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Journal articles on the topic 'Possessory protection'
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Debruche, Anne-Françoise, Gustavo Tepedino, and Pablo Renteria. "Protecting Possession, a Question of Values? A Comparative Inquiry into the Moralization of Possession in Brazil and Canada." Revue générale de droit 44, no. 2 (January 21, 2015): 391–443. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1028140ar.
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This paper focuses on possessory protection of immovables (or real property) in Brazilian civil law and Canadian common law. In both jurisdictions, possession enjoys a specific protection or status, which in turn relates to the rest of property law, particularly the law of acquisitive prescription, in a specific way. But in and by itself, despite these conceptual differences, possessory protection in Canada or Brazil works in an objective fashion: it is not denied to possessors in bad faith as a principle. Nonetheless, in both systems, the institutions designed to protect possession have been “moralized” by judges to echo concerns similar to those voiced in relation to acquisitive prescription, but also to emphasize human rights, constitutional values and good faith. In Brazil, this moralization process is the consequence of the emergence of a constitutionalized civil law and of the social function of the right of ownership. In several cases, it has allowed illicit buildings to remain where they are despite the owner’s claim, for instance when a favela has appeared on a land neglected by its owner for years. In England, the possessor’s good faith has been scrutinized through his intent to possess, and under the lenses of the future enjoyment criteria, later rejected by the Court of Appeal. In Canada, the test of the inconsistent use of the land has played the same moralizing role and continues to do so, to deny the benefit of adverse possession to squatters and to prevent them from enjoying possessory protection.
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Vladimir, Vodinelic. "What is the purpose of possessory proceedings?: On the reasons for possessory protection of mere possession." Pravni zapisi 4, no. 2 (2013): 274–350. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/pravzap5-5145.
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Radović, Marko, and Marko Tomić. "Judicial possessory protection disturbed by suspension of delivery of electrical energy." Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu, no. 2/2018 (July 14, 2018): 262–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.51204/anali_pfub_18211a.
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Noticed problems within law performing that is related to judicial possessory protection due to suspension of delivery of electrical energy encouraged the authors to think of modes of their overcoming. On that way, as a preliminary issue, a need to analyse „everlasting“ theoretical dilemmas about possession as a legal institute has been imposed, and thereafter dilemmas about electrical energy, as a thing in the objective law. This paper’s general focus on judicial procedure of possessory protection due to suspension of delivery of electrical energy makes an unavoidable ground to draft suggestions of solutions related to: disturbance of possession by the one who gave order, operator’s passive legitimation, content of the claim, as well as the applicability of sublegal acts in this procedure. Final goal of this paper is highlighting of mentioned suggestions, whose quality can be experienced only by strict judgement of those who perform law.
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Radović, Marko, and Marko Tomić. "Judicial possessory protection disturbed by suspension of delivery of electrical energy." Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu 66, no. 2 (2018): 262–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/alanipfb1802262r.
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Vodinelic, Vladimir. "10.5937/pravzap0-6223 = What is the purpose of possessory proceedings? On the reasons for possessory protection of mere possession, Part 2: The reason for judicial protection of mere possession." Pravni zapisi 5, no. 1 (2014): 5–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/pravzap0-6223.
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Kondratenko, Z. K., and D. S. Polushin. "On some aspects of the Institute of possessory protection in the legislation of Russia." Право и государство: теория и практика, no. 6 (2021): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47643/1815-1337_2021_6_21.
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Guyvan, P. "VINDICATION MECHANISM AS A WAY TO PROTECT UNTITLED POSSESSION AND AN ELEMENT OF POSSESSORY PROTECTION." “International Humanitarian University Herald. Jurisprudence”, no. 50 (2021): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32841/2307-1745.2021.50.9.
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Klimanova, D. D. "Comparative Legal Analysis of the Possession and Property Claims." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)) 1, no. 11 (February 11, 2022): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2021.87.11.057-065.
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The planned introduction of thepossession and possession protection institutions at the legislative level, along with the existing institutions of proprietorship, limited property rights, and bona fide prescription possession, predetermined the need for a detailed analysis of the proposed provisions of the Draft Federal Law No. 47538-6/5 “On the Amendments to Section Two of Part One of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation” (further in the text — the Draft) and their relationship with the existing norms of civil law. The performed analysis and comparison of the norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation further in the text — the Civil Code) on the property rights (vindication, negatory, claim for recognition of rights) protection, bona fide prescription possession protection (claim of a bona fide prescription owner under clause 2 of Article 234 of the Civil Code) with the provisions planned for introduction into the Civil Code and possession protection (possession claim) revealed common features and differences in the constructions of the considered claims, contradictions between the provisions of the Draft and the Civil Code, gaps in the provisions of the Draft. Based on the analysis, the author proposes the following conclusions: the construction of the possessioner’s claim provides the possibility for circumventing the vindication rules by the titular owner; there is no need to consolidate the claim for the protection of the bona fide prescription possession along with the possessory action.
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Marais, EJ. "Protecting Quasi-Possession of Electricity Supply with the Mandament van Spolie – Has the Supreme Court of Appeal Switched Off this Possibility? [A Discussion of Eskom Holdings Soc Ltd v Masinda 2019 5 SA 386 (SCA)]." Stellenbosch Law Review 2021, no. 2 (2021): 215–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/slr/2021/i2a2.
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In Eskom Holdings SOC Ltd v Masinda 2019 5 SA 386 (SCA) (“Masinda”), the Supreme Court of Appeal had to decide whether the mandament van spolie is available for restoring quasi-possession of electricity supply. The respondent used the mentioned supply, which was sourced in contract, at her home. The court ruled that the spoliation remedy does not protect the quasi-possession of rights sourced in contract. For its quasi-possession to enjoy possessory protection, the right must be in the nature of a servitude, be registered or flow from legislation. This emphasis on the source of the right is problematic for two reasons. First, it contradicts certain common-law authorities which reveal that the quasi-possession of electricity supply sourced in contract does, in fact, enjoy protection under the spoliation remedy. This applies as long as the supply is a gebruiksreg (use right) and the spoliatus performs physical acts associated with the right on immovable property. Secondly, (over)emphasising the source of the right potentially undermines various fundamental rights. When the common law is open to several possible interpretations, as seems to be the case with quasi-possession, the supremacy of the Constitution and the single-system-of-law principle require that courts choose the interpretation that upholds (rather than impairs) constitutional rights. In the Masinda case, the court unfortunately opted for an understanding of quasi-possession which seems to undermine the Constitution. For these reasons, the decision is an unwelcome development.
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Epstein, Richard A. "Missed Opportunities, Good Intentions: The Takings Decisions of Justice Antonin Scalia." British Journal of American Legal Studies 6, no. 1 (May 24, 2017): 109–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjals-2017-0007.
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Abstract The late Justice Antonin Scalia sensibly pushed his powerful originalist agenda as a bulwark against activist justices of any persuasion from enacting their policy preferences into law. But while this commitment to originalism may explain what the justices should not do, it does not explain, affirmatively, how they should interpret constitutional texts in accordance with the originalist agenda. One area in which this is most critical is the law of takings, which polices the boundary line between private rights and public power. Here it is necessary to integrate explicit constitutional provisions dealing with the terms “taken,” “private property,” “just compensation,” “public use,” and the implied “police power” into a coherent whole. The law of takings is relatively straightforward when the government takes private property into public possession. But it is far more difficult to explicate when private parties retain some interests in property after the government either occupies or regulates the use and disposition of the rest. Justice Scalia’s application of takings law to such cases of divided interests has fallen short in four key contexts: the permitting process in Nollan; rent control in Pennell; development rights in Lucas; and environmental protection schemes in Stop the Beach Renourishment. In these cases, Justice Scalia often reached the right result for the wrong reasons, often on ad hoc grounds. The correct analysis requires a far more thoroughgoing protection of private property interest in the context of both regulatory and possessory takings. This article explains how he should have handled these missed opportunities.
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Salihu, Ekrem. "Fiduciary Transfer of Ownership in Order to Secure the Satisfaction of Claim to Contemporary Right - Proposal De Le Lege Ferenda." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 4, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms-2019.v4i1-524.
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Fiduciary transfer of ownership in order to secure the claim satisfaction represents the form of non-possessory securing of claim satisfaction, which is experiencing the Renaissance in the transition countries and in the contemporary right. This form of non-possessory pledge right is not regulated by law in our own right, nor does it enjoy legal protection. Fiduciary transfer of property on the contemporary right and legal circulation is experiencing affirmation because of the essential advantages in relation to the real means of securing the claim satisfaction. The most important advantage of fiduciary agreements in relation to the pledge (mortgage) is the efficiency of the fulfilment of the claims, because there are no extensively long court proceedings in this institution. In addition to the fiduciary agreement, unlike the pledge right, the object that is subject to the fiduciary agreement, the debtor may keep such property under possession and may use it for the fulfilment of the obligations towards the creditor, thus offering practical benefits to the debtor itself. In the Republic of Kosovo, fiduciary agreements and fiduciary transfer of ownership are not regulated at positive rates. The author of this paper is committed to regulate this legal institute with positive provisions, i.e. the issuance of a special law for this institute, or the same to be included in the new Civil Code of Kosovo, as it is about an institute which has been applied for a long time by countries of the continental system and is experiencing renaissance also in the countries of the region (Slovenia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Croatia). The regulation of this institute with positive provisions would have a positive effect on legal circulation and faster economic development in Kosovo. At the same time, regulation of this institute with positive provisions would enable alignment and approximation of the Kosovo legislation with the European Union legislation. In this paper we will present the reasons why this institute should be regulated by special law or incorporated in the new Civil Code of Kosovo. However, despite the fact that local positive provisions do not particularly regulate the fiduciary transfer of ownership institution in order to secure the satisfaction of claim, nevertheless, this institute is not entirely excluded. Thus, the Law on Obligational Relationship of the Republic of Kosovo, in Article 429 provides for the ceding in order to secure "Where ceding is made in order to secure the claim satisfaction of the concessionaire against the cedant, the concessionary is obliged to behave with the care of a good economist, namely of a good housekeeper on the collection of ceded application and after the collection is completed, after keeping as much as it is needed to meet its demands against the cedant, shall hand him over the surplus.
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Szymura, Mateusz. "„Spoliatus ante omnia restituendus est. Spuilzie” jako szkocka metoda restytucji utraconego posiadania." Prawo 325 (December 31, 2018): 121–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0524-4544.325.6.
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Spoliatus ante omnia restituendus est. Spuilzie as a Scottish method of restitution of lost propertyThe author of the study tries to answer the question about the theory of the nature of possession in Scottish jurisprudence on the basis of the existing model of possessory protection. To this end he analyses spuilzie — a Scottish remedy to seek restitution, popular especially in the 17th and 18th centuries.He presents the views of the most important Scottish jurists, regarded as institutional writers of the day: James Dalrymple, Viscount of Stair; Andrew MacDougall, Lord Bankton; and John Erskine of Carnock. In addition, he presents the case law of Scotland’s Supreme Court Court of Session concerning the subject matter in question.The problems analysed by the author are as follows: the origins and ways of defining the legal basis of the remedy, its legal nature, capacity to sue, separate procedures and forms of defence employed by the sued party in spuilzie cases.Spoliatus ante omnia restituendes est.Spuilzie als schottische Methode der Restitution des entgangenen BesitzesIn der Bearbeitung wurde versucht, die Frage nach der führenden Theorie in der schottischen Rechtslehre für die Entscheidung über die Natur des Besitzes, gestützt auf das geltende Modell des possessorischen Schutzes, zu beantworten. Zu diesem Ziel wurde die spuilzie — schottische Restitutionsklage analysiert, die besonders populär im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert gewesen ist.In dem Aufsatz wurden die Ansichten der führenden Rechtsautoritäten präsentièrt. Gemeint sind hier die als institutionelle Schreiber institutional writers anerkannten: der Viscount von Stair — James Dalrymple, der Lord Bankton — Andrew MacDouall sowie John Erskine aus Carnock. Es wurde auch die führende Rechtsprechung des schottischen Obersten Gerichtes Sessionsgericht in diesem Bereich vorgestellt.Die Erwägungen wurden aufgrund folgender Problematik geführt: Genesis und Art der Definierung der rechtlichen Grundlagen der Klage und ihres rechtlichen Charakters, der Klagebefugnis, der im Rahmen der Verfahren wegen spuilzie bestehender Verfahrensbesonderheiten und der durch den Beklagten präsentierten Verteidigungsformen.
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EMERICH, Yaëll. "ÉTUDE SUR LA PROTECTION POSSESSOIRE." Revue du notariat 115, no. 3 (2013): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1044708ar.
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Kjakšta, Juna, and Kristaps Gailis. "THE IMPORTANCE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN BUSINESS." Latgale National Economy Research 1, no. 11 (October 15, 2019): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/lner2019vol1.11.4310.
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The search for a balance of interests of right holders and users, legal means for the exclusive rights enforcement in the conditions of the development of new technologies, the problems of protection of intellectual property are considered in the paper. At the present time intellectual property is considered to be one of the most valuable assets of a business. Possessors of rights can secure their loans using their intellectual property as collateral. The authors claim that the Latvian legal and regulatory framework does not cover essential issues. The aim of the research is to explore and identify the importance of intellectual property rights in business. The following tasks were set to achieve the aim: to explore the theoretical aspects of intellectual property rights, to identify possibilities for intellectual property development in business. The following scientific research methods are used in the paper: the development of intellectual property rights in commercial law is investigated with the help of the descriptive method; the systemic method is used to analyse national legal norms in conjunction with international documents and recommendations; the comparative method has been used to study models of intellectual property rights.
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SAVU, Vlad-Ionuț. "RIGHT OF PRE-EMPTION - HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE." Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov Series VII Social Sciences • Law 14(63), no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31926/but.ssl.2021.14.63.2.30.
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In this scientific approach, we will focus on the historical dimension of the right of pre-emption. This paper is structured in three chapters highlighting the most important historical aspects underlying the right of pre-emption. Etymologically, pre-emption comes from the Latin words pre (before) and emptio (sale). The first notions of the right of protimis appear in Roman law, where property and inheritance are treated as religious derivations. The great French historian Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges (1830 - 1889), in his work Cité Antique (Ancient City), stated that property appears to be of divine origin.It belongs to a family, which includes the protective gods, the dead and the continuators of the family cult, i.e. those who are alive or those who will be born. Each individual of the family is considered a temporary possessor of the property with the obligation to pass these rights on to the descendants in order to continue the family's domestic cult.
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Tyburcy, Tomasz. "Posiadanie w prawie karnym i cywilnym – czy dzierżyciel i prekarzysta może być pokrzywdzonym przestępstwem kradzieży?" Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne 16, no. 2 (September 17, 2019): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/osap.1189.
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The structure of ownership in civil law consists of two elements. The first is the element of physical wielding (corpus possesionis), and the second is a psychological (subjective) element; constituted by a presumption in favour of possession – one is always presumed to possess in his own interest (animus rem sibi habendi). Legal possession is the detention (control) or enjoyment of property or right that we hold or exercise by ourselves. Having control over property for someone else is defined in civil law as holding (Art. 338 of the Civil Code), which concerns the realization of a certain task. Possession as a factual status is protected by Art. 278 § 1 K. K. and should be interpreted more broadly than within the civil law definition. It constitutes an actual control over a movable property, which can also be exercised by a holder acting on his own behalf (commissionaire), who is not the possessor within the definition of the civil law. In contrast, it appears that a holder not acting on his own behalf (employee) is not protected by Art. 278 § 1 K. K. It seems erroneous that the protection of unlawful possession in Art. 278 § 1 K. K. depends on the good faith of the holder. Another questionable issue is granting protection for the permissive occupant in Art. 278 § 1 K. K. There is very little attention devoted to this problem both in the case-law as well as literature. It seems that permissive occupant does not attain the control over property, because his actual relationship to it is not an expression of the will of detentor, and therefore he cannot be a victim of theft.
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Obert, Jonathan. "The Six-Shooter Marketplace: 19th-Century Gunfighting as Violence Expertise." Studies in American Political Development 28, no. 1 (April 2014): 49–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x13000187.
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How are new forms of violence expertise organized and exploited? Most scholars view this as primarily a question of state-building; that is, violence experts use their skills in an attempt to regulate economic transactions or to extract and redistribute resources via protection rents either for themselves or at the behest of political elites. In an alternative view, this article demonstrates that historical gunfighters active in the late 19th-century American Southwest were actually market actors—the possessors of valuable skills cultivated through participation in the Civil War and diffused through gunfighting and reputation building in key marketentrepôts. Neither solely state-builders nor state-resisters, as they have traditionally been interpreted, gunfighters composed a professional class that emerged in the 1870s and 1880s and who moved frequently between wage-paying jobs, seizing economic opportunities on both sides of the law and often serving at the behest of powerful economic, rather than political, actors. I establish this claim by examining a dataset of over 250 individuals active in the “gunfighting system” of the post-bellum West, demonstrating that the social connections forged through fighting, and diffused through social networks, helped generate a form of organized violence that helped bring “law and order” to the frontier but as a byproduct of market formation rather than as state-building.
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Stovpets, Oleksandr, and Vasyl Stovpets. "The Bright and the Dark sides of a new Information Reality (in the context of the Intellectual Property protection)." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 234–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.1.2020.46.
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Nowadays changes’ vector related to the information and technological novelties presently shifts: from technical, economic and legal fields - to the socio-cultural dimension. Following the production sectors, other areas of life became the objects of conscious and deliberate innovative activities, that allow us to fix the transition towards an innovative model of social and cultural development, and the corresponding increase in the value of Intellectual Property institutions in today’s post-industrial world. This is why the innovation has become one of the main types of nowadays practical activity with intellectual or creative content, and it’s perceived as an essential precondition for further civilized development.
The intellectual property may be considered as a specific kind of original information, objectified in appropriate form. The core of any intellectual property object is innovation. The latter may even be understood as its inner substance. And the knowledge should be esteemed as a prelude to innovative or creative process.
In the article, the main attention was focused on the dialectics of development of our Information reality that is changing gradually, but inevitably. The most controversial point is to keep the balance between the principle of Freedom of information (including free Internet, independent mass-media, privacy on the Web, anonymous sources for press and journalism activity), on the one hand, and the principle of informational safety and public security (i.e. the possibility of state power to resist an external informational aggression, to block disinformation attempts, to prevent manipulations with information that may be really dangerous or harmful to the society in different aspects), on the other hand.
The general vision of today’s Information space evolution is expressed as an ambiguous process, which implies both the advantages and disadvantages of this new kind of reality. Eventually, this means the existence of the dark side of mentioned processes, and the bright one. It all depends on how people will actually use these technological tools. That’s why the state should always remain the sentinel of this fragile balance between the Freedom of Information in all possible ways, and the Censorship that may be expressed in soft or hard forms.
The other matter is an Intellectual Property protection mechanism in this new information reality, including international and local legislation, judicial practice, as well as mental, moral and ethical, sociocultural, economic and even geopolitical aspects of IP protection. Everyone should respect the related Laws, and individual commercial & noncommercial rights of authors or possessors. But, simultaneously, this realm of social-economic and legal relations - called "intellectual property" - should be reconsidered deeply, as technological and sociocultural conditions have changed substantially. That’s why we consider the current global IP protection system as the olden one. It must be modernized, and this modernization should be definitely commenced by its liberalization.
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Van de Voorde, Johan, and Sirio Zolea. "Quelles réponses à la décadence des actions possessoires? Une analyse comparative des droits français, belge et italien." European Review of Private Law 26, Issue 2 (April 1, 2018): 197–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2018014.
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Die Streichung der Verfahren zur Durchsetzung besitzrechtlicher Ansprüche im französischen Zivilgesetzbuch und in der französischen Zivilprozessordnung ist beispielhaft für die Krise eines Rechtsinstrumentes mit einer langen Geschichte, die zurückreicht bis hin zur Tradition des ius commune. Der Beitrag analysiert die Gründe für diese Krise in Frankreich, wobei kritisch untersucht wird, ob es möglich ist, die Verfahren zur Durchsetzung besitzrechtlicher Ansprüche durch das référé zu ersetzen, ohne dabei die Bedeutung von Eigentum und Besitz tiefgreifend zu verändern. Diese Überlegungen sind mit dem italienischen Recht verbunden, in dem die Verfahren zur Durchsetzung besitzrechtlicher Ansprüche dieser Krise entgangen sind, indem sie sich der Dynamik von beweglichen und immateriellen Gütern angepasst haben, und mit dem belgischen Recht, in dem eine andere Lösung für die Krise der Verfahren zur Durchsetzung besitzrechtlicher Ansprüche untersucht wird: die Erneuerung des Systems zum Besitzschutz, um diesen den heutigen Anforderungen anzupassen. Diese beiden juristischen Systeme werden analysiert, indem die Unterschiede der Regelungen bezüglich der Verfahren zur Durchsetzung besitzrechtlicher Ansprüche und deren Anwendung in der Rechtsprechung, die zu den unterschiedlichen Weiterentwicklungen geführt haben, untersucht werden. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird den Auswirkungen, die die Verdrängung des „non-cumul“ von Verfahren zur Durchsetzung besitzrechtlicher Ansprüche mit (petitorischen) Eigentumsklagen auf das System der Zuordnung von Eigentumsrechten hat, geschenkt. Es werden mehrere Feststellungen bezüglich der allgemeinen Tendenzen des Besitzschutzes in den zivilrechtlichen Rechtssystemen, mit Hilfe des Vergleichs des französischen, italienischen und belgischen Rechts, gemacht. La suppression des actions possessoires des codes civile et de procédure civile français attire l'attention sur la crise contemporaine d'une institution juridique ayant une longue histoire, enracinée dans la tradition de ius commune. L'article analyse les raisons de la décadence de ces actions en France, en reconsidérant d'un oeil critique la perspective d'y substituer intégralement la procédure du référé sans engendrer une mutation profonde de la notion substantielle de possession. Ces observations sont mises en rapport, dans une perspective comparative, avec le droit italien, où les actions possessoires ont pu échapper à la crise en s'ouvrant au monde dynamique des biens meubles et de l'immatériel, et avec le droit belge, où la doctrine aborde le défi d'un renouveau de la protection possessoire qui puisse adapter sa fonction aux défis du monde juridique de nos jours. Ces ordres juridiques sont analysés, en mettant en évidence les dissemblances, des règles et des utilisations judiciaires des actions possessoires, qui en ont déterminé des évolutions différentes. Une attention particulière est dédiée aux conséquences dans les systèmes des règles d'appartenance des biens de l'affaiblissement ou de l'élimination du principe du non-cumul des actions possessoires avec les actions pétitoires. De la comparaison des ordres juridiques envisagés, on fait découler certains observations sur les tendances générales de la protection de la possession dans le monde de civil law.
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Kamali, Mohamad Hashim. "Siyasah Shar'iyah or the Policies of Islamic Government." American Journal of Islam and Society 6, no. 1 (September 1, 1989): 59–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v6i1.2833.
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IntroductionSiyasah shar'iyah is a broad doctrine of Islamic law which authorizesthe ruler to determine the manner in which the Shari'ah should be administered.The ruler may accordingly take discretionary measures, enact rules and initiatepolicies as he deems are in the interest of good government, providedthat no substantive principle of the Shari'ah is violated thereby. The discretionarypowers of the ruler under siyasah shar'iyah are particularly extensivein the field of criminal law. The head of state and those who are incharge of public affairs, the 'ulu al amr, may thus decide on rules and proceduresas they deem appropriate in order to discover truth and to determineguilt. With regard to the substantive law of crimes, too, the 'ulu al amr havepowers to determine what behavior constitutes an offense and what punishmentis to be applied in each case.Many observers have expressed concern over the wide discretionarypowers that rulers and judges enjoy under siyasah shar'iyah. It is suggestedthat siyasah, as such, defies effective control, and it is open to abuse, whichwould ultimately undermine the ideals of justice under the rule of law. Oneobserver has thus considered siyasah as "direct negation of what may be regardedas the second essential implication of the idea of the rule of law in asecular system- namely, the principle that the sovereign must not possessany arbitrary power over the subject."According to another critic, siyasah has enabled the Islamic ruler to enactlegislation, especially in the field of criminal law, under the guise of "administrativeregulations." But in effect, the ruler enacted independent legislationin such areas as taxation, police matters, and the administration of justice,in general, which often interferred with, or severely circumscribed, theShari'ah.Penalties imposed at the discretion of the ruler or the judge are knownas ra'z'irat. As a branch of siyasah, ta'zir (lit. deterence) must differ accordingto the nature of the offense and the particular circumstances of the offender.The judge may thus determine the punishment of ta'zir in each caseaccording to his own observations and personal ijtihad. It has been suggestedthat the individual in such a system is exposed to official abuse against whichhe has no effective means of protecting himself ...
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Ostrovsky, Olga, Avichai Shimoni, Israel Vlodavsky, and Arnon Nagler. "Genetic Variations in Heparanase Gene (HPSE) Are Associated with Increased Risk of Graft Vs. Host Disease Following Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Effect of Discrepancy Between Recipient and Donor." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 3556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.3556.3556.
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Abstract Abstract 3556 Poster Board III-493 Introduction Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the most common cause of overall mortality and morbidity after HSCT. Heparanase, endo-â-glucuronidase that specifically cleaves the saccharide chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans, is involved in the process of inflammation and release of heparan sulfate-bound chemokines, cytokines and bioactive angiogenic factors that are main players in the development of GVHD. Therefore, we investigated the possible association of HPSE gene SNPs with the risk of post HSCT GVHD and transplantation outcome. Patients and methods Four hundred and fourteen patients with hematological malignancies and their HLA matched donors were included in the study. Genotyping of two HPSE gene SNPs rs4693608 and rs4364254 was carried out using PCR-RFLP-based analysis and allele-specific amplification. Results Assessment of heparanase gene SNPs among healthy individuals demonstrated a significant correlation between HPSE gene SNPs and the expression level of heparanase, SNP rs4693608 being the most prominent (p=0.00043). This approach allowed distribution of all possible HPSE genotype combinations into three groups (LR, MR and HR) correlating with low, intermediate and high heparanase mRNA and protein expression levels. In the group of HSCT patients we found a highly significant correlation between HPSE gene SNPs rs4693608 and rs4364254, their combinations and risk of acute GVHD. The cumulative incidence of acute GVHD, grade II-IV, was 54.4% (95% CI 44.7-66.2) in the recipient group HR, while in recipient groups MR and LR, the cumulative incidences were 40.5% (95% CI 33.2-49.4) and 24.9% (95%CI 17.7-34.9), respectively (P=0.0001). Moreover, discrepancy between recipient and donor in these SNPs combinations significantly affected the risk of acute GVHD. Genotype combination LR in patients exerted a protective effect against GVHD regardless of the donor genotype combinations. Acute GVHD rates were highest when recipients possessed genotype combinations HR. correlating with high heparanase mRNA levels, while their donors possessed the MR or LR genotype combinations correlating with a lower heparanase mRNA level, (HR-MR and HR-LR pairs). The other combinations were associated with an intermediate risk. Therefore, we divided all recipient-donor pairs to three groups according to potential risk for acute GVHD development. The first group, LAGR, included three pairs with low risk of acute GVHD development (LR-LR, LR-MR, and LR-HR pairs). The second cohort, HAGR, contained pairs with high risk of acute GVHD development (HR-MR and HR-LR pairs). The third group, MAGR, consisted of pairs with moderate risk of acute GVHD development (MR-MR, MR-HR, MR-LR and HR-HR pairs). Cumulative rate of acute GVHD incidence was 71.2% (95% CI 58.2-87.0) in the HAGR group, 41.5% (95% CI 34.4-50.1) in the MAGR group, and 24.9% (CI 95% 17.7-34.9) in the LAGR group (÷2=29.3, P< 0.00001 for grade II-IV and ÷2=34.1, P< 0.00001 for grade III-IV). In addition, HPSE gene SNPs disclosed a correlation with extensive chronic GVHD, non-relapse mortality and overall survival. Multivariate analysis confirmed the independent effect of both host genotype and host-donor genotype risk groups. Conclusions The study demonstrated significant correlation between HPSE gene SNPs and heparanase expression levels and the risk of acute and extensive chronic GVHD. Our findings may imply the involvement of heparanase in the pathogenesis of GVHD. We speculate that secreted levels of cytokines and chemokines affected by heparanase are higher in patients possessing HR genotype in comparison to possessors of the MR and LR genotypes. Higher cytokine and chemokine signals originating from the patient activate donor T-cells and increase the risk of GVHD. When donor T-cells originated from a donor environment with lower heparanase levels as dictated by donor genotype LR/MR, the infusion into a high heparanase level environment may cause hyperactivation and an even higher risk of GVHD. This aggressive phenotype of donor T lymphocytes results in infiltration and destruction of patient tissues and GVHD development. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Mancini, Elena. "Diritto alla salute, equità e governance delle malattie neglette e della povertà / Right to health, equity and governance of neglected diseases and poverty." Medicina e Morale 65, no. 4 (October 6, 2016): 477–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mem.2016.444.
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L’articolo esamina la salute quale diritto umano fondamentale nelle principali Carte internazionali. Sarà in particolare ricostruito il percorso storico-concettuale che ha portato al riconoscimento della natura complessa e inclusiva del diritto alla salute. Il fallimento delle politiche sanitarie mirate a sconfiggere singole malattie - come avvenuto nel caso della malaria - ha imposto una maggiore attenzione verso i determinanti sociali della salute, dando origine ad un processo che ha portato a concepire la salute quale problema di equità internazionale la cui soluzione richiede la realizzazione di condizioni sociali, economiche e ambientali e la promozione di libertà umane fondamentali. Il diritto a godere del più alto livello di salute ricomprende oltre al diritto all’accesso a cure mediche e a farmaci di qualità, anche la disponibilità di misure igieniche, di corrette informazioni sanitarie e la protezione di libertà fondamentali quali la libertà dall’esclusione sociale e il possesso di titoli per l’accesso concreto alle cure essenziali primarie. Viene proposta una interpretazione dei diversi modelli di giustizia sanitaria elaborati per l’individuazione delle priorità nella utilizzazione delle risorse sanitarie, nella pianificazione degli interventi anche a livello internazionale e per la valutazione dei risultati da questi conseguiti in termini di equità e di protezione dei diritti umani. Sono esaminati gli indicatori e i parametri utilizzati per monitorare la progressiva realizzazione del diritto alla salute e l’efficacia degli interventi internazionali nel promuovere l’accesso universale alle cure con particolare attenzione alle strategie di contrasto delle malattie neglette e della povertà. In particolare viene illustrato il modello delle libertà sostanziali quali “capacitazioni” teorizzato da Amartya Sen e sviluppato da Martha Nussbaum nelle sue possibili applicazioni nell’ambito dell’accesso universale alle cure e delle possibili linee di azione della solidarietà internazionale.----------The aim of this article is to study health as a fundamental right in the main International Charters. We want to underline the historical and conceptual way that led to the recognition of the complex and inclusive nature of right to health. The failure of some sanitary policies supposed to defeat some illnesses – as it happened for malaria fever – obliged to give a better attention towards the social and economic determinants of health and consider the process that led to a new meaning of health: health as a problem of international equity. To realize this goal, is necessary, first of all, to understand social, economic and environmental conditions and to promote fundamental human freedoms. The right to enjoy a good level of health means not only to have the right to access to medical treatments or to high qualities medicines, but also to have a high level of sanitary measures and a correct sanitary information and to enjoy the right of freedom in order to avoid social exclusion and to obtain the access to primaries health treatment. In this article there is a proposal to help a better interpretation of the different models of justice in health care which are supposed to define equity in allocating main resources that are necessary to the international planning of the interventions. The results reached by international health policies are evaluated with regard to equity and protection of human rights. This proposal analyses the indicators and the parameters used to realize and control the progressive realization of the right to health and the impact of the international interventions used in order to promote a universal access to treatments; in particular it examines the strategies used against the neglected tropical diseases. In details it explains the model of substantial freedoms as capabilities, as it has been theorized by Amartya Sen and developed by Martha Nussbaum, used in their possible applications with regards to universal access to treatments and also to feasible international solidarity actions.
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Emerich, Yaell. "EEtude Sur La Protection Possessoire (Study on the Protection of Possession)." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2724597.
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Гуйван, П. Д. "Темпоральні характеристики володіння чужим майном: посесорний захист." Наукові праці Національного університету “Одеська юридична академія” 24 (February 6, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.32837/npnuola.v24i0.653.
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This scholarly work is devoted to the study of the pressing issue regarding the implementation of property protection in national civil law. The work examines the widespread in practice situations where the owner has lost possession of the property belonging to him, while the actual acquirer holds the property without a legal title. Quite often, such relationships are governed by substantive law and are socially desirable in order to revive the dynamics of real turnover. However, despite some legal regulation of the nature of such possession, such as the rules of the Civilian Institute of Limitation, the problem of legal protection of such indiscriminate occupation of a thing in the event of infringement by third parties and, in particular, the owner remains unclear. The content of the relevant authority of the ancient holder to appeal to the court in case of seizure of his property is analyzed. It has been established that, despite the generally progressive importance of this tool, it is still rather limited in its application (for example, infringements on the part of the owner) and is not universal. Some changes in the wording of Art. 344 CCUs that will allow greater use of this protection mechanism.At the same time, the article emphasizes the necessity of legislative consolidation of the civilistic principle of the bordering protection in Ukraine. Possessor property protection is not title based, so it guarantees a simplified protection mechanism. This process is fully in line with the task of promptly restoring the jurisdictional methods of violated subjective law, characterized by such essential features as the inadmissibility of a legal dispute, the promptness of a defensive reaction, the provisional and temporary nature of a protected position, and the possibility of using violence through the exercise of a protective power. For the effectiveness of the seizure mechanism, the plaintiff merely states that he has been deprived of actual possession of the thing or has obstacles in its maintenance. Of course, these circumstances are subject to proof. But for the court, it doesn’t matter who asked for protection, the owner or the holder, or the bona fide purchaser. The thesis argues for the need for such protection, at least for those types of nontitular possession that society deems desirable (for example, bona fide unlawful acquisition of property that gave rise to ancient possession).
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Manan, Abdul. "THE RITUAL OF KHANDURI LAÔT IN LOWLAND ACEH: An Ethnographic Study in South, South West and West Aceh." MIQOT: Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Keislaman 40, no. 2 (October 28, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.30821/miqot.v40i2.300.
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Abstract: This article aims to describe and analyze critically about the ritual of khanduri laôt in lowland Aceh. This annual ritual has been performed from one generation to another for it cannot be separated from the life of fishermen and it leaves a deep impression among the participants. This research is a field research and its data is obtained through meticulous observation of the ritual action and in-deep interview, discussion with the main protagonists of the ritual performance. The result of the research shows that the village fishermen made the offering (cosmological exchange) besides reciting the verses from the Qur’an. The offering is made to “the possessor of the fish” and is also given to “the sea water spirit” who takes care of the fish pond, the coast sea, the sea’s surface, the waves, and the deep sea. The village fishermen considered that cosmological exchange is important to be done as the protection for the fishermen from harm at sea besides the fish will go near the sea coast and taste the khanduri so that the fishermen can easily catch them. <br /><br />Abstrak: Ritual Kenduri Laut di Daratan Aceh: Kajian Etnografi di Aceh Selatan, Barat dan Baratdaya. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisa secara kritis tentang ritus khanduri laôt di dataran rendah Aceh. Ritus tahunan ini telah dilaksanakan dari generasi ke generasi karena tidak dapat dipisahkan dari kehidupan nelayan dan meninggalkan impresi yang mendalam diantara pengikutnya. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian lapangan dan datanya diperoleh melalui pengamatan terhadap aktivitas dan upacara ritus, wawancara mendalam dan diskusi dengan informan kunci. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa nelayan desa membuat sesajian (pertukaran cosmos) selain membaca ayat-ayat al-Qur’an. Sesajian juga dibuat untuk the possessor of the fish, dan juga kepada the sea water spirit yang menjaga kolam ikan, pantai laut, permukaan laut, gelombang dan laut dalam. Nelayan-nelayan desa menganggap bahwa pertukaran kosmos perlu dilakukan sebagai proteksi bagi mereka dari gangguan di laut dan ikan akan pergi mendekat ke tepian dan memakan sesajian, sehingga nelayan bisa menangkapnya dengan mudah. <br /><br />Keywords: ritual of the khanduri laôt, sea water spirit, cosmological exchange
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González Ríos, Isabel. "El catálogo general y el inventario de bienes reconocidos como instrumentos de protección del patrimonio histórico andaluz. Cuestiones procedimentales y competencias municipales." Revista de Estudios de la Administración Local y Autonómica, no. 317 (October 8, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.24965/reala.vi317.10095.
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<p align="justify">Este trabajo de investigación analiza las competencias que corresponden a la Administración estatal, autonómica y local en materia de protección y fomento del patrimonio histórico y cultural, prestando especial atención a las competencias municipales; para posteriormente centrarnos en el estudio de los instrumentos de protección del patrimonio histórico andaluz, el Catálogo General y el Inventario de Bienes Reconocidos, en los que aquellas competencias se proyectan. Así, nuestro objeto de estudio son los bienes que los integran, el procedimiento de inscripción y el régimen jurídico aplicable a los titulares o poseedores de los bienes inscritos. Y todo ello, analizando no solo la Ley de Patrimonio Histórico Andaluz de 2007, sino también, la normativa estatal relacionada y la jurisprudencia referente al tema.</p>
<p align="justify"><b>This work of investigation analyses the competitions that correspond to the state Administration, regional and local in matter of protection and promotion of the historical and cultural heritage, loaning special attention to the municipal competitions; for later centre us in the study of the instruments of protection of the historical heritage of Andalusia, the General Catalogue and the Inventory of Recognized Goods, in which those competitions are projected . Like this, our object of study is the goods that integrate them, the procedure of registration and the applicable juridical diet to the headlines or possessors of the goods inscribed. And all this, analyzing, not only the Law of Andalusia Historical Heritage of 2007, but also the state rule related and the jurisprudence concerning the subject.</b></p>