Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Post-socialist countries'

The national parks in the Carpathian Mountains along the Polish and Slovak border represent encompassing policy agendas that strive to balance biodiversity conservation and social welfare tasks. These countries have, during the last 25 years, undergone rapid transformation from socialist regimes to liberal democracies, and this transformation has affected the political, social and economic spheres. The accession to the European Union (EU) introduced demands for further changes, such as closer integration of conservation and socioeconomic development and inclusive, transparent and accountable decision-making that are based on participatory mechanisms. This thesis explores key challenges and opportunities for nature conservation policy and practice at the local level in a context of post-socialist legacies and Europeanization. Multi-level governance, Europeanization, and post-socialist studies are used as theoretical vehicles for the analysis of four transboundary national parks: Pieninsky national parks (NP) in both Poland and Slovakia and Bieszczady NP [Poland] and Poloniny NP [Slovakia]. The results of this study show that the early designation of the studied parks as protected areas prevented their exploitation and enabled preservation of important landscapes, which currently are highly valued at the European level. These nature conservation regimes have created tangible restrictions on the possible economic uses of these areas. However, rural development alternatives depend on a broader set of local, national and global factors such as the structure of the local economy and employment, the prioritization of nature conservation in national policies, investors’ interest, and increasing urbanization. Europeanization provided opportunities for local actors to benefit from additional funding made available for nature conservation and rural development. At the same time, demands for participatory decision-making posed significant procedural and conceptual challenges to achieving transparent, inclusive and accountable governance. The prevalence of informal practices in local policy-making and the lack of trust in state authorities pose further challenges to formal participatory processes. The opportunities of local actors to reach out across levels to express their interests remain scarce and are not institutionalized, whereas the multi-level characteristics of modern governance indirectly shape local processes by defining common legal and policy frameworks.
Förvaltningen av nationalparkerna in vid gränsen mellan Polen och Slovakien i Karpaterna är framför allt inriktad mot att uppnå balans mellan bevarande av biologisk mångfald och social välfärd. Polen och Slovakien har under de senaste 25 åren genomgått en snabb förändring från socialistiska regimer till liberala demokratier, vilket har inneburit genomgripande politiska, sociala och ekonomiska förändringar. Medlemskapet i EU innebar ytterligare förändringar, som till exempel integrering av naturvårdsarbete och socioekonomisk utveckling, liksom främjande av inkluderande, transparent och deltagarinriktat beslutsfattande. Därmed bygger den moderna beslutsprocessen inte längre på den tidigare hierarkiska strukturen, utan har nu fått en aningen diffus karaktär, innefattande mängd olika aktörer som interagerar i såväl horisontella som vertikala beslutsprocesser. I denna avhandling utforskas nyckelutmaningar och möjligheter för beslutsfattande och implementering av naturvårdsarbete på lokal nivå, relaterade till de post-socialistiska arven och medlemskapet i EU. Multi-level governance (politiskt beslutsfattande på flera nivåer), Europeanization (europeisering) och post-socialistiska studier används som teoretiska verktyg för analysen av fyra gränsöverskridande nationalparker: Pieninsky, som innefattar såväl polska som slovakiska områden, Bieszczady (Polen) och Poloniny (Slovakien). Studien visar att det tidiga inrättandet av naturskydd i nationalparkerna hindrade exploatering och möjliggjorde bevarandet av värdefulla naturområden, vilka idag är högt värderade utifrån ett europeiskt perspektiv. Reglerna för detta naturskydd har dock skapat begränsningar för hur områdena kan användas för, till exempel, agrara verksamheter och turism. De mer övergripande landsbygdsutvecklingsmöjligheterna beror av lokala, nationella och globala faktorer som exempelvis den lokala ekonomins struktur, tillgång på arbetstillfällen, hur naturskydd prioriteras i nationellt beslutsfattande, intresse för investeringar i området och urbaniseringsprocesser. Medlemskapet i EU har medfört utökade möjligheter för finansiering av naturskydd och landsbygdsutveckling. Samtidigt har medlemskapet för dessa länder lett till ökade förväntningar på politiskt deltagande och nya utmaningar vad gäller transparens i beslutsfattande och inkluderande beslutsprocesser. Vidare har informella beslutsvägar i lokalt beslutsfattande och lågt förtroende för statliga myndigheter lett till ytterligare utmaningar i deltagandeprocesser. Möjligheter för lokala aktörer att kunna kommunicera och påverka beslut på högre nivåer har förblivit begränsade och är ännu inte tydligt institutionaliserade, samtidigt som det moderna, interaktiva beslutsfattandet på flera nivåer indirekt formar lokala processer genom att definiera legala och politiska ramverk inom vilka förvaltningsbeslut fattas.

Access to paid employment has conspicuous economic, political, cultural and social implications, for both personal autonomy and gender equality. Eight most advanced postsocialist countries that entered the European Union in 2004 have boasted comparatively high full-time employment rates for women since the socialist period. However, the proportion of women who withdraw from paid employment when they care for pre-school children differs significantly among these countries. This thesis examines why women’s employment rates drop so sharply subsequent to childbirth in some of the post-socialist countries, but not the others. It seeks to answer this question by exploring childcare policies. The main research question is whether, and how, these policies shape mothers’ employment in the eight countries. This thesis first analyzes the emancipatory potential of national policies on childcare leave and formal childcare service provision between 2000 and 2008, in order to determine whether or not childcare policies provide options for carers to engage in paid employment. It probes the applicability of the varieties of familialism literature to the post-socialist countries, and draws attention to policy characteristics that received insufficient attention in earlier comparative research. It finds that among eight post-socialist countries Slovenia and Lithuania create conditions for women’s continuous employment, while Hungary, the Czech Republic and Estonia provide financial incentives for women to retreat from the labour force for a longer period after childbirth, whereas parents in Poland, Slovakia and Latvia are left nearly without public support. Drawing upon maternal employment data, the thesis finds evidence in favour of the childcare policies explanation. In countries with gender-neutral leave of moderate duration and affordable, adequate and accessible formal childcare services the employment rates for mothers with pre-school children are significantly higher than in other countries. Such policies are especially important for the employment of low-skilled and low-income mothers with pre-school children, who are usually employed in less protected and less secured jobs. The thesis also suggests that educational attainment and the income needs of households suppress rather than rival the childcare policies explanation, and that the unregulated service markets and day care by other family members account for mothers’ employment in countries with limited state support. The findings in this thesis underpin the importance of childcare policies for enhancing women’s continuous employment and indicate that childcare policies have broader social implications upon women’s economic and personal autonomy. The thesis sheds new light on childcare policies and maternal employment trends in eight post-socialist countries. It helps differentiate their overly simplistic characterization in earlier comparative research, and allows a more meaningful discussion of how childcare policies shape employment practices of mothers with pre-school children.

I analyze Lviv outskirt settlement Sokilnyky in Ukraine in order to find out which social structures, emerged or reconstituted after the collapse of the Soviet Union, are expressed in cultural landscape and how. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and redirection of Ukrainian economy to the neoliberal way of economy and the emergence of the distinctive post-socialist form of capitalism (Hirt 2012), largest cities’ environs became places of drastic change in demography, housing, infrastructure, land-use and landscape. Former predominantly agricultural areas became desirable places to live for the new rich Ukrainians. In addition suburbs were commercialized with the emergence of segregated commercial units including big box shopping malls. Currently post-socialist suburbs are mixed income with different social classes coexisting in one area face to face, however the segregation of affluent people is evident in new residential areas where fortress houses have emerged. At the same time Lviv suburbs still retain their rural face with supplemental family farming practiced mainly by long-term residents. After the strict planning regulations during the Soviet period, nowadays the lack of planning and architectural regulations together with drastic privatization of former agrarian land created eclectic landscapes being also the landscapes of privilege and inequality.

Corruption is, in the last two decades, considered as one of the biggest problems within the international community, which harms not only a particular state or society but the whole world. The discussion on corruption in law and economics approach is mainly run under the veil of Public choice theory and principal-agent model. Based on this approach the strong international initiatives taken by the UN, the OECD and the Council of Europe, provided various measures and tools in order to support and guide countries in their combat against corruption. These anti-corruption policies created a repression -prevention-transparency model for corruption combat. Applying this model, countries around the world adopted anti-corruption strategies as part of their legal rules. Nevertheless, the recent researches on the effects of this move show non impressive results. Critics argue that “one size does not fit all” because the institutional setting of countries around the world varies. Among the countries which experience problems of corruption, even though they follow the dominant anti-corruption trends, are transitional, post-socialist countries. To this group belong the countries which are emerging from centrally planned to an open market economy. The socialist past left traces on institutional setting, mentality of the individuals and their interrelation, particularly in the domain of public administration. If the idiosyncrasy of these countries is taken into account the suggestion in this thesis is that in public administration in post-socialist countries, instead of dominant anti-corruption scheme repression-prevention-transparency, corruption combat should be improved through the implementation of a new one, structure-conduct-performance. The implementation of this model is based on three regulatory pyramids: anti-corruption, disciplinary anti-corruption and criminal anti-corruption pyramid. This approach asks public administration itself to engage in corruption combat, leaving criminal justice system as the ultimate weapon, used only for the very harmful misdeeds.

The subject of this thesis is the analysis of tax revenue of the post-socialist countries that are members of the European Union. In the theoretical part there are characterized tax systems of individual states. In the practical part I compare the tax revenues of the post-socialist countries. I analyze the tax quota, the tax mix and budgetary determination of taxes. Furthermore, I compare the tax revenues of the post-socialist member states and 15 original member states of the European Union. I focus on the tax quota, the tax mix and budgetary determination of taxes. From the analyses it is clear that the tax quota of the post-socialist countries is lower than in the older Member States of the European Union. Most of the tax revenue of the post-socialist countries stems from indirect taxation, particularly value added tax.

In recent years, along with the intensification of research in the field of institutional economics, and in particular constitutional economics and the economic analysis of law, the sphere of human rights has become the subject of economic research. The economic analysis of human rights is an interdisciplinary topic present both in the economic and legal literature. The research focuses on a number of issues concerning inter alia the effect of human rights protection on the economic development of states, determinants of the scope of protection of rights, and on the relationship between de jure rights (i.e. those specified in the legal provisions of individual countries, in particular, in their constitutions) and de facto rights (i.e. de facto protection of rights). Thisthesisisinscribed in the discussion about the impact of different categories of rights on the economy and society by offering comprehensive analysis of the effects and determinants of human rights protection in post-socialist countries. Post-socialist countries are understood as those situated in Central and Eastern Europe,1 in former Yugoslavia2 and in the former USSR3 . The thesis comprises four papers inquiring into the issue of socio-economic effects and determinants of human rights protection in post-socialist states. The first one is devoted to the analysis of the impact of various categories of human rights on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow in post-socialist states, while the second one focuses on the influence of empowerment rights on the level of subjective well being of citizens of post-socialist states. The third paper explains the determinants of level of civil rights protection in countries of that region. Finally, the fourth paper combines both perspectives and addresses the question of whether the protection of civil liberties affects economic development, or whether it is economic development that serves as a pre-determinant of a sound system of civil liberties protection. Paper 1 entitled “Human rights protection and foreign direct investment: The case of post‐socialist countries” and published in Economics of Transition and Institutional Change examines the impact of de facto human rights protection in a given country on the level of investment costs(FDI) in that country. The innovative nature of the study stems from several issues related to the addition of a spatial component to the model explaining the impact of protection standards on the level of FDI. I assumed 1 Albania, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia. 2 Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Serbia, Slovenia. 3 Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lithuania, Latvia, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. 2 that the investor's propensity to invest in a given country does not depend only on the level of human rights protection in that country, but also on the level of protection observed in neighbouring countries. The use of spatial modelling approach made it possible to identify the phenomenon of competition between countries for foreign investments using the standards of human rights protection. Furthermore, I proposed a new “human rights distance” indicator, illustrating the institutional distance between two countries in terms of de facto human rights protection standards. In order to examine the impact of human rights distance on investors' decisions, I modified the traditional gravity model by replacing the geographical distance between countries with the measure of human rights distance. The results obtained suggest that investors prefer to invest in countries with a similar level of protection standards to that in their home country. Paper 2 entitled “Empowerment Rights and Happiness Gap in Post-socialist Countries'' and published in Central European Economic Journal addresses the impact of human rights protection standards on the declared level of life satisfaction among residents of post-socialist countries and on the existence of the happiness gap. The originality of this study results from the fact that it was conducted on disaggregated measures of standards of the de facto protection of civil rights related to specific rights and freedoms, i.e. freedom of assembly, freedom of expression, freedom of religion, freedom of movement. In addition, for the first time in research on the determinants of the happiness gap in post socialist countries, the measure of the gap between the de jure and de facto standards of protection of rights and freedoms (the so-called de jure - de facto gap) was used. The obtained results indicated the negative impact of the lack of compliance of the government's actions with the declarations contained in the state constitution on the level of the declared level of life satisfaction of the inhabitants of post socialist countries and a positive impact on the size of the happiness gap. Paper 3 entitled “Are civil liberties contagious? Analysis of determinants of de facto civil rights protection in post-socialist countries” and published in Constitutional Political Economy is devoted to the analysis of spatial and aspatial determinants of civil liberties standards of protection in post-socialist countries. This is the first comprehensive study of the determinants of human rights protection for post socialist countries. The chosen empirical approach based on spatial modelling allowed for the conclusion that spatial interactions between countries constitute an important determinant of the level of de facto protection of civil rights and that for some rights and freedoms this effect is significantly different for post-socialist countries as compared to the rest of the world. In addition, thanks to the use of various types of spatial weight matrices, I obtained results that suggest that not only geographical proximity of countries, but also cultural proximity affects the spatial diffusion of the standards of civil rights protection. I also identified centres of diffusion of standards of civil rights protection that have the greatest impact on post-socialist countries. 3 In Paper 4 entitled “On the Relationship Between Civil Liberties and Socio-Economic Development in Post-Socialist States” and published in Gospodarka Narodowa, I combined perspectives related to effects and determinants of human rights. My main focus was on the direct interrelationship of civil liberties and economic development measured by GDP growth. Additionally, in the extended version of the model, I accounted for possible intermediaries between civil liberties and economic development. My results imply that GDP growth in post-socialist states positively reacts to changes in civil liberties, while civil liberties positively react to changes in GDP growth. Moreover, the outcomes of the model suggest the presence of various intermediaries in the relationship between civil liberties and economic development in post-socialist states. These are domestic investment, foreign direct investment, total factor productivity, and judicial independence. The studies included in the thesis entail several policy implications highlighting the relevance of the level of human rights protection for the socio-economic development of the country and for shaping citizens’ relationship with the government
W ostatnich latach, wraz z intensyfikacją badań z zakresu ekonomii instytucjonalnej, a w szczególności ekonomii konstytucyjnej i ekonomicznej analizy prawa, zagadnienia związane z ochroną praw człowieka stały się przedmiotem badań ekonomicznych. Ekonomiczna analiza praw człowieka jest tematem obecnym w literaturze zarówno ekonomicznej jak i prawniczej. Badania koncentrują się na szeregu zagadnień, między innymi na wpływie ochrony praw człowieka na wzrost gospodarczy, na determinantach określonego zakresu ochrony praw w wybranych państwach oraz na relacji pomiędzy prawami de iure (tj. określonymi w przepisach prawnych poszczególnych państw, w szczególności w ich konstytucjach) i prawami de facto (rzeczywistą ochroną praw). Moja rozprawa wpisuje się w dyskusję na temat wpływu różnych kategorii praw człowieka na gospodarkę i społeczeństwo. Zawiera kompleksową analizę efektów i determinant ochrony praw człowieka w krajach postsocjalistycznych. W ramach grupy państw postsocjalistycznych uwzględniłam kraje Europy Środkowowschodniej1 , kraje byłej Jugosławii2 oraz kraje powstałe po rozpadzie Związku Socjalistycznych Republik Radzieckich3 . Rozprawa składa się z czterech artykułów naukowych poświęconych tematyce społeczno ekonomicznych skutków i determinant ochrony praw człowieka w krajach postsocjalistycznych. Pierwszy artykuł jest poświęcony analizie wpływu rożnych kategorii praw człowieka na poziom bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych. Drugi dotyczy wpływu standardów ochrony praw człowieka na deklarowany poziom zadowolenia z życia mieszkańców krajów postsocjalistycznych. Trzeci artykuł prezentuje determinanty ochrony praw i wolności obywatelskich w krajach postsocjalistycznych. Ostatni artykuł łączy obie perspektywy i udziela odpowiedzi na pytanie o kierunek przyczynowości: czy to prawa i wolności obywatelskie wpływają na wzrost gospodarczy, czy też to wzrost gospodarczy wpływa na ugruntowanie się stabilnego systemu praw i wolności obywatelskich. Pierwszy artykuł zatytułowany “Human rights protection and foreign direct investment: The case of post‐socialist countries” i opublikowany w Economics of Transition and Institutional Change dotyczy analizy wpływu poziomu respektowania praw człowieka de facto w danym kraju na poziom bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych (foreign direct investment - FDI) w tym kraju. Innowacyjny 1 Albania, Bułgaria, Republika Czeska, Węgry, Polska, Rumunia, Słowacja 2 Bośnia i Hercegowina, Chorwacja, Czarnogóra, Macedonia, Serbia, Słowenia 3 Armenia, Azerbejdżan, Białoruś, Estonia, Gruzja, Kazachstan, Kirgistan, Litwa, Łotwa, Mołdawia, Rosja, Tadżykistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraina, Uzbekistan 2 charakter badania wynika z kilku kwestii związanych z dodaniem komponentu przestrzennego do modelu wyjaśniającego wpływ standardów ochrony praw na poziom FDI. Założyłam, że skłonność inwestora do zainwestowania środków w danym kraju nie jest zależna jedynie od poziomu ochrony praw człowieka w tym kraju, ale również od poziomu, który jest obserwowany w krajach sąsiadujących. W badaniu dokonałam kompleksowej teoretycznej analizy potencjalnych mechanizmów przestrzennego oddziaływania standardów ochrony praw człowieka na poziom FDI. Zastosowanie podejścia empirycznego opartego na modelowaniu przestrzennym pozwoliło na zidentyfikowanie zjawiska konkurowania krajów o inwestycje zagraniczne przy użyciu standardów ochrony praw człowieka. Ponadto, w ramach badania zaproponowałam nowy wskaźnik human rights distance, obrazujący dystans instytucjonalny między dwoma krajami w zakresie standardów ochrony praw człowieka de facto. W celu zbadania wpływu human rights distance na decyzje inwestorów zmodyfikowałam tradycyjny model grawitacyjny zastępując w nim miarę dystansu geograficznego pomiędzy krajami miarą human rights distance. Uzyskane wyniki sugerują, że inwestorzy preferują lokowanie środków w krajach o zbliżonym poziomie standardów ochrony praw do tego, jaki występuje w ich kraju macierzystym. Drugi artykuł (zatytułowany “Empowerment Rights and Happiness Gap in Post-socialist Countries'' i opublikowany w Central European Economic Journal) dotyczy wpływu standardów ochrony praw człowieka na deklarowany poziom zadowolenia z życia mieszkańców krajów postsocjalistycznych oraz na istnienie luki w poziomie zadowolenia z życia mieszkańców krajów postsocjalistycznych i krajów wysoko rozwiniętych nienależących do grupy państw postsocjalistycznych (happiness gap). Oryginalność tego badania wynika z tego, że zostało ono przeprowadzone nie na zagregowanych miarach standardów ochrony praw i wolności obywatelskich, ale na wskaźnikach odnoszących się do konkretnych praw i wolności tj. wolności zgromadzeń, prawa do swobody wypowiedzi, wolności wyznania, swobody przemieszczania się. Ponadto, po raz pierwszy w badaniach dotyczących determinant happiness gap w krajach postsocjalistycznych jako miarę luki wykorzystano rozbieżność między standardami ochrony praw i wolności de iure i de facto (tzw. de iure – de facto gap). Uzyskane wyniki wskazały na istnienie negatywnego wpływu braku zgodności działań rządu z prawami i wolnościami zawartymi w konstytucji państwa na poziom deklarowanej satysfakcji z życia mieszkańców w krajach postsocjalistycznych oraz na istnienie pozytywnego wpływu braku tej zgodności na wielkość happiness gap. Trzeci artykuł zatytułowany “Are civil liberties contagious? Analysis of determinants of de facto civil rights protection in post-socialist countries” i opublikowany w czasopiśmie naukowym Constitutional Political Economy poświęciłam analizie przestrzennych i nieprzestrzennych determinant ochrony praw i wolności obywatelskich w krajach postsocjalistycznych. Jest to pierwsze kompleksowe badanie czynników warunkujących poziom ochrony praw człowieka w krajach postsocjalistycznych. Zastosowanie podejścia badawczego opartego na modelu przestrzennym pozwoliło na stwierdzenie, że 3 przestrzenne interakcje między krajami są istotnym czynnikiem warunkującym poziom ochrony praw i wolności obywatelskich de facto oraz, że dla niektórych praw i wolności ten efekt jest istotnie rożny dla krajów postsocjalistycznych w porównaniu do reszty świata. Ponadto, dzięki wykorzystaniu różnych rodzajów macierzy wag przestrzennych uzyskałam wyniki, które sugerują, że nie tylko bliskość geograficzna krajów, ale również bliskość kulturowa wpływają na siłę zjawiska przestrzennej dyfuzji ochrony praw i wolności obywatelskich. Udało mi się również zidentyfikować centra dyfuzji standardów ochrony praw i wolności obywatelskich mające największy wpływ na kraje postsocjalistyczne. W czwartym artykule zatytułowanym “On the Relationship Between Civil Liberties and Socio Economic Development in Post-Socialist States” i opublikowanym w czasopiśmie Gospodarka Narodowa połączyłam perspektywy związane ze skutkami i determinantami praw człowieka. Moim głównym celem było zbadanie bezpośredniego związku między swobodami obywatelskimi a rozwojem gospodarczym (mierzonym wzrostem PKB). Dodatkowo w rozszerzonej wersji modelu uwzględniłam istnienie ewentualnych kanałów współzależności między swobodami obywatelskimi a rozwojem gospodarczym. Uzyskane przeze mnie wyniki sugerują, że ścieżki przyczynowo-skutkowe między powyższymi zmiennymi są dwukierunkowe:wzrost gospodarczy jest wrażliwy na zmiany w standardach ochrony swobód obywatelskich, ale też standardy ochrony swobód obywatelskich reagują na zmiany w dynamice wzrostu gospodarczego. Ponadto, uzyskane wyniki wskazują na występowanie kilku ekonomicznych i instytucjonalnych kanałów współzależności między swobodami obywatelskimi a rozwojem gospodarczym w państwach postsocjalistycznych. Są to: inwestycje krajowe, łączna produktywność czynników produkcji i niezależność sądownictwa. Badania zawarte w rozprawie niosą ze sobą kilka rekomendacji politycznych podkreślających znaczenie poziomu ochrony praw człowieka dla rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego państwa i dla kształtowania relacji obywateli z rządem.

碩士
國立中興大學
企業管理學系所
100
The China is often the first choice of Taiwan companies have chosen to set up factories. Compared with other countries, cultural and language differences is much smaller than others. In management and communication not only save a lot of time, but also avoid semantic errors generated by misunderstanding. But China is a centralized system, and lack of other cultural influences, coupled with centralization of power, struggle, closed to the outside, the values affect the employees. The formation of values often effect by their social and environmental impact, and note easy to change. In China special social systems and political environmental factors, the values of the people make employees more self-serving, unfavorable to leave the company. In this case, companies have high staff turnover, so this study examines the employees in China, there exists a sense of trust, the leadership for the employees is the most direct impact, and organizational commitment can effectively predict employee turnover rate, this study will be taking a step forward to discuss the relationship of organizational trust, leadership style and organizational commitment. To better understand the relationship between organizational trust, and leadership style and organizational commitment, the questionnaire was used to verify the analysis, and the interview record as a supplement to a clear understanding of organizational trust changes the relationship between reason and other variables. The study results showed that: (1) transformational leadership and transactional leadership on organizational trust both significant positive effect. (2) transformational leadership and transactional leadership have a significant positive impact on organizational commitment. (3) organizational trust on organizational commitment to both a significant positive impact. (4) transformational leadership and transactional leadership are trust the mediating effect of organizational commitment through the organization. (5) Two questionnaire organizational trust there is no significant difference, possibly because of the time is too short. (6) Organization of paired samples of trust decline, possibly because of low wages coupled with the end reduced orders, resulting in staff overtime can receive. (7) organizational trust ANOVA relatively new employees, old employees and former employees of the trust was no difference, possibly because of high staff turnover, resulting in employees experiencing these three roles time quickly, resulting in no difference.

The thesis addresses fertility patterns and trends in post-socialist countries of the Czech Republic, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Republic of Latvia and western countries of Sweden and the United States of America during 1999 - 2007 period. Differentials in shifts in fertility behavior including changes in family formation, fertility timing and extramarital childbearing coming from the baby-boom era in western countries and the collapse of state socialist regime in post-socialist countries are described in the thesis. The tendency in changing attitudes to childbearing and the role of the children in the family are obviously seen. After examining the age profile in fertility development for selected countries the role of women according to age group in overall fertility is explained. Share of live births borne outside of marriage in western countries has increased over the past decades. While the vast changes in the proportion of extramarital live births in post-socialist countries observed since entering to the market economy of state management. This is explained by several reasons including less favorable socio-economic conditions during the transition period and changes in social norms in the society. Relationship between the share of extramarital live births and...

The main aim of this Master's thesis is to define the relationship between fertility rates and family policy in Central Europe, that experienced steep decline in fertility during the 1990s, and in Northern Europe, known for its stable and relatively high fertility. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, current models of family policy are defined and examples of policy measures that motivate people to start a family are found. The thesis also wants answer the question whether it is possible to implement a successful model of family policy in another region. The research focuses on two groups of countries, which went through similar development over the last decades: Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland and Hungary that share a similar socialist experience, while Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland attempted to find the third way between market economy and strong welfare state. Both regions also had to restructure their economy and reform their welfare states in the beginning of the 1990s. This development influenced today's beliefs about family support, childcare services or flexibility of the labour market, crucial in formulations of national family policy.