Academic literature on the topic 'Post- Multi Fiber Agreement'
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Journal articles on the topic "Post- Multi Fiber Agreement"
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Manoj, Greeshma. "Export performance of Indian Textile Industry in the Post Multi Fibre Agreement Regime." Artha - Journal of Social Sciences 13, no. 4 (October 17, 2014): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.12724/ajss.31.5.
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The Multi Fibre Agreement (MFA) and the quota system which governed the international trade in textiles and clothing came to an end on 1st January, 2005. The quota systems were more restrictive against cotton based fibres, which dominate India’s textile exports. Since India has a natural comparative advantage in cotton and cotton based fibres, abolition of MFA was expected to benefit India’s cotton industry as well as cotton based textiles and clothing sectors. This paper analyses the export performance of Indian textile industry in the post quota regime in terms of different sub sectors of Indian textiles during the period from 1992 to 2012.The entire period of the study is divided into Pre MFA (1992-2004) and Post MFA (2005-2012). Export performance has been examined in terms of annual growth rate and Compound Annual Growth Rate for the period from 1992-2012. The study finds that the textile exports have registered a strong growth rate in the post quota period (2005-2006), increasing from 2.69% in 2004-2005 to 23.14% in 2005-2006. A comparison of the different sectors of the textile export shows that all the sectors recorded an increase in the export values at different phases of the quota removal. If we compare the pre MFA growth (III Phase) and Post MFA growth (IV Phase), there has been a remarkable improvement in the export performance of all the sub sectors. Biggest gainer in the post MFA period is manmade textiles followed by cotton textiles and readymade garments. But India was not able to continue the same momentum in the succeeding years. This clearly indicates that Indian textile industry is facing so many challenges in the post quota regime. Thus, it is imperative to improve the competitiveness of our exports through policy changes, new investment and efficient supply chain management. Keywords: Textiles and clothing, Quota removal, MFA, Export performance, Trend analysis.
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Manoj, Greeshma, and S. Muraleedharan. "Productivity of Indian Textile Industry in the Post Multi Fibre Agreement (MFA) Regime." Asian Review of Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (February 5, 2019): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2019.8.1.1507.
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The system of bilateral quotas which had governed the international trade in textiles and clothing under the Multi Fibre Agreement came to an end and has been replaced by the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) from January 1, 2005. The ATC provided for a progressive elimination of quota in four stages during the transitional period which ended on 2005. This study is an attempt to understand the impact of trade liberalization on the productivity of Indian textile industry. Estimation of labour productivity shows an improvement in the labour productivity during the post MFA period. Analysis of capital productivity reveals that average capital productivity was higher during the pre MFA period compared to post MFA period. Capital intensity estimate reveals that there has been an increase in the capital intensity for all product groups in the post MFA period compared to pre MFA.
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Anand, Chirag, Roger Groves, and Rinze Benedictus. "A Gaussian Beam Based Recursive Stiffness Matrix Model to Simulate Ultrasonic Array Signals from Multi-Layered Media." Sensors 20, no. 16 (August 5, 2020): 4371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20164371.
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Ultrasonic testing using arrays is becoming widely used to test composite structures in the Aerospace industry. In recent years, the Full Matrix Capture (FMC) technique has been implemented to extract the signals for post-processing to form an image. The inherent anisotropy and the layering of the structure pose challenges for the interpretation of this FMC data. To overcome this challenge, modeling techniques are required that take into account the diffraction caused by finite-size transducers and the response of the structure to these bounded beams. Existing models either homogenize the entire structure, use computationally expensive finite difference time domain (FDTD) methods, or do not consider the shape of the bounded beam, which is used to test such structures. This paper proposes a modeling technique based on combining the Multi-Gaussian beam model with the recursive stiffness matrix method to simulate the FMC signals for layered anisotropic media. The paper provides the steps required for the modeling technique, the extraction of the system efficiency factor, and validation of the model with experimentally determined signals for aluminum as an isotropic material such as aluminum and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) laminate as a layered material. The proposed method is computationally inexpensive, shows good agreement with the experimentally determined FMC data, and enables us to understand the effects of various transducer and material parameters on the extracted FMC signals.
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Dikshit, J. R., P. C. Basak, and Kamal Vagrecha. "Impact of World Trade Organization on Indian Textile Industry." Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2015/3033.
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<p>No country in the world is self-sufficient. Therefore, there is need to trade with others. Economy was protected from external competition due to licensing system and high level of tariff.</p><p>In early 1990's with the birth of World Trade Organization (WTO) India started the process of liberalization of trade. WTO's objective is to ensure new open world trading system to benefit consumers. The Most Favoured Nation clause of WTO was in clash with the Multi Fibre Agreement (MFA), which placed quantitative restrictions on textile exporting countries. Hence MFA was gradually phased out by December 31, 2004.</p><p>The phasing out of Multi Fibre Agreement (MFA) was expected to result in an increase in the growth of output, efficiency, productivity and competitiveness of the textile sector.</p><p>The impact of abolition of MFA is studied with regard to export of yarn, fabric, and garments during MFA and Post MFA period. It has been concluded from the observations that the export of textile intermediates (i.e. yarn and fabric) and textiles and clothing have increased substantially after the abolition of MFA.</p>
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White, S. C., and P. M. Weaver. "Towards imperfection insensitive buckling response of shell structures-shells with plate-like post-buckled responses." Aeronautical Journal 120, no. 1224 (February 2016): 233–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2015.14.
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ABSTRACTThe imperfection sensitivity of cylindrical panels under compression loading is shown to be not only reduced but effectively eliminated using stiffness tailoring techniques. Shells are designed with variable angle-tow (VAT) laminae, giving their laminates variable-stiffness properties over the surface co-ordinates. By employing an asymptotic model of the non-linear shell behaviour and a genetic algorithm, the post-buckling stability was maximised with respect to the VAT design variables. Results for optimised straight-fibre and VAT shells are presented in comparison with quasi-isotropic designs. In the straight-fibre case, small improvements in the post-buckling stability are shown to be possible but at the expense of the buckling load. In the VAT case, on the other hand, considerable improvements in the post-buckling stability are obtained and drops in axial stiffness and load associated with buckling are reduced to negligible levels. The improvements are shown to be a result of a benign membrane stress distribution prior to buckling and a localisation of the buckling mode. The asymptotic results are compared with non-linear finite-element analyses and are found to be in good agreement. Potential future multi-objective optimisation studies are discussed.
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Belfatto, Antonella, Alessandro Scano, Andrea Chiavenna, Alfonso Mastropietro, Simona Mrakic-Sposta, Simone Pittaccio, Lorenzo Molinari Tosatti, Franco Molteni, and Giovanna Rizzo. "A Multiparameter Approach to Evaluate Post-Stroke Patients: An Application on Robotic Rehabilitation." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11 (November 14, 2018): 2248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8112248.
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Multidomain instrumental evaluation of post-stroke chronic patients, coupled with standard clinical assessments, has rarely been exploited in the literature. Such an approach may be valuable to provide comprehensive insight regarding patients’ status, as well as orienting the rehabilitation therapies. Therefore, we propose a multidomain analysis including clinically compliant methods as electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), kinematics, and clinical scales. The framework of upper-limb robot-assisted rehabilitation is selected as a challenging and promising scenario to test the multi-parameter evaluation, with the aim to assess whether and in which domains modifications may take place. Instrumental recordings and clinical scales were administered before and after a month of intensive robotic therapy of the impaired upper limb, on five post-stroke chronic hemiparetic patients. After therapy, all patients showed clinical improvement and presented pre/post modifications in one or several of the other domains as well. All patients performed the motor task in a smoother way; two of them appeared to change their muscle synergies activation strategies, and most subjects showed variations in their brain activity, both in the ipsi- and contralateral hemispheres. Changes highlighted by the new multiparametric instrumental approach suggest a recovery trend in agreement with clinical scales. In addition, by jointly demonstrating lateralization of brain activations, changes in muscle recruitment and the execution of smoother trajectories, the new approach may help distinguish between true functional recovery and the adoption of suboptimal compensatory strategies. In the light of these premises, the multi-domain approach may allow a finer patient characterization, providing a deeper insight into the mechanisms underlying the relearning procedure and the level (neuro/muscular) at which it occurred, at a relatively low expenditure. The role of this quantitative description in defining a personalized treatment strategy is of great interest and should be addressed in future studies.
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Shihab, Muchsin, and Sudhir K. Jain. "The Preparedness of the Indonesian Garment Exporters in the Post-MFA Scenario: An Analysis from the Survey." Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business 6, no. 3 (September 12, 2004): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/gamaijb.5555.
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The clothing or garments industry has developed rapidly during the past some decades and has contributed to the economic growth of many nations, both developed and developing countries. This industry has been very much regulated by many bilateral agreements such as Multi Fiber Arrangement (MFA), a quota arrangement made by the importing countries. As MFA (quota regime) comes to an end by 2005 and integrates into the WTO regime, it will bring opportunities to highly competitive and proactive garment exporting countries whereas the challenges will be faced more by the less competitive countries. Issues related to environment and social compliance, technology requirements etc. have been brought into surface by the importing countries, which may worsen the condition. Under the above scenario, it is imperative that certain proactive measures be taken. Thus, the broad objective of this study is to analyze the response of the garment exporters from Indonesia towards the emerging issues related to environmental and social compliance, technology requirements etc. The present study is a questionnaire-based study. The samples have been selected from the Directories of largest exporters in the country. With reminders and persuasion, the final number of useable responses has been 115 Indonesian garment exporters. Seven factors of the emerging issues were identified by using factor analysis. In addition, factors of competitiveness, and the strategies adopted by the exporters have also been analyzed. The findings show that the overall perceptions of the Indonesia garment exporters indicate that Indonesia is less competitive as compared to other competing countries.
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Abu Hatab, Assem. "“Made in China”: the displacement effect of China on Egyptian textile exports." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 7, no. 2 (August 21, 2017): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-01-2015-0005.
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Purpose A growing number of studies indicate that the export growth of China’s textiles poses serious threats to many developing countries. The purpose of this paper is to empirically measure the extent to which the export growth of Chinese textiles has come at the expense of Egyptian textiles exports in third importing markets. Design/methodology/approach To measure this effect, an augmented gravity model equation was estimated using annual data covering the period 1994-2012 on Egyptian and Chinese textile exports to traditional importers of Egyptian textiles. Findings The empirical results suggest that Egyptian textiles are vulnerable to competitive threat posed by China, especially in the EU and US markets. In contact, Egyptian textile exports have moved hand-in-hand with Chinese textile exports to Asian markets. Moreover, the results suggest that the expiration of the Multi-fiber Agreement in 2005 has exposed Egyptian textile exports to fierce completion with China and resulted in declines in Egypt’s textile exports to the world. However, the trade agreements that Egypt signed with the world countries have given Egypt a competitive edge in major importing regions and mitigated the negative impacts of China in the post-2005 period. Finally, the paper argues that unless Egypt adjusts and develops its textile sector in response to such heightened competition from China, Egyptian textile exports undoubtedly would further be negatively impacted. Research limitations/implications In this study, Egypt’s textile products are aggregated to one group and analyzed as a whole, “textile exports.” Further research using a more disaggregated level of data would offer deeper insights into the impacts of China on Egyptian textile exports. Originality/value The contribution of this paper is twofold: first, it adds to the growing literature aiming to understand the impacts of China’s growth on developing countries exports by providing a case study of Egyptian textile export sector. Second, the policy implications drawn from this paper could be useful to Egyptian policy makers and stakeholders to address and respond to the competitiveness challenges posed by China to the Egyptian textile industry.
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Xue, Jian Xing, Xue Dong Gu, Li Qiang Song, Qi Ming Wang, Xue Bin Zhai, and Bao Qing Zhao. "Research on Catenary Characteristics of FAST Tie-Down Cable and its Effect on Actuator and Joint." Advanced Materials Research 875-877 (February 2014): 664–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.664.
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To study catenary characteristics of FAST (Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope) tie-down cable, this paper establishes tie-down cable equilibrium differential equation and cable length formula based on catenary theory, analyzes numerical simulation of multi-segment bar element method, and designs an experimental scheme. Taking 1×7 Ø12.7steel cable and Ø10 CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) cable for example, we can obtain three results respectively through manners mentioned above, and the agreement among them is excellent. Meanwhile, difference between results and elastic deformation of no-weight cable is not so big that catenary of two cables can be negligible. Further research shows that cable length is more sensitive to catenary than horizontal angle; cable longer deformation will benefit actuator to meet position precision effortlessly, however, stroke and velocity of actuator will increase and initial tension displacement of tie-down cable decrease correspondingly, this alteration should be compensated during reflector surface measuring and controlling; due to chord-tangent angle and tangential force is less than 1.28°and 241.4N, catenary effect on joint pose is weaker; generally speaking, CFRP cable has less catenary problem than steel cable, better mechanics characteristics, but bigger stroke and velocity for actuator and smaller initial tension displacement for tie-down cable. The research will provide references for design of tie-down cable, actuator, joint, and reflector measurement and control.
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Xiao, Zhi Gang, Yao Jiang, and Xiao Xiao. "A Cascaded Multi- and Single-Mode Fiber Transporting for Laser Beam." Applied Mechanics and Materials 109 (October 2011): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.109.222.
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A model to calculate the butt-joint coupling efficiency between a multi-mode fiber to a single-mode fiber is presented based on a mode field coupling theory. The dependence of the coupling efficiency between the multi- and single-mode fibers on the core radius of the multi-mode fiber is investigated. A experiment is conducted with 532nm laser to measure the butt joint coupling efficiency of a multi-mode fiber to a single-mode fiber. Good agreement is obtained between the experimental results and the theoretical predictions. A cascaded multi- and single-mode fiber relay system is proposed to transport a laser beam with high power and good beam quality.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Post- Multi Fiber Agreement"
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Dey, Palash-Kishore, and Md-Tawfique-Hasan Sumon. "Effects of the Post Multi-Fiber Agreement on Bangladesh Readymade Garments Sector." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för management, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-1202.
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The thesis “Effects of the Post Multi-fiber Agreement on Bangladesh Ready Made Garments Sector” is a part of our M.Sc. in Business Administration Program. The thesis paper on this topic is done under the supervision of Mr. Göran Alsén, Professor of Blekinge Institute of Technology (BTH) Ronneby, Sweden. In our country garment industry has been playing most vital role in our national economy, foreign exchange earnings, employment, growth in other sector and most prominently women employment. In the first chapter we tried to focus on the historical background of Multi Fiber Agreement, the growth of Bangladesh Garments Manufacturer and Exporter Association (BGMEA).In 1983 the total members of BGMEA were 143 with narrow export volume but in 2007 we see the total members are 4637.They contribute 75.64% of our total export (BGMEA, 2007). People who are directly involved with this sector became worried because of phase out of quota system from January 2005.But if we observe the current scenario it is very much positive for our national economy. It’s true that competition grew high but at the same time we can say that our garments industry did not lose its market reputation compared to that of other rival competitors like China, India, Sri Lanka, Vietnam etc. It’s very obvious that we have great problem with the backward linkage industry. As a result we are facing huge competition among the competitors. We have to face huge competition with the other competitors as long as we could set up our backward linkage industry. Under these circumstances, our Government is taking necessary steps to remove this problem. It is now simply a matter of time. But we hope we will get rid of this problem very soon. In this thesis paper we have tried to analyze the performance of five different RMG companies and we have also tried to examine the impact of withdrawal of quota system. Based on these five RMG factories we observe that our RMG industry is performing well after Post MFA. In addition, if we look our total exports we see that approximately 74.93% of our total export is from RMG sector. It is very promising sector compared to other export items. Thus we can say that to survive in this competitive sector our RMG sector should take some more necessary steps like improving employee efficiency, ensuring more training facility, emphasizing on backward linkage industry etc. To attract foreign investors these are very important.
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Godahewa, Nalaka. "Market orientation and the performance of Sri Lankan apparel manufacturers in the post MFA environment." 2007. http://arrow.unisa.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/unisa:37045.
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This thesis studies the impact of market orientation on the business performance of the Sri Lankan apparel manufacturing organizations in the post MFA environment. An attempt is made to enhance the existing market orientation theory by addressing a research gap and highlighting the importance of the relationship perspective in business to business marketing. A four dimensional market orientation construct is developed to overcome the limitations identified in the extant market orientation theories. The study also identifies resource availability as an antecedent of market orientation along with six other antecedents which are commonly discussed in literature. It further investigates whether the market orientation-business performance relationship is moderated by the prevailing business environment. The proposed modifications to the theory are empirically tested within the context of the apparel industry.
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Hsiao, Chia-Chou, and 蕭家州. "Implementation and Study of Post Processors for Multi-Rate LDPC Decoders in 16-QAM Radio-Over-Fiber Systems." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18983547106082381339.
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碩士國立中興大學
電機工程學系所
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In this thesis, VLSI implementation of a multi-rate low-density parity-check (LDPC) decoder used in 16-QAM Radio over Fiber (ROF) channel is presented with four important features. The first is constructing three Partition and Shift LDPC (PS-LDPC) Codes with the parity check matrices (H) of (480, 2400), (800, 2400) and (480, 4800)corresponding to the coding rates of 4/5, 2/3, 9/10, and girths of 8, 6, 6, respectively. Secondly, good performance was achieved by a modified Layered Min Sum algorithm using quantization expansion of log likelihood ratio for less hardware complexity. The third is the proposed dual path partial parallel architecture using pipeline can increase the operating frequency, and double the throughput with the little circuit overhead. The last feature is the three LDPC codes share the hardware as much as possible, including the computing units and registers to reduce the chip area. Using the UMC 90nm COMS technology, the maximum frequency reaches 110MHz with the core area of 8.19mm2 at supply voltage of 0.9V. With 8 iterations per decoding process, the throughputs of PS-LDPC codes (480, 2400), (800, 2400) and (480, 4800) are 5.5Gbps, 3.3Gbps, 2.75 Gbps with the power consumptions of 332.7mW, 339.5mW and 368.6mW, respectively. The error floor is the other common issue in LDPC decoders. This problem can be solved by adding the Reed-Solomon (RS) decoder after the LDPC decoder. It was fabricated using the UMC 90 nm CMOS process for the coding rate of 4/5. The measured maximum frequency of RS decoder is 202MHz, and the measured maximum frequency of LDPC decoder is 67.33MHz at supply voltage of 0.9V. The throughput is 3.58 Gbps and the power consumption is 63.12mW. The other method to lower the error floor employs the post-processing technique. It consists of two steps after the normal LDPC decoding procedures. The first step is called Check Node Tracing Method. By checking the locations of unsatisfied check nodes, the overlapped variable nodes may be traced, and their values are flipped to the correct values. The second step is called Reduced-Back-Tracking Method. The main objective is to correct the remaining errors. Most of them are induced by the absorbing sets. The simulation results show that the error floor is significantly improved for 4-bit Log likelihood ratios in 16-QAM demodulation. It is convinced that it can reduce hardware complexity due to less quantization bits, while keeping good decoding performance.
Books on the topic "Post- Multi Fiber Agreement"
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International Seminar on Present Scenario of Post Multi Fibre Agreement (MFA): A Comparative Study of India and China (2006 Nagpur, India). International Seminar on Present Scenario of Post Multi Fibre Agreement (MFA), A Comparative Study of India and China: 27th and 28th January, 2006 : seminar volume. [Nagpur: Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, 2006.
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Ahmed, Ghoneim, ed. Egypt after the end of the multi-fiber agreement: A comparative regional analysis. Cairo: The Egyptian Center for Economic Studies, 2006.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Post- Multi Fiber Agreement"
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Myers, John J., David Holdener, and Wesley Merkle. "Load Testing and Load Distribution of Fiber Reinforced, Polymer Strengthened Bridges: Multi-year, Post Construction/Post Retrofit Performance Evaluation." In Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Infrastructure Applications, 163–91. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2357-3_9.
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Ramasamy, Jaysen. "Impact of the Dismantling of the Multi-Fiber Agreement in the Export Processing Zones of Mauritius." In Development and Sustainable Growth of Mauritius, 119–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96166-8_5.
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Peterson, James W. "America and Russia pivot towards Asia: political differences yield to economic rivalry." In Russian-American Relations in the Post-Cold War World. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526105783.003.0010.
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Both America and Russia, for different reasons, decided to undertake a policy pivot towards Asia. For President Obama, such a pivot may have represented a needed change from preoccupation with tough issues in the Middle East, Iraq, and Afghanistan. President Putin may have looked East in an effort to get away from constant preoccupation with issues related to Crimea and the eastern edge of Europe. The Asian-Pacific Economic Community (APEC) offered a common forum of communication for both wth other Asian states. However, both powers had different historical reasons for pursuing the overture to Asian states. For the United States, a major defense agreement with South Korea was a result of the Korean War of the 1950s, while its long engagement in the Vietnam War of the 1960s and 70s provided it with additional historical experiences in the region. Russia concerned itself with intensified trade relations and also defined the region to include Central Asian states that had formerly been republics in the Soviet Union. U.S. troops had been a presence in the region for decades, and the multi-state controversy over Chinese actions in the South China Sea also bore in part a defensive component.
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Ciurtin, Horia. "A New Era in Cross-strait Relations? A Post-sovereign Enquiry in Taiwan’s Investment Treaty System." In China's International Investment Strategy, 290–310. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827450.003.0016.
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The author provides a post-sovereign enquiry in Taiwan’s investment treaty system. Going beyond the traditional legal divisions, Taiwan showed that it can bypass such limitations, being a main trend-setter in innovating the area of international economic law. Specifically, a close look at Taiwan’s nexus of investment treaty is eye-opening; Taiwan concluded twenty-nine BITs and six ample economic cooperation agreements with related investment provisions. The number and the importance of these agreements reveal that the concept of international recognition does not directly influence the behaviour of states which are willing to interact legally and economically. In this regard, non-diplomatic relations might be used as a step forward, as Taiwan is closer to conclude an agreement with another post-sovereign entity, the European Union. This global actor may open up the scene for a multi-tier dynamic where some of its component member states are in principle against any liaison with Taiwan, but will be bound to it because of their membership to the EU. To solve such legal contradiction, the established instruments of international law cannot be applied, and a new theoretical framework shall be developed. To this end, the starting point must be to discuss sovereignty thoroughly. The chapter assesses the polity’s effort for the development of diplomatic structures by means of investment agreements, in this way avoiding the problems related to recognition. This kind of agreement can be considered as a litmus test, showing Taiwan’s capacity to shift traditional categories of Westphalian international law and emerge as a self-standing actor.
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Mathews, Dale, and Segundo Castro. "The Central American Clothing Assembly Industry and the Asian Competition." In Advances in Finance, Accounting, and Economics, 313–25. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6224-7.ch017.
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This chapter examines the export performance of clothing assembly industries in the countries of Central America to the US market. It commences with a brief summary of the history of the growth and limited evolution of the Central American and Caribbean Basin garment export industry in the face of evolving trade liberalization. It then examines how China and other Asian countries have eclipsed the region's clothing exports to the USA as they made inroads into the latter's market. It is argued that China's membership in the World Trade Organization commencing in 2001 and the phasing out of quotas under the Multi-Fiber Agreement in 2005 combined to thwart any expansion that Central American clothing exporters could have achieved in the US market. While US Harmonized Tariff System data for both knitted (HTS 61) and non-knitted (HTS 62) apparel and clothing accessory imports were examined, only the former were presented, as they represent a much more significant share of Central America's overall garment exports to the USA. US imports from Central America under HTS 61 are shown to have either declined or remained stagnant in value terms and in value market share throughout the period examined. In order to zero in on specific categories that are important within the context of the Central American garment export industry, a selection, disaggregated into four digit HTS subcategories, was made of knitted or crocheted apparel and accessories from the region to ascertain its performance over the first decade of the new century. These data are reviewed in comparison with similar data corresponding to imports from China in order to ascertain the performance of Central American exporters. Finally, the work is also placed within the context of the Free Trade Area of Central America and Dominican Republic (CAFTA-DR) in an attempt to discern its possible medium- to long-term impact, since specific provisions of the trade agreement aim precisely at boosting the region's garment assembly sector.
Conference papers on the topic "Post- Multi Fiber Agreement"
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Xu, F., M. Peng, A. Rayes, N. Ghani, and A. Gumaste. "Multi-Failure Post-Fault Restoration in Multidomain DWDM Networks." In Optical Fiber Communication Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ofc.2011.owaa2.
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Pei, Yinqing, Jianqiang Li, Kun Xu, Yitang Dai, Yuefeng Ji, and Jintong Lin. "Digital Multi-Channel Post-Linearization for Uplink in Multi-Band Radio-Over-Fiber Systems." In Optical Fiber Communication Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ofc.2014.m3d.4.
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Takahashi, Kazuto, Hiroki Kishikawa, Nobuo Goto, Yi-Lin Yu, and Shien-Kuei Liaw. "High-resolution frequency detection with multiple AWGs and post-processing for multi-channel fiber sensors." In 2017 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Pacific Rim (CLEO-PR). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleopr.2017.8118982.
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Yasa, Tolga, and Guillermo Paniagua. "Robust Post-Processing Procedure for Multi-Hole Pressure Probes." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-46719.
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Aerodynamic probes have been extensively used in turbine performance measurements for over 60 years to provide flow direction and Mach numbers. In turbomachinery applications the absence of adequate optical access prevents the use of laser-Doppler-anemometry (LDA), laser-two-focus velocimetry, particle-image-velocimetry (PIV). Moreover, multi-hole pressure probes are more robust than hot-wire or hot-fiber probes, and less susceptible to gas contamination. The pressure readings are converted into flow direction using calibration maps. Some researchers tried to model theoretically or numerically the calibration map to speed up the process. Due to manufacturing abnormalities, experimental calibration is still essential. The calibration map is obtained in a wind tunnel varying the yaw and pitch angles, while recording the hole-pressures. With the advent of powerful computers, researchers introduced sophisticated techniques to process the calibration data. Depending on the geometry or manufacturing imperfections a conventional calibration map is distorted, with multiple crossings resulting in the inability to identify a unique flow direction. In the current paper, a new calibration and data processing procedure is introduced for multi-hole probe measurements. The new technique relies on a set of calibration data rather than a calibration map. The pressure readings from each hole are considered individually through a minimization algorithm. Hence, the new technique allows computing flow direction even when a hole is blocked during the test campaign. The new methodology is demonstrated in a five-hole probe including estimates on the uncertainty.
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Yang, N. H., H. Nayeb-Hashemi, and A. Vaziri. "Multi-Axial Fatigue Damage Models of Fiber Reinforced Composites." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-62146.
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Fiberglass reinforced composites are extensively used in various structural components. In order to insure their structural integrity, their monotonic and fatigue properties under multiaxial stress fields must be understood. Combined in-phase tension/torsion loading is applied to [±45°]4 E-glass/epoxy composite tubes under monotonic and fatigue conditions to determine the effects of multiaxial loading on its failure. Various monotonic and fatigue damage criteria are proposed. These models considered failure mode (failure plane), the energy method and the effective stress-strain method. It is observed for the majority of experiments, the failure initiated at the outer lamina layer at 45° to the tube axis. A damage criterion for multiaxial monotonic loading is proposed considering both normal and shear stress contributions on the plane of failure. The experimental data show an excellent agreement with this proposed model for various loading conditions. Other failure models are currently under investigation utilizing the stresses and strains at the composite laminate as well as stress and strain at the outer lamina layer. Multiaxial fatigue failure models are proposed considering again the plane of failure. Since the plane of the failure is subjected to mean and cyclic stresses (shear and normal) and mean and cyclic strains (shear and normal), the fatigue damage models consider the contributions of these stresses and strains to the fatigue life of the composite tube. In addition to the fatigue damage model based on the plane of failure, a multi-axial fatigue failure model is proposed considering the mean and cyclic energy during fatigue experiments. The experimental data show a good correlation between the proposed damage parameters and fatigue life of specimens with some scatter of the data. Other fatigue failure models are currently under investigation considering the loading frequency and visco-elastic properties of the composite.
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Dixit, Y., P. Begeman, G. S. Dhaliwal, G. Newaz, D. Board, Y. Chen, and O. Faruque. "Full Frontal Crashworthiness of Carbon Fiber Composite Front Bumper Crush Can (FBCC) Structures." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70354.
Full textAbstract:
This research study highlights the testing method and relevant results for assessing impact performance of a carbon fiber composite front bumper crush can (FBCC) assembly subjected to full frontal crash loading. It becomes extremely important to study the behavior of lightweight composite components under a crash scenario in order to apply them to automotive structures to reduce the overall weight of the vehicle. Computer-aided engineering (CAE) models are extremely important tools to virtually validate the physical testing by assessing the performances of these structures. Due to lack of available studies on carbon fiber composite FBCCs assemblies under the frontal crash scenario, a new component-level test approach would provide assistance to CAE models and better correlation between results can be made. In this study, all the tests were performed by utilizing a sled-on-sled testing method. An extreme care was taken to ensure that there is no bottoming-out force for this type of test while adjusting the impact speed of sled. Full frontal tests on FBCC structures were conducted by utilizing five high-speed cameras (HSCs), several accelerometers and a load wall. Excellent correlation was achieved between video tracking and accelerometers results for time histories of displacement and velocity. The standard deviation and coefficient of variance for the energy absorbed were very low suggesting the repeatability of the full frontal tests. The impact histories of FBCC specimens were consistent and in excellent agreement with respect to each other. Post-impact photographs showed the consistent crushing of composite crush cans and breakage of the bumper beam from middle due to the production of tensile stresses stretched caused by straightening of the bumper curvature after hitting the load wall.
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Ting, Ben, and Vincent P. Manno. "Comparison of Steady State and Asymptotic Transient Thermal-Mechanical Simulations of Optoelectronic Laser Processing." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-41686.
Full textAbstract:
Traditional optoelectronic manufacturing of butterfly packages involves laser welding of a fiber mount followed by a tedious realignment procedure to reverse thermally induced distortions commonly referred to as Post Weld Shift (PWS). An alternative PWS compensation technique, Laser Hammering, entails manipulation of the fiber to light alignment through deformation of the fiber housing with high precision laser beams. The goal of this study is to predict and understand fiber displacements for butterfly packages subjected to the laser hammering process using finite element analysis. A standardized, two-dimensional fiber mounting/ferrule geometry is employed in a simulation case study. Various laser waveforms are applied to focus spot diameters of 50 and 200 μm over a range of applied heat fluxes (10 to 1000 W/mm2). The primary investigation focused on the degree to which a steady state (SS) model can predict the final state of a transient response (asymptotic steady state) subjected to a periodic laser excitation. Effects of laser energy deposition location and resolution, as well as the use of multiple lasers were also studied. The results obtained to date show that the steady state solution is in good agreement with the asymptotic transient response (ATR) for the center horizontal fiber displacement and the center fiber temperature. The focus spot region surface temperature predictions of steady state and asymptotic transient simulations were also found to be in reasonable agreement. However, the vertical fiber displacement tends to be over predicted by the steady state solution, sometimes by as much as an order of magnitude. The causes, both physical and computational, of this disagreement are discussed in the paper.
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Seyed Yaghoubi, A., and B. Liaw. "Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Stacking Sequence Effect on GLARE 5 FML Plates Subjected to Ballistic Impact." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-85302.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, GLARE 5 (3/2) fiber-metal laminated (FML) plates of dimensions: 152.4 mm × 101.6 mm with various stacking sequences, namely: unidirectional [0°4], cross-ply [0°/90°]s, angle-ply [+45°/−45°]s and quasi-isotropic [0°/±45°/90°], were impacted by a 0.22 caliber bullet-shaped projectile using a high-speed gas gun. A high-speed camera was used to measure the projectile velocity along its ballistic trajectory. The post-impact damage in the specimens was evaluated using both nondestructive and destructive techniques. The nondestructive assessment was conducted using an UltraPAC immersion ultrasound system; whereas for the destructive technique the specimens were cut transversely along the impact center using a diamond blade cutting wheel. The results showed that the induced damage in the specimens changed its shape as the prepreg lay-up orientation was altered. The 3D dynamic nonlinear finite element (FE) software, LS-DYNA, was used to validate the experimental results. Good agreement between experimental and FE results was obtained.
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Seyed Yaghoubi, A., and B. Liaw. "An Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Thickness Effect on Cross-Ply GLARE 5 FML Plates Subjected to Ballistic Impact." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-85301.
Full textAbstract:
GLARE 5 fiber-metal laminated (FML) plates of dimensions: 152.4 mm × 101.6 mm with various thicknesses, ranging from 1.12 mm up to 4.37 mm, were impacted by a 0.22 caliber bullet-shaped projectile using a high-speed gas gun. A high-speed camera was used to measure the projectile velocity along its ballistic trajectory. The post-impact damage characteristics were evaluated using both nondestructive ultrasonic and destructive mechanical sectioning techniques. Only the contour of the entire damage area could be obtained using ultrasonic C-scan; whereas more details of the damage were provided through the mechanical cross-sectioning technique. As expected, thicker GLARE 5 offered higher impact resistance. It was found that by increasing the specimen thickness, the damage contour increased. In addition, the results showed that for a given specimen thickness, the damage contour was maximized near its ballistic limit velocity. The 3D dynamic nonlinear finite element (FE) software, LS-DYNA, was used to validate the experimental results. Good agreement between experimental and FE results was obtained.
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Mansour, Rabih, Emmanuel Maillet, and Gregory N. Morscher. "Development of an Interlaminar Toughness Test for Ceramic Matrix Composites." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-43490.
Full textAbstract:
Interlaminar fracture properties in fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites have been found to be a limiting feature in certain applications, a limitation that intensifies at elevated temperatures. Few if any fibers bridge the cracks in the interlaminar direction, resulting in a weaker toughness and a higher probability of failure in this direction. The main challenge in evaluating interlaminar fracture toughness is the difficulty to detect the crack initiation and to measure the crack length directly at high temperature, primarily because of the limited visual accessibility of the area of interest. A DCB test-method using a ceramic wedge is developed. The method uses electrical resistance to monitor crack growth for melt-infiltrated woven SiC/SiC composites at room temperature, with the goal of doing the same at high temperature. In situ optical measurements of crack growth in addition to micro-CT post-inspection were used to validate and calibrate the resistance method. The estimated crack length was in excellent agreement with the measured crack length in the three considered specimen geometries. Preliminary estimates of Mode I energy release rate were also provided.