn nominals in the modifier position; overall, these nominals demonstrate case/gender agreement more often than nominals with -kīt and -ďĀk. We can conclude that the modifier use of deverbal nouns with -wūn and especially with -ďĀk and -kīt as adjectives is an innovation, and that the spoken Evenki preserves more archaic grammar rules than the newspaper (literary) language. These data also confirm the claims of G. M Vasilevich and I. Nikolaeva that nouns and adjectives are not two distinct categories in Evenki: they are not fully differentiated neither in the lexicon, nor in grammar. Not only a considerable amount of stems are, following G. M. Vasilevich, “undifferentiated”, or under-differentiated, but the number of such affixes is also increasing.
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Nardiati, Sri. "PERILAKU SATUAN LINGUAL -(N)ING DALAM BAHASA JAWA (LINGUAL UNIT BEHAVIOR -(N)ING IN JAVANESE LANGUANGE)." Widyaparwa 44, no. 2 (2016): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/wdprw.v44i2.143.
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Penelitian ini berjudul Perilaku Satuan Lingual (n)ing dalam Bahasa Jawa. Teori yang digunakan dalam kajian ini ialah kategori kata dan analisis konstituen. Pengumpulan data menggunakan metode simak. Analisis menggunakan metode agih dengan teknik bagi unsur langsung. Data yang terkumpul menunjukkan bahwa kehadiran satuan lingual (n)ing berfungsi sebagai penentu bagi unsur yang berposisi di sebelah kanannya. Satuan lingual tersebut dapat bervalensi dengan prakategorial, kata tugas, adjektiva, verba, dan nomina. Kehadiran (n)ing frekuentatif dalam bentuk frasa, antara lain frasa adjektival, frasa nominal, frasa verbal, dan frasa preposisional. Selain itu, satuan -(n)ing dapat hadir dalam bentuk kalimat meski dengan frekuensi yang sangat rendah. Satuan lingual tersebut dapat bervariasi dengan -e/ne dalam tingkat ngoko dan ipun/-nipun dalam tingkat kromo. Satuan lingual tersebut menandai hubungan makna pemilikan, pelaku, partitif, dan tujuan.The title of this study is Lingual Unit Behavior -(N)ing in Javanese Language". The theory is word category and constituent analysis. The data collection is recording. The analysis method is distributable method with direct element division technique. The collected data shows that the existence of lingual unit form -(n)ing functions as a determinant for elements positioned on the right. The (n)ing lingual unit form can be valence with pre-categorical, preposition, adjective, verb, and noun. Frequentative presence of (n)ing form in phrases, such as adjectival phrase, noun phrase, verbal phrase and prepositional phrase. In addition, -(n)ing lingual unit can be present in the form of a sentence even in the lowest frequency. The lingual unit form can be vary with -e/-ne in ngoko level and -ipun/-nipun in kromo level. This lingual unit marks semantic relations comprising possessive, agentive, portative, and goal.
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Antonova, Marina B. "The Cognitive Aspect of English Polysemantic Adjectives." NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 19, no. 1 (2021): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2021-19-1-15-29.
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This paper presents an analysis of the deep language factors that predetermine polysemy of English adjectives denoting moral and mental qualities of human beings. In line with a well-established point of view in cognitive linguistics, this study treats the semantics of a word as a two-level phenomenon possessing the semantic (external) level and the conceptual (internal) level. Given polysemy belongs to the external level, this study aims to reveal the internal language factor allowing for umbrella adjectives to develop meanings of moral and mental qualities. This is the first research that has analyzed English adjectives from this perspective; it is proposed to unearth the deep language foundation of polysemy by modeling the conceptual foundation of polysemantic adjectives, which is undertaken via analysis of their etymological data. The choice of the adjectives encoding moral and mental qualities is substantiated by the following reasons: first, these words name the major human characteristics, whose recognition and verbalization can be traced back to the Pre-Old English period; second, they denote abstract qualities unperceivable by senses but estimated due to their indirect manifestation in individuals’ judgments, conduct and activity; third, since these adjectives convey evaluation of the quality, they reflect cultural axiological standards. The findings show that the semantics of the English adjectives in question is governed by a certain set of conceptual metaphors. The commonality of the adjectives’ conceptual basis seems to be the internal language factor that accounts for polysemy, i.e. an ability for an adjective to comprise meanings of mental and moral characteristics. In addition, the results demonstrate that the unearthed concepts form oppositions, namely, LIFE - DEATH, MOTION - STILLNESS, FRIEND - FOE. The opposed concepts are endowed with the positive or negative value that appears to determine the evaluative meaning of the adjectives. Besides, the research has shown that, while participating in the formation of adjectival semantics, the concepts can demonstrate ambiguous value, which enables a concept to underlie both the positive and negative evaluative meanings of an adjective; therefore, an adjective may comprise meanings of mental and moral characteristics that are opposite in their evaluation.
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Kim, Sangyoon. "Duplicity in possessive merger: evidence from Spanish alienable possessive constructions." Linguistic Review 35, no. 3 (2018): 371–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tlr-2018-0001.
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Abstract In this paper, I argue that Spanish prenominal and postnominal possessives target different external merge positions focusing on alienable possessive constructions. The analysis is developed alongside a proposal on the organization of DPs, according to which articles are merged as a DP-internal category between the domains assigned to direct and indirect modifiers. Prenominal possessives are determiners reanalyzed from direct modification adjectives whereas postnominal possessives are indirect modification adjectives that arise as predicates of reduced relative clauses. This analysis provides a principled explanation on the behavior of Spanish possessives that is lacking in the generalized idea that they are pronouns with a unique merge position. Arguments are also presented showing that syntax-driven phonological restrictions condition the derivation of DPs. The account successfully derives the core properties of word order variation and related issues within possessive constructions.
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Bikić-Carić, Gorana. "Quelques particularités dans l’expression de la détermination du nom. Comparaison entre cinq langues romanes." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 65, no. 4 (2020): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2020.4.02.
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"Some Features in the Expression of the Noun Determination. Comparison Between Five Romance Languages. In this article we would like to compare the noun determination in five Romance languages (French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Romanian). All the languages examined here share the main uses of articles: known referent, generic use, unique entities, abstract names, inalienable possession for the definite article, or introduction of a new element into the discourse and description for the indefinite article. However, we wanted to show some peculiarities. We used the same text in five languages, (La sombra del viento, Carlos Ruiz Zafón) which is part of the RomCro corpus, composed in the Chair of Romance Linguistics of the Department of Romance Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zagreb, Croatia. The results of the analysis showed a clear difference between French and the other languages. As expected, French uses the indefinite article in plural much more often, as well as the partitive article, which does not exist in Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian. Likewise, the possessive adjective is more common in French than in other languages which use the definite article instead. But what is particularly interesting are the differences which indicate a ""change of perspective"", namely a different kind of article than in the original text. Our conclusion is that the noun can have several characteristics at the same time (description or determination by complement, generic use or absence of specific referent etc.) of which the author (or the translator) chooses the one to highlight. Likewise, we have underlined the role of article zero, which can carry different values (unspecified referent, but also unspecified quantity or even definite article value if the noun is introduced by a preposition), depending on its relationship to other articles in the language.
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Elsig, Martin. "New insights into an old form: A variationist analysis of the pleonastic possessive in Guatemalan Spanish." Language Variation and Change 29, no. 2 (2017): 157–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394517000114.
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AbstractRomance languages differ as regards the adjectival or article-like status of prenominal possessives. While in Italian, Portuguese, Catalan, and Old Spanish, they pattern like adjectives and co-occur with articles, and in French and Modern Spanish, they compete with the latter for the same structural position. The different distribution of possessives is claimed to reflect distinct stages on a grammaticalization cline (Alexiadou, 2004). This paper focuses on a variety of Central American Spanish where the Old Spanish co-occurrence of an (indefinite) article and a possessive in the prenominal domain has been maintained (as in una mi amiga ‘a my friend’). Based on a variationist study of interview data extracted from the Project for the Sociolinguistic Study of Spanish for Spain and America (PRESEEA) Guatemala corpus, I will argue that it is indeed the indefinite article that shows signs of retarded grammaticalization. Yet, rather than extending to the variety as a whole, this retardation is context-specific.
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Halle, Morris, and Ora Matushansky. "The Morphophonology of Russian Adjectival Inflection." Linguistic Inquiry 37, no. 3 (2006): 351–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling.2006.37.3.351.
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In this article, we present the morphosyntactic structure underlying the Russian adjectival declension and the phonological rules that apply to it to derive the surface representations. We describe the two declension classes of Russian adjectives and argue that adjectives and nouns employ the same theme suffixes (-oj- and -o-) and, importantly, that choice of theme suffix also determines choice of Case exponents. On this view, there is no special adjectival declension class; instead, Case exponents are shared between adjectives and nouns, and the choice of a “paradigm” is determined by the choice of the theme suffix. The article covers all adjectival inflections, including those of the possessives, demonstratives, interrogatives, and paucal numerals.
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Herman, Herman, Helty Sinaga, and Bertaria Sohnata Hutauruk. "STUDENTS’ DIFFICULTIES IN USING PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN WRITING RECOUNT TEXT." Scientia: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian 5, no. 1 (2020): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32923/sci.v5i1.1341.
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This study is aimed to investigate the students’ difficulties in using personal pronouns in writing recount text at grade eight of SMP Negeri 8 Pematangsiantar”. In this research, the problem is as follows: “What are the students’ difficulties in using personal pronouns in writing recount text at grade eight of SMP Negeri 8 Pematangsiantar?”. The objective is to find out the students’ difficulties in using personal pronouns at grade eight of SMP Negeri 8 Pematangsintar. To answer the problem above, the researcher intends to use the theories of Collins (2014), Siahaan (2007), Derewinka (1990), William (2005), Frank (1972). The methodology used in this research is the Qualitative research. The subject of this research is grade Eight of SMP Negeri 8 Pematangsiantar. The data collected by observation. After analyzing the data, the researchers found that there were three kinds of students’ difficulties in using personal pronouns in writing text, namely: Personal pronoun as subject (34%), personal pronouns as the object (24%), and personal pronoun as a possessive adjective (42%). It can be concluded that the students at grade eight of SMP Negeri 8 Pematangsiantar still have difficulties in using personal pronouns when they write a recount text based on their experience. The researchers suggest the students’ should memorize the kinds of personal pronouns so they can use it well.
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Li, Wenchao. "On the syntax of anticausativisation and decausativisation in Japanese and Chinese." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN LINGUISTICS 5, no. 3 (2015): 805–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jal.v5i3.2867.
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This paper is dedicated to a comparison of transitive/intransitive verb alternation in Japanese and Chinese. Discussions are focused upon three grammatical elements: monosyllabic verbs, compound verbs and constructions. The findings reveal that the two languages share similarities in two aspects: (i). transitive and intransitive verbs share the same word form; (ii) transitive and intransitive verbs can derive from the same adjective stems. Significant distinctions are also seen between the two: anticausativisation and decausativisation in Japanese are mainly facilitated in morphological level, e.g. anticausativisation is realised through the morpheme and decausativisation is conveyed by . The morpheme can be used with both intransitive and transitive verbs. Regarding Chinese, lexical and syntax have a curial role to play in transitive/intransitive verb alternation. Decausativisation appears the most favourable strategy of the alternation. Two ways of decausativisation is observed: schema of [action + resultative state]; verb compounds (V-V). Three types of V-Vs are possible for this strategy, i.e. Predicate-Complement V-V, Modifier-Head V-V and Coordinative V-V. Among them, predicate-complement V-V has the largest token of decausativisation. Moreover, constraints on Chinese anticausativisation and decausativisation are seen. When a resultative complment predicate an internal argument, the higher the agentivity that implies manner of action, the greater the unlikelihood of anticausativisation. In decausativisation, the internal argument that accepts the change of state is limited to the ‘possessive relationship.
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Sedeng, I. Nyoman. "Syntactical Marker {-Nya} In Indonesian." RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa 1, no. 2 (2017): 258–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jr.1.2.33.258-278.
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This study discusses the syntactic marker {-nya} in Indonesian, and aims at finding the answers to the three research questions; (i) what hosts can be appended by {-nya},(ii)what syntactic functions can be filled by {-nya}, and (iii) what is the meaning of {-nya}contextually. The data to support the analysis was collected from the source with the help of a data collection tool [antconc3.2.1w window2007]. Two theories are relevant to the discussion of {-nya}, namely; morphosyntactic theory that searched the occurrence of {-nya} in a text and discourse theory to discover the meaning of {-nya} contextually.The result of analysis showed three occurrence of {-nya}; pronoun clitics, determiner, and as adverbial formation. As a core argument {-nya} can be attached to the nasal verbs, passive verbs, zero intransitive verbs, and category of nouns, prepositions, and reflexive pronouns. As adverbial formation {-nya} is attached to the adjective, bound root, and is combined with {se-} to form confix {se-baik-nya}. As pronoun, {-nya} can serve as; Grammatical Subjects and Objects, Possessive determiner, Oblique Agent, Reflexive pronoun. As determiner it is always attached to the noun, forming nouns from verbs, and as an adverbial it can serve as an adjunct, conjunct, and disjunct. The meaning of {-nya} with pronominal category should be traced in the text and always refers to the third person singular. Keywords: syntactic markers, pronouns, argument, adverbial, discourse
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Zarębski, Rafał. "Possessive Adjectives Formed from Personal Names in Polish Translations of the New Testament." Studia Ceranea 3 (December 30, 2013): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2084-140x.03.14.
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The study focused on possessive adjectives derived by means of the suffixes -ow(y), -in, -sk- formed from proper personal names in old and contemporary translations of the New Testament. Adjectival derivatives have been excerpted from 15 full and 6 incomplete translations of the New Testament, which date back to the 16th, 17th and 20th century. These translations differ in methods of translation (loose and word-for-word; philological, interlinear, ecumenical, dynamic and artistic) and its basis (Greek original or Latin Vulgate). The comparative analysis of old and contemporary translations shows that possessive adjectives, though used frequently in former times, are now going out of use and the substantival genitival attribute is taking their place. This phenomenon is reflected in processes linked with the development of the Polish language. Moreover, tracking the use of the type of adjectives analysed can be used to distinguish various methods of translation. The use of possessive adjectives in contemporary texts suggests respect for the tradition of translation, whereas the failure to use them – the modernization of Polish.
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Drešković, Nusret, and Edita Spahić. "On the Etymology of the Oikonym Vogošća (Sarajevo Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina)." Вопросы Ономастики 18, no. 2 (2021): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/vopr_onom.2021.18.2.020.
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The paper describes the possible etymological development of the oikonym Vogošća, the name of one of the nine municipalities of Sarajevo Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Although the first traces of human presence in the area of Vogošća date back to the Neolithic period, its wider surroundings started being inhabited in Antiquity — first by the Illyrians who, in the early 1st century AD, were defeated by the Romans. The oldest records of this oikonym are found in the 15th and 17th centuries Ottoman cadastral books. Based on these defters, written in sijakat, a variety of the Arabic script, the form of the settlement name may be restored as Gogošta, Ogošta, Vgošta or Vogošta. These forms should be compared with other toponyms that prove both linguistically and geographically approximate, namely with the oikonym Ogošte (Ogošta, Hogošt) in Kosovo and the hydronym Ogosta in Bulgaria. It is assumed that the oikonym Vogošća goes back to the anthroponym August and that the etymological development is as follows: August + suffix -jь + suffix -a > Agọšta > Ogošta > Vogošta. Based on this etymological development, the authors conclude that the basis of this oikonym derives from the Slavic possessive adjective with the meaning ‘Augustʼs,’ the form Vogošća being thus an elliptical toponym. The authors discuss the phonetic changes in the course of this etymological development and provide historical evidence to substantiate the deanthroponymic formation of the oikonym Vogošća: based on the archaeological excavations, it is assumed the Roman military unit Augusta VIII or its veterans were located in the area of Sarajevo.
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Krajinović, Ana. "Existence, location, possession, and copula in Malabar Indo-Portuguese." Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics 6, no. 1 (2019): 27–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jsall-2019-2007.
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Abstract This paper offers a diachronic and a contact-based analysis of existential, locative, possessive, and copulative constructions in Malabar Indo-Portuguese creole (MIP). The existential, locative, and possessive predicates are all expressed with the copulative verb tæ, and nominal and property-denoting predicates can either have the copula tæ or zero copula. I analyze these copulative constructions by establishing their sources in the Portuguese lexifier and Malayalam substrate/adstrate. I show that although the Portuguese verbs ter ‘have’ and estar ‘be’ have paved the way to the semantics of tæ, Malayalam had a strong impact on the morphosyntax and semantics of existential, locative, possessive, and copulative constructions in MIP. This influence is most notable in the case of possessives, which take dative subjects. These findings are compared to the relevant structures in other South Asian languages and show that the existence of locative possession is a strong areal feature of South Asia. I also show that the variability of copula usage in nominal and property-denoting predicates can be explained by variable input from Portuguese and Malayalam copulative constructions. One of the most salient features influenced by Malayalam is the choice of what are etymologically Portuguese nouns instead of adjectives in property-denoting predicates.
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Winters, Richard. "Expressing Possession in Spanish: The Use of Possessive Datives and Possessive Adjectives in Twentieth-Century Spanish-Language Drama." Hispanic Research Journal 10, no. 4 (2009): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/146827309x12447961290131.
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ZRIBI-HERTZ, ANNE. "On the dual nature of the ‘possessive’ marker in Modern English." Journal of Linguistics 33, no. 2 (1997): 511–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226797006543.
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This paper shows, after Watkins (1967) and Tremblay (1989, 1991), that the possessive phrase of This is John's does not necessarily include an elliptical Possessee. This ambiguity is argued to arise from the dual nature of the possessive marker, which may either be inflectional or derivational in Modern English. In the first case, it may be analysed as a functional head, as proposed by Abney (1987) and Kayne (1993, 1994); in the second case, it operates in the lexicon, deriving possessive adjectives which exhibit complementary morphological and semantic properties in adnominal and predicate positions.
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Arkhipova, Nina G. "COMPATIBILITY AS A MEANS OF DETERMINING LEXICAL MEANING OF DIALECT WORDS: BASED ON THE POLYSEMANTIC ADJECTIVE "PARNOI" IN THE DIALECTS OF OLD BELIEVERS OF THE AMUR REGION." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 3 (2017): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2016_2_3_5_14.
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The problem of differentiating all-Russian and dialect vocabulary, the latter being based on all-Russian one, is traditionally one of the most discussed in dialect studies and dialect lexicography. In the dialects of Old Believers of the Amur region there is a large group of adjectives possessing structural and semantic characteristics different from the corresponding ones of the words of the literary language. Lexical-semantic content of dialect adjectives determined by the nature of their compatibility with the noun and synonymy, antonymy, hypo/hypernymy etc relations within the language system, reveals their distinctive features. Distinctive function of compatibility is largely performed while differentiating between lexical-semantic variants of all-Russian and dialect adjectives. The results of the study of a polysemic adjective parnoi indicate its special lexicographic status characterized by limited use in the literary language and wider compatibility in dialects, besides it did not appear in early Russian manuscripts. In addition to traditional meanings of ‘fresh’, ‘humid, hot, stuffy’, ‘melted’, the adjective parnoi demonstrated unexpected meanings determined by the following compatibility: parnoi rebjonok (newly-born baby) and parnaja rodilnitsa (a woman who has just given birth to a child). The obtained results have certain implication for illustrating word meanings in dictionaries more adequately.
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Pineda, David. "Ну Бог с има! – Несколько наблюдений над формами творительного падежа множественного числа в говоре д. Варзуги". Poljarnyj vestnik 5 (1 лютого 2002): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/6.1397.
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This paper attempts to give an overview of the different case endings found in the Instrumental Plural in the Northern Russian dialect of Varzuga on the Kola Peninsula, and looks at the situation in the neigh- bouring Russian dialects of Carelia and the Archangel district. Along with the Literary Russian ending [m'i], Varzuga uses the endings [my] (in nouns) and [ma] (in nouns, adjectives and pronouns). While [my] dominates in noun declension, [ma] is dominant in adjectives, and in possessive and demonstrative pronouns. These facts link the Varzuga dialect to Carelia, whereas Northern Archangel dialects do not use [my] at all, and reserve [ma] for adjectival and pronominal declension only.
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Rahayu, Partini Puji, Mazrul Aziz, and Zahrida . "THE STUDY OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT STUDENTS’ ERRORS IN USING GERUNDS." Journal of English Education and Teaching 1, no. 1 (2017): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/jeet.1.1.96-105.
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This study aims to find out types of error in using gerunds, the most dominant error and the causes of error made by the students of the sixth semester of English Department FKIP UNIB 2016/2017 in using gerunds. The title of this paper is “The Study of English Department Students’ Errors in Using Gerunds (A Case Study at the Students of the Sixth Semester of English Department FKIP UNIB 2016/2017). In term of research methodology, the researcher used both quantitative and qualitative method in analyzing the data. The technique of collecting the data in this research was a composed test. The subject of this study was 79 students in the sixth semester of English Department FKIP UNIB 2016/2017. The result of this research showed that the students of the sixth semester of English Department FKIP UNIB 2016/2017 made errors in using eight types of gerunds. They were gerund as object of preposition, gerund as subject of a sentence, gerund as direct object of certain verbs, gerund as the complement of a sentence, gerund after special expressions, gerund as passive form, gerund as possessive and gerund used in the negative adjective ‘no’. The most dominant error made by the students of the sixth semester of English Department FKIP UNIB 2016/2017 in using gerunds was gerund as direct object of certain verbs. In this research, the researcher found three causes of error in using gerunds. They were overgeneralization, ignorance of rule instructions and incomplete application of rules. Ignorance of rule instructions became the dominant cause in this research. The errors made by the students in using eight types of gerunds were caused by ignorance of rule restriction because the students did not master the rule in grammar especially in learning gerunds
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Hagen, Sean Aquere. "O APAGAMENTO DO SENTIDO JORNALÍSTICO DE CONSTRUÇÃO COLETIVA PELA INDIVIDUAÇÃO: “Obrigado por suas informações!”." Revista Observatório 5, no. 6 (2019): 352–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/uft.2447-4266.2019v5n6p352.
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A personalização dos jornalistas nas entradas “ao vivo” em oposição ao sentido de jornalismo como construção coletiva está passando por um processo de naturalização nos telejornais da Rede Globo. Esta é uma postura conflitante com as finalidades do campo: amplifica o poder político creditado ao jornalismo ao personalizar, via enunciação, ações cotidianas intrínsecas da profissão; isso intensifica a credibilidade de empresas, jornais e jornalistas. Os pronomes possessivos, as conjugações verbais na primeira pessoa do singular e o adjetivo “obrigado” são as principais manifestações dessa prática, que vem crescendo nos últimos anos. Para desvelar esses sentidos, a amostragem qualitativa recaiu sobre o Jornal Hoje, Jornal Nacional e Jornal da Globo.
 
 PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Telejornais; Construção coletiva; Personalização de jornalistas; Rede Globo.
 
 ABSTRACT
 The personalization of journalists in the “live” entries as opposed to the sense of journalism as a collective construction is undergoing a process of naturalization on Rede Globo newscasts. This posture conflicts with the purposes of the field: it amplifies the political power credited to journalism by personalizing, via enunciation, daily actions intrinsic to the profession to intensify the credibility that differentiates companies, newspapers and journalists. Possessive pronouns, verbal conjugations in the first person singular and the adjective "thank you" are the main manifestations of this practice, which has been growing in recent years. To unveil these meanings, the qualitative sampling fell on Jornal Hoje, Jornal Nacional and Jornal da Globo.
 
 KEYWORDS: Newscast; Collective construction; Personalization of journalists; Rede Globo.
 
 
 RESUMEN
 La personalización de los periodistas en las entradas "en vivo" en oposición al sentido del periodismo como construcción colectiva está pasando por un proceso de naturalización en los telediarios de la Rede Globo. Esta postura entra en conflicto con los propósitos del campo: amplifica el poder político acreditado al periodismo al personalizar, a través de la enunciación, acciones cotidianas intrínsecas a la profesión; esto intensifica la credibilidad de las empresas, los periódicos y los periodistas. Los pronombres posesivos, las conjugaciones verbales en primera persona singular y el adjetivo "gracias" son las principales manifestaciones de esta práctica, que ha ido creciendo en los últimos años. Para desvelar estos significados, el muestreo cualitativo se realizó en el Jornal Hoje, el Jornal Nacional y el Jornal da Globo.
 
 PALABRAS CLAVE: Telediarios; Construcción colectiva; Personalización de periodistas; Rede Globo.
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Saillard, Claire. "Adjectival modification in Truku Seediq." Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學 20, no. 4 (2019): 602–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lali.00050.sai.
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Abstract This paper investigates the position of adjectives in noun phrases in Truku Seediq, proposing that the two documented positions correspond to different semantics as well as a difference in syntax. While post-nominal adjectives, corresponding to basic word-order in Truku Seediq, may be either restrictive or descriptive, pre-nominal adjectives, seen as an innovation, are semantically restrictive. This paper also argues for a difference in syntactic structure for both kinds of adjectives, restrictive adjectives heading their own projection while descriptive adjectives are bare adjectives standing in a closer relationship to the modified noun. This paper further identifies a syntactic constraint for pre-nominal adjectival placement that applies regardless of restrictivity of the modifier, namely the presence of a possessive clitic to the right of the modified noun. Data collection is achieved through both a traditional elicitation method and an experimental task-based method. Data are further digitalized in order to ensure systematic searchability. The data thus collected are apt to support semantic analysis as well as an investigation of age-group-related variation. It is claimed that language contact with Mandarin Chinese may be one of the triggering factors for the development of a pre-nominal position for modifying adjectives in Truku Seediq.
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Rubini, Vittorio, and Elena Antonelli. "Self‐gender schemata and the processing of social information." European Journal of Personality 6, no. 5 (1992): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410060504.
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Previous research has found that subjects possessing a self‐gender schema in line with gender stereotypes (i.e. sex‐typed individuals) are quicker than non‐sex‐typed subjects in deciding whether a stereotypically masculine or feminine trait adjective is self‐descriptive or not. The results of memory tasks are more contradictory. In this study we have supposed that gender‐schematic subjects can most effectively process gender‐linked information even if it does not relate to the self. More specifically, we hypothesized (a) that sex‐typed subjects are quicker than non‐sex‐typed subjects in deciding whether a trait adjective can be better attributed to men or women and (b) that they recall a greater number of masculine and feminine adjectives and have greater gender‐based clustering indices compared with non‐sex‐typed individuals. Subjects previously identified as Sex‐typed, Androgynous, Indifferentiated, and Cross‐sex‐typed were presented with adjectives referring to stereotypic masculine and feminine traits. The results showed that sex‐typed subjects, regardless of their sex, were faster than the other groups in deciding whether a certain trait applied more to a man than to a woman. No significant differences between the groups of subjects were found as to the number of masculine and feminine items being correctly recalled or to gender‐based clustering indices.
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Stephenson, Katherine S. "L'usage des adjectifs possessifs en américain du nord : le genre et la possession." Langages 27, no. 111 (1993): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/lgge.1993.1106.
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Altakhaineh, Abdel Rahman Mitib. "Identifying Adj + N compounds in Modern Standard Arabic." STUF - Language Typology and Universals 70, no. 4 (2017): 545–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2017-0024.
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Abstract The study aims to identify Adj+N compounds in Modern Standard Arabic by applying the cross-linguistic criteria for compoundhood discussed in the relevant literature. The analysis reveals that the most reliable cross-linguistic criteria to distinguish between phrases and compounds in MSA are adjacency, referentiality, compositionality and the presence of inflection. Another language-specific criterion, i.e. adjacency and the order of elements, which has asserted its validity, has been suggested to distinguish between the two types of construct. I have also shown that all cases of Adj+N compounding in MSA are bahuvrihis, since they denote a person in possession of the entity denoted by the compound. Similar to Fassi Fehri (“Arabic modifying adjectives and DP structures” 1999), I argue that the output of Adj+N compounding behaves more like a noun than an adjective. I propose that Adj+N compounds have a silent N head, i.e. ‘one/person’, which determines the syntactic category of such constructions in Modern Standard Arabic (cf. Günther [“The rich, the poor, the obvious: Arguing for an ellipsis analysis of ‘adjectives used as nouns’”, to appear) for a similar analysis of nominalized adjectives in English).
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Enang, Aloysius Ajang. "Transition, Inherent Possession and the French Pronominal Construction." Meta 39, no. 3 (2002): 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/002709ar.
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Résumé L'auteur étudie le fonctionnement de deux des différents types de verbes pronominaux en français (les pronominaux transitifs et les pronominaux possessifs) afin de pouvoir dégager des règles de traduction vers l'anglais. Il conclut que les pronominaux transitionnels se rapportent généralement à l'état du sujet et sont suivis d'une préposition; ils se traduisent principalement par un verbe copule accompagné d'un participe passé ou d'un adjectif. De leur côté, les pronominaux possessifs entraînent toujours une entité animée et une de ses parties ; ils se traduisent par un verbe simple et la partie de l'entité impliquée est déterminée par un adjectif possessif.