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1

Aibiki, Mayuki, and Susumu Yamashita, eds. A Perspective on Post-Cardiac Arrest Syndrome. Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1099-7.

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2

Xanthos, Theodoros. Drugs in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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3

Aibiki, Mayuki, and Susumu Yamashita. A Perspective on Post-Cardiac Arrest Syndrome. Springer, 2019.

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4

Aibiki, Mayuki, and Susumu Yamashita. A Perspective on Post-Cardiac Arrest Syndrome. Springer, 2018.

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5

Nolan, Jerry P. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the post-cardiac arrest syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0006.

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Cardiac arrest is the most extreme of medical emergencies. If the victim is to have any chance of high-quality neurological recovery, cardiac arrest must be diagnosed quickly, followed by summoning for help as basic life support (chest compressions and ventilations) is started. In most cases, the initial rhythm will be shockable, but this will have often deteriorated to a non-shockable rhythm by the time a monitor and/or defibrillator is applied. While basic life support will sustain some oxygen delivery to the heart and brain and will help to slow the rate of deterioration in these vital orga
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6

Nolan, Jerry P. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the post-cardiac arrest syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0006_update_001.

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Cardiac arrest is the most extreme of medical emergencies. If the victim is to have any chance of high-quality neurological recovery, cardiac arrest must be diagnosed quickly, followed by summoning for help as basic life support (chest compressions and ventilations) is started. In most cases, the initial rhythm will be shockable, but this will have often deteriorated to a non-shockable rhythm by the time a monitor and/or defibrillator is applied. While basic life support will sustain some oxygen delivery to the heart and brain and will help to slow the rate of deterioration in these vital orga
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7

Nolan, Jerry P., and Michael J. A. Parr. Management after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0066.

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Systemic ischaemia during cardiac arrest and the reperfusion response after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) cause the post-cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS). The severity and duration of this syndrome is determined by the cause and duration of cardiac arrest, quality of resuscitation, and interventions after ROSC. Four key clinical components are recognized—post-cardiac arrest brain injury, myocardial dysfunction, other organ ischaemia/reperfusion (e.g. liver, kidney), and potential persistence of the precipitating pathology causing the cardiac arrest. The interventions applied after ROS
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8

Morley, Peter Thomas. Pathophysiology and causes of cardiac arrest. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0061.

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Sudden cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) is still the commonest cause of death globally. CPAs are usually categorized according to where they occur, with out-of-hospital arrests accounting for approximately 75% of CPA deaths and in-hospital the remaining 25%. The arrests are also sub-categorized according to the initial rhythm, with the best outcomes associated with shockable rhythms. Large registries have demonstrated a variable incidence of out-of-hospital CPAs in adults (50–150/100,000 person years), with a range of outcomes (3–16% survival to hospital discharge). The majority of CPAs in adults
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9

Nolan, Jerry P. Advanced life support. Edited by Neil Soni and Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0091.

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Anaesthetists have a central role in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The incidence of treated out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest is 40 per 100 000 population and is associated with a survival rate to hospital discharge of 8–10%. The incidence of in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) is 1–5 per 1000 admissions and is associated with a survival rate to hospital discharge of 13–17%. The most effective strategy for reducing mortality from IHCA is to prevent it occurring by detecting and treating those at risk or to identify in advance those with no chance of survival and to make a decision no
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10

Watkins, Scott C. Introduction to Pediatric Crises. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0076.

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Clinicians caring for pediatric patients must be prepared to manage the wide range of physiological norms and diverse pathological states that children may pose when presenting for anesthesia and surgery. Anesthesiologists caring for children should be familiar with syndromes and diseases that pose increased risk for difficult airway (e.g., Treacher-Collins, Pierre-Robin), malignant hyperthermia (e.g., King Denborough, central core disease), hyperkalemia (e.g., muscular dystrophies, periodic hyperkalemic paralysis), and sudden cardiac arrest (e.g., William’s, Pompe, myocarditis/cardiomyopathy)
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11

Jumean, Marwan F., and Mark S. Link. Post-cardiac arrest arrhythmias. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0065.

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Our understanding of arrhythmias following resuscitated cardiac arrest has evolved over the past two decades to entail complex pathophysiological processes including, in part, ischaemia and ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Electrical instability after the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) is common, ranging from atrial fibrillation to recurrent ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation. Electrical instability following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is most commonly due to myocardial ischaemia and post-arrest myocardial dysfunction. However, electrolyte disturbances, elevated catecholamine
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12

Chong, Ji Y., and Michael P. Lerario. Cardiac Arrest. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495541.003.0028.

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Hypoxic–ischemic brain injury is common following cardiopulmonary arrest and is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity. Therapeutic hypothermia has been helpful in increasing survival and functional outcomes in these patients. The neurological examination, neuroimaging studies, and ancillary serological and neurophysiological testing can be helpful in prognostication post-arrest.
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13

Elmer, Jonathan, and Abhishek Freyer. In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (DRAFT). Edited by Raghavan Murugan and Joseph M. Darby. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190612474.003.0004.

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In-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) is a major public health problem. Despite its prevalence, there remains a paucity of high-level evidence to guide patient management during and after resuscitation from IHCA and most guidelines are extrapolated from studies of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. This chapter reviews the cornerstones of IHCA management: early recognition, provision of high quality compressions, and early defibrillation of shockable rhythms. It also summarizes key actions in early post-resuscitation care, including multiple system organ support to prevent rearrest and restore hemody
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14

Field, John. Therapeutic strategies in managing cardiac arrest. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0064.

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Emergency and critical care specialists are important interdisciplinary physicians who often impact on the long-term survival of patients sustaining cardiac arrest, as well as immediate outcomes. These specialists are often at the crossroads of survival for patients achieving return of spontaneous circulation, and it is important to appreciate that out-of-hospital and in-hospital cardiac arrest patients represent different pathophysiological subgroups with respect to aetiology and pathophysiology. Important time-dependent triage and therapy are crucial, and efforts to identify and treat pathop
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15

Mandell, Joyce E. Ventricular Fibrillation and Acute Coronary Syndrome. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2011.

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16

Chang, Yonmee, and Andrew J. Matisoff. Williams-Beuren Syndrome. Edited by Kirk Lalwani, Ira Todd Cohen, Ellen Y. Choi, and Vidya T. Raman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685157.003.0011.

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Williams-Beuren syndrome, also known as Williams syndrome (WS) is a genetic disorder involving the elastin gene on chromosome 7q11.23. Elastin is important for elasticity of vascular walls, and its deficiency can lead to widespread arteriopathy, most notably supravalvar aortic stenosis of the ascending aorta and coronary artery stenosis. Because of these cardiac defects, patients with WS are at high risk for cardiac arrest under anesthesia with a documented incidence around 5%. Appropriate perioperative management of all anesthetics includes a multidisciplinary approach to risk stratification,
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17

Demetriades, Demetrios, Leslie Kobayashi, and Lydia Lam. Cardiac complications in trauma. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0062.

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Post-traumatic cardiac complications may occur after penetrating or blunt injuries to the heart or may follow severe extracardiac injuries. The majority of victims with penetrating injuries to the heart die at the scene and do not reach hospital care. For those patients who reach hospital care, an immediate operation, sometimes in the emergency room, cardiac injury repair, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation provide the only possibility of survival. Many patients develop perioperative cardiac complications such as acute cardiac failure, cardiac arrhythmias, coronary air embolism, and myocardial
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18

Demetriades, Demetrios, Leslie Kobayashi, and Lydia Lam. Cardiac complications in trauma. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0062_update_001.

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Post-traumatic cardiac complications may occur after penetrating or blunt injuries to the heart or may follow severe extracardiac injuries. The majority of victims with penetrating injuries to the heart die at the scene and do not reach hospital care. For those patients who reach hospital care, an immediate operation, sometimes in the emergency room, cardiac injury repair, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation provide the only possibility of survival. Many patients develop perioperative cardiac complications such as acute cardiac failure, cardiac arrhythmias, coronary air embolism, and myocardial
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19

Lam, Lydia, Leslie Kobayashi, and Demetrios Demetriades. Cardiac complications in trauma. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0062_update_002.

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Post-traumatic cardiac complications may occur after penetrating or blunt injuries to the heart or may follow severe extracardiac injuries. The majority of victims with penetrating injuries to the heart die at the scene and do not reach hospital care. For those patients who reach hospital care, an immediate operation, sometimes in the emergency room, cardiac injury repair, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation provide the only possibility of survival. Many patients develop perioperative cardiac complications such as acute cardiac failure, cardiac arrhythmias, coronary air embolism, and myocardial
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20

Lam, Lydia, Leslie Kobayashi, and Demetrios Demetriades. Cardiac complications in trauma. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0062_update_003.

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Post-traumatic cardiac complications may occur after penetrating or blunt injuries to the heart or may follow severe extracardiac injuries. The majority of victims with penetrating injuries to the heart die at the scene and do not reach hospital care. For those patients who reach hospital care, an immediate operation, sometimes in the emergency room, cardiac injury repair, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation provide the only possibility of survival. Many patients develop perioperative cardiac complications such as acute cardiac failure, cardiac arrhythmias, coronary air embolism, and myocardial
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21

Stacey, Victoria. Resuscitation. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592777.003.0002.

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Advanced Life Support (ALS) - Cardiac arrest in special circumstances - Anaphylaxis - Post-resuscitation care - Peri-arrest arrhythmia management - Peri-arrest tachycardias - Peri-arrest bradycardias - Shock - SAQs
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22

Waldmann, Carl, Neil Soni, and Andrew Rhodes. Resuscitation. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199229581.003.0016.

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Basic and advanced resuscitation 240Post-cardiac arrest management 242Fluid challenge 244Recovery from cardiac arrest depends on an intact ‘Chain of Survival’, which comprises: • Early recognition and call for help• Early CPR• Early defibrillation• Post resuscitation care.•...
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23

Reich, David L., Stephan A. Mayer, and Suzan Uysal, eds. Neuroprotection in Critical Care and Perioperative Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190280253.001.0001.

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Clinicians caring for patients are challenged by the task of protecting the brain and spinal cord in high-risk situations. These include following cardiac arrest, in critical care settings, and during complex procedural and surgical care. This book provides a comprehensive overview of various types of neural injury commonly encountered in critical care and perioperative contexts and the neuroprotective strategies used to optimize clinical outcomes. In addition to introductory chapters on the physiologic modulators of neural injury and pharmacologic neuroprotectants, the topics covered include:
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24

Petzold, Axel. Tissue Biomarkers and Neuroprotection. Edited by David L. Reich, Stephan Mayer, and Suzan Uysal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190280253.003.0004.

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This chapter reviews the evidence for using biomarkers to measure damage to the central nervous system (CNS) in neurocritical care and perioperative medicine. A conceptual framework is provided to guide the optimal timing of blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and structural imaging biomarker assessment in relation to the onset of injury. A selection of well-validated, cell type–specific biomarkers of CNS tissue damage are reviewed, including their composition, biokinetics, and specificity for neurons, axons, astrocytes, and microglia. Each of these biomarkers will be reviewed in the pertinent clinica
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25

Peck, Marcus, and Peter MacNaughton, eds. Focused Intensive Care Ultrasound. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749080.001.0001.

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This book is written for clinicians who are new to ultrasound and those who want to progress further from the basics to more advanced-level scanning. Consequently, it covers a broad range of subjects, and its text is divided into five sections. Section 1 is imaging-based. Chapters in Section 1, such as physics, machine setting, and sonoanatomy, provide the foundation that underpins the rest of the book. Section 2 is structure-based. Chapters in Section 2 cover cardiac, lung, abdominal, and vascular anatomy and enable the reader to start scanning in these areas. Section 3 is problem-based. Chap
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26

Harvey, Michelle Keese, and Ihab Ayad. Cleft Palate, Cleft Lip, and Pierre Robin Sequence. Edited by Kirk Lalwani, Ira Todd Cohen, Ellen Y. Choi, and Vidya T. Raman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685157.003.0020.

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Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) is characterized by micrognathia, glossoptosis, and airway obstruction. Often associated with cleft palate, PRS is usually an isolated finding but is associated with a syndrome one-third of the time. The micrognathia and glossoptosis lead to airway obstruction, respiratory compromise, and feeding difficulties. Severe cases and prolonged and repeated airway obstruction and respiratory distress can lead to failure to thrive, hypoxemia, pulmonary hypertension, cardiac arrest, and death. Treatment options for the management of airway obstruction in PRS depends on the de
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27

Nolan, Jerry. The critically ill patient. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198719410.003.0035.

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This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of the critically ill patient suffering from trauma or life-threatening illness. It begins by describing the principles of immediate trauma care, and the primary and secondary surveys. It then goes into more detail about head injuries, chest injuries, abdominal injuries, pelvic fractures, spinal injuries, limb injuries, burns, multiple trauma, post-cardiac arrest resuscitation care, and septic shock. It concludes by describing the transfer of the critically ill patient to the operating theatre or to another unit.
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28

Nolan, Jerry. The critically ill patient. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198719410.003.0035_update_001.

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This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of the critically ill patient suffering from trauma or life-threatening illness. It begins by describing the principles of immediate trauma care, and the primary and secondary surveys. It then goes into more detail about head injuries, chest injuries, abdominal injuries, pelvic fractures, spinal injuries, limb injuries, burns, multiple trauma, post-cardiac arrest resuscitation care, and septic shock. It concludes by describing the transfer of the critically ill patient to the operating theatre or to another unit.
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29

Koutroumanidis, Michalis, and Robin Howard. Encephalopathy, central nervous system infections, and coma. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0032.

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This chapter provides an overview of the indications for and the diagnostic and prognostic value of acute video-electroencephalogram (EEG) and continuous video-EEG monitoring in patients with encephalopathies, encephalitides, and coma. Particular emphasis is placed on the detection of non-convulsive seizures and non-convulsive status epilepticus secondary to acute and sub-acute cerebral insults, including post-cardiac arrest hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury, and on the related pitfalls and uncertainties. It also discusses key technical aspects of the EEG recording, including artefact identificat
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30

Urman, Richard D., Wendy L. Gross, and Beverly K. Philip, eds. Anesthesia Outside the Operating Room. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495756.001.0001.

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Anesthesia Outside of the Operating Room 2nd edition covers all aspects of providing anesthesia in settings outside of the main operating room, with a special focus on techniques, procedures and safety considerations. It discusses anesthetic concerns by procedure location, and includes selected latest guidelines from the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) and other professional societies. Topics include patient monitoring techniques, pre-procedure evaluation and post-procedure care, and procedural sedation performed by non-anesthesia providers. The authors address problems of anesthes
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31

Davierwala, Piroze M., and Friedrich W. Mohr. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0048.

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The surgical management of acute coronary syndrome still remains a challenge for the cardiac surgeon. Although most patients can be managed by percutaneous coronary intervention, for patients with complex multivessel or left main coronary artery disease (high SYNTAX score), in whom percutaneous coronary intervention is not possible or is unsuccessful, urgent or emergent coronary artery bypass graft surgery is the only available option. It is very important for surgeons to determine the optimum timing of surgical intervention, which is usually based on the clinical presentation, coronary anatom
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32

Davierwala, Piroze M., and Friedrich W. Mohr. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0048_update_001.

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The surgical management of acute coronary syndrome still remains a challenge for the cardiac surgeon. Although most patients can be managed by percutaneous coronary intervention, for patients with complex multivessel or left main coronary artery disease (high SYNTAX score), in whom percutaneous coronary intervention is not possible or is unsuccessful, urgent or emergent coronary artery bypass graft surgery is the only available option. It is very important for surgeons to determine the optimum timing of surgical intervention, which is usually based on the clinical presentation, coronary anatom
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33

Davierwala, Piroze M., and Friedrich W. Mohr. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0048_update_002.

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The surgical management of acute coronary syndrome still remains a challenge for the cardiac surgeon. Although most patients can be managed by percutaneous coronary intervention, for patients with complex multivessel or left main coronary artery disease (high SYNTAX score), in whom percutaneous coronary intervention is not possible or is unsuccessful, urgent or emergent coronary artery bypass graft surgery is the only available option. It is very important for surgeons to determine the optimum timing of surgical intervention, which is usually based on the clinical presentation, coronary anatom
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34

Davierwala, Piroze M., and Friedrich W. Mohr. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0048_update_003.

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The surgical management of acute coronary syndrome still remains a challenge for the cardiac surgeon. Although most patients can be managed by percutaneous coronary intervention, for patients with complex multivessel or left main coronary artery disease (high SYNTAX score), in whom percutaneous coronary intervention is not possible or is unsuccessful, urgent or emergent coronary artery bypass graft surgery is the only available option. It is very important for surgeons to determine the optimum timing of surgical intervention, which is usually based on the clinical presentation, coronary anatom
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35

Ahmed, Osmanuddin. Management of Chronic Iliocaval Thrombosis. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0036.

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Chronic deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is defined by thrombus persisting beyond 28 days of initial onset and represents a condition that leads to long-standing venous hypertension, valvular incompetence, and ultimately chronic venous insufficiency and occlusion. As chronic thrombus organizes, it contracts and becomes adherent to the vein wall, causing scarring and consequent atresia of the lumen. The sequelae of such disease are manifested by limb edema, pain, discoloration, exercise intolerance, and ulceration—all encompassed within a clinical spectrum known as post-thrombotic syndrome. Attempt
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36

Eldridge, James, and Maq Jaffer. Obstetric anaesthesia and analgesia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198719410.003.0033.

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This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of the pregnant patient, for labour analgesia as well as surgical intervention. It begins with a description of the physiological and pharmacological changes of pregnancy. It describes methods of labour analgesia, including remifentanil, and epidural analgesia and its complications such as post-dural puncture headache. It describes anaesthesia for Caesarean section (both regional and general), failed intubation, antacid prophylaxis, post-operative analgesia, retained placenta, in utero fetal death, hypertensive disease of pregnancy (pre-eclamps
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