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1
Tselekidou, Despoina, Kyparisis Papadopoulos, Vasileios Foris, Vasileios Kyriazopoulos, Konstantinos C. Andrikopoulos, Aikaterini K. Andreopoulou, Joannis K. Kallitsis, Argiris Laskarakis, Stergios Logothetidis, and Maria Gioti. "A Comparative Study between Blended Polymers and Copolymers as Emitting Layers for Single-Layer White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes." Materials 17, no. 1 (December 23, 2023): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17010076.
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Extensive research has been dedicated to the solution-processable white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs), which can potentially influence future solid-state lighting and full-color flat-panel displays. The proposed strategy based on WOLEDs involves blending two or more emitting polymers or copolymerizing two or more emitting chromophores with different doping concentrations to produce white light emission from a single layer. Toward this direction, the development of blends was conducted using commercial blue poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorenyl2,7-diyl) (PFO), green poly(9,9-dioctylfluorenealt-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT), and red spiro-copolymer (SPR) light-emitting materials, whereas the synthesized copolymers were based on different chromophores, namely distyryllanthracene, distyrylcarbazole, and distyrylbenzothiadiazole, as yellow, blue, and orange–red emitters, respectively. A comparative study between the two approaches was carried out to examine the main challenge for these doping systems, which is ensuring the proper balance of emissions from all the units to span the entire visible range. The emission characteristics of fabricated WOLEDs will be explored in terms of controlling the emission from each emitter, which depends on two possible mechanisms: energy transfer and carrier trapping. The aim of this work is to achieve pure white emission through the color mixing from different emitters based on different doping concentrations, as well as color stability during the device operation. According to these aspects, the WOLED devices based on the copolymers of two chromophores exhibit the most encouraging results regarding white color emission coordinates (0.28, 0.31) with a CRI value of 82.
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Mech, L. David. "Proportion of Calves and Adult Muskoxen, Ovibos moschatus Killed by Gray Wolves, Canis lupus, in July on Ellesmere Island." Canadian Field-Naturalist 124, no. 3 (July 1, 2010): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v124i3.1083.
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Generally Gray Wolves (Canis lupus L., 1758) tend to focus predation on young-of-the-year ungulates during summer, and I hypothesized that wolves preying on Muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus Zimmerman, 1780) in summer would follow that trend. Over 23 July periods observing wolves on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, I found that packs of 2-12 adult wolves killed seven calves, one yearling, and five adult muskoxen at distances of 2.9 to 32 km from their current dens and pups. Given a possible bias against finding calves because of their fewer remains, these results do not necessarily refute the hypothesis, but they do make it clear that adult muskoxen form an important part of the wolves' diet in July and thus possibly at other times during summer.
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Mech, L. David. "Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) Movements and Behavior Around a Kill Site and Implications for GPS Collar Studies." Canadian Field-Naturalist 125, no. 4 (August 13, 2012): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v125i4.1263.
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Global Positioning System (GPS) radio-collars are increasingly used to estimate Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) kill rates. In interpreting results from this technology, researchers make various assumptions about wolf behavior around kills, yet no detailed description of this behavior has been published. This article describes the behavior of six wolves in an area of constant daylight during 30 hours, from when the pack killed a Muskox (Ovibos moschatus) calf and yearling on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, to when they abandoned the kill remains. Although this is only a single incident, it demonstrates one possible scenario of pack behavior around a kill. Combined with the literature, this observation supports placing a radio-collar on the breeding male to maximize finding kills via GPS collars and qualifying results depending on whatever other information is available about the collared wolf’s pack.
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Hayfield, Colin, John Pouncett, and Pat Wagner. "Vessey Ponds: a ‘prehistoric’ water supply in East Yorkshire?" Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 61 (1995): 393–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00003145.
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Vessey Ponds are a pair of irregularly-shaped hollows high on the Chalk Wolds of East Yorkshire at about 220 m OD (Fig. 1). Recent fieldwalking recovered a large flint scatter in the vicinity of these hollows. Mesolithic activity was represented by worked flint displaying soft hammer technology whereas hard hammer technologies indicate Neolithic and Bronze Age tool production and usage. The presence of large numbers of cores and a vast quantity of industrial waste indicates on-site preparation of tools. Statistical analysis of the fieldwalking data implies that the flints are concentrated around the hollows. Auger sampling across the ponds revealed natural clay deposits that still hold water close to the pond surface. Consideration of exploitation of mineral resources on the Wold top and possible mechanisms of formation of Vessey Ponds highlights the complex effects of glacial activities on the local surface geology. Karstic origins for some features of surface geology are suggested. The nature of the ‘prehistoric’ economies represented by the flint scatter is considered along with ethnoarchaeological evidence to support the assumption that the ponds at Vessey were a potential water supply during the Mesolithic, Neolithic, and Bronze Ages. Evidence from Vessey Ponds and elsewhere in Yorkshire implies an association between areas of ‘prehistoric’ activity and the availability of surface water. Above all else, this work highlights the impact of water supply on settlement pattern and land use on the Chalk of the Yorkshire Wolds.
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Chernova, O. F., A. I. Klimovsky, and A. V. Protopopov. "Comparative microanatomy of the guard hairs in the Late Pleistocene wolf (<i>Canis lupus</i> ssp.) from the Late Quaternary deposits of Yakutia, based on SEM observations." Zoologičeskij žurnal 103, no. 9 (December 16, 2024): 83–102. https://doi.org/10.31857/s0044513424090078.
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Using scanning electron microscopy, a comparative morphological analysis of the fine structure of the guard hairs in the mummy of an adult male ancient wolf (Canis lupus ssp.) with an age of 45504 ± 150 BP, found in the late Pleistocene deposits in Yakutia, was carried out. Guard hairs selected for maximum thickness (guard I) vary significantly in different areas of the wolf’s skin in profile and metric data, and the vibrissae show a special medullary structure. The fine structure of the cellular medulla of the hair in the ancient wolf is shown to be similar to that of extant representatives of Caninae, such as the jackal (C. aureus), maned (Chrysocyon brachyurus) and red wolves (Cuon alpinus), some breeds of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) (Akita Inu, Basset, Dalmatian, Irish Terrier, Miniature Schnauzer, Russian Greyhound, Hortaya Greyhound), and African fox (Vulpes pallida). In these species, the disordered (lacey or spongy) medulla of the thickest part of the hair shaft (“shield”) differs from the ordered (cellular, with regularly located large cavities) medulla of the fox (V. vulpes), gray (V. ferrilata) and Tibetan foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), arctic fox (Alopex lagopus), corsac fox (Vulpes corsac), American corsac fox (V. velox). By this feature, it is possible to distinguish the hair of wolves and foxes, if we compare the medial part of the hair, since at the base of the hair a cellular medulla is found in some breeds of dogs (Akita Inu, Mastino Napoletano, Miniature Schnauzer, Hortai Greyhound) and corsac fox. The cuticle pattern greatly varies along the guard hair shaft, which is typical of wolves and foxes. This is especially specific in the area of the shaft in front of its thickened part, as it consists of lanceolate or diamond petal scales extended along the hair. The cuticle pattern formed by lance-shaped or diamond petal scales is quite similar in ancient and extant wolves, arctic foxes and African foxes. Yet the cuticle of the hair of many other species differs from that of wolves. Thus, such a feature as the presence of lanceolate or diamond petal cuticle on the hair is of limited importance for distinguishing between the species. We have shown that the hair of an ancient wolf in its fine structure (the thickness of the shaft, the degree of development of the medulla and its microanatomy, the cuticle pattern and its variability along the guard hair shaft) is practically not different from that of recent wolves, this confirming that the wolf as a species had already been fully formed in the Pleistocene. The fine structure of wolf hair differs from that of foxes, but has features similar to the hair of the jackal and domestic dog, this confirming the phylogenetic connections with the latter two genera.
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Bartnick, T. D., T. R. Van Deelen, H. B. Quigley, and D. Craighead. "Variation in cougar (Puma concolor) predation habits during wolf (Canis lupus) recovery in the southern Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem." Canadian Journal of Zoology 91, no. 2 (February 2013): 82–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2012-0147.
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We examined predation habits of cougars (Puma concolor (L., 1771)) following the recent recovery of gray wolves (Canis lupus L., 1758) in the southern Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. With the extirpation of wolves in the early 20th century, cougars likely expanded their niche space to include space vacated by wolves, and increased use of habitat better suited to the foraging of a coursing predator, like wolves. We predicted that as wolves recolonized their former range, competitive exclusion would compel cougars to cede portions of niche space occupied in the absence of wolves. To examine this hypothesis, we radio-tracked cougars and examined their predation sites from winter 2000–2001 through summer 2009. Variation in foraging by cougars was associated with increasing wolf presence. As wolf numbers increased and the mean distance between wolf pack activity centers and cougar predation sites decreased, cougars made kills at higher elevations on more north-facing slopes during summer and in more rugged areas during winter. In addition, cougars preyed on a higher proportion of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus (Rafinesque, 1817)), consistent with predictions of exploitative competition with wolves. Observed changes in predation characteristics reflect differences in predation strategy between cougars and wolves, given that wolves are coursing predators and cougars are ambush predators. These possible predation effects should be considered when developing management strategies in systems where the recolonization of wolves may occur.
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Mech, L. David, and Nicholas E. Federoff. "α1-Antitrypsin polymorphism and systematics of eastern North American wolves." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 5 (May 1, 2002): 961–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-066.
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We used data on the polymorphic status of α1-antitrypsin (α1AT) to study the relationship of Minnesota wolves to the gray wolf (Canis lupus), which was thought to have evolved in Eurasia, and to red wolves (Canis rufus) and coyotes (Canis latrans), which putatively evolved in North America. Recent evidence had indicated that Minnesota wolves might be more closely related to red wolves and coyotes. Samples from wild-caught Minnesota wolves and from captive wolves, at least some of which originated in Alaska and western Canada, were similarly polymorphic for α1AT, whereas coyote and red wolf samples were all monomorphic. Our findings, in conjunction with earlier results, are consistent with the Minnesota wolf being a gray wolf of Eurasian origin or possibly a hybrid between the gray wolf of Eurasian origin and the proposed North American wolf.
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Klich, Daniel, Grigorij Yanuta, Maria Sobczuk, and Marek Balcerak. "Indirect Effect of African Swine Fever on the Diet Composition of the Gray Wolf Canis lupus—A Case Study in Belarus." Animals 11, no. 6 (June 12, 2021): 1758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061758.
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After the emergence of African swine fever (ASF), the wild boar population numbers fell drastically in Eastern Europe. This situation made it possible to verify the changes in the wolves’ diet that occurred. The material collection was carried out in two regions, Grodno and Vitebsk, in Belarus. In total, 19 species/groups of prey were observed in the gray wolf diet, but the most important were wild boar, elk, red deer, roe deer and beaver. The decrease in the number of wild boar caused changes in the diet of wolves but only in Vitebsk region, where wolves’ diet before the ASF epidemic outbreak consisted mainly of elk and wild boar. After the decrease of wild boar numbers, wolves still mainly hunted elk, but other types of prey included roe deer, red deer and beaver. We found a negative correlation between wild boar and both deer species (roe deer and red deer) in the wolves’ diet. Moreover, the more the wolves consumed elk, the less they consumed beaver. In our opinion, only intensive hunting of wolves by humans can explain the resulting dietary fluctuations between elk and beaver, as well as the fact that wolves did not turn to other food sources.
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Laundré, John W., Lucina Hernández, and Kelly B. Altendorf. "Wolves, elk, and bison: reestablishing the "landscape of fear" in Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 8 (August 1, 2001): 1401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-094.
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The elk or wapiti (Cervus elaphus) and bison (Bison bison) of Yellowstone National Park have lived in an environment free of wolves (Canis lupus) for the last 50 years. In the winter of 1994-1995, wolves were reintroduced into parts of Yellowstone National Park. Foraging theory predicts that elk and bison would respond to this threat by increasing their vigilance levels. We tested this prediction by comparing vigilance levels of elk and bison in areas with wolves with those of elk still in "wolf-free" zones of the Park. Male elk and bison showed no response to the reintroduction of wolves, maintaining the lowest levels of vigilance throughout the study ([Formula: see text]12 and 7% of the time was spent vigilant, respectively). Female elk and bison showed significantly higher vigilance levels in areas with wolves than in areas without wolves. The highest vigilance level (47.5 ± 4.1%; mean ± SE) was seen by the second year for female elk with calves in the areas with wolves and was maintained during the subsequent 3 years of the study. As wolves expanded into non-wolf areas, female elk with and without calves in these areas gradually increased their vigilance levels from initially 20.1 ± 3.5 and 11.5 ± 0.9% to 43.0 ± 5.9 and 30.5 ± 2.8% by the fifth year of the study, respectively. We discuss the possible reasons for the differences seen among the social groups. We suggest that these behavioural responses to the presence of wolves may have more far-reaching consequences for elk and bison ecology than the actual killing of individuals by wolves.
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Stronen, Astrid V., Graham J. Forbes, Tim Sallows, Gloria Goulet, Marco Musiani, and Paul C. Paquet. "Wolf body mass, skull morphology, and mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in the Riding Mountain National Park region of Manitoba, Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology 88, no. 5 (May 2010): 496–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z10-021.
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Two types of wolves, gray ( Canis lupus L., 1758) and eastern ( Canis lupus lycaon Schreber, 1775 or Canis lycaon ) or Great Lakes wolves, representing Old World (OW) and New World (NW) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes, have been reported in eastern Canada and the Great Lakes region. Both haplotypes were found in Duck Mountain Provincial Park and Forest, Manitoba. Only OW haplotypes have been reported from the isolated Riding Mountain National Park (RMNP), 30 km to the south. Wolves with NW haplotypes hybridize with C. lupus and coyotes ( Canis latrans Say, 1823) and could mediate gene flow between canids. We examined available data on wolf body mass, skull morphology, and mtDNA from the RMNP region, as well as mtDNA from Manitoba and Saskatchewan, to assess the occurrence of NW haplotypes in wolves and possible canid hybridization. Mean body mass of female (n = 54) and male (n = 42) RMNP wolves during 1985–1987 was higher than that of females (n = 12) and males (n = 8) during 1999–2004. Thirteen skull measures from 29 wolf skulls did not suggest significant differences between RMNP and Duck Mountain wolves. Nineteen of 20 RMNP samples had OW haplotypes, whereas one clustered together with NW haplotypes.
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PEET, R. L., and W. GAYNOR. "Encephalomalacia in maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) associated with possible disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome." Australian Veterinary Journal 64, no. 2 (February 1987): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1987.tb16132.x.
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Barber-Meyer, Shannon M., L. David Mech, Wesley E. Newton, and Bridget L. Borg. "Differential wolf-pack-size persistence and the role of risk when hunting dangerous prey." Behaviour 153, no. 12 (2016): 1473–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003391.
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Risk to predators hunting dangerous prey is an emerging area of research and could account for possible persistent differences in gray wolf (Canis lupus) pack sizes. We documented significant differences in long-term wolf-pack-size averages and variation in the Superior National Forest (SNF), Denali National Park and Preserve, Yellowstone National Park, and Yukon, Canada (). The SNF differences could be related to the wolves’ risk when hunting primary prey, for those packs () hunting moose (Alces americanus) were significantly larger than those () hunting white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) (, ). Our data support the hypothesis that differential pack-size persistence may be perpetuated by differences in primary prey riskiness to wolves, and we highlight two important extensions of this idea: (1) the potential for wolves to provision and defend injured packmates from other wolves and (2) the importance of less-risky, buffer prey to pack-size persistence and year-to-year variation.
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O’Neill, Kevin Lewis. "On the Importance of Wolves." Cultural Anthropology 33, no. 3 (August 21, 2018): 499–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.14506/ca33.3.09.
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What would it mean for pastoralism to be a matter of wolves rather than sheep? Across Guatemala City, Pentecostal drug rehabilitation centers provide one possible answer. These are onetime factories and apartment buildings that have been renovated for rehabilitation with razor wire and steel bars. Largely unregulated, these centers keep pace with Guatemala’s growing rapprochement with illicit drugs by holding drug users (often against their will) for months, sometimes for years. They also warehouse the mentally ill, whom the faithful call wolves (lobos). While Pentecostals understand these wolves as incapable of governing themselves, a mix of faith and pharmaceuticals has made this otherwise surplus population central to the management of populations. Providing a provocative counterexample to celebrated ethnographies that tell terrible tales of societies that let die rather than make live, this essay details how and to what effect pastors actively acquire rather than abandon these so-called wolves.
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Cerri, Jacopo, Carmela Musto, Federico M. Stefanini, Umberto di Nicola, Nicoletta Riganelli, Maria C. Fontana, Arianna Rossi, et al. "A human-neutral large carnivore? No patterns in the body mass of gray wolves across a gradient of anthropization." PLOS ONE 18, no. 6 (June 1, 2023): e0282232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282232.
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The gray wolf (Canis lupus) expanded its distribution in Europe over the last few decades. To better understand the extent to which wolves could re-occupy their historical range, it is important to test if anthropization can affect their fitness-related traits. After having accounted for ecologically relevant confounders, we assessed how anthropization influenced i) the growth of wolves during their first year of age (n = 53), ii) sexual dimorphism between male and female adult wolves (n = 121), in a sample of individuals that had been found dead in Italy between 1999 and 2021. Wolves in anthropized areas have a smaller overall variation in their body mass, during their first year of age. Because they already have slightly higher body weight at 3–5 months, possibly due to the availability of human-derived food sources. The difference in the body weight of adult females and males slightly increases with anthropization. However, this happens because of an increase in the body mass of males only, possibly due to sex-specific differences in dispersal and/or to “dispersal phenotypes”. Anthropization in Italy does not seem to have any clear, nor large, effect on the body mass of wolves. As body mass is in turn linked to important processes, like survival and reproduction, our findings indicates that wolves could potentially re-occupy most of their historical range in Europe, as anthropized landscapes do not seem to constrain such of an important life-history trait. Wolf management could therefore be needed across vast spatial scales and in anthropized areas prone to social conflicts.
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Elbaz, Robert, Dominique Fischer, and Jenaro Talens. "Le nouveau western et l’altérité dénotée « Indien ». Problématiques discursives de Dances with Wolves." Articles divers 8, no. 1-2 (October 26, 2007): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/024748ar.
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RÉSUMÉ Après avoir étudié l'Indien comme instance discursive du western, cet article analyse Dances with Wolves (Kevin Costner, 1990) dans une perspective d'altérité et de spécificité autochtone. L'analyse conclut que Dances with Wolves opère un renversement discursif en donnant aux Blancs le mauvais rôle face aux bons Indiens, mais qu'aucune communication n'est possible sur le terrain d'une violence inhérente à la société blanche. Suite à cette analyse, une réflexion est amorcée sur l'émergence du discours autochtone.
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Mech, L. David, Rick T. McIntyre, and Douglas W. Smith. "Unusual Behavior by Bison, Bison bison, Toward Elk, Cervus elaphus, and Wolves, Canis lupus." Canadian Field-Naturalist 118, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v118i1.892.
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Incidents are described of Bison (Bison bison) in Yellowstone National Park mauling and possibly killing a young Elk (Cervus elaphus) calf, chasing wolves (Canis lupus) off Elk they had just killed or were killing, and keeping the wolves away for extended periods. During one of the latter cases, the Bison knocked a wolf-wounded Elk down. Bison were also seen approaching wolves that were resting and sleeping, rousting them, following them to new resting places and repeating this behavior. These behaviors might represent some type of generalized hyper-defensiveness that functions as an anti-predator strategy.
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Cordoni, Giada, and Elisabetta Palagi. "Back to the Future: A Glance Over Wolf Social Behavior to Understand Dog–Human Relationship." Animals 9, no. 11 (November 18, 2019): 991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9110991.
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This review focuses on wolf sociobiology to delineate the traits of cooperative baggage driven by natural selection (wolf-wolf cooperation) and better understand the changes obtained by artificial selection (dog-human cooperation). We selected some behaviors of the dog’s ancestors that provide the basis for the expression of a cooperative society, such as dominance relationships, leverage power, post-aggressive strategies, and playful dynamics between pack members. When possible, we tried to compare the data on wolves with those coming from the dog literature. Wolves can negotiate commodities when the interacting subjects occupy different ranking positions by bargaining social tolerance with helping and support. They are able to manage group disruption by engaging in sophisticated post-conflict maneuvers, thus restoring the relationship between the opponents and reducing the spreading of aggression in the group. Wolves engage in social play also as adults to manipulate social relationships. They are able to flexibly adjust their playful interactions to minimize the risk of escalation. Complex cognitive abilities and communicative skills are probably the main proximate causes for the evolution of inter-specific cooperation in wolves.
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Potvin, François. "Wolf movements and population dynamics in Papineau-Labelle reserve, Quebec." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 1266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-185.
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From 1980 to 1984, wolf ecology was studied in Papineau-Labelle reserve, a 1667-km2 area characterized by three large deer yards (> 1000 deer) located at the periphery. We obtained 2462 telementry locations from 43 collared wolves belonging to 4–8 packs. Mean pack size on 1 December was 5.6 wolves and density within territories averaged 2.8 animals/100 km2. Size of territories ranged between 85 and 325 km2 (mean 199 km2) and no seasonal variations were noted for most packs. But those packs in contact with a large deer yard generally used that portion of their territory more intensely in winter. The majority of wolves (12/15) dispersed when they were 10–20 months old and traveled an average distance of 40 km. Dispersal likely resulted from the onset of sexual maturity and, possibly, from social stress. Mortality rate of collared wolves (36%) was moderate and similar to that of noncollared wolves. Known causes of mortality were all human related: trapping (23), hunting (6), and road kills (6). Nonetheless, I conclude that this population is regulated largely by social factors and not by food stress.
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Martínez-Carrasco, Carlos, Barbara Moroni, Anna García-Garrigós, Serena Robetto, Emanuele Carella, Simona Zoppi, Paolo Tizzani, Moisés Gonzálvez, Riccardo Orusa, and Luca Rossi. "Wolf Is Back: A Novel Sensitive Sentinel Rejoins the Trichinella Cycle in the Western Alps." Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 3 (March 9, 2023): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10030206.
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Trichinella is a foodborne parasite whose wildlife reservoirs are represented by carnivores and omnivores with predatory and scavenger behavior. The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of Trichinella infection in grey wolves (Canis lupus) that recolonized the Western Alps from the end of the past century, and discuss the epidemiological role played by this apex predator in the early phases of its return. During the period 2017–2022, diaphragm samples were obtained from 130 individuals collected in the frame of a wolf mortality survey. Trichinella larvae were found in 15 wolves (11.53%) with a parasite intensity of 11.74 larvae per gram. Trichinella britovi was the only species identified. This is the first prevalence survey of Trichinella in wolves recolonizing the Alps. Results suggest that, in this particular biotope, the wolf has rejoined the Trichinella cycle and has the potential to play an increasingly important role as maintenance host. Arguments in favor and against this perspective are discussed and knowledge gaps highlighted. The calculated Trichinella larval biomass in the estimated wolf population roaming in Northwest Italy will serve as baseline value to explore possible shifts in the relative importance of wolves as Trichinella reservoir within the regional carnivore community. Finally, wolves re-colonizing the Alps already appear as sensitive sentinels to monitor the risk of Trichinella zoonotic transmission by infected wild boar meat.
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Tomiya, Susumu, and Julie A. Meachen. "Postcranial diversity and recent ecomorphic impoverishment of North American gray wolves." Biology Letters 14, no. 1 (January 2018): 20170613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0613.
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Recent advances in genomics and palaeontology have begun to unravel the complex evolutionary history of the gray wolf, Canis lupus . Still, much of their phenotypic variation across time and space remains to be documented. We examined the limb morphology of the fossil and modern North American gray wolves from the late Quaternary (< ca 70 ka) to better understand their postcranial diversity through time. We found that the late-Pleistocene gray wolves were characterized by short-leggedness on both sides of the Cordilleran–Laurentide ice sheets, and that this trait survived well into the Holocene despite the collapse of Pleistocene megafauna and disappearance of the ‘Beringian wolf' from Alaska. By contrast, extant populations in the Midwestern USA and northwestern North America are distinguished by their elongate limbs with long distal segments, which appear to have evolved during the Holocene possibly in response to a new level or type of prey depletion. One of the consequences of recent extirpation of the Plains ( Canis lupus nubilus ) and Mexican wolves ( C. l. baileyi ) from much of the USA is an unprecedented loss of postcranial diversity through removal of short-legged forms. Conservation of these wolves is thus critical to restoration of the ecophenotypic diversity and evolutionary potential of gray wolves in North America.
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Custodio, Matthew, Rekha Reddy, Iman Andalib, Richard Ferstenberg, and Ava Anklesaria. "A Sheep in Wolfʼs Clothing: Gastrointestinal Lipoma Causing Intussusception, Masquerading as a Possible Cecal Malignancy." American Journal of Gastroenterology 113, Supplement (October 2018): S935—S936. http://dx.doi.org/10.14309/00000434-201810001-01627.
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Barber-Meyer, Shannon M., and L. David Mech. "White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Subsidize Gray Wolves (Canis lupus) During a Moose (Alces americanus) Decline: A Case of Apparent Competition?" Canadian Field-Naturalist 130, no. 4 (March 29, 2017): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v130i4.1924.
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Moose (Alces americanus) in northeastern Minnesota have declined by 55% since 2006. Although the cause is unresolved, some studies have suggested that Gray Wolves (Canis lupus) contributed to the decline. After the Moose decline, wolves could either decline or switch prey. To determine which occurred in our study area, we compared winter wolf counts and summer diet before and after the Moose decline. While wolf numbers in our study area nearly doubled from 23 in winter 2002 to an average of 41 during winters 2011–2013, calf:cow ratios (the number of calves per cow observed during winter surveys) in the wider Moose range more than halved from 0.93 in 2002 to an average of 0.31 during 2011–2013. Compared to summer 2002, wolves in summers 2011–2013 consumed fewer Moose and more White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus). While deer densities were similar during each period, average vulnerability, as reflected by winter severity, was greater during 2011–2013 than 2002, probably explaining the wolf increase. During the wolf increase Moose calves remained a summer food item. These findings suggest that in part of the Moose range, deer subsidized wolf numbers while wolves also preyed on Moose calves. This contributed to a Moose decline and is a possible case of apparent competition and inverse-density-dependent predation.
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Artemenko, Vladislav, and Volodymyr Petrovych. "REGRESSION MAXIMUM AND ITS USE TO HYDROECOLOGICAL RESEARCH." AUTOMOBILE ROADS AND ROAD CONSTRUCTION, no. 111 (June 30, 2022): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.33744/0365-8171-2022-111-200-205.
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One of the actual problems of hydrochemistry there is influence to solar activity on condition chemical substance in water environment. The goal of the work it is possible estimation relationship some hydrochemical factors and solar activity (Wolf's Numbers W). To this effect the research was given for concentration 〖NH〗_4^+, 〖NO〗_2^- , 〖NO〗_3^- in water large flat river of Ukraine (1991 … 2010 years). The ion concentrations denominated in mg on litre. Were they also analysed given over Wolf's numbers for this period (1991 … 2010 years). Since these dependencies for the best reveals itself at a rate of extreme values that for each value of the Wolf's number selected only maximum to concentrations of the ion. Accordingly building to regressions executed not on all raw data’s but for maximum values concentration only. For this regression execute in two steps: STEP 1: Selected only one (maximum) value concentration of the ion for each unique value of Wolf's number. STEP 2: To prepared by specified way data is used for regression. Experiment has shown that linear regression in this instance to use it is impossible (got the horizontal line). Experiment has also shown adequacy of the use polynomial quantile regression (so it was used this type of regression). It was used median egression (quantile regression for Q=0,5). Median regression demonstrates the observable reduction a concentration of 〖NH〗_4^+, 〖NO〗_2^-,〖 NO〗_3^- when increasing of values Wolf's Numbers. Offered in article “regression for maximus” important for decision of the practical problems of hydroecology. The general trend in behavioyr of Wolf's Numbers can be forecasting on times of the ten years onward. This means as the general trend in behavioyr of 〖NH〗_4^+, 〖NO〗_2^- , 〖NO〗_3^- also can be forecasting on times of ten of years onward (the factor of the purity of natural water). The natural water more pure (the minimum concentration of 〖NH〗_4^+, 〖NO〗_2^- , 〖NO〗_3^-) under high solar activity (high values of Wolf's Numbers).
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Koch, Evan M., Rena M. Schweizer, Teia M. Schweizer, Daniel R. Stahler, Douglas W. Smith, Robert K. Wayne, and John Novembre. "De Novo Mutation Rate Estimation in Wolves of Known Pedigree." Molecular Biology and Evolution 36, no. 11 (July 12, 2019): 2536–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz159.
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Abstract Knowledge of mutation rates is crucial for calibrating population genetics models of demographic history in units of years. However, mutation rates remain challenging to estimate because of the need to identify extremely rare events. We estimated the nuclear mutation rate in wolves by identifying de novo mutations in a pedigree of seven wolves. Putative de novo mutations were discovered by whole-genome sequencing and were verified by Sanger sequencing of parents and offspring. Using stringent filters and an estimate of the false negative rate in the remaining observable genome, we obtain an estimate of ∼4.5 × 10−9 per base pair per generation and provide conservative bounds between 2.6 × 10−9 and 7.1 × 10−9. Although our estimate is consistent with recent mutation rate estimates from ancient DNA (4.0 × 10−9 and 3.0–4.5 × 10−9), it suggests a wider possible range. We also examined the consequences of our rate and the accompanying interval for dating several critical events in canid demographic history. For example, applying our full range of rates to coalescent models of dog and wolf demographic history implies a wide set of possible divergence times between the ancestral populations of dogs and extant Eurasian wolves (16,000–64,000 years ago) although our point estimate indicates a date between 25,000 and 33,000 years ago. Aside from one study in mice, ours provides the only direct mammalian mutation rate outside of primates and is likely to be vital to future investigations of mutation rate evolution.
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Messier, François, Manfred E. Rau, and Marilyn A. McNeill. "Echinococcus granulosus (Cestoda: Taeniidae) infections and moose – wolf population dynamics in southwestern Quebec." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-029.
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The prevalence, mean number, and mean total weight of Echinococcus granulosus cysts in the lungs of moose increased with moose density in southwestern Quebec. Such responses in the level of infection were documented in areas of 0.17, 0.23, and 0.37 moose/km2. The increase of E. granulosus infection in moose was attributed to higher densities of wolves, the definitive host of this parasite, as well as an accompanying increase in the rate of wolf predation upon moose. The aggregated distribution of this parasite within the moose population is considered to reflect the highly heterogeneous use of space by wolves and the consequent aggregated distribution of parasite eggs within the environment. A possible regulatory effect of E. granulosus infections on moose numbers is discussed.
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Miller, Frank L., Anne Gunn, and Eric Broughton. "Surplus killing as exemplified by wolf predation on newborn caribou." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-045.
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We searched for newborn calf carcasses of migratory barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) in June 1982 in the Northwest Territories. On 17 June, we found 34 calves killed by wolves (Canis lupus), clumped in a 3-km2 area. The calves had been killed apparently within minutes of each other and about 24 h before being found. Wolves had not fed on 17 of the carcasses and had only partially eaten the other 17. Ground observations illustrate the speed of and efficiency with which wolves can kill calves: a single wolf killed three calves on one occasion and three and possibly four calves on a second occasion at average kill rates of 1 calf/min, and 1 calf/8 min or 1 calf/6 min between the first and last deaths. We attributed the surplus killing of newborn caribou calves to their high densities and their vulnerability on the calving grounds. We recommend that a distinction be made between "surplus killing" and "excessive killing" by predators.
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Mech, L. David. "Details of a confrontation between two wild wolves." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 9 (September 1, 1993): 1900–1903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-271.
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A confrontation was photographed and videotaped at close range between a wild alpha male wolf (Canis lupus) of known history and an alien adult on Ellesmere Island, Northwest Territories, Canada. For 100–110 seconds the two stood near each other, maneuvered around, and snapped at each other until the alien fled. The alpha and his mate, who suddenly joined the encounter, chased the other wolf for 1.2 km and gave up without inflicting wounds. Discussed are possible reasons why this wolf was not killed, while other alien wolves have been.
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Harrington, Fred H. "Double Marking in Arctic Wolves, Canis lupus arctos: Influence of Order on Posture." Canadian Field-Naturalist 120, no. 4 (October 1, 2006): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v120i4.357.
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Double marking by Arctic Wolves (Canis lupus arctos) was recorded by Mech (2006) from a pack on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, during 16 summers between 1986 and 2005. Using his data on the frequency of occurrence for each of the four postures used by Wolves for urine marking (males – raised leg and stand urinations; females – flexed leg and squat urinations), the probabilities of occurrence for each of eight possible double mark sequences were determined and compared with observed frequencies. Females were somewhat but not significantly more likely to initiate double mark sequences. There was no evidence for any bias in the posture used to initiate a double mark sequence, but assertive postures by both males and females nearly always completed the sequence, occurring much more often than expected by chance.
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Oražem, Vesna, Iztok Tomažič, Ivan Kos, Dolores Nagode, and Christoph Randler. "Wolves’ Conservation through Educational Workshops: Which Method Works Best?" Sustainability 11, no. 4 (February 21, 2019): 1124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11041124.
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(1) Background: Conservation biology education is an important societal goal, targeting the worldwide promotion of biodiversity conservation. When learning about animals, direct experience poses an ideal opportunity to influence the participants’ attitudes and knowledge. However, in the case of large carnivores, direct experiences are scarcely possible, except at local zoos. School teaching should therefore rely on preserved materials, which are still originals. (2) Methods: Here, we investigated how students’ attitudes and knowledge regarding wolves can be improved in three different teaching contexts: (a) through conventional lectures, (b) through lectures combined with hands-on activities in the real classroom setting, and (c) through lectures with hands-on activities at the university. Students from general and vocational (veterinary) upper secondary school participated in the study. Attitudes and knowledge were tested before and after the teaching. (3) Results: Students displayed positive attitudes toward wolves and their prior knowledge had the highest influence on attitude ratings. Knowledge about wolves improved during teaching regardless of the teaching approach. The highest influence on attitudes and knowledge was observed in the university setting. (4) Conclusion: The university setting evidently produces the strongest effect so it is a recommended approach when designing conservational topics.
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Bergerud, A. T., and J. P. Elliot. "Dynamics of caribou and wolves in northern British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 7 (July 1, 1986): 1515–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-226.
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Major fluctuations in caribou (Rangifer tarandus) numbers have occurred since the settlement of European man in British Columbia. Caribou declined in the late 1930's and 1940's after moose (Alces alces) expanded their range and wolves (Canis lupus) increased. Following a wolf reduction program from 1949 to 1962, the caribou expanded until a high was reached in the late 1960's, after which the herds again diminished as wolf numbers increased and calf recruitment decreased. Three caribou populations were censused between 1976 and 1982, and an experiment was conducted on one of these areas (with the others as controls) to test the effect of wolf numbers on herd growth. The Spatsizi–Lawyers and Level–Kawdy populations inhabited ranges where wolf densities were near 9–10wolves/1000 km2;Spatsizi–Lawyers declined between 1977 and 1982(r = −0.13) and Level–Kawdy declined between 1977 and 1982(r = −0.12). We reduced wolves at the experimental Horseranch population from 10 to 1–4/1000 km2 and these caibou increased from 1977 to 1982 at an average exponential rate of 6% per year. None of the populations were heavily hunted; however, both declining populations had low calf survival with a mean of 55% of the calves dying within the first 2 weeks of life. Calf survival increased significantly at the Horseranch in the 3 years that wolves were reduced. In conclusion, we believe that the Spatsizi–Lawyers and Level–Kawdy populations declined as a result of predation on calves and adults. Yet, if wolves are managed to provide stabilizing recruitments for caribou, it should be possible to dampen the natural fluctuations of caribou and wolves that are frequent in unperturbed systems and maintain higher numbers of both species.
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HE, MINGFENG, QIU-HUI PAN, and SHUANG WANG. "FINAL STATE OF ECOSYSTEM CONTAINING GRASS, SHEEP AND WOLVES WITH AGING." International Journal of Modern Physics C 16, no. 01 (January 2005): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183105007017.
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This paper describes a cellular automata model containing movable wolves, sheep and reproducible grass. Each wolf or sheep is characterized by Penna bitstrings. In addition, we introduce the energy rule and the predator–prey mechanism for wolf and sheep. With considering age-structured, genetic strings, minimum reproduction age, cycle of the reproduction, number of offspring, we get three possible states of a predator–prey system: the coexisting one with predators and prey, the absorbing one with prey only, and the empty one where no animal survived. In this paper, we mainly discuss the effect of the number of poor genes, the energy supply (food), the minimum reproduction age, the reproductive cycle and the birth rate on the above three possible final states.
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Ise, M., K. Tanese, T. Adachi, W. Du, M. Amagai, and M. Ohyama. "Postherpetic Wolf's isotopic response: possible contribution of resident memory T cells to the pathogenesis of lichenoid reaction." British Journal of Dermatology 173, no. 5 (October 16, 2015): 1331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjd.13968.
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Laundre, John. "The Impact of Wolf Reintroduction on the Foraging Efficency of Elk and Bison." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 22 (January 1, 1998): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1998.3363.
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More and more, evidence indicates that nonÂlethal interactions between large mammalian ungulates and the predators that feed on them may play significant roles in ungulate population dynamics. Although predators such as wolves and mountain lions directly impact large ungulates like elk (Cervus elaphus) when they kill individuals, the fact that they scare their prey may actually have a greater long term impact on the population (Kotler and Hoyt 1989, Brown 1992, Brown and Alkon 1990 Brown et al. 1999). In response to predation risk, foraging animals are found balancing conflicting demands for food and safety. Research indicates they do this by two principal means: 1) when faced with higher predation risk, prey individuals will reduce feeding effort and/or increase vigilance compared to areas of lower risk (Sih 1980, Lima and Dill 1990), 2) they alter their use of habitat types to help reduce this predation risk. The major result is that reduced feeding efforts or selection of safer but possibly less productive habitat lead to a third prediction of a poorer quality diet as animals seek out safer areas but with likely lower quality forage. The reintroduction of wolves in Yellowstone National Parks offered a unique opportunity to test the impact of wolves on the feeding efficiency of elk and bison. After the wolves were reintroduced into Yellowstone Park in the spring of 1995, they quickly established themselves in specific locations, specifically in the Lamar Valley in the north end of the Park. This allowed us to collect data on areas with and without wolves for the first few years after their release. Additionally, as wolves have expanded their range in the Park, this has also provided an excellent opportunity to compare data on animals from the same areas before and after wolves have arrived. These comparisons then, would provide a critical test of the predictions that large predators can have a major non-lethal impact on their prey. To test these predictions, in 1996 we began a study of the foraging patterns of elk and bison in Yellowstone National Park. Here we report the results of the first four years of this study.
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Verset, Laurine, Felix Shumelinsky, Roland Wind, Pieter Demetter, and Nicolas De Saint Aubain. "Spindle cells in aspiration material from an inguinal adenopathy: possibly a sheep in wolf’s clothing!" Histopathology 75, no. 3 (June 10, 2019): 437–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/his.13859.
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Milenkovic, M., Vesna Habijan-Mikes, and Rada Matic. "Cases of spontaneous interbreeding of wolf and domestic dog in the region of Southeast Banat." Archives of Biological Sciences 58, no. 4 (2006): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0604225m.
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The study presents the first documented data indicating the occurrence of spontaneous interbreeding of wolf and domestic dog in nature on the territory of Serbia, based on three specimens originating from the region of Southeast Banat. Some unique morpho-anatomical malformations of the cranium in two specimens are described. Based on complex morphological and craniometrical analysis of hybrid specimens and comparison with the corresponding material of authentic wolves from this region, it is possible to follow a local process of multiple wolf/dog hybridization and disturbance of the authentic genetic structure of wolf. The identification of wolf/dog hybrids is a subject of primary concern for the development of conservation and management strategies. Because of great vulnerability of the population of South-Carpathian wolves on the boundaries of their range in Serbia, there is a need for permanent and increased protection in order to maintain their adequately strong population in this region. .
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Valkenburg, Patrick, David G. Kelleyhouse, James L. Davis, and Jay M. Ver Hoef. "Case history of the Fortymile Caribou Herd, 1920-1990." Rangifer 14, no. 1 (December 1, 1994): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.14.1.1128.
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Early this century, the Fortymile caribou herd was the largest in Alaska and one of the largest in the world. Since the 1940s the herd has remained relatively small, fluctuating between 6000-8000 and about 50 000. To determine possible limiting factors, we reviewed historical fluctuations in herd since and harvest, historical data on wolf numbers and summer and winter weather. The major decline in herd size from 1963 to 1973 was accompanied by high wolf numbers, some years of unfavorable winter and summer weather, and some years of high harvests. From 1974 to 1990 the Fortymile herd failed to recover as well as the adjacent Nelchi-na herd and provided less than one-fourth the harvest despite favorable winter conditions in both areas. Two notable differences between these herds were that (1) wolves were less strongly limited within the range of the Fortymile herd, and (2) moose as alternate prey for wolves remained more abundant within the range of the Nelchina herd.
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Qi, Shuo, Jing-Song Shi, Yan-Bo Ma, Yi-Fei Gao, Shu-Hai Bu, L. Lee Grismer, Pi-Peng Li, and Ying-Yong Wang. "A sheep in wolf's clothing: Elaphe xiphodonta sp. nov. (Squamata, Colubridae) and its possible mimicry to Protobothrops jerdonii." ZooKeys 1048 (July 6, 2021): 23–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1048.65650.
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Based on combined morphological and osteological characters and molecular phylogenetics, we describe a new species of the genus Elaphe that was discovered from the south slope of the Qinling Mountains, Shaanxi, China, namely Elaphe xiphodontasp. nov. It is distinguished from the other congeners by a combination of the following characters: dorsal scales in 21-21-17 rows, the medial 11 rows keeled; 202–204 ventral scales, 67–68 subcaudals; two preoculars (including one subpreocular); two postoculars; two anterior temporals, three posterior temporals; reduced numbers of maxillary teeth (9+2) and dentary teeth (12); sharp cutting edges on the posterior or posterolateral surface of the rear maxillary teeth and dentary teeth; dorsal head yellow, three distinct markings on the head and neck; a distinct black labial spot present in supralabials; dorsum yellow, 46–49 complete (or incomplete) large black-edged reddish brown blotches on the body and 12–19 on the tail, two rows of smaller blotches on each ventrolateral side; ventral scales yellow with mottled irregular black blotches, a few irregular small red spots dispersed on the middle of the ventral. Based on molecular phylogenetic analyses, the new species forms the sister taxon to E. zoigeensis. The discovery of this new species increases the number of the recognized species in the genus Elaphe to 17.
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Brandell, Ellen E., Madeline K. Jackson, Paul C. Cross, Antoinette J. Piaggio, Daniel R. Taylor, Douglas W. Smith, Belgees Boufana, Daniel R. Stahler, and Peter J. Hudson. "Evaluating noninvasive methods for estimating cestode prevalence in a wild carnivore population." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 15, 2022): e0277420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277420.
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Helminth infections are cryptic and can be difficult to study in wildlife species. Helminth research in wildlife hosts has historically required invasive animal handling and necropsy, while results from noninvasive parasite research, like scat analysis, may not be possible at the helminth species or individual host levels. To increase the utility of noninvasive sampling, individual hosts can be identified by applying molecular methods. This allows for longitudinal sampling of known hosts and can be paired with individual-level covariates. Here we evaluate a combination of methods and existing long-term monitoring data to identify patterns of cestode infections in gray wolves in Yellowstone National Park. Our goals were: (1) Identify the species and apparent prevalence of cestodes infecting Yellowstone wolves; (2) Assess the relationships between wolf biological and social characteristics and cestode infections; (3) Examine how wolf samples were affected by environmental conditions with respect to the success of individual genotyping. We collected over 200 wolf scats from 2018–2020 and conducted laboratory analyses including individual wolf genotyping, sex identification, cestode identification, and fecal glucocorticoid measurements. Wolf genotyping success rate was 45%, which was higher in the winter but decreased with higher precipitation and as more time elapsed between scat deposit and collection. One cestode species was detected in 28% of all fecal samples, and 38% of known individuals. The most common infection was Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (primarily E. canadensis). Adult wolves had 4x greater odds of having a cestode infection than pups, as well as wolves sampled in the winter. Our methods provide an alternative approach to estimate cestode prevalence and to linking parasites to known individuals in a wild host system, but may be most useful when employed in existing study systems and when field collections are designed to minimize the time between fecal deposition and collection.
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Trisko, Rebecca K., and Barbara B. Smuts. "Dominance relationships in a group of domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)." Behaviour 152, no. 5 (2015): 677–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003249.
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We investigated the extent to which dominance relationships, as described for feral dogs and wolves, applied to a group of 24 neutered companion dogs at a dog daycare facility. Similar to other studies of dogs and wolves, we found significant linear dominance hierarchies based on highly unidirectional displays of submission and aggression. Submission was the most frequent, unidirectional and linear type of agonistic behaviour and, therefore, a better indicator of status than aggression or dominance displays. Aggression was low intensity, consisting mainly of ritualized threats with no physical contact, and conflicts involving physical contact were never injurious. Older dogs out-ranked younger dogs, but size was unrelated to dominance rank. Dominance relationships were more often expressed in same-sex dyads than between males and females. The coverage of dominance relationships in the daycare group was low compared to that reported for sexually intact dogs and wolves, which was probably a result of reduced competition due to neutering and other human influences. In many dyads dogs never exchanged agonistic behaviours, but bi-directional relationships were rare, and most dogs formed some dominance relationships with other dogs. Except for their low coverage, muzzle licks met the criteria for a formal display of submission. Our results suggest that dominance remains a robust component of domestic dog behaviour even when humans significantly reduce the potential for resource competition. The possible proximate benefits of dominance relationships for dogs are discussed.
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Vyse, Ernest. "Comparison of Mitochondrial DNA in Wolves and Coyotes in the Northern Rockies using the Polymerase Chain Reaction." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 18 (January 1, 1994): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1994.3221.
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The purpose of this study was the comparison of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from Northern Montana and Minnesota wolves to the extinct wolves of Yellowstone National Park (YNP). This comparison was intended to provide a genetic basis to identify potential wolf stocks for introduction into YNP. Unfortunately the only extinct YNP specimens available were dried tanned skins from the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History and YNP. The nucleic acids extracted from these skins was so badly degraded that no amplification of mtDNA was possible; so the critical comparisons could not be made. The control region of the mtDNA is 1100-1200 nucleotides long in vertebrates, contains sequences that control replication and gene activation and in terms of evolutionary analysis has the desired feature of both variable and conserved regions. The variable regions provide the genetic diversity that is the basis of taxonomic and evolutionary studies while the conserved regions provide the ability to synthesize short complementary oligonucleotides to prime the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the organisms studies.
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Gutema, Tariku Mekonnen, Anagaw Atickem, Diress Tsegaye, Afework Bekele, Claudio Sillero-Zubiri, Jorgelina Marino, Mohammed Kasso, Vivek V. Venkataraman, Peter J. Fashing, and Nils C. Stenseth. "Foraging ecology of African wolves ( Canis lupaster ) and its implications for the conservation of Ethiopian wolves ( Canis simensis )." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 9 (September 11, 2019): 190772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190772.
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African wolves (AWs) are sympatric with endangered Ethiopian wolves (EWs) in parts of their range. Scat analyses have suggested a dietary overlap between AWs and EWs, raising the potential for exploitative competition, and a possible conservation threat to EWs. However, in contrast to that of the well-studied EW, the foraging ecology of AWs remains poorly characterized. Accordingly, we studied the foraging ecology of radio-collared AWs ( n = 11 individuals) at two localities with varying levels of anthropogenic disturbance in the Ethiopian Highlands, the Guassa-Menz Community Conservation Area (GMCCA) and Borena-Saynt National Park (BSNP), accumulating 845 h of focal observation across 2952 feeding events. We also monitored rodent abundance and rodent trapping activity by local farmers who experience conflict with AWs. The AW diet consisted largely of rodents (22.0%), insects (24.8%), and goats and sheep (24.3%). Of the total rodents captured by farmers using local traps during peak barley production (July to November) in GMCCA, averaging 24.7 ± 8.5 rodents/hectare/day, 81% ( N = 3009) were scavenged by AWs. Further, of all the rodents consumed by AWs, most (74%) were carcasses. These results reveal complex interactions between AWs and local farmers, and highlight the scavenging niche occupied by AWs in anthropogenically altered landscapes in contrast to the active hunting exhibited by EWs in more intact habitats. While AWs cause economic damage to local farmers through livestock predation, they appear to play an important role in scavenging pest rodents among farmlands, a pattern of behaviour which likely mitigates direct and indirect competition with EWs. We suggest two routes to promote the coexistence of AWs and EWs in the Ethiopian highlands: local education efforts highlighting the complex role AWs play in highland ecosystems to reduce their persecution, and enforced protection of intact habitats to preserve habitat preferred by EWs.
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Kazanski, Michel, and Anna Mastykova. "Dogs in the Burial Rite of the Sambian-Natangian Culture of the Great Migration Period and the Early Middle Ages and Warriors-Werewolves." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 5 (October 2022): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp2251530.
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Two “military” burials of the Sambian-Natangian culture are considered — Dollkeim-Kovrovo No. 269 and Kleinheide-Guryevsk No. 21 of the Great Migration Period, where there are burials of dogs. Burials with dogs in the early Middle Ages were widespread in the Germanic area, but extremely rarely found among the Balts. Apparently in Sambia, their appearance is associated with the influence of the funerary customs of the Germans, most likely from Central Europe. It is possible that these customs reflect military rituals associated with warriors-werewolves (wolves/dogs).
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Way, Jonathan G. "Taxonomic Implications of Morphological and Genetic Differences in Northeastern Coyotes (Coywolves) (Canis latrans × C. lycaon), Western Coyotes (C. latrans), and Eastern Wolves (C. lycaon or C. lupus lycaon)." Canadian Field-Naturalist 127, no. 1 (July 17, 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v127i1.1400.
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The eastern Coyote or Coywolf (Canis latrans × C. lycaon) inhabiting northeastern North America resulted from hybridization between the expanding population of the western Coyote (Canis latrans) and the remnant population of Eastern Wolf (C. lycaon) and possibly domestic dogs (C. lupus familiaris) in the early 20th century. This study compares the body mass of eastern (i.e., northeastern) Coyotes, western Coyotes, and Eastern Wolves and synthesizes the recent literature to gain better insight into the taxonomic relations and differences of closely-related Canis species. Northeastern Coyotes (males = 16.5 kg; females = 14.7 kg) were statistically (P < 0.0001) intermediate in mass between western Coyotes (males = 12.2 kg; females = 10.7 kg) and Eastern Wolves (males = 28.2 kg, females = 23.7 kg), consistent with their hybrid origin, but were numerically closer to western Coyotes. Large Cohen’s d (3.00–8.56), (0.915–0.929), and Cohen’s f (3.28–3.62) values indicated large effect sizes from the body mass comparisons. Eastern Wolves were 61–71% heavier than the same sex in the northeastern Coyotes, which in turn were ca. 35–37% heavier than the same sex in the western Coyotes. Alternatively, western Coyotes were 73–74% of the size of the same sex in the northeastern Coyotes, which in turn were 59–62% of the size of the same sex in the Eastern Wolves. I also attempted to relate mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes to body mass. Six of 17 (35.3%) adult female northeastern Coyotes captured in Massachusetts weighed ≥18 kg, heavier than any other described Coyote from outside northeastern North America. Mitochondrial DNA haplotypes associated with these heavy female northeastern canids were C9 = 4, C19 = 1, and C48 = 1. Body mass (kg) and mtDNA haplotype data of 53 northeastern Coyotes (males = 28, females = 25) showed no difference between haplotype and body mass for males (P < 0.852) or females (P < 0.128), suggesting that there is not a particular haplotype (e.g., C1) that is associated with the heavier animals. I propose that the most appropriate name for this hybrid animal is Coywolf (Canis latrans × C. lycaon), rather than a type of Coyote. Coywolves are distinct, being larger than any other population of Coyotes but smaller than Eastern Wolves. I propose that the 5 distinct types of Canis be recognized as: western Coyote, Coywolf (northeastern Coyote), Eastern Wolf (including Red Wolf C. rufus), Gray × Eastern Wolf hybrids (‘Great Lakes’ Wolves; C. lupus × C. lycaon or C. lycaon × C. lupus), and Gray Wolf (C. lupus). The implications for wolf recovery in the northeastern United States is discussed.
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Howard, J., U. Rytz, D. Spreng, P. Schawalder, M. Doherr, H. Schmökel, and C. Venzin. "Tibial plateau angles with and without cranial cruciate ligament rupture." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 17, no. 04 (2004): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632817.
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SummaryThe tibial plateau angles (TPA) of dogs with and without cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) injuries were evaluated and further compared to the TPAs of dogs from a previous population and of wolves. Similar TPA measurements were found in all groups, suggesting that any possible changes in breeding practises, breed preferences, nutrition or other factors have not significantly influenced the TPA over time. Moreover, a difference was not found in the TPA between any group and the group affected with CrCL injury, suggesting that the TPA is not a clinically relevant predisposing factor in the development of canine CrCL rupture.
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Wolfs, José-Luis, Christophe Leys, Sandy Legrand, Damien Karnas, Coralie Delhaye, Charlotte Bouko, and Sandrine Zamboni. "Les représentations des élèves à propos de différentes postures intellectuelles possibles entre science et croyances religieuses : mise à l’épreuve de la validité de construit d’un questionnaire y afférant." Mesure et évaluation en éducation 37, no. 2 (March 30, 2016): 101–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1035915ar.
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Plusieurs recherches ont mis en évidence, chez des élèves ou des professeurs, différentes formes de rejet de la théorie de l’évolution ainsi que la perception de différentes formes d’interactions entre science et croyances religieuses. C’est pourquoi un questionnaire permettant d’étudier la manière dont les élèves situent, l’un par rapport à l’autre, le registre de la science et celui des croyances religieuses a été élaboré, sur base d’un modèle théorique (Wolfs, 2013 : Wolfs, Salamon, De Coster, El Boudamoussi, & Jackson, 2008) distinguant six conceptions-types : le « rejet de la science au nom de conceptions fidéistes », le « concordisme classique », le « concordisme inversé », « l’autonomie de la science », la « complémentarité » et les « critiques rationalistes à l’égard de croyances religieuses ». Après avoir présenté le cadre théorique et les modalités de construction du questionnaire, cet article examine sa validité de construit et la consistance interne de ses dimensions, à partir des réponses fournies par 638 élèves de dernière année de l’enseignement secondaire belge francophone. Une structure factorielle globalement cohérente avec le modèle de référence a été dégagée au terme d’une analyse factorielle confirmatoire. En outre, ses différentes dimensions s’avèrent être consistantes (alpha de Cronbach). La pertinence de cet outil pour traiter une problématique éducative pour laquelle il en existe très peu est ensuite discutée.
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Persson, Mia E., Ann-Sofie Sundman, Lise-Lotte Halldén, Agaia J. Trottier, and Per Jensen. "Sociality genes are associated with human-directed social behaviour in golden and Labrador retriever dogs." PeerJ 6 (November 6, 2018): e5889. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5889.
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Background Dogs have human-directed social skills that allow them to communicate and cooperate with humans. We have previously identified two loci on chromosome 26 associated with human contact-seeking behaviors during an unsolvable problem task in laboratory beagles (Persson et al., 2016). The aim of the present study was to verify the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in additional dog breeds. We also studied how the allele frequencies have changed during domestication and recent selection. Methods Dogs of two breeds, 61 golden retrievers and 100 Labrador retrievers, were phenotyped and genotyped, and 19 wolves were genotyped. The Labrador retrievers were divided into common and field type by pedigree data to make it possible to study the effects of recent selection. All dogs were tested in an unsolvable problem task where human-directed social behaviors were scored. DNA from dogs (buccal swabs) and wolves (blood or brain tissue) was analyzed for genotype on two of the previously identified SNP markers, BICF2G630798942 (SNP1) and BICF2S23712114 (SNP2), by pyrosequencing. Results There was genetic variation for SNP1 in both dog breeds whereas the wolves were fixed for this polymorphism, and for SNP2 there was variation in both dogs and wolves. For both SNPs, Labrador retriever types differed significantly in allele frequencies. We found associations between SNPs and human-directed social behavior in both dog breeds. In golden retrievers, SNP1 was associated with physical contact variables, for example, with the duration of physical contact with the owner (F2,56 = 4.389, p = 0.017). SNP2 was associated with several behavioral variables in both breeds, among others owner gazing frequency in both golden retrievers (F2,55 = 6.330, p = 0.003) and Labradors (F1,93 = 5.209, p = 0.025). Discussion Our results verify the association between the previously identified SNPs and human-directed social behavior scored in an unsolvable problem task. Differences in allele frequencies suggest that these loci have been affected by selection. The results indicate that these genomic regions are involved in human-directed social behavior in not only beagles but in other dog breeds as well. We hypothesize that they may have been important during dog domestication.
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Escobedo, R., C. Muro, L. Spector, and R. P. Coppinger. "Group size, individual role differentiation and effectiveness of cooperation in a homogeneous group of hunters." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 11, no. 95 (June 6, 2014): 20140204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.0204.
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The emergence of cooperation in wolf-pack hunting is studied using a simple, homogeneous, particle-based computational model. Wolves and prey are modelled as particles that interact through attractive and repulsive forces. Realistic patterns of wolf aggregation readily emerge in numerical simulations, even though the model includes no explicit wolf–wolf attractive forces, showing that the form of cooperation needed for wolf-pack hunting can take place even among strangers. Simulations are used to obtain the stationary states and equilibria of the wolves and prey system and to characterize their stability. Different geometric configurations for different pack sizes arise. In small packs, the stable configuration is a regular polygon centred on the prey, while in large packs, individual behavioural differentiation occurs and induces the emergence of complex behavioural patterns between privileged positions. Stable configurations of large wolf-packs include travelling and rotating formations, periodic oscillatory behaviours and chaotic group behaviours. These findings suggest a possible mechanism by which larger pack sizes can trigger collective behaviours that lead to the reduction and loss of group hunting effectiveness, thus explaining the observed tendency of hunting success to peak at small pack sizes. They also explain how seemingly complex collective behaviours can emerge from simple rules, among agents that need not have significant cognitive skills or social organization.
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Chapron, Guillaume, Petra Kaczensky, John D. C. Linnell, Manuela von Arx, Djuro Huber, Henrik Andrén, José Vicente López-Bao, et al. "Recovery of large carnivores in Europe’s modern human-dominated landscapes." Science 346, no. 6216 (December 18, 2014): 1517–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1257553.
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The conservation of large carnivores is a formidable challenge for biodiversity conservation. Using a data set on the past and current status of brown bears (Ursus arctos), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), gray wolves (Canis lupus), and wolverines (Gulo gulo) in European countries, we show that roughly one-third of mainland Europe hosts at least one large carnivore species, with stable or increasing abundance in most cases in 21st-century records. The reasons for this overall conservation success include protective legislation, supportive public opinion, and a variety of practices making coexistence between large carnivores and people possible. The European situation reveals that large carnivores and people can share the same landscape.
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Larom, D., M. Garstang, K. Payne, R. Raspet, and M. Lindeque. "The influence of surface atmospheric conditions on the range and area reached by animal vocalizations." Journal of Experimental Biology 200, no. 3 (February 1, 1997): 421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.3.421.
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Low-level vertical changes in temperature and wind exert powerful and predictable influences on the area ensonified by animal vocalizations. Computer modelling of low-frequency sound propagation in measured atmospheric conditions predicts that the calls of the savanna elephant at these frequencies can have ranges exceeding 10 km and that the calls will be highly directional in the presence of wind shear. Calling area is maximized under temperature inversions with low wind speeds. Calling area changes substantially over 24 h periods; on any given day, the calling area undergoes an expansion and contraction which may be as large as one order of magnitude. This cycle is modulated by topography, regional weather patterns, seasonality and possibly by climate variation. Similar influences affect the somewhat higher-frequency calls of lions and may be a selective pressure towards their crepuscular and nocturnal calling behaviour. Coyotes and wolves, which also live in areas with strong and prevalent nocturnal temperature inversions, show similar calling patterns, maximizing their chances of being heard over the longest possible distances. The pronounced dawn and evening vocalization peaks in other animals including birds, frogs and insects may reflect the same influences in combination with other factors which selectively limit high-frequency sound propagation. Atmospheric conditions therefore need to be taken into account in many field studies of animal behaviour. A simplified method for estimating sound propagation during field studies is presented.
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Diedrich, Cajus G. "Palaeopopulations of Late Pleistocene Top Predators in Europe: Ice Age Spotted Hyenas and Steppe Lions in Battle and Competition about Prey." Paleontology Journal 2014 (February 20, 2014): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/106203.
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Late Pleistocene spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823) and steppe lion Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) were top predators in Central Europe. The fossil record (2.303 hyena/1.373 lion bones = ratio 3/1) from 106 cave and open air sites demonstrates comparable associations to modern African hyenas/lions resulting in competition about prey and territory. Cannibalism within extinct spotted hyenas is well documented, including two individual skeletons. Those hyenas produced bone accumulations at dens. Feeding specializations on different megamammal groups are demonstrated for Late Pleistocene hyenas whose prey partly overlaps (e.g., cave bears) with those of lions and wolves. At most fossil sites, 1–3% of the lion remains indicate scavenging of lions by hyenas. The larger Late Pleistocene felids focussed on cervids (reindeers specialization during the high glacial = LGM), on bovids (steppe bison/aurochs), and possibly on saiga antelope and on the cave bear, hunting deep in caves during their hibernations and targeting cubs. The cave bear feeding was the target of all three top predators (lions, hyenas, and wolves) in the Late Pleistocene boreal forests which caused deathly conflicts in caves between them, especially with lions/hyenas and herbivorous cave bears that have no modern analogue.