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Journal articles on the topic 'Post activation potentiation (PAP)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Taylor-Burt, Kari R., Nicolai Konow, and Andrew A. Biewener. "Post-activation muscle potentiation and its relevance to cyclical behaviours." Biology Letters 16, no. 6 (2020): 20200255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0255.

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Muscle can experience post-activation potentiation (PAP), a temporary increase in force and rate of force development, when contractions are closely timed; therefore, cyclical behaviours are likely affected by PAP, as succeeding contraction cycles can lead to potentiation over several subsequent cycles. Here, we examined PAP during in situ cyclical contractions of the mallard lateral gastrocnemius (LG). Surface swimming, a cyclical behaviour, was mimicked with work-loops using in vivo LG length change and stimulation parameters. Tests were performed at mallards' preferred cycle frequency as we

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Cochrane, Darryl. "THE POST-ACTIVATION EFFECT OF COMBINED RESISTED AND ASSISTED SPRINTS." Journal of Applied Sports Sciences 2024, no. 1 (2024): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37393/jass.2024.01.1.

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Resisted and assisted training methods aim to increase neural activation, or post-activation potentiation (PAP), to enhance sprint performance. A preloaded stimulus causes a temporary performance increase that is more significant than what warm-up alone can provide. Resistance activities have traditionally been used to induce post-activation potentiation. Little is known when assisted and resisted sprints are combined and their effect on PAP. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the acute potentiating effect of combined resisted and assisted sprints on subsequent 20 m sprint performance. Six

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Gallardo, Philip, Giannis Giakas, Giorgos K. Sakkas, and Panagiotis V. Tsaklis. "Are Surface Electromyography Parameters Indicative of Post-Activation Potentiation/Post-Activation Performance Enhancement, in Terms of Twitch Potentiation and Voluntary Performance? A Systematic Review." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 9, no. 2 (2024): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020106.

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The aim was to identify if surface electromyography (sEMG) parameters are indicative of post-activation potentiation (PAP)/post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE), in terms of twitch potentiation and voluntary performance. Three databases were used in April 2024, with the following inclusion criteria: (a) original research, assessed in healthy human adults, and (b) sEMG parameters were measured. The exclusion criteria were (a) studies with no PAP/PAPE protocol and (b) non-randomized control trials. The following data were extracted: study characteristics/demographics, PAP/PAPE protocols

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Formiglio, Eugenio, Antonino Patti, Eneko Fernández-Peña, et al. "The effects of multiple factors on post-activation potentiation and performance enhancement: a narrative review." Volume 18.0, Issue N1 2024, N1 2024 (2024): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2024.18.1.10.

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Purpose: The aim of this review was to examine the effects of various factors, including recovery time, conditioning activity, range of motion, gender, age, fiber type percentage, training experience, and supplement intake, on post-activation potentiation (PAP) and post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE). After clarifying the differences between these two potentiation strategies, the review examines the physiological mechanisms underlying these processes and their relationship with the aforementioned factors. Methods: A literature search was conducted in multiple databases, using as key

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Gago, Paulo, Anton Arndt, and Maria M. Ekblom. "Post Activation Potentiation of the Plantarflexors: Implications of Knee Angle Variations." Journal of Human Kinetics 57, no. 1 (2017): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0044.

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AbstractFlexing the knee to isolate the single joint soleus from the biarticular gastrocnemius is a strategy for investigating individual plantarflexor’s post activation potentiation (PAP). We investigated the implications of testing plantarflexor PAP at different knee angles and provided indirect quantification of the contribution of gastrocnemius potentiation to the overall plantarflexor enhancements post conditioning. Plantarflexor supramaximal twitches were measured in ten male power athletes before and after a maximal isometric plantarflexion (MVIC) at both flexed and extended knee angles

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Gołaś, Artur, Adam Maszczyk, Adam Zajac, Kazimierz Mikołajec, and Petr Stastny. "Optimizing post activation potentiation for explosive activities in competitive sports." Journal of Human Kinetics 52, no. 1 (2016): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0197.

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Abstract Post activation potentiation (PAP) has shown improved performance during movements requiring large muscular power output following contractions under near maximal load conditions. PAP can be described as an acute enhancement of performance or an enhancement of factors determining an explosive sports activity following a preload stimulus. In practice, PAP has been achieved by complex training, which involves a combination of a heavy loaded exercise followed by a biomechanically similar explosive activity, best if specific for a particular sport discipline. The main objective of this st

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Chen, Zong-Rong, Shin-Liang Lo, Min-Hsien Wang, Ching-Fang Yu, and Hsien-Te Peng. "Can Different Complex Training Improve the Individual Phenomenon of Post-Activation Potentiation?" Journal of Human Kinetics 56, no. 1 (2017): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0034.

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AbstractThe aims of the present study were (a) to determine whether the two types of complex training and vibration complex training would improve the individual phenomenon of post-activation potentiation (PAP) for every athlete in a team setting; and (b) to compare the acute effect of resistance and plyometric exercise, whole body vibration, complex training and vibration complex training on vertical jump performance. The participants were ten male division I college volleyball and basketball players. They were asked to perform three vertical jumps as a pre-test and were then randomly assigne

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Lockie, Robert G., Adrina Lazar, Fabrice G. Risso, et al. "Limited Post-activation Potentiation Effects Provided by the Walking Lunge on Sprint Acceleration: A Preliminary Analysis." Open Sports Sciences Journal 10, no. 1 (2017): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1875399x01710010097.

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Background: Bilateral strength exercises may not provide a movement-specific stimulus to achieve post-activation potentiation (PAP) for sprinting. The walking lunge (WL) could provide this, due to its unilateral action similar to the running gait. Objective: To determine whether the WL potentiated 20-m sprint performance. Method: Nine strength-trained individuals (six men, three women) completed a five-repetition maximum (5RM) WL in one session, and two PAP sessions (control condition [CC] of 4 minutes rest and 5RM WL). Subjects were assessed in baseline 20-m (0-5, 0-10, 0-20 m intervals) spri

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Boullosa, Daniel, Sebastian Del Rosso, David G. Behm, and Carl Foster. "Post-activation potentiation (PAP) in endurance sports: A review." European Journal of Sport Science 18, no. 5 (2018): 595–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1438519.

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Timon, Rafael, Silvia Allemano, Marta Camacho-Cardeñosa, Alba Camacho-Cardeñosa, Ismael Martinez-Guardado, and Guillermo Olcina. "Post-Activation Potentiation on Squat Jump Following Two Different Protocols: Traditional vs. Inertial Flywheel." Journal of Human Kinetics 69, no. 1 (2019): 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0017.

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Abstract Post‐activation potentiation (PAP) has been defined as a major enhancement of muscular performance following a preload stimulus. The eccentric actions seem to cause a potentiating effect on subsequent explosive exercises. The aim of this study was to determine whether a protocol of squat exercise using an inertial flywheel could have a potentiating effect on jump performance. Sixteen physically active volunteers participated in the study (age: 21.8 ± 2.7 years; body mass index: 23.6 ± 3). All participants completed two different protocols on separate days: a Traditional Protocol (usin

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王翔星, 王翔星, 李洋 Hsiang-Hsin Wang, 陳彥豪陳彥豪, 劉竣豪劉竣豪 та 陳葦綾陳葦綾. "重負荷與高收縮速度訓練對青少年跆拳道選手活化後增能與活化後表現增強之影響". 華人運動生物力學期刊 22, № 1 (2025): 063–73. https://doi.org/10.53106/207332672025032201006.

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<p>目的：活化後增能 (Post-activation potentiation, PAP) 是指主要活動前進行高功率之肌肉收縮刺激，使肌肉收縮力急劇改善；並可能發生活化後表現增強 (Post-activation performance enhancement, PAPE) 使優化運動表現。然而以重負荷或高收縮速度的方式進行訓練皆屬高功率之訓練，故何者是促發PAP優勢方式並能有較佳PAPE尚待研究驗證。本研究的目的是比較跆拳道選手以重負荷半蹲舉 (Half squat, HS) 及高收縮速度蹲跳 (Squat jump, SJ) 促發PAP及PAPE之差異。方法：以12名曾獲全國賽前三名之男性青少年跆拳道選手為受試者 (年齡 = 16.2&plusmn;1.1歲，身高 =173.1&plusmn;4.1公分，體重 = 60.3&plusmn;5.5公斤) 並隨機分配為二組，每組交替執行HS及SJ之訓練動作 (HS = 6 &times; 85% 1 RM，SJ = 6 &times; 30% 1 RM)，二種執行方式間隔 48 小時。受試者在HS或SJ執行前及執行後進行各依變項檢測，包括：最大自發性等長收縮之峰值力量 (Peak force, PF)、踢擊速度 (Kick speed, KS) 與力量 (Kick force,

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Pożarowszczyk, Beata, Artur Gołaś, Aiguo Chen, Adam Zając, and Adam Kawczyński. "The Impact of Post Activation Potentiation on Achilles Tendon Stiffness, Elasticity and Thickness among Basketball Players." Sports 6, no. 4 (2018): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports6040117.

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The purpose of this study is to examine and further understand the effects of post activation potentiation on Achilles tendon (AT) thickness, elasticity and stiffness among basketball players. Basketball is one of the world’s most popular and widely viewed sports. One of the main factors which athletes depend on during their performance is elastic energy coming straight from the AT. Contractile activity increases the muscular force and is known in science as post activation potentiation (PAP). Twelve basketball players (aged 21.3 ± 2.1 years) from the first Polish league took part in this stud

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Spudić, Darjan, Julija Dakskobler, and Igor Štirn. "DIFFERENCES IN POST-ACTIVATION POTENTIATION AND POST-ACTIVATION PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT BETWEEN FLYWHEEL AND BARBELL SQUAT PROTOCOLS." Kinesiologia Slovenica 29, no. 1 (2023): 5–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.52165/kinsi.29.1.5-29.

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This study aimed to compare the post-activation potentiation (PAP) and post-activation potentiation performance enhancement (PAPE) response following the flywheel (FW) and barbell resistance protocols on subsequent evoked knee extensor muscle characteristics and countermovement jump (CMJ) height. The study used a randomized crossover design including nineteen physical education students (24.9 [2.6] years, 171.1 [6.9] cm, 66.9 [8.6] kg). The participants were divided into experienced (EX) and unexperienced (unEX) groups. They visited the laboratory eight times and in randomized order performed

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Nibali, Maria L., Dale W. Chapman, Robert A. Robergs, and Eric J. Drinkwater. "Validation of jump squats as a practical measure of post-activation potentiation." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 38, no. 3 (2013): 306–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2012-0277.

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To determine if post-activation potentiation (PAP) can augment sports performance, it is pertinent that researchers be confident that any enhancement in performance is attributable to the PAP phenomenon. However, obtaining mechanistic measures of PAP in the daily training environment of highly trained athletes is impractical. We sought to validate jump squats as a practical measure with ecological validity to sports performance against a mechanistic measure of PAP. We assessed the evoked muscle twitch properties of the knee extensors and jump squat kinetics of 8 physically trained males in res

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Chok, Stephanie, and D. Maryama AG. Daud. "Impact of Bilateral and Unilateral Post-Activation Potentiation on Immediate Cycling Performance." Borneo Journal of Medical Sciences (BJMS) 19, no. 1 (2024): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.51200/bjms.v19i1.5587.

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Post Activation Potentiation (PAP) warm-up strategies are gaining attention for their potential to enhance athletic performance. This study aims to compare the effects of unilateral PAP (UPAP) and bilateral PAP (BPAP) on cycling performance. Using a randomised crossover experimental design, 50 trained recreational male cyclists, aged 18 to 40, participated. Each cyclist’s regimen included 4 sets of 5 Repetition Maximum (RM) for back squats (BPAP) and rear leg elevated split squats (UPAP). The exercises were performed on separate occasions, followed by a Power Profile Test developed by the Worl

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Arabatzi, Fotini, Dimitrios Patikas, Andreas Zafeiridis, et al. "The Post-Activation Potentiation Effect on Squat Jump Performance: Age and Sex Effect." Pediatric Exercise Science 26, no. 2 (2014): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.2013-0052.

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This study examined the post-activation potentiation (PAP) effects on squat jump (SJ) performance and on peak rate of force development (RFDpeak) in preadolescent (10–12 y), adolescents (14–15 y) and adults (20–25 y) males and females. All participants performed a SJ with and without prior conditioning stimulus (PAP and control protocol, respectively), consisting of 3 × 3-second maximal isometric squats. Jump height and RFDpeak of the vertical ground reaction force during SJ were assessed before, and at 20 seconds and at 4 minutes following the conditioning stimulus. The results revealed a dif

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Coskun, Dr Betul, and Prof Michael J. Hamlin. "THE EFFECTS OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC HYPOXIC PLYOMETRIC EXERCISE ON POST ACTIVATION POTENTIATION." Journal of Clinical Exercise Physiology 13, s2 (2024): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.31189/2165-7629-13-s2.524.

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INTRODUCTION In the literature, only acute effects of exercise, mostly combined with plyometrics or blood flow restriction (BFR), have been examined on post-activation-potentiation (PAP). Although systemic and local hypoxia have some similar effects, we found only one study (Ramos-Campo et al., 2020) reporting a PAP effect with systemic hypoxia. There is no study investigating chronic effects, and there is also no study examining acute and chronic effects of exercise together, not only in hypoxia but also in normoxia. The aim of this study is to examine the acute and chronic effects of plyomet

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Garbisu-Hualde, Arkaitz, and Jordan Santos-Concejero. "Post-Activation Potentiation in Strength Training: A Systematic Review of the Scientific Literature." Journal of Human Kinetics 78, no. 1 (2021): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0034.

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Abstract This review aimed to determine the ideal combination of post activation potentiation (PAP) strategies for an improved strength performance. After analysing 202 articles, 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings of this review suggest that a potentiation effect exists as long as a minimum intensity and enough rest are provided. Although intensities of 65% 1RM are sufficient to elicit a potentiation effect, higher effects can be achieved with 85 - 90% 1RM intensities. Similarly, we found that experienced athletes will benefit more from a higher volume bout (1-3 sets), as long

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Busche, Jason. "Timing Is Everything: Post-Activation Potentiation in Jumping." Journal of Coaching Education 6, no. 2 (2013): 188–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jce.6.2.188.

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The National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) has developed National Standards for Sport Coaches (NSSC) with Standard 12 focusing on designing programs of training, conditioning, and recovery that properly utilizes exercise physiology and biomechanical principles. Recent research has shown the effectiveness of a dynamic warm-up routine over a static stretching routine. With advances in dynamic warm-ups, coaches can better prepare their athletes for physical activity. Knowing when the athlete should start and conclude his/her dynamic warm-up routine is critical to obtaining

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Eroğlu, Şeref. "Acute Effects of Post-Activation Potentiation on Explosive Strength Performance in Wrestling Athletes." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 5 (2022): 532–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22165532.

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Background: Researching methods of improving athlete performance has always been a topical issue. When the studies conducted in this context are examined, many different applications and methods of improving sportive performance have been tested. Especially Post-Activation Potential (PAP) is a very popular subject, and the lack of consensus among researchers on how long the rest period will be after PAP application makes this subject worth investigating. Aim: The aim of this research is to determine the most appropriate resting time interval to produce the highest explosive power after the PAP

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Sari, Cengizhan, Mitat Koz, Vaclav Salcman, Tomasz Gabrys, and Raci Karayigit. "Effect of Post-Activation Potentiation on Sprint Performance after Combined Electromyostimulation and Back Squats." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (2022): 1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031481.

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Post-activation potentiation (PAP) is a phenomenon which can improve force performance executed after a previous conditioning activity. PAP is usually evoked through heavy resistance, but many new methods are being suggested that acutely improve performance in post-activation potentiation protocols. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of simultaneous application of Smith machine back squats (BS) with electromyostimulation (EMS) on sprint performance. Sixteen male (age = 22.9 ± 2.3 years, body mass = 79.9 ± 13.8 kg, BS one-repetition maximum (1 RM) = 120.5 ± 17.3) amateur footba

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Judge, Lawrence W., David Bellar, Erin Gilreath, and Laura Simon. "The Use of Post Activation Potentiation (PAP) to Improve Athletic Strength." Journal of Coaching Education 5, no. 2 (2012): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jce.5.2.58.

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Afzali-Gorouh, Nazanin, Mohammadtaghi Amiri-Khorasani, and Roohollah Nikooie. "Acute Effect of Post-activation Potentiation on Semi-dynamic Balance in Girl Gymnasts Aged 9–12." Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences 31, no. 3 (2024): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jkmu.2024.23.

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Background: Post-activation potentiation (PAP) is a novel warm-up method shown to improve sports performance. This study aimed to investigate the acute impact of this method on semi-dynamic balance while walking on the balance beam among female gymnasts aged 9–12 in Kerman city. Methods: Twenty healthy gymnasts volunteered to participate (height: 138.1±5.04 cm; mass: 40.7±3.12 kg) and were randomly divided into two equal sub-groups. The two groups attended the laboratory on two separate days, 48 hours apart. On the first day, the first sub-group performed a general warm-up (GWU), while the sec

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Tian, Haodong, Hansen Li, Haowei Liu, et al. "Can Blood Flow Restriction Training Benefit Post-Activation Potentiation? A Systematic Review of Controlled Trials." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (2022): 11954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911954.

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(1) Background: post-activation potentiation (PAP) plays an essential role in enhancing athletic performance. Various conditioning activities (CAs) have been developed to generate PAP before training or competitions. However, whether extra equipment can enhance the effectiveness of CAs is understudied. Hence, this systematic review aims to introduce and examine the effectiveness of blood flow restriction-based conditioning activities (BFR-CAs). (2) Methods: a literature search was conducted via Web of Science, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and CNKI (a Chinese academic database). The systematic review i

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Ling, Diong Zhi, Chee Chen Soon, Mohd Rozilee Wazir Norjali Wazir, and Kok Lian Yee. "Effects of Post-Activation Potentiation (PAP) Warm-up on Vertical Jump Performance among Volleyball Players." International Journal of Human Resource Studies 11, no. 4S (2021): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v11i4s.19248.

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This study aims to examine the effects of resistance versus complex exercise with the retention of post-activation potentiation (PAP) on vertical jump among volleyball players. A total of 30 volleyball players (mean age = 16.5 ± 1.106 years old) were recruited as participants of this study. The participants were requested to attend two different testing sessions, with two days between each session. Each session had a different exercise routine, namely, resistance and complex. A one-way repeated measure was used to analyse the performance of the vertical jump, while a pairwise comparison was ap

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Chavda, Shyam, Angela Sorensen, James Vernau, Frank Hills, Chris Bishop, and Anthony Nicholas Turner. "Effect of Post-Activation Potentiation on Weightlifting Performance and Endocrinological Responses." Applied Sciences 15, no. 2 (2025): 748. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020748.

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Purpose: This study examined the acute performance-enhancing effects and endocrinological responses of a supramaximal clean pull performed at 120% of clean and jerk, one repetition maximum, on clean performance. Methods: Eight (n = 8) ranked collegiate level weightlifters attended two days of testing in a randomised order. A control session was used to identify a baseline measure of kinetic and kinematic clean performance and endocrinological status following three cleans interspersed with one-minute recovery between repetitions. The experimental condition required participants to perform a si

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Mendoza-Sagardía, Edgardo, Andrea Bezerra, Laura Correia de Freitas, et al. "Effects of Post-Activation Performance Enhancement on Competitive Swimmers’ Performance: A Systematic Review." Physical Education Theory and Methodology 23, no. 3 (2023): 458–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2023.3.19.

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Study purpose. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effects of post-activation potentiation/post-activation performance enhancement (PAP/PAPE) warm-up protocols on swimmers’ performance. Materials and methods. The searches were carried out on the electronic database PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EBSCO platforms. Studies from 2010 to May 2022 related to PAP/PAPE and its effect on swimming performance in swimmers aged between 18 and 35 were included. Results. Nine of 333 studies were included in this review. In two studies, peak thrust improved by 13% to 19% for PAP vs non

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Georgogiannis, Nikolaos, and George Tsalis. "The Effect of Post-Activation Potentiation on Swimming Starts in Adolescent Swimmers." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 8, no. 2 (2023): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk8020054.

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Background: Post-activation potentiation (PAP) is a phenomenon in which there is an increase in induced momentum in sporting activities after muscle contractions. In swimming, the start of the race and the increase in speed in its first few meters are important. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the PAP protocol, which included a simulated body weight start on the ground, on the swimming start and on the 25 m freestyle performance. Methods: The study included 14 male and 14 female swimmers, 14.9 ± 0.6 years old. All the swimmers performed three maximal attempts of 2

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Masagca, Ramon Carlo. "Jump squat as ergogenic aid through post-activation potentiation on horizontal and vertical jumping performance of untrained collegiate students." Sportis. Scientific Journal of School Sport, Physical Education and Psychomotricity 11, no. 1 (2024): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.17979/sportis.2025.11.1.11148.

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This study addresses research gaps by examining post-activation potentiation (PAP) effects on untrained collegiate students using diverse plyometric exercises. It evaluates the efficacy of jump squats as a physiological ergogenic aid, comparing bodyweight and externally loaded (10% body mass) jump squats on horizontal and vertical jumping performance in unilateral and bilateral variations. The study involved 76 untrained collegiate students (Female = 24, Male = 52) selected via purposive sampling, utilizing a quasi-experimental design. Vertical jump tests, single-leg vertical jump tests, stand

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Sanchez-Sanchez, Javier, Alejandro Rodriguez, Cristina Petisco, Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo, Cristian Martínez, and Fábio Y. Nakamura. "Effects of Different Post-Activation Potentiation Warm-Ups on Repeated Sprint Ability in Soccer Players from Different Competitive Levels." Journal of Human Kinetics 61, no. 1 (2018): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0131.

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Abstract This study aimed to compare the effects of a traditional warm-up with two post-activation potentiation (PAP) warm-up strategies on the repeated sprint ability (RSA) of soccer players from national (NL) and regional (RL) competitive levels. Sixteen young players (NL, n = 8, age = 20.7 ± 1.4 y, body mass = 68.5 ± 7.0 kg, body height = 177.4 ± 5.2 cm; RL, n = 8, age = 20.8 ± 1.0 y, body mass = 68.7 ± 4.0 kg, body height = 176.6 ± 5.6 cm) were recruited to complete a traditional warm-up (CONTROL), a PAP warm-up incorporating squats with a load (~60% 1RM) that allowed a high speed (1 m/s)

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Lockie, Robert George, Ashley Orjalo, and Matthew Moreno. "A PILOT ANALYSIS: CAN THE BULGARIAN SPLIT-SQUAT POTENTIATE SPRINT ACCELERATION IN STRENGTH-TRAINED MEN?" Facta Universitatis, Series: Physical Education and Sport 15, no. 3 (2018): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/fupes1703453l.

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This study determined whether a five repetition-maximum Bulgarian split-squat (5RM BSS) could potentiate a 0-5, 0-10, and 0-20 m (meter) sprint performance. Seven men were assessed in the 5RM BSS (a linear position transducer measured peak power [PP] and force [PF] for each leg), and completed two post activation potentiation (PAP) sessions. One session involved a control condition (CC) of 4 minutes (min) rest; the other the 5RM BSS. Participants were assessed in baseline sprints, and sprints of 15 seconds, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 min post-PAP intervention. A repeated measures ANOVA (p < 0.05)

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Harmancı, Halit, Pınar Demirel, Harun Koç, and Recep Tekin. "Effects of plyometric warm-up performed with different resistances on jumping performance as post-activation potentiation." Journal of Human Sport and Exercise 19, no. 4 (2024): 1130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.55860/6n4vq665.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of plyometric warm-up with different resistances as post activation potentiation stimulus on vertical jump performance. Fifteen athletes from short and middle distance branches of athletics who have been training regularly for at least 5 years and at least 5 days a week attended the study voluntarily. The athletes in this study were warmed up for 5 minutes at a speed of 8 km/h on a treadmill, followed by 5 minutes of passive rest. Completing 5 minutes of passive rest, the athletes were randomly sampled and any of the 50 lb, 60 lb, 70 lb,

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Anbarian, Mehrdad, and Sajad Avazzadeh Samani. "Comparison of the Effectiveness of Traditional and Post-activation Potentiation Warm-up Methods on EMG Variables of Selected Lower Limb Muscles During Squat Jump." Physical Treatments - Specific Physical Therapy Journal 12, no. 2 (2022): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ptj.12.2.510.1.

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Purpose: A proper warm-up method can be used as a strategy to improve the performance of athletes in various sports fields. The present study aimed to compare the effect of two traditional and post-activation potentiation (PAP) warm-up methods on electromyographic variables of lower limb muscles during squat jumps. Methods: Fourteen trained male athletes randomly performed three different protocols: traditional warm-up method, dynamic post-activation potentiation (PD) by implementing two dynamic half-squat repetitions with 90% 1RM (one rep maximum), and static post-activation potentiation (PS)

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Haris, M. H., Moazzam Hussain Khan, Tarushi Tanwar, Nida Irshad, and Shibili Nuhmani. "Acute effects of weighted plyometric exercise on sprint, agility and jump performance in university football players." Physical Activity Review 9, no. 1 (2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/par.2021.09.01.

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Background: Conditioning activities such as resistance training can cause excitation of central nervous system resulting in Post-activation Potentiation phenomenon. Plyometric exercise also has an important role to develop Post-activation Potentiation following a resistance stimulus. So the purpose the study was to investigate the immediate effects of weighted plyometric exercise on sprint, agility and jump performance. Materials and methods: Twenty male university football players (age=21.3±1.5 years, body mass=63.3±9.5 kg, height=169.8±6.4 m) participated in this Single group pre-test post-t

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Ohta, Yoichi, and Kengo Yotani. "FORCE SUMMATION AND TWITCH POTENTIATION CAPACITY IN HUMAN ANKLE PLANTAR- AND DORSI-FLEXOR MUSCLES." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 17, no. 04 (2014): 1450015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957714500158.

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Purpose: The present study aimed to clarify inter-individual correlation between the magnitudes of force summation and the post-activation potentiation (PAP), in human ankle plantar- and dorsi-flexor muscles. Methods: We analyzed 10 male participants plantar-flexor muscles and the 12 male participants dorsi-flexor muscles using a database from a previous study. Before and after maximum voluntary contraction, we measured the amount of isometric torque evoked by a single, double- and triple-pulse train stimulus. Results: The magnitude of PAP was significantly positively correlated with the magni

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Lockie, Robert G., DeShaun L. Davis, Dominic V. Giuliano, et al. "A Preliminary Case Analysis of the Post- Activation Potentiation Effects of Plyometrics on Sprint Performance in Women." Sport Science Review 25, no. 5-6 (2016): 300–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ssr-2016-0016.

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Abstract This study provided a case analysis of the effects of plyometrics on post-activation potentiation (PAP) of 20-m (0-5, 0-10, 0-20 m intervals) sprint performance in strength-trained females. Three college-aged participants performed a one-repetition maximum (1RM) squat, which was used to set the load for a jump squat with 30% 1RM (JS30). Over three sessions, participants performed three PAP protocols: a control condition of 4 min rest (CC); 3 sets x 5 repetitions of the JS30; and 3 sets x 10 repetitions of the alternate leg bound (ALB). Peak and mean power were recorded during the JS30

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Cengizel, Çağdaş Özgür, and Ömer Şenel. "Acute Effects of the French Contrast Method and Post Activation Potentiation on 3 × 3 Basketball Game Demands and Thermal Asymmetry Responses." Applied Sciences 15, no. 2 (2025): 678. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020678.

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This study aimed to determine the acute effects of the French contrast method (FCM) and post-activation potentiation (PAP) protocols on 3 × 3 basketball game demands and thermal asymmetry in male basketball players and to compare these effects between protocols. Eighteen male basketball players (mean ± SD; age: 21.7 ± 1.5 years, 10.6 ± 1.9 years of experience) visited the laboratory four times, 72 h apart. The players participated in three different protocols (baseline: 3 × 3 game; FCM + 3 × 3 game; PAP + 3 × 3 game; respectively). The players’ internal and external loads were monitored, game

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Zheng, Hang, Jiajun Liu, Jia Wei, Hui Chen, Shan Tang, and Zhexiao Zhou. "The Influence on Post-Activation Potentiation Exerted by Different Degrees of Blood Flow Restriction and Multi-Levels of Activation Intensity." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17 (2022): 10597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710597.

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(1) Background: To explore the influence on post-activation potentiation (PAP) when combining different degrees of blood flow restriction (BFR) with multi-levels of resistance training intensity of activation. (2) Purpose: To provide competitive athletes with a more efficient and feasible warm-up program. (3) Study Design: The same batch of subjects performed the vertical jump test of the warm-up procedure under different conditions, one traditional and six BFR procedures. (4) Methods: Participants performed seven counter movement jump (CMJ) tests in random order, including 90% one repetition

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Dallas, George, Alexandros Mavvidis, Ioanna Kosmadaki, Sofia Tsoumani, and Konstantinos Dallas. "THE POST ACTIVATION POTENTIATION EFFECT OF TWO DIFFERENT CONDITIONING STIMULI ON DROP JUMP PARAMETERS ON YOUNG FEMALE ARTISTIC GYMNASTS." Science of Gymnastics Journal 11, no. 1 (2019): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.52165/sgj.11.1.103-113.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the post activation potentiation (PAP) effect of two different conditioning stimuli (CS) on drop jump (DJ) parameters on young female gymnasts. Thirty young female artistic gymnasts, aged 8 to 13 years old performed two protocols of either double tuck jumps (DTJ: 2 sets of 5 repetitions) or legs blocking action (LBA: 2 sets of 5 repetitions) in a within-subject randomized design. Before and immediately after the PAP treatment and 4, 8, 12, and 16 min after, jumping ability was measured by performing a drop jump (DJ). Statistical analysis revealed signif

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Fjørkenstad Dybdal, Hågen, and Roland Van Den Tillaar. "The acute and post-activation potentiation effects of the SPEEDMAKER™ on step-by step kinematics, muscle activation and performance in 30-m sprints." Acta Kinesiologiae Universitatis Tartuensis 24 (January 2, 2019): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/akut.2018.24.06.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of using the SpeedMaker™ on step-by-step kinematics and muscle activity in 30-m sprints and if it is possible to elicit a post-activation potentiation stimulus with the SpeedMaker™ upon subsequent 30-m sprint performance. Thirteen male soccer players (age: 22.8±1.8 yr, body mass: 75.1±11.9 kg, height: 1.80±0.08 m) participated in a repeated measure and cross-over design consisting of two conditions: three normal 30-m sprints (control) and two normal 30-m sprints divided by one 30-m sprint with the SpeedMaker™ (intervention). Kinematics

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Králová, Tereza, Marian Vanderka, Jan Cacek, Matěj Matura, and Filip Popelka. "Effect of post-activation potentiation by combining heavy squats and sprints on the countermovement long jump (Pilot study)." Studia sportiva 12, no. 2 (2019): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2018-2-22.

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Weightlifting heavy load exercises are commonly used as a key instrument for enhancing performance if compared to those not using the exercise stimulating muscle tone. Studies examined the post-activation effect (PAP) using only one parameter but not in consecutive and intermingling exercises to prolongated the time of the PAP effect duration and maintain increased performance. Nine male students, with resistance training experience, performed warm-up and exercises enhancing muscle tone (EEMT) using squats to 90° flexion in the knee joint with 80 % 1 RM (repetition maximum) in 3 sets with 3 re

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Toprak, Talip, Doğuş Bakici, Ayşenur Turgut Kaymakçi, and Ertuğrul Gelen. "Effects of Static and Dynamic Post-Activation Potentiation Protocols on Change of Direction Performance in Adolescent Soccer Players." Acta Facultatis Educationis Physicae Universitatis Comenianae 62, no. 2 (2022): 96–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afepuc-2022-0009.

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Summary Purpose: The study aimed to investigate the temporal effects of static and dynamic post-activation potentiation (PAP) conditioning activities on agility performance. Material and Methods: Fourteen male adolescent soccer players participated in the study. Participants performed three different conditioning activities randomly on non-consecutive days. Conditioning activities consisted of static, dynamic, and control protocols. The dynamic protocol was performed with the dynamic squat at 85% of 1-repetition maximum while the static protocol was performed 3 repetitions x 3 seconds of the i

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Amorim, Taianda, Alexandre Gurgel, Viviane Faleiro, et al. "Impacts of Traditional Warm-Up and Post-Activation Potentiation on Muscle Endurance During the Back Squat: Response of Blood Lactate, Perceived Effort, and Time Under Tension." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 10, no. 2 (2025): 188. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10020188.

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Background: Warm-up strategies are essential for optimizing strength-training performance. Traditional warm-ups improve neuromuscular readiness, whereas post-activation potentiation (PAP) has been proposed to acutely enhance muscular output. This randomized crossover study compared the acute effects of traditional and PAP-based warm-ups on local muscular endurance (LME) during free weight back squats in resistance-trained men. Methods: Twelve trained males (age: 41.3 ± 5.7 years; one repetition maximum squat: 129.3 ± 14.3 kg) completed three randomized squat sessions: mobility with LME (M + LM

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Boullosa, Daniel A., José L. Tuimil, Luis M. Alegre, Eliseo Iglesias, and Fernando Lusquiños. "Concurrent Fatigue and Potentiation in Endurance Athletes." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 6, no. 1 (2011): 82–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.6.1.82.

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Purpose:Countermovement jump (CMJ) and maximum running speed over a distance of 20 m were evaluated for examination of the concurrent fatigue and post-activation potentiation (PAP) in endurance athletes after an incremental feld running test.Methods:Twenty-two endurance athletes performed two attempts of CMJ on a force plate and maximum running speed test before and following the Université de Montréal Track Test (UMTT).Results:The results showed an improvement in CMJ height (3.6%) after UMTT that correlated with the increment in peak power (3.4%), with a concurrent peak force loss (–10.8%) th

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Domínguez-Gavia, Nayro Isaac, Ramón Candia-Luján, and Edecio Pérez Guerra. "Potenciación Post Activación: Efectos sobre la Potencia Muscular en Deportes de Combate. Una Revisión Sistemática." Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio FOD 19, no. 1 (2024): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.29105/rcefod.v19i1.103.

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Resumen Introducción: en la actualidad, la potencia muscular es imprescindible en deportes que necesitan altos niveles de fuerza en un lapso corto, entre ellos, están los deportes de combate. Una de las metodologías para el desarrollo de la potencia muscular es la Potenciación Post Activación (PAP), la cual busca estimular la capacidad contráctil a nivel muscular para una mayor producción de potencia muscular posterior al estímulo. Objetivo: determinar los efectos de la PAP sobre la potencia muscular en deportes de combate. Metodología: de llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de estudios alea

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Domínguez-Gavia, Nayro Isaac, Ramón Candia-Luján, and Kevin Fernando Candia-Sosa. "Acciones musculares excéntricas y potenciación post activación como estímulo de potencia muscular en deportistas. Una revisión sistemática." Journal of Sport and Health Research 16, no. 3 (2024): 303–20. https://doi.org/10.58727/jshr.101423.

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Introducción: La potenciación post activación (PAP) es un fenómeno relacionado con la optimización del rendimiento muscular mediante una contracción previa de manera voluntaria utilizando cargas submáximas y máximas con el objetivo de estimular la producción de potencia muscular. El mecanismo por el cual se desarrolla la PAP no está del todo claro, no obstante, la teoría más aceptada es la sensibilidad de las cadenas ligeras de miosina al calcio lo que permite una mejor contracción muscular lo cual es fundamental en el ámbito deportivo. Objetivo: Determinar efectos de las acciones musculares e

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Ciocca, Gianmarco, Harald Tschan, and Antonio Tessitore. "Effects of Post-Activation Performance Enhancement (PAPE) Induced by a Plyometric Protocol on Deceleration Performance." Journal of Human Kinetics 80, no. 1 (2021): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0085.

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Abstract Post-Activation Potentiation (PAP) is a phenomenon which can improve power performance executed after a previous conditioning activity. PAP is usually evoked through heavy resistance or plyometric exercise. It has been suggested to refer to as Postactivation Performance Enhancement (PAPE) when research is field-based on explosive activities. To our best knowledge, no studies have investigated the effects of PAPE on deceleration performance, which is a key factor in sports involving change of directions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of a plyometric

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García-Pinillos, Felipe, Pedro Delgado-Floody, Cristian Martínez-Salazar, and Pedro Á. Latorre-Román. "Responsiveness of The Countermovement Jump and Handgrip Strength to an Incremental Running Test in Endurance Athletes: Influence of Sex." Journal of Human Kinetics 61, no. 1 (2018): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0121.

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AbstractThe present study analyzed the acute effects of an incremental running test on countermovement jump (CMJ) and handgrip strength performance in endurance athletes, considering the effect of post-exercise recovery time and sex. Thirty-three recreationally trained long-distance runners, 20 men and 13 women, participated voluntarily in this study. The participants performed the Léger test, moreover, the CMJ and handgrip strength tests were carried out before and after the running test and during different stages of recovery (at the 1st min of recovery (posttest1), 5th min of recovery (post

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Mohar, Kassim, and Rahman Fariq. "The Importance of Post-Activation Potentiation (PAP) Training on Physical Fitness Preparation for Malaysian Female Hockey Players." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.7 (2018): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.7.16395.

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A vast amount of research has been performed illustrating that the execution of certain conditioning activities at maximal or near-maximal intensities can acutely enhance subsequent athletic performance with given sufficient recovery. This phenomenon is known as post-activation potentiation (PAP) and its use within the field of strength and conditioning has grown rapidly as performance enhancing effects have been demonstrated within athletic movements such as jumping and sprinting. Objective: The purpose of this study is to analyse the effectiveness of PAP training on sprint performance and po

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Gepfert, Mariola, Artur Golas, Tomasz Zajac, and Michal Krzysztofik. "The Use of Different Modes of Post-Activation Potentiation (PAP) for Enhancing Speed of the Slide-Step in Basketball Players." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14 (2020): 5057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145057.

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Background: This study aimed to determine whether 5% of body mass-resisted or assisted conditioning activity (CA) can enhance 5 m slide-step movement performance. Methods: Sixteen division I basketball players participated in this study (23.6 ± 4.4 years; 86.3 ± 5.9 kg; 192.3 ± 6.2 cm; training experience 6.7 ± 2.6 years). The experiment was performed following a randomized crossover design, where each participant performed two different exercise protocols—assisted and resisted CA each consisting of four sets of 10 m slide-step movement with 5% of body mass external load and 1 min rest interva

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