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Journal articles on the topic 'Post-Trascriptional gene silencing (PTGS)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Vaucheret, Hervé, Christophe Béclin, and Mathilde Fagard. "Post-transcriptional gene silencing in plants." Journal of Cell Science 114, no. 17 (2001): 3083–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.114.17.3083.

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Post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in plants is an RNA-degradation mechanism that shows similarities to RNA interference (RNAi) in animals. Indeed, both involve double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), spread within the organism from a localised initiating area, correlate with the accumulation of small interfering RNA (siRNA) and require putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, RNA helicases and proteins of unknown functions containing PAZ and Piwi domains. However, some differences are evident. First, PTGS in plants requires at least two genes – SGS3 (which encodes a protein of unknown function co

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Tan, Huijuan, Bosheng Li, and Hongwei Guo. "The diversity of post-transcriptional gene silencing mediated by small silencing RNAs in plants." Essays in Biochemistry 64, no. 6 (2020): 919–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/ebc20200006.

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Abstract In plants, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) tightly regulates development, maintains genome stability and protects plant against foreign genes. PTGS can be triggered by virus infection, transgene, and endogenous transcript, thus commonly serves as an RNA-based immune mechanism. Accordingly, based on the initiating factors, PTGS can be divided into viral-PTGS, transgene-PTGS, and endo-gene-PTGS. Unlike the intensely expressed invading transgenes and viral genes that frequently undergo PTGS, most endogenous genes do not trigger PTGS, except for a few that can produce endogenou

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Taochy, Christelle, Agnès Yu, Nicolas Bouché, et al. "Post-transcriptional gene silencing triggers dispensable DNA methylation in gene body in Arabidopsis." Nucleic Acids Research 47, no. 17 (2019): 9104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz636.

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Abstract Spontaneous post-transcriptional silencing of sense transgenes (S-PTGS) is established in each generation and is accompanied by DNA methylation, but the pathway of PTGS-dependent DNA methylation is unknown and so is its role. Here we show that CHH and CHG methylation coincides spatially and temporally with RDR6-dependent products derived from the central and 3′ regions of the coding sequence, and requires the components of the RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway NRPE1, DRD1 and DRM2, but not CLSY1, NRPD1, RDR2 or DCL3, suggesting that RDR6-dependent products, namely long dsRNA

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Sullivan, Jack M., Edwin H. Yau, Tiffany A. Kolniak, Lowell G. Sheflin, R. Thomas Taggart, and Heba E. Abdelmaksoud. "Variables and Strategies in Development of Therapeutic Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing Agents." Journal of Ophthalmology 2011 (2011): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/531380.

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Post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) agents such as ribozymes, RNAi and antisense have substantial potential for gene therapy of human retinal degenerations. These technologies are used to knockdown a specific target RNA and its cognate protein. The disease target mRNA may be a mutant mRNA causing an autosomal dominant retinal degeneration or a normal mRNA that is overexpressed in certain diseases. All PTGS technologies depend upon the initial critical annealing event of the PTGS ligand to the target RNA. This event requires that the PTGS agent is in a conformational state able to suppor

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Mitsuhara, Ichiro, Naomi Shirasawa-Seo, Takayoshi Iwai, Shigeo Nakamura, Ryoso Honkura, and Yuko Ohashi. "Release From Post-transcriptional Gene Silencing by Cell Proliferation in Transgenic Tobacco Plants: Possible Mechanism for Noninheritance of the Silencing." Genetics 160, no. 1 (2002): 343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/160.1.343.

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Abstract Transgenic tobacco plants that overproduce luciferase (Luc) frequently exhibit post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) of luc. The silencing was observed over five generations and found not to be inherited but acquired by the next generation at a certain frequency. Luc imaging analysis of silenced plants revealed Luc activity only in proliferating tissues such as shoot meristem and developing flower. The luc gene expression has been recovered from silencing before development of germ cells, excluding a possible recovery from the PTGS at meiosis. A systemic silencing signal transfer

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Singh, S., A. Green, P. Stoutjesdijk, and Q. Liu. "Inverted-repeat DMA: a new gene-silencing tool for seed lipid modification." Biochemical Society Transactions 28, no. 6 (2000): 925–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0280925.

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Post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) has been successfully used to modify seed lipids in oilseed crops like soybean, canola and sunflower. Conventionally, PTGS has been induced by transforming the plants with either antisense or co-suppression constructs targeted against key seed lipid biosynthesis genes. A major drawback of this approach has been the recovery of only a modest proportion of silenced individuals from large populations of transgenic plants. In this report we show that inverted-repeat DNA constructs containing an intron encoding RNA with a hairpin structure can induce PTGS

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Meng, Chunying, Jun Chen, Jinrong Peng, and Sek-Man Wong. "Host-induced avirulence of hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus mutants correlates with reduced gene-silencing suppression activity." Journal of General Virology 87, no. 2 (2006): 451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81578-0.

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Post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) and virus-encoded gene-silencing suppressors are defence and counterdefence strategies developed by host and pathogens during evolution. Using a green fluorescence protein-based transient suppression system, the coat protein (CP) of Hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus (HCRSV) was identified as a strong gene-silencing suppressor. CP suppressed sense RNA-induced but not dsRNA-induced local and systemic PTGS. This is different from another virus in the genus Carmovirus, Turnip crinkle virus (TCV), the CP of which strongly suppresses dsRNA-induced PTGS. HCR

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Youngson, Neil A., Pin-Chun Lin, and Shih-Shun Lin. "The convergence of autophagy, small RNA and the stress response – implications for transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in plants." BioMolecular Concepts 5, no. 1 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2013-0032.

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AbstractRecent discoveries in eukaryotes have shown that autophagy-mediated degradation of DICER and ARGONAUTE (AGO), the proteins involved in post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), can occur in response to viral infection and starvation. In plants, a virally encoded protein P0 specifically interacts with AGO1 and enhances degradation through autophagy, resulting in suppression of gene silencing. In HeLa cells, DICER and AGO2 protein levels decreased after nutrient starvation or after treatment to increase autophagy. Environmental exposures to viral infection and starvation have also rece

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Teycheney, Pierre-Yves, and Mark Tepfer. "Virus-specific spatial differences in the interference with silencing of the chs-A gene in non-transgenic petunia." Journal of General Virology 82, no. 5 (2001): 1239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-82-5-1239.

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Potyviruses, such as potato virus Y and tobacco etch virus, as well as cucumber mosaic cucumovirus, interfere with post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). When RedStar-type Petunia hybrida cultivars, whose flowers have alternating white and pigmented sectors, were infected with these viruses, each virus induced a different pattern of restoration of floral anthocyanin pigmentation. Local reversion to coloured phenotypes in the white sectors, which occurred through interference with PTGS of the chalcone synthase A (chs-A) gene, was correlated with locally increased levels of chs-A mRNA and v

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Jan, Fuh-Jyh, Carmen Fagoaga, Sheng-Zhi Pang, and Dennis Gonsalves. "A single chimeric transgene derived from two distinct viruses confers multi-virus resistance in transgenic plants through homology-dependent gene silencing." Journal of General Virology 81, no. 8 (2000): 2103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-81-8-2103.

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We showed previously that 218 and 110 bp N gene segments of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) that were fused to the non-target green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene were able to confer resistance to TSWV via post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). N gene segments expressed alone did not confer resistance. Apparently, the GFP DNA induced PTGS that targetted N gene segments and the incoming homologous TSWV for degradation, resulting in a resistant phenotype. These observations suggested that multiple resistance could be obtained by replacing the GFP DNA with a viral DNA that induces PTGS. The

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Cañizares, M. Carmen, Rosa Lozano-Durán, Tomás Canto, et al. "Effects of the Crinivirus Coat Protein–Interacting Plant Protein SAHH on Post-Transcriptional RNA Silencing and Its Suppression." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 26, no. 9 (2013): 1004–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-02-13-0037-r.

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In plants, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) is a sequence-specific mechanism of RNA degradation induced by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), which is processed into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). siRNAs are methylated and, thereby, stabilized by the activity of the S-adenosylmethionine-dependent RNA methyltransferase HEN1. PTGS is amplified by host-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RDR), which generate dsRNA that is processed into secondary siRNAs. To counteract this RNA silencing-mediated response of the host, plant viruses express proteins with silencing suppression activity. Her

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Tenllado, F., D. Barajas, M. Vargas, F. A. Atencio, P. González-Jara, and J. R. Díaz-Ruíz. "Transient Expression of Homologous Hairpin RNA Causes Interference with Plant Virus Infection and Is Overcome by a Virus Encoded Suppressor of Gene Silencing." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 16, no. 2 (2003): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.2.149.

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Specific post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) of target genes can be induced in a variety of organisms by providing homologous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules. In plants, PTGS is part of a defense mechanism against virus infection. We have previously shown and patented that direct delivery to nontransgenic plants of dsRNA derived from viral sequences specifically interfere with virus infection. Here, we show that transient expression of constructs encoding hairpin RNA homologous to a rapidly replicating plant tobamovirus also interferes with virus multiplication in a sequence-depen

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Sarris, Panagiotis F., Shang Gao, Konstantinos Karademiris, Hailing Jin, Kriton Kalantidis, and Nickolas J. Panopoulos. "Phytobacterial Type III Effectors HopX1, HopAB1 and HopF2 Enhance Sense-Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing Independently of Plant R Gene-Effector Recognition." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 24, no. 8 (2011): 907–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-01-11-0010.

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Plant- and animal-pathogenic bacteria deploy a variable arsenal of type III effector proteins (T3EP) to manipulate host defense. Specific biochemical functions and molecular or subcellular targets have been demonstrated or proposed for a growing number of T3EP but remain unknown for the majority of them. Here, we show that transient expression of genes coding certain bacterial T3EP (HopAB1, HopX1, and HopF2), which did not elicit hypersensitive response (HR) in transgenic green fluorescent protein (GFP) Nicotiana benthamiana 16C line, enhanced the sense post-transcriptional gene silencing (S-P

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Hily, Jean-Michel, Ralph Scorza*, and Michel Ravelonandro. "Short interfering RNAs are Associated with Virus Resistance in a Woody Perennial Fruit Tree (Prunus domestica)." HortScience 39, no. 4 (2004): 862D—862. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.862d.

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We have shown that high-level resistance to plum pox virus (PPV) in transgenic plum clone C5 is based on post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), otherwise termed RNA silencing (Scorza et al. Transgenic Res. 10:201-209, 2001). In order to more fully characterize RNA silencing in woody perennial crops, we investigated the production of short interfering RNA (siRNA) in transgenic plum clones C3 and C5, both of which harbor the capsid protein (CP) gene of PPV. We used as a control, plum PT-23, a clone only transformed with the two marker genes, NPTII and GUS. We show in the current report that

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Schröder, Jens A., and Pauline E. Jullien. "The Diversity of Plant Small RNAs Silencing Mechanisms." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 73, no. 5 (2019): 362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2019.362.

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Small RNAs gene regulation was first discovered about 20 years ago. It represents a conserve gene regulation mechanism across eukaryotes and is associated to key regulatory processes. In plants, small RNAs tightly regulate development, but also maintain genome stability and protect the plant against pathogens. Small RNA gene regulation in plants can be divided in two canonical pathways: Post-transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) that results in transcript degradation and/or translational inhibition or Transcriptional Gene Silencing (TGS) that results in DNA methylation. In this review, we will

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Giordano, Ennio, Rosaria Rendina, Ivana Peluso, and Maria Furia. "RNAi Triggered by Symmetrically Transcribed Transgenes in Drosophila melanogaster." Genetics 160, no. 2 (2002): 637–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/160.2.637.

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Abstract Specific silencing of target genes can be induced in a variety of organisms by providing homologous double-stranded RNA molecules. In vivo, these molecules can be generated either by transcription of sequences having an inverted-repeat (IR) configuration or by simultaneous transcription of sense-antisense strands. Since IR constructs are difficult to prepare and can stimulate genomic rearrangements, we investigated the silencing potential of symmetrically transcribed sequences. We report that Drosophila transgenes whose sense-antisense transcription was driven by two convergent arrays

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Zhou, Z. Sh, M. Dell'Orco, P. Saldarelli, C. Turturo, A. Minafra, and G. P. Martelli. "Identification of an RNA-silencing suppressor in the genome of Grapevine virus A." Journal of General Virology 87, no. 8 (2006): 2387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81893-0.

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Higher plants use post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), an RNA-degradation system, as a defence mechanism against viral infections. To counteract this, plant viruses encode and express PTGS suppressor proteins. Four of the five proteins encoded by the Grapevine virus A (GVA) genome were screened using a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based transient expression assay, and the expression product of ORF5 (protein p10) was identified as a suppressor of silencing. ORF5 p10 suppressed local and systemic silencing induced by a transiently expressed single-stranded sense RNA. This protein was a

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Quốc, Nguyễn Bảo, and Nguyễn Ngọc Bảo Châu. "Perspectives of RNAi studies in plant pathogenic fungi." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 14, no. 1 (2016): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/14/1/9306.

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RNA silencing, the phenomenon known as RNA interference (RNAi), co-suppression or post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) and quelling, has become more popular in studies of its intrinsic roles and applications in many organisms or of gene functions in a whole genomic scale. Since the discovery of RNA silencing more two decades ago, this powerful technology has demonstrated its applicability in developing RNAi-based drugs for various diseases in human. RNA silencing is also of interest in basic and applied studies in agriculture, especially in plant protection to create crop varieties that

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Balmori-Melian, Ezequiel, Robin M. MacDiarmid, David L. Beck, Richard C. Gardner, and Richard L. S. Forster. "Sequence-, Tissue-, and Delivery-Specific Targeting of RNA During Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 15, no. 8 (2002): 753–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2002.15.8.753.

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Transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants expressing an untranslatable version of the coat protein (CP) gene from the Tamarillo mosaic virus (TaMV) were either resistant to TaMV infection or recovered from infection. These phenotypes were the result of a post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) mechanism that targeted TaMV-CP sequences for degradation. The TaMV-CP sequences were degraded when present in the wild-type TaMV potyvirus, in transgene mRNA, or in chimeric viral vectors based on White clover mosaic virus. The more efficiently targeted region was mapped to a 134-nt segment. Difference

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Brault, V., S. Pfeffer, M. Erdinger, J. Mutterer, and V. Ziegler-Graff. "Virus-Induced Gene Silencing in Transgenic Plants Expressing the Minor Capsid Protein of Beet western yellows virus." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 15, no. 8 (2002): 799–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2002.15.8.799.

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Transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana expressing the minor coat protein P74 of the phloem-limited Beet western yellows virus (BWYV) exhibited an unusual spatial pattern of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) when infected with BWYV or related viruses. Following infection, transgenic P74 and its mRNA accumulated to only low levels, 21 to 23 nucleotide RNAs homologous to the transgene appeared, and the transgene DNA underwent methylation. The infecting viral RNA, however, was not subject to significant silencing but multiplied readily and produced P74 in the phloem tissues, although the P74 en

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Rodríguez-Gandarilla, Myriam G., Edgar A. Rodríguez-Negrete, and Rafael F. Rivera-Bustamante. "Superinfection by PHYVV Alters the Recovery Process in PepGMV-Infected Pepper Plants." Viruses 12, no. 3 (2020): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12030286.

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Geminiviruses are important plant pathogens that affect crops around the world. In some geminivirus–host interactions, infected plants show recovery, a phenomenon characterized by symptom disappearance in newly emerging leaves. In pepper–Pepper golden mosaic virus (PepGMV) interaction, the host recovery process involves a silencing mechanism that includes both post-transcriptional (PTGS) and transcriptional (TGS) gene silencing pathways. Under field conditions, PepGMV is frequently found in mixed infections with Pepper huasteco yellow vein virus (PHYVV), another bipartite begomovirus. Mixed in

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Nyadar, Palmahm, Aleksei Zaitsev, Adeyemi Tajudeen, Maksym Shumskykh, and Volodymyr Oberemok. "Biological control of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar): an RNAi-based approach and a case for DNA insecticides." Archives of Biological Sciences 68, no. 3 (2016): 677–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs150828041n.

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The discovery of the post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) mechanism, widely known as RNAi (RNA interference),has contributed towards the elucidation of the cellular machinery involved in the response against viral infections based on gene silencing, and in developmental regulation of translational suppression. The application of RNAi in insect pest management (IPM),and gene functional analysis, has been of enormous importance. Unfortunately, as RNAi has many times proven to be difficult to examine in Lepidoptera, focus has shifted to other potential post-genomic options in IPM. Special a

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Cañizares, M. Carmen, Kathryn M. Taylor, and George P. Lomonossoff. "Surface-exposed C-terminal amino acids of the small coat protein of Cowpea mosaic virus are required for suppression of silencing." Journal of General Virology 85, no. 11 (2004): 3431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.80454-0.

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The small (S) coat protein of Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) has been identified previously as a virus-encoded suppressor of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Deletions within the C-terminal 24 aa of this protein affect the yield and systemic spread of the virus, suggesting that the C-terminal amino acids of the S protein, which are exposed on the surface of assembled virus particles, may be responsible for the suppressor activity. To investigate this, versions of CPMV RNA-2 with deletions at the C terminus of the S protein were tested for their ability to counteract PTGS in leaf-patch t

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Mitter, Neena, Emy Sulistyowati, and Ralf G. Dietzgen. "Cucumber mosaic virus Infection Transiently Breaks dsRNA-Induced Transgenic Immunity to Potato virus Y in Tobacco." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 16, no. 10 (2003): 936–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.10.936.

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Post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), an intrinsic plant defense mechanism, can be efficiently triggered by double stranded (ds)RNA-producing transgenes and can provide high level virus resistance by specific targeting of cognate viral RNA. The discovery of virus-encoded suppressors of PTGS led to concerns about the stability of such resistance. Here, we show that Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is able to suppress dsRNA-induced PTGS and the associated Potato virus Y (PVY) immunity in tobacco. CMV suppression supported only a transient PVY accumulation and did not prevent recovery of the tra

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Wassenegger, Michael, and Athanasios Dalakouras. "Viroids as a Tool to Study RNA-Directed DNA Methylation in Plants." Cells 10, no. 5 (2021): 1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10051187.

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Viroids are plant pathogenic, circular, non-coding, single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs). Members of the Pospiviroidae family replicate in the nucleus of plant cells through double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) intermediates, thus triggering the host’s RNA interference (RNAi) machinery. In plants, the two RNAi pillars are Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) and RNA-directed DNA Methylation (RdDM), and the latter has the potential to trigger Transcriptional Gene Silencing (TGS). Over the last three decades, the employment of viroid-based systems has immensely contributed to our understanding of both of

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Wu, Hui-Wen, Shih-Shun Lin, Kuan-Chun Chen, Shyi-Dong Yeh, and Nam-Hai Chua. "Discriminating Mutations of HC-Pro of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus with Differential Effects on Small RNA Pathways Involved in Viral Pathogenicity and Symptom Development." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 23, no. 1 (2010): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-23-1-0017.

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Helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro), the gene-silencing suppressor of Potyvirus spp., interferes with microRNA (miRNA) and short-interfering RNA (siRNA) pathways. Our previous studies showed that three mutations of highly conserved amino acids of HC-Pro, R180I (mutation A), F205L (B), and E396N (C), of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) affect symptom severity and viral pathogenicity. The mutant ZYMV GAC (ZGAC) with double mutations, R180I/E396N, induces transient leaf mottling in host plants followed by recovery. This mutant confers complete cross protection against subsequent infection by

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Pflieger, Stéphanie, Manon M. S. Richard, Sophie Blanchet, Chouaib Meziadi, and Valérie Geffroy. "VIGS technology: an attractive tool for functional genomics studies in legumes." Functional Plant Biology 40, no. 12 (2013): 1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp13089.

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Legume species are among the most important crops worldwide. In recent years, six legume genomes have been completely sequenced, and there is now an urgent need for reverse-genetics tools to validate genes affecting yield and product quality. As most legumes are recalcitrant to stable genetic transformation, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) appears to be a powerful alternative technology for determining the function of unknown genes. VIGS technology is based on the property of plant viruses to trigger a defence mechanism related to post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Infection by a

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MÄKI-VALKAMA, T., and J. P. T. VALKONEN. "Pathogen derived resistance to Potato virus Y: mechanisms and risks." Agricultural and Food Science 8, no. 4-5 (1999): 493–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5643.

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Since the concept of pathogen derived resistance (PDR) was proposed in 1985, genetic transformation of plants to express virus-derived sequences has been used to engineer resistance to many viruses. This paper reviews PDR approaches to Potato virus Y (PVY, type member of the genus Potyvirus). PDR to viruses operates often through RNA-mediated resistance mechanisms that do not require protein expression. Studies on the RNA-mediated resistance have led to the discovery of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), a mechanism that controls gene expression in eukaryotic cells and provides natura

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Meng, Chunying, Jun Chen, Shou-wei Ding, Jinrong Peng, and Sek-Man Wong. "Hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus coat protein inhibits trans-acting small interfering RNA biogenesis in Arabidopsis." Journal of General Virology 89, no. 9 (2008): 2349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.2008/002170-0.

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Many plant and animal viruses have evolved suppressor proteins to block host RNA silencing at various stages of the RNA silencing pathways. Hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus (HCRSV) coat protein (CP) is capable of suppressing the transiently expressed sense-RNA-induced post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in Nicotiana benthamiana. Here, constitutively expressed HCRSV CP from transgenic Arabidopsis was found to be able to rescue expression of the silenced GUS transgene. The HCRSV CP-transgenic Arabidopsis (line CP6) displayed several developmental abnormalities: elongated, downwardly curl

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Zhao, Ming-Min, De-Rong An, Guang-Hua Huang, Zu-Hua He, and Jiang-Ye Chen. "A Viral Protein Suppresses siRNA-directed Interference in Tobacco Mosaic Virus Infection." Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica 37, no. 4 (2005): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7270.2005.00036.x.

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Abstract Plant viruses encode suppressors of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), an adaptive defense response that limits virus replication and its spread in plants. The helper component proteinase (HC-Pro) of the potato virus A (PVA, genus Potyvirus) suppresses PTGS of silenced transgenes. Here, the effect of HC-Pro on siRNA-directed interference in the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was examined by using a transient Agrobacterium tumefaciens-based delivery system in intact tissues. It was shown that the interference effect was completely blocked by co-infiltration with HC-Pro plus siRNA

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Jan, Fuh-Jyh, Sheng-Zhi Pang, David M. Tricoli, and Dennis Gonsalves. "Evidence that resistance in squash mosaic comovirus coat protein-transgenic plants is affected by plant developmental stage and enhanced by combination of transgenes from different lines." Journal of General Virology 81, no. 9 (2000): 2299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-81-9-2299.

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Three transgenic lines of squash hemizygous for the coat protein genes of squash mosaic virus (SqMV) were shown previously to have resistant (SqMV-127), susceptible (SqMV-22) or recovery (SqMV-3) phenotypes. Post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) was the underlying mechanism for resistance of SqMV-127. Here, experiments conducted to determine the mechanism of the recovery phenotype and whether enhanced resistance could be obtained by combining transgenes from susceptible and recovery plants are reported. Upper leaves of SqMV-3 plants were sampled for Northern analysis at 17, 31 and 45 days

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Thibaut, Olivier, and Bragard Claude. "Innate Immunity Activation and RNAi Interplay in Citrus Exocortis Viroid—Tomato Pathosystem." Viruses 10, no. 11 (2018): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10110587.

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Although viroids are the smallest and simplest plant pathogens known, the molecular mechanisms underlying their pathogenesis remain unclear. To unravel these mechanisms, a dual approach was implemented consisting of in silico identification of potential tomato silencing targets of pospiviroids, and the experimental validation of these targets through the sequencing of small RNAs and RNA ends extracted from tomatoes infected with a severe isolate of Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd). The generated RNA ends were also used to monitor the differentially-expressed genes. These analyses showed that whe

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Mäki-Valkama, Tuula, Jari P. T. Valkonen, Jan F. Kreuze, and Eija Pehu. "Transgenic Resistance to PVYO Associated with Post-Transcriptional Silencing of P1 Transgene Is Overcome by PVYN Strains That Carry Highly Homologous P1 Sequences and Recover Transgene Expression at Infection." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 13, no. 4 (2000): 366–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2000.13.4.366.

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Resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY) has been obtained in our previous studies through expression of the PVY P1 gene in sense or antisense orientation in potato cv. Pito. In the present study, the mechanism and strain specificity of the resistance were analyzed. Several features including low steady-state P1 mRNA expression in the resistant P1 plants indicated that resistance was based on post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Resistance was specific to PVYO isolates, the PVY strain group from which the P1 transgene was derived. However, according to group analyses, there was no distinguish

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Fansuo, Zeng, Xin Ying, Li Bo, Zhan Yaguang, and Yang Chuanping. "The stability of transgene expression and effect of DNA methylation on post transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in birch." African Journal of Biotechnology 10, no. 42 (2011): 8188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb10.2100.

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Fuhrmann, Markus, Alke Stahlberg, Elena Govorunova, Simone Rank, and Peter Hegemann. "The abundant retinal protein of the Chlamydomonas eye is not the photoreceptor for phototaxis and photophobic responses." Journal of Cell Science 114, no. 21 (2001): 3857–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.114.21.3857.

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The chlamyopsin gene (cop) encodes the most abundant eyespot protein in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. This opsin-related protein (COP) binds retinal and was thought to be the photoreceptor controlling photomovement responses via a set of photoreceptor currents. Unfortunately, opsin-deficient mutants are not available and targeted disruption of non-selectable nuclear genes is not yet possible in any green alga. Here we show that intron-containing gene fragments directly linked to their intron-less antisense counterpart provide efficient post-transcriptional gene silencin

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Ahmed, Fee Faysal, Md Imran Hossen, Md Abdur Rauf Sarkar, et al. "Genome-wide identification of DCL, AGO and RDR gene families and their associated functional regulatory elements analyses in banana (Musa acuminata)." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (2021): e0256873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256873.

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RNA silencing is mediated through RNA interference (RNAi) pathway gene families, i.e., Dicer-Like (DCL), Argonaute (AGO), and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDR) and their cis-acting regulatory elements. The RNAi pathway is also directly connected with the post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) mechanism, and the pathway controls eukaryotic gene regulation during growth, development, and stress response. Nevertheless, genome-wide identification of RNAi pathway gene families such as DCL, AGO, and RDR and their regulatory network analyses related to transcription factors have not been studied

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Singh, Davinder Pal, Angelica M. Jermakow, and Stephen M. Swain. "Preliminary development of a genetic strategy to prevent transgene escape by blocking effective pollen flow from transgenic plants." Functional Plant Biology 34, no. 12 (2007): 1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp06323.

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Genetic modification (GM) of plants has great potential in the production of food and industrial compounds, and in molecular pharming. One of the greatest public concerns regarding this technology is effective pollen flow, in which wind- or insect-borne transgenic pollen is able to fertilise either non-GM crops of the same species, or closely related weed species, and lead to viable seed formation. In this paper we describe a novel concept, based on epigenetic inheritance (imprinting) and post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS)/RNA interference (RNAi), designed to prevent transgene escape v

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Asha, Kumari, Prashant Kumar, Melvin Sanicas, Clement Meseko, Madhu Khanna, and Binod Kumar. "Advancements in Nucleic Acid Based Therapeutics against Respiratory Viral Infections." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 1 (2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8010006.

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Several viruses cause pulmonary infections due to their shared tropism with cells of the respiratory tract. These respiratory problems due to viral infection become a public health concern due to rapid transmission through air/aerosols or via direct-indirect contact with infected persons. In addition, the cross-species transmission causes alterations to viral genetic makeup thereby increasing the risk of emergence of pathogens with new and more potent infectivity. With the introduction of effective nucleic acid-based technologies, post translational gene silencing (PTGS) is being increasingly

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Margaria, P., M. Ciuffo, D. Pacifico, and M. Turina. "Evidence That the Nonstructural Protein of Tomato spotted wilt virus Is the Avirulence Determinant in the Interaction with Resistant Pepper Carrying the Tsw Gene." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 20, no. 5 (2007): 547–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-20-5-0547.

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All known pepper cultivars resistant to Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) possess a single dominant resistance gene, Tsw. Recently, naturally occurring resistance-breaking (RB) TSWV strains have been identified, causing major concerns. We used a collection of such strains to identify the specific genetic determinant that allows the virus to overcome the Tsw gene in Capsicum spp. A reverse genetic approach is still not feasible for TSWV; therefore, we analyzed reassortants between wild-type (WT) and RB strains. Our results confirmed that the S RNA, which encodes both the nucleocapsid protein (N)

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Chi, Zhang, Xie Cong-Hua, Song Bo-Tao, Liu Xun, and Liu Jun. "RNAi effects on regulation of endogenous acid invertase activity in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers." Chinese Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology 5, no. 2 (2008): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479236208002192.

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AbstractIn plants, acid invertases are known to be the key enzymes cleaving sucrose into reducing sugars (RS) (glucose and fructose). To improve the quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) chips, which is largely influenced by RS accumulation in tubers stored at low temperature, a part of acid invertase cDNA with hairpin RNA (hpRNA) structure was transformed into potato cv. N2. Detection of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and Northern blotting suggested that the RNA interference (RNAi) vector was successfully transformed into cv. N2. The analysis of acid invertase activity in th

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Obsuwan, Kullanart, Wayne B. Borth, John Hu, and Adelheid R. Kuehnle. "(278) Virus Resistance in Orchid Plants Transforme dwith a Mutated Movement Gene of Cymbidium mosaic virus." HortScience 40, no. 4 (2005): 1050C—1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1050c.

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A Cymbidium mosaic virus movement protein gene with a site-specific mutation (mut11) under control of a ubiquitin promoter was inserted using biolistics into two Dendrobium varieties with the intention of creating CymMV-resistant orchids. Presence of the transgene in regenerated plants of D. × Jaquelyn Thomas `Uniwai Mist' and D. x Jaq–Hawaii `Uniwai Pearl' was confirmed by PCR using genomic DNA, and mut11-positive plants were potted ex vitro. Forty-two transgenic plants and four non-transgenic control plants at the 4- to 6-leaf stage were inoculated with a 1:1000 dilution of CymMV obtained fr

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Fang, Zhiming, Zhongming Zhao, Valsamma Eapen, and Raymond A. Clarke. "siRNA Mediate RNA Interference Concordant with Early On-Target Transient Transcriptional Interference." Genes 12, no. 8 (2021): 1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12081290.

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Exogenous siRNAs are commonly used to regulate endogenous gene expression levels for gene function analysis, genotype–phenotype association studies and for gene therapy. Exogenous siRNAs can target mRNAs within the cytosol as well as nascent RNA transcripts within the nucleus, thus complicating siRNA targeting specificity. To highlight challenges in achieving siRNA target specificity, we targeted an overlapping gene set that we found associated with a familial form of multiple synostosis syndrome type 4 (SYSN4). In the affected family, we found that a previously unknown non-coding gene TOSPEAK

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Wu, Hui-Wen, Tsong-Ann Yu, Joseph A. J. Raja, Serene Judith Christopher, Sine-Lan Wang, and Shyi-Dong Yeh. "Double-Virus Resistance of Transgenic Oriental Melon Conferred by Untranslatable Chimeric Construct Carrying Partial Coat Protein Genes of Two Viruses." Plant Disease 94, no. 11 (2010): 1341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-09-0742.

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Production of oriental melon (Cucumis melo var. makuwa) in Asia is often limited by two potyviruses, the watermelon infecting type of Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV W) and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). In order to engineer transgenic resistance to these two viruses, an untranslatable chimeric DNA comprising partial coat protein (CP) sequences of ZYMV and PRSV W was constructed and used to transform the elite cultivar of oriental melon, Silver Light, by Agrobacterium. Greenhouse evaluation by mechanical challenges with ZYMV and PRSV W, alone or together, identified transgenic lines exhibiti

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Stanzani, E., L. Pedrosa, G. Bourmeau, et al. "P04.03 Different role of integrin a6 in glioblastoma proneural and mesenchymal stem-like cells." Neuro-Oncology 23, Supplement_2 (2021): ii18—ii19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noab180.060.

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Abstract BACKGROUND The plasticity of tumoral cells and the presence of cells displaying stem-like features are two interrelated traits of Glioblastoma (GBM) lesions and both concur in defining its heterogeneity. Particularly, GBM stem-like cells (GSC) can be classified according to trascriptional data in different subgroups, being the Proneural (PN-GSC) and the Mesenchymal (MES-GSC) the most consolidated clusters. GSC are responsible of most of the malignant characteristics of GBM, including therapeutic resistance and tumor recurrence. Therefore, a better understanding of the mechanisms regul

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Grigore, Florina, Charles Day, Nicholas Hanson, et al. "TMOD-36. THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NOVEL MOUSE MODEL TO STUDY THE ROLE OF HISTONE MUTATIONS AND MODIFICATIONS IN PEDIATRIC HIGH-GRADE GLIOMA." Neuro-Oncology 22, Supplement_2 (2020): ii235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaa215.986.

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Abstract Pediatric glioblastoma and diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma are high-grade gliomas of children (pHGG) with a median overall survival of under 15 months and among the most lethal cancers. Mutations in histone H3.3 and H3.1 occur as an early event in pHGG. H3.3G34R/V-mutations occur in pHGG of cerebral hemispheres, and H3.3K27M mutations occur in midline pHGGs. Post-translational histone modifications (PTMs) serve to regulate gene expression by relaxing or compacting chromatin and by recruiting proteins, with subsequent silencing or activating effects. H3.3 Serine 31 (S31) shows reduced

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Palmerini, Emanuela, Michela Pasello, Robin Lewis Jones, et al. "Does MGMT (O6-methylguanine–DNA methyltransferase) have a role in metastatic Ewing sarcoma (ES) patients (pts) undergoing temozolomide (TMZ) and irinotecan (IRI)?" Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (2017): 11030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.11030.

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11030 Background: TMZ+IRI has significant activity in metastatic ES. Epigenetic silencing of the MGMT DNA gene by promoter methylation has been associated with response to TMZ in glioblastoma. Our aim was to assess if MGMT methylation 1) has a role in ES progression and 2) is predictive of response to TMZ. Methods: 1) In 10 ES cell lines presence of MGMT gene (Real-time PCR), methylation of its promoter (methylation-specific PCR) and protein expression (western blot) were assessed. MGMT protein (IHC) and methylation of its promoter was searched in 97 ES pts samples (74 localized; 23 metastatic

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Ohno, Sho, Rikako Makishima, and Motoaki Doi. "Post-transcriptional gene silencing of CYP76AD controls betalain biosynthesis in bracts of bougainvillea." Journal of Experimental Botany, July 19, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab340.

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Abstract Betalain is one of four major plant pigments and shares some features with anthocyanin; however, no plant has been found to biosynthesize both pigments. Previous studies have reported that anthocyanin biosynthesis in some plants is regulated by post-transcriptional gene-silencing (PTGS), but the importance of PTGS in betalain biosynthesis remains unclear. In this study, we report the occurrence of PTGS in betalain biosynthesis in bougainvillea (Bougainvillea peruviana) ‘Thimma’, which produces bracts of three different color on the same plant, namely pink, white, and pink-white. This

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El-Sappah, Ahmed H., Kuan Yan, Qiulan Huang, et al. "Comprehensive Mechanism of Gene Silencing and Its Role in Plant Growth and Development." Frontiers in Plant Science 12 (September 7, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.705249.

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Gene silencing is a negative feedback mechanism that regulates gene expression to define cell fate and also regulates metabolism and gene expression throughout the life of an organism. In plants, gene silencing occurs via transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) and post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). TGS obscures transcription via the methylation of 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR), whereas PTGS causes the methylation of a coding region to result in transcript degradation. In this review, we summarized the history and molecular mechanisms of gene silencing and underlined its specific role i

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Wang, Lishuang, Peijie Tian, Xiuling Yang, et al. "Key Amino Acids for Pepper Vein Yellows Virus P0 Protein Pathogenicity, Gene Silencing, and Subcellular Localization." Frontiers in Microbiology 12 (September 13, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.680658.

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Pepper vein yellows virus (PeVYV) is a newly recognized Polerovirus extracted from Chinese pepper. The symptoms of PeVYV-infested pepper plants comprise intervein yellow staining, leaf curl formation and other malformations, and leaf internodal shrinkage, but the roles of the viral proteins remain undetermined. The P0 protein of the genus Polerovirus has established post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) activity. This investigation focused on the PeVYV-encoded P0 protein and assessed its potential virulence capacity, PTGS activity, and tendencies to localize in the nucleus. This study rev

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Ramesh, S. V., Sneha Yogindran, Prabu Gnanasekaran, Supriya Chakraborty, Stephan Winter, and Hanu R. Pappu. "Virus and Viroid-Derived Small RNAs as Modulators of Host Gene Expression: Molecular Insights Into Pathogenesis." Frontiers in Microbiology 11 (January 14, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.614231.

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Virus-derived siRNAs (vsiRNAs) generated by the host RNA silencing mechanism are effectors of plant’s defense response and act by targeting the viral RNA and DNA in post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) and transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) pathways, respectively. Contrarily, viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs) compromise the host RNA silencing pathways and also cause disease-associated symptoms. In this backdrop, reports describing the modulation of plant gene(s) expression by vsiRNAs via sequence complementarity between viral small RNAs (sRNAs) and host mRNAs have emerged. In s

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