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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Post-Communist Era

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Academic literature on the topic 'Post-Communist Era'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 24 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Post-Communist Era"

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Liberski, Pawel P. "Polish Neuropathology in the Post-Communist Era." Brain Pathology 3, no. 3 (1993): 321–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3639.1993.tb00760.x.

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Erdeli, George, Ana Irina Dinca, Aurel Gheorghilas, and Camelia Surugiu. "Romanian spa tourism: a communist paradigm in a post communist era." HUMAN GEOGRAPHIES – Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography 5, no. 2 (2011): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5719/hgeo.2011.52.41.

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Mochalova, Victoria. "JEWISH STUDIES IN RUSSIA IN THE POST-COMMUNIST ERA." Journal of Modern Jewish Studies 10, no. 1 (2011): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14725886.2011.556021.

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Hollander, Paul. "Marxism and western intellectuals in the post-communist era." Society 37, no. 2 (2000): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02686187.

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Pop-Eleches, Grigore, and Joshua A. Tucker. "Associated with the Past?" East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 27, no. 1 (2012): 45–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325412465087.

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In this article, we test the effect of communist-era legacies on the large and temporally resilient deficit in civic participation in post-communist countries. To do so, we analyze data from 157 surveys conducted between 1990 and 2009 in twenty-four post-communist countries and forty-two non-post-communist countries. The specific hypotheses we test are drawn from a comprehensive theoretical framework of the effects of communist legacies on political behavior in post-communist countries that we have previously developed. Our analysis suggests that three mechanisms were particularly salient in explaining this deficit: first, the demographic profile (including lower religiosity levels) of post-communist countries is less conducive to civic participation than elsewhere. Second, the magnitude of the deficit increases with the number of years an individual spent under communism but the effects were particularly strong for people socialized in the post-totalitarian years and for those who experienced communism in their early formative years (between ages six and seventeen). Finally, we also find that civic participation suffered in countries that experienced weaker economic performance in the post-communist period, though differences in post-communist democratic trajectories had a negligible impact on participation. Taken together, we leave behind a potentially optimistic picture about civic society in post-communist countries, as the evidence we present suggests eventual convergence toward norms in other non post-communist countries.

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JAKU, Kejvin. "Reframing Democracy: Navigating Economic, Social and Media Obstacles in Albania’s Post-Communist Era." Polis 22, no. 2 (2023): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.58944/nccx9506.

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Purpose: This study investigates the challenges that Albania faces in economic development, social changes, and media transparency in a democratic, post-communist society. The analysis draws on contemporary historical sources, human rights reports, academic studies, news articles, and official governmental and nongovernmental publications, correlating these findings with Albania’s journey toward democratization. Findings: The essay identifies the economic repercussions of communist governance, including prevalent unemployment and fragile market structures. It explores the social impact, linking them to issues like suppression, fear, and weakened trust in the contemporary government. Originality/Value: This article provides an analysis of the challenges in post-communist Albania, focusing on social and economic developments and media coverage. It suggests targeted strategies for the government to strengthen democratic institutions. Keywords: Albania, democracy, post-communism, development, media, freedom, transparency.

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Salihu, Salihe. "The Post-Communist State Era and Its Impact on Sovereignty: A Case Study of Kosovo." Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs 26, no. 1 (2022): 135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33067/se.1.2022.8.

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Many theoretical perspectives have touched on the concept of sovereignty, but the need for more sovereignty-based discussion in relation to the postcommunist era still exists. The question of sovereignty and its survival in the post-communist era touches on some general features such as the attributes, signs, properties, and conditions of the concept of sovereignty that have evolved. In the case of Kosovo, the issue of sovereignty can be linked to two distinct features, namely democracy and human rights. For Kosovo to be a sovereign state, it had a mandatory prerequisite to fulfil these two features. These features implied the fulfi lment of two criteria, in the forms of legality and legitimacy and, in reality, these two criteria stem from the will of the people. This refl ection shows that sovereignty in the post-communist era had to be in line with respect for human rights as a feature of the principles of democracy. However, the transition from the communist system to democracy was not an easy one. In this regard, Kosovo has come a long way in achieving sovereignty and managed to be declared a sovereign state in 2008. The conditioning of Kosovo’s sovereignty by the above criteria represents the influence of the post-communist era, and its earlier form differs from the prevailing form of absolute sovereignty as it existed, for example, in the former federations of Russia and Yugoslavia. Kosovo’s sovereignty is reflected in accordance with the will of the majority of over ninety-five percent of the country’s population. Moreover, in Kosovo, minorities have privileges, such as positive discrimination and the special right that constitutional changes on vital issues pertaining to those minorities cannot be made without their vote. However, in the post-communist era, it was not possible to democratise all sovereign states. Some states focused on the power and manner of expanding power in their respective territories and fought for the recognition of reconfigured sovereignty at the expense of justice and rights. Therefore, since the post-communist period, the defi nition, content, and character of sovereignty has been in debate, with a new dimension of respect for human rights as a major talking point and as an essential mark of the principle of democracy.

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Jenks, David A., Michael T. Costelloe, and Christopher P. Krebs. "After the Fall: Czech Police in a Post-Communist Era." International Criminal Justice Review 13, no. 1 (2003): 90–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105756770301300105.

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Laruelle, Marlène. "Vadim Rossman, Russian intellectual antisemitism in the post-communist era." Cahiers du monde russe 44, no. 44/4 (2003): 778–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/monderusse.4133.

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Lubecki, Jacek. "Echoes of Latifundism? Electoral Constituencies of Successor Parties in Post-Communist Countries." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 18, no. 1 (2004): 10–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325403258286.

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This article examines patterns of elector support for successor parties in Hungary, Poland, East Germany, and Russia. After consideration of competing hypotheses purporting to explain variance in successor vote, the author proposes a new hypothesis—that regions dominated by latifundism in pre-communist times, and where masses of agricultural proletarians and impoverished peasants experienced the communist period as an era of unprecedented social advancement, show an above-average level of elector support for successor parties. This hypothesis is tested on a regional level in the four country-cases and found to be valid and a more powerful determinate of regional variance in patterns of successor vote than socio-economic status of regions in the post-communist era.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Post-Communist Era"

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Tereshchenko, Antonina. "Citizenship identity and belonging : a study of Ukrainian youth in the post-communist era." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611470.

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March, Luke. "Communism in transition? : the Communist Party of the Russian Federation in the post-Soviet era." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343106.

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Jeffery, Jared. "Hydrocarbons and Russian foreign policy in the post-communist era (1991-2008): A case study." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3784.

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This thesis aims to analyse the effect of hydrocarbons on Russian foreign policy in the post-communist period. In doing so it employs a constructivist meta-theory (actorstructure framework) and Susan Strange's approach to international political economy (IPE). The role of hydrocarbons in both the international political economy and Russia's domestic political economy is analysed. Thereafter a historical narrative outlining the affect of hydrocarbons on foreign policy from 1991-2008 is offered. There is also a brief focus on the role of Gazprom in Russian foreign policy. It is found that hydrocarbons affected Russian foreign policy through the impact they had on the state's ability to control the domestic political economy (which was diminished in the 1991-1999 period, but strengthened as international oil prices rose thereafter). Hydrocarbons, though a source of power, are also found to tie the Russian state to the interdependent international political economy of the globalised era. The analysis finds that the case supports the constructivist emphasis on the importance of understanding domestic issues when addressing the foreign policies of states. It also finds that the approaches used, Wendt's constructivism and Strange's IPE theory, work well in conjunction to illuminate foreign policy issues. A criticism of Strange's approach, however, is highlighted. She fails to give adequate attention to matters of geography in her model. This, it is argued, would be a fruitful endeavour for future IPE analysis, especially if addressed through the case of hydrocarbons in the IPE.

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CURRAJ, Erida. "Reinventing Furniture Design in the post-communist Era in Albania: towards the Mass customization Paradigm." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2478789.

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The dynamics of the Albanian market in lieu of the multifaceted transformations following the collapse of the communist regime and moving towards the accession processes in the European Union as well as the demographics of the Albanian society as a whole, deeply impact the ways in which home furniture products are designed, development and produced. This study is interested in exploring the development of the home furniture product design in Albania and its transformation from communism to post-communism and free market economy. Furthermore, the study looks into ‘Do-it-yourself’ (D-I-Y) product design as an emerging pattern in home furniture in Albania responding to both the consumers’ needs as well as global trends. This constitutes an under researched area in Albanian scholarship. First, a thorough and systematic study on the furniture design process and development in communism has not been conducted earlier. Second, a comparative framework of furniture design between two different main time period, i.e. communism and free market economy, has been missing in Albania. Third, studies on the ‘D-I-Y’ market in Albania has also been scarce. ‘D-I-Y’ market is recently established and currently attempting to catch-up with the regional and international advancements and respond to the Albanian customers’ needs, interests and demands. The central aim of the study is to explore in what ways and to what extent the home furniture design and development process has been transformed from communism to post-communism and free market economy by exploring dynamics of the political and socio-economic context. The cutting point for the analysis here is the early 1990s that represent major social, political, cultural and economic changes in Albania towards democratization. The chronological analysis is divided into three main segments: from 1950s to 1990s; from 1990s to 2010s and after 2010s. This doctoral study puts forward the hypothesis that: the impact of moving from mass production in a centralized economy to free mass customisation in market economy has not radically transformed the fundamental properties of home furniture but has affected the design, development, delivery and materiality of products. This is done through a qualitative research approach, which is flexible, inductive and exploratory. A single case study is analysed and archival research, interviews and systematic observations are the key data collection methods. The main merit in this case is that it allows for an in-depth analysis of the case study and provide data, insights and conclusions for a topic that has received almost no scientific attention before. The added value of this doctoral study lies in the historical analysis of furniture design process and products and the interrelated factors such as socio-economy, political and cultural. In addition, this doctoral study has produced an original database of furniture design from 1945 to 1990 as well as an original database of D-I-Y furniture designs after the first decade of post-communism. These databases could be used by academic for further studies. Also they could be used by business to bring back original furniture designs in the market, but also by the government.<br>The dynamics of the Albanian market in lieu of the multifaceted transformations following the collapse of the communist regime and moving towards the accession processes in the European Union as well as the demographics of the Albanian society as a whole, deeply impact the ways in which home furniture products are designed, development and produced. This study is interested in exploring the development of the home furniture product design in Albania and its transformation from communism to post-communism and free market economy. Furthermore, the study looks into ‘Do-it-yourself’ (D-I-Y) product design as an emerging pattern in home furniture in Albania responding to both the consumers’ needs as well as global trends. This constitutes an under researched area in Albanian scholarship. First, a thorough and systematic study on the furniture design process and development in communism has not been conducted earlier. Second, a comparative framework of furniture design between two different main time period, i.e. communism and free market economy, has been missing in Albania. Third, studies on the ‘D-I-Y’ market in Albania has also been scarce. ‘D-I-Y’ market is recently established and currently attempting to catch-up with the regional and international advancements and respond to the Albanian customers’ needs, interests and demands. The central aim of the study is to explore in what ways and to what extent the home furniture design and development process has been transformed from communism to post-communism and free market economy by exploring dynamics of the political and socio-economic context. The cutting point for the analysis here is the early 1990s that represent major social, political, cultural and economic changes in Albania towards democratization. The chronological analysis is divided into three main segments: from 1950s to 1990s; from 1990s to 2010s and after 2010s. This doctoral study puts forward the hypothesis that: the impact of moving from mass production in a centralized economy to free mass customisation in market economy has not radically transformed the fundamental properties of home furniture but has affected the design, development, delivery and materiality of products. This is done through a qualitative research approach, which is flexible, inductive and exploratory. A single case study is analysed and archival research, interviews and systematic observations are the key data collection methods. The main merit in this case is that it allows for an in-depth analysis of the case study and provide data, insights and conclusions for a topic that has received almost no scientific attention before. The added value of this doctoral study lies in the historical analysis of furniture design process and products and the interrelated factors such as socio-economy, political and cultural. In addition, this doctoral study has produced an original database of furniture design from 1945 to 1990 as well as an original database of D-I-Y furniture designs after the first decade of post-communism. These databases could be used by academic for further studies. Also they could be used by business to bring back original furniture designs in the market, but also by the government.

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Pancheva-Kirkova, Nina. "How to create an ideal past : continuities from the Communist era in the relationship between abstract and figurative painting in post-Communist Bulgaria." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/384411/.

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By engaging with ‘realism’ in the context of Socialist Realism in Bulgaria, a notion that inhabits the space in between fine art, ideology and art history, this practice-based research offers new insight into the examination of continuities between fine art during Communism and post-Communism, exploring the relationship between the abstract and the figurative and their functioning both within, and exceeding, the pictorial space of painting. The two main research questions that inform the studio work and underpin this study have been: How can art practice explore the official representations of Socialist Realism in post-Communist Bulgaria in the axis between photography and painting? How can this process affect an understanding of the relationship between abstract and figurative painting within the context of ‘realism’ of Socialist Realism and contemporary fine art in the country? By focusing on these research questions, this study conceptualises the relationship between the abstract and the figurative in the context of Socialist Realism in fine art in Bulgaria and its official representations after the collapse of the Communist regime. This relationship marked one of the central oppositions in fine art during the Communist era in the country, often constituting a dividing line between what was considered ‘acceptable’ and ‘unacceptable’ art. This study is concerned with the differences in the definitions of ‘realism’ within Socialist Realism in Bulgaria over the years, differences which may be considered as ruptures in its development. Yet it acknowledges these differences within the framework imposed by the Communist ideology. The latter remained unchangeable, yet had a determining impact on the development of fine art throughout the Communist period. Furthermore, the study explores how fragments of this framework are transferred into the post-Communist period, and how they function in state-funded institutional representations of Socialist Realist works and in examples of former ‘official’ artists’ works, as well as in the readings of Socialist Realism after the fall of the Communist regime, readings which fluctuate between the oppositions of ‘official or unofficial’ art, praise or disavowal of Socialist Realism. In order to explore both the ruptures and the continuities, the research looks at Socialist Realism and its specificities in Bulgaria in relation to Socialist Realism in fine art in the Soviet Union and other post-Communist countries in Eastern Europe. The relationship between the abstract and the figurative is situated within this context and explored through a series of transformations of photographic sources into paintings. These transformations are performed by my practice, engaging with the photographic sources’ production, dissemination and display in relation to ‘realism’ in Socialist Realism.

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Mthembi, Phillip. "Repositioning of the South African Communist Party (SACP) in the politics of post-apartheid South Africa : a critical study of SACP from 1990-2010." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1434.

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Thesis (M.A. (Political Science)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014<br>The study was about the South African Communist Party (SACP) and its entry into SA politics after 1990. The main question is whether it should contest elections independently of its Tripartite alliance partners led by ANC in democratic SA. As a democratic country it allows any party to participate in the elections. Given that space SACP can contest and triumph electorally thus assume the reins of government. For SA to become socialist, SACP has to campaign and triumph electorally for this to happen. The study followed a qualitative research paradigm. Purposeful sampling was used to collect data through in-depth interviews with information-rich respondents who have specialist knowledge about the study. Interviews and document analysis were used for data collection. For this reason, open-ended questions in the form of an interview guide were used to solicit information, perceptions and attitudes towards and about SACP. A tape recorder was used to capture information from these interviews. The recorded data was transcribed and coded into themes one by one which in turn formed part of the research portfolio. From the study findings contemporary SACP is a product of the revisionism that has come to characterise the post-Cold War. It is not surprising why the party then is not ready to contest election alone.

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Ju, Hao [Verfasser]. "Economics and Elections: Analysis of Economic Voting in Central and Eastern European Countries during the Post-communist Era / Hao Ju." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2016. http://d-nb.info/110979052X/34.

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Gulyas, Agnes. "Mediamorphoses : the political economy of the print media in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland during the first decade of the post-communist era." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2000. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/3876.

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Ridley, Nick. "Money laundering and financial crime in selected EU Accession countries in central and south east Europe during the transition from pre to post Communist era and the role of the central bank : with special reference to the issues of compliance with the Eu." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419386.

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Chou, Chih Chieh, and 周志杰. "On Political Development of Poland in the Post-Communist Era." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39230403609744609223.

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碩士<br>淡江大學<br>歐洲研究所<br>84<br>This paper utilizes the conceptual framework of "political development" theory to examine the political, economic and social developments of Poland in the post-Communist period and analyze the possibility of its developmental goals of democracy, civil society and market economy. Based on the examination of interaction among the five development vari- ables set forth in this paper - state structure, political society, civil society, economic transition and external environment, this paper argues that the development of post- Communist Poland is as follows: structure of constitutional democracy has been established and political elites have reach- ed consensus on sustaining democracy. However new constitution has not yet completed the division of powers andresponsibility among the President, the Sejm and the Cabinet is ambiguous. The result has influenced political stability and the progress of reform on bureaucratic system. The former Communists (SLD) won the 1995 Presidential election and have since taken control of these political institutions. Party politics conditioned by the continuous breakup of Solidarity has led to the proli- feration of small parties running for the 1991 parliamentary election. This has caused political instability and stagnated economic reforms. SLD and PSL regained political force in 1993. The extreme Right and pro- Church party declines. Although the standoff between the Right and the Left is still manifest, their differences have been greatly narrowed. Society has be- come pluralistic.But at the same time, labor, intelligentsia and the Church have all faced the difficulty in adjusting to social changes.

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Books on the topic "Post-Communist Era"

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Fowkes, Ben. The Post-Communist Era. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230376915.

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Andrews, Ernest, ed. Language Planning in the Post-Communist Era. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70926-0.

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Boston University. Institute for the Study of Conflict, Ideology & Policy., ed. Ethnic resurgence in the post-communist era. ISCIP, 1993.

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Kugler, Richard L. U.S. national military strategy and force posture for the post-communist era. Rand, 1992.

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Kugler, Richard L. U.S. national military strategy and force posture for the post-communist era. Rand, 1992.

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Kugler, Richard L. U. S. national military strategy and force posture for the post-communist era. Rand, 1992.

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Valley, Paul J. Environmental security in the Czech Republic: Status and concerns in the post-Communist era. USAF Institute for National Security Studies, 1998.

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Strand, Per. SWAPO and nation building in Namibia: Transfer of power in the post-communist era. Namibian Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Namibia, 1991.

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L, Braham Randolph, ed. The treatment of the Holocaust in Hungary and Romania during the post-communist era. East European Monographs, 2004.

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March, Luke George Frederick. Communism in transition?: The communist party of the Russian federation in the post-Soviet era. University of Birmingham, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Post-Communist Era"

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Fowkes, Ben. "Introduction: Mapping Out the Theme." In The Post-Communist Era. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230376915_1.

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Fowkes, Ben. "The Inheritance of the Past and the Revolutions of 1989." In The Post-Communist Era. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230376915_2.

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Fowkes, Ben. "History Changes Gear: the Transition in East-Central Europe." In The Post-Communist Era. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230376915_3.

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Fowkes, Ben. "Hesitant Beginnings in South-Eastern Europe: a ‘Balkan Lag’?" In The Post-Communist Era. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230376915_4.

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Fowkes, Ben. "National Minorities and Ethnic Conflict." In The Post-Communist Era. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230376915_5.

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Fowkes, Ben. "The Economic Underpinnings: Tearing down the Old, Building up the New." In The Post-Communist Era. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230376915_6.

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Fowkes, Ben. "The Shock of the New: Social Consequences and Costs of Transition." In The Post-Communist Era. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230376915_7.

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Fowkes, Ben. "The Middle Years: Drifting towards the Millennium." In The Post-Communist Era. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230376915_8.

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Stachura, Peter D. "Polish Nationalism in the Post-Communist Era." In Poland in the Twentieth Century. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403915900_9.

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Andrews, Ernest. "Introduction." In Language Planning in the Post-Communist Era. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70926-0_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Post-Communist Era"

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Boamfa, Ionel. "ELECTORAL PROCESSES IN THE OLT COUNTRY (1300-2020)." In 9th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2022. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscss.2022/s01.003.

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The article aims to highlight the chrono-spatial distribution of electoral processes in the Olt Country (southern Transylvania, Romania), in the last seven centuries. For the medieval era we have information related to the election of members (boyars) of the Superior Seat of Fagara?, an institution of regional autonomy preserved by both the Muntenian rule (before 1462) and the Transylvanian (XVI-XVII centuries), and in the first phase (XVIIIth century), by the Habsburg Court in Vienna too. For the middle of the XIXth century, we have information related to the district elections of the revolutionary year 1848, the municipal elections of 1861, or those related to the Transylvanian Diet of 1863. From the period of the Austro-Hungarian dualism (1867- 1918) the available data are related to legislative and local elections. After the Union of Transylvania with Romania (December 1, 1918), the electoral data refer, both for the interwar period (1919-1939), for the communist regime (1946-1989) and for the years of post-communist democracy (after 1989), both to parliamentary and local elections. The last interval also includes detailed electoral data, at communal level, related to both legislative and local elections. In conclusion, the analysis of the electoral results for the entire interval highlights the presence, mainly among the winners of electoral competitions, of Romanian representatives � including for the period before 1918 � and the "alignment" of the Olt Country, in the last century, to Romanian national trends.

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Markov, Ivaylo, and Desislava Pileva. "REVITALISING THE COUNTRYSIDE? ETHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON COUNTER-URBANISATION AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION IN BULGARIA." In Book of Abstracts and Contributed Papers. Geographical Institute "Jovan Cvijić" SASA, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/csge5.79im.

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The depopulation of rural areas in Bulgaria is a complex and long-lasting process that began in the mid-20th century. The sizable internal population movements from rural to urban areas in Bulgaria during the communist era led to rapid urbanisation. This was as the result of forced collectivisation and industrialisation. Further rural depopulation was exacerbated by mass emigration abroad in the first two decades of the post-communist transition. This led to a serious deterioration in the demographic, economic, social, and cultural characteristics of rural areas. However, in the last decade, although the general trend of decreasing rural population (and the country’s population in general) has been maintained, the number of movements from rural to urban areas has been smaller than those in the opposite direction. These movements include both returnees to their ancestral villages and new settlers buying rural property. The newcomers also include Bulgarian citizens who have returned from living and working abroad, as well as foreigners who have chosen to settle in Bulgarian villages. The paper aims to provide an overview of the research work on counter-urbanisation in the country that has been carried out by a research team from the Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Studies with Ethnographic Institute and Museum of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences since 2018. The conceptual framework of the research will be presented. Aiming to investigate the forms and mechanisms of social, cultural, and economic interaction between rural newcomers themselves and with local residents, and how this affects rural transformation, we integrate ethnography with approaches from other disciplines such as social geography, rural sociology, human ecology, policy studies, etc. Key research questions that we address include: What attitudes and prerequisites do locals and newcomers have towards each other? How are different cultural perceptions reconciled in rural settings? How are different knowledge and habits transferred and assimilated? To what extent are compromises made in a diversifying rural environment? What are the potential sources of conflict and what are the strategies for resolving them? How the practices and activities of each group affect the rural landscape and shape the ways in which existing local environments, assets and resources are used.

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Pejaković-Đipić, Silvija, and Željko Karas. "TWO-WITNESS RULE DURING HOME SEARCH IN THE LIGHT OF THE COVID PANDEMIC." In The recovery of the EU and strengthening the ability to respond to new challenges – legal and economic aspects. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/22432.

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Authors are analysing the extent of acceptance of rule on mandatory presence of two witnesses during a home search in national criminal proceedings in EU Member States. While some police powers in Croatia are regulated using modern forms of protection of suspects’ rights, some other investigative actions are regulated using rules that are uncommon in EU. Home search has a historic model of obligatory presence of two witnesses. These witnesses are often randomly selected among citizens, they are not legal professionals. A suspect has no right to reject witnesses if he considers that they could violate his privacy or health rights. Besides that, the Two-witness Rule has a peculiar impact on the evidence law. Items found during home search cannot be legally used if only one witness was present. According to such consequence, this rule actually requires a certain number of witnesses to prove a fact. Such requirements on number of witnesses have been abandoned in modern evidence law. The results of the analysis of the EU Member States show that the rule on the mandatory presence of two witnesses is widespread only in some post-communist systems. When it comes to EU criminal procedure codes (CPCs), the mandatory presence of witnesses exists in Croatian, Slovenian and Bulgarian CPC. The study is showing influence of former Russian CPC in post-Soviet era as well as the influence of former Yugoslav CPC. Regarded as the relic of the past, these procedural guarantees of home inviolability in the cases of home search should be reassessed and improved. In the context of COVID crisis, mandatory presence of witnesses presents challenge for the protection of suspect’s and witnesses’ health. Observed from the suspect’s right to protect his health or the witnesses’ right not to expose themselves to potentially health endangered situations, finding witnesses presents even more complexed mission. If the suspect is in COVID quarantine and the search must be conducted, can witnesses be forced to enter such premises? In case that suspect requires fully vaccinated witnesses who can present valid COVID Certificate or negative PCR test, how could his requirement be fulfilled? The possible solution for both evidence law and health reasons could be the use of modern technologies such as video recording that could replace mandatory witnesses presence. Finally, it would be more appropriate to respect the suspect’s choice on protection of his rights or to use modern technical means or defence lawyer, as in other investigative actions in criminal procedure.

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