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Levey, Elizabeth J., Bizu Gelaye, Karestan Koenen, Qiu-Yue Zhong, Archana Basu, Sixto E. Sanchez, David C. Henderson, Michelle A. Williams, and Marta B. Rondón. "Trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder in a cohort of pregnant Peruvian women." Springer-Verlag Wien, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/622313.
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El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.Women have a higher prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than men, with a peak during the reproductive years. PTSD during pregnancy adversely impacts maternal and infant health outcomes. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of antepartum PTSD symptoms in a population of pregnant Peruvian women and to examine the impact of number of traumatic events and type of trauma experienced. The Traumatic Events Questionnaire was used to collect data about traumatic exposures. The Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) was used to assess PTSD. Multivariable logistic regression procedures were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Three thousand three hundred seventy-two pregnant women were interviewed. Of the 2920 who reported experiencing one or more traumatic events, 41.8% met criteria for PTSD (PCL-C score ≥ 26). A quarter of participants had experienced four or more traumas, and 60.5% of those women had PTSD. Interpersonal trauma was most strongly associated with PTSD (aOR, 3.20; 95% CI, 2.74-3.74), followed by unspeakable trauma (aOR, 2.87; 95% CI, 2.35-3.50), and structural trauma (aOR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.15-1.67). These findings indicate the high prevalence of PTSD during pregnancy in the Peruvian population, which is relevant to other countries suffering from terrorism, war, or high rates of violence. This underscores the importance of screening for PTSD in pregnancy.
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Gelaye, Bizu, Yinnan Zheng, Maria Elena Medina-Mora, Marta B. Rondón, Sixto E. Sánchez, and Michelle A. Williams. "Validity of the posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) checklist in pregnant women." Biomed Central Ltd, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/622252.
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Abstract BACKGROUND: The PTSD Checklist-civilian (PCL-C) is one of the most commonly used self-report measures of PTSD symptoms, however, little is known about its validity when used in pregnancy. This study aims to evaluate the reliability and validity of the PCL-C as a screen for detecting PTSD symptoms among pregnant women. METHODS: A total of 3372 pregnant women who attended their first prenatal care visit in Lima, Peru participated in the study. We assessed the reliability of the PCL-C items using Cronbach's alpha. Criterion validity and performance characteristics of PCL-C were assessed against an independent, blinded Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) interview using measures of sensitivity, specificity and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves. We tested construct validity using exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic approaches. RESULTS: The reliability of the PCL-C was excellent (Cronbach's alpha =0.90). ROC analysis showed that a cut-off score of 26 offered optimal discriminatory power, with a sensitivity of 0.86 (95% CI: 0.78-0.92) and a specificity of 0.63 (95% CI: 0.62-0.65). The area under the ROC curve was 0.75 (95% CI: 0.71-0.78). A three-factor solution was extracted using exploratory factor analysis and was further complemented with three other models using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). In a CFA, a three-factor model based on DSM-IV symptom structure had reasonable fit statistics with comparative fit index of 0.86 and root mean square error of approximation of 0.09. CONCLUSION: The Spanish-language version of the PCL-C may be used as a screening tool for pregnant women. The PCL-C has good reliability, criterion validity and factorial validity. The optimal cut-off score obtained by maximizing the sensitivity and specificity should be considered cautiously; women who screened positive may require further investigation to confirm PTSD diagnosis.Revisión por pares
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Sanchez, Sixto E., Omar Pineda, Diana Z. Chaves, Qiu-Yue Zhong, Bizu Gelaye, Gregory E. Simon, Marta B. Rondón, and Michelle A. Williams. "Childhood physical and sexual abuse experiences associated with post-traumatic stress disorder among pregnant women." Elsevier B.V, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/622334.
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El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.Purpose We sought to evaluate the extent to which childhood physical and/or sexual abuse history is associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during early pregnancy and to explore the extent to which the childhood abuse-PTSD association is mediated through, or modified by, adult experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV). Methods In-person interviews collected information regarding history of childhood abuse and IPV from 2,928 women aged 18-49 years old prior to 16 weeks of gestation. PTSD was assessed using the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Compared to women with no childhood abuse, the odds of PTSD were increased 4.31-fold for those who reported physical abuse only (95% CI, 2.18–8.49), 5.33-fold for sexual abuse only (95% CI, 2.38–11.98), and 8.03-fold for those who reported physical and sexual abuse (95% CI, 4.10–15.74). Mediation analysis showed 13% of the childhood abuse-PTSD association was mediated by IPV. Furthermore, high odds of PTSD were noted among women with histories of childhood abuse and IPV compared with women who were not exposed to either (OR = 20.20; 95% CI, 8.18–49.85). Conclusions Childhood abuse is associated with increased odds of PTSD during early pregnancy. The odds of PTSD were particularly elevated among women with a history of childhood abuse and IPV. Efforts should be made to prevent childhood abuse and mitigate its effects on women's mental health.
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Friedman, Lauren E., Christina Aponte, Hernandez Rigoberto Perez, Juan Carlos Velez, Bizu Gelaye, Sixto E. Sánchez, Michelle A. Williams, and B. Lee Peterlin. "Migraine and the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder among a cohort of pregnant women." Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/622191.
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Background
Individually both migraine and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prevalence estimates are higher among women. However, there is limited data on the association of migraine and PTSD in women during pregnancy.
Methods
We examined the association between migraine and PTSD among women attending prenatal clinics in Peru. Migraine was characterized using the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD)-III beta criteria. PTSD was assessed using the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) after adjusting for confounders.
Results
Of the 2922 pregnant women included, 33.5% fulfilled criteria for any migraine (migraine 12.5%; probable migraine 21.0%) and 37.4% fulfilled PTSD criteria. Even when controlling for depression, women with any migraine had almost a 2-fold increased odds of PTSD (OR: 1.97; 95% CI: 1.64–2.37) as compared to women without migraine. Specifically, women with migraine alone (i.e. excluding probable migraine) had a 2.85-fold increased odds of PTSD (95% CI: 2.18–3.74), and women with probable migraine alone had a 1.61-fold increased odds of PTSD (95% CI: 1.30–1.99) as compared to those without migraine, even after controlling for depression. In those women with both migraine and comorbid depression, the odds of PTSD in all migraine categories were even further increased as compared to those women without migraine.
Conclusion
In a cohort of pregnant women, irrespective of the presence or absence of depression, the odds of PTSD is increased in those with migraine. Our findings suggest the importance of screening for PTSD, specifically in pregnant women with migraine.
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Grekin, Rebecca. "Factor structure and risk of perinatal posttraumatic stress disorder." Diss., University of Iowa, 2017. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5941.
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Existing research suggests that childbirth may be a significant trigger of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the postpartum period. While literature presents important results regarding the prevalence and risk factors of postpartum PTSD, several gaps remain. The current study examined the factor structure of perinatal PTSD by comparing two supported structures of PTSD. Additionally, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine whether subjective birthing experiences and objective childbirth characteristics mediated the relationship between psychosocial variables (history of trauma, fear of childbirth, and social support) and postpartum PTSD.
Women were recruited during pregnancy from the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. Symptoms of PTSD, OCD, and depression, as well as risk factors for postpartum PTSD were measured at pregnancy, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postpartum. Additionally, structured clinical interviews were conducted to assess for depression, PTSD, OCD, and mania.
Five factor structures were examined using confirmatory factor analysis, including two four factor models with correlated latent factors, two four factor hierarchical models, and a unidimensional model. All models resulted in adequate global fit and excellent component fit. The most parsimonious model, the unidimensional model was retained. The SEM showed that subjective perceptions of childbirth mediated the relationship between fear of childbirth and postpartum PTSD at 4 weeks postpartum. At 8 weeks postpartum, objective childbirth characteristics mediated the relationship between fear of childbirth and postpartum PTSD and there was a direct relationship between fear of childbirth and postpartum PTSD.
The current study supports a hierarchical or unidimensional structure of PTSD in perinatal samples emphasizing the importance of a higher-order, shared dimension of PTSD symptoms. It further emphasizes the importance of fear of childbirth and both subjective and objective birthing experiences in predicting postpartum psychopathology. Future research should examine these symptoms and risk factors in a more diverse and at-risk sample. Additionally, accurate assessments, and influential interventions for postpartum PTSD should be further examined.
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Yang, Na, Bizu Gelaye, Marta B. Rondón, Sixto E. Sanchez, Michelle A. Williams, and Qiu-Yue Zhong. "Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentrations in pregnant women with post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid depression." Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/610659.
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El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.There is accumulating evidence for the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the pathophysiology of depression. However, the role of BDNF in the pathophysiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remains controversial, and no study has assessed BDNF concentrations among pregnant women with PTSD. We examined early-pregnancy BDNF concentrations among women with PTSD with and without depression. A total of 2928 women attending prenatal care clinics in Lima, Peru, were recruited. Antepartum PTSD and depression were evaluated using PTSD Checklist—Civilian Version (PCL-C) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scales, respectively. BDNF concentrations were measured in a subset of the cohort (N = 944) using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Logistic regression procedures were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI). Antepartum PTSD (37.4 %) and depression (27.6 %) were prevalent in this cohort of low-income pregnant Peruvian women. Approximately 19.9 % of participants had comorbid PTSD-depression. Median serum BDNF concentrations were lower among women with comorbid PTSD-depression as compared with women without either condition (median [interquartile range], 20.44 [16.97–24.30] vs. 21.35 [17.33–26.01] ng/ml; P = 0.06). Compared to the referent group (those without PTSD and depression), women with comorbid PTSD-depression were 1.52-fold more likely to have low (<25.38 ng/ml) BDNF concentrations (OR = 1.52; 95 % CI 1.00–2.31). We observed no evidence of reduced BDNF concentrations among women with isolated PTSD. BDNF concentrations in early pregnancy were only minimally and non-significantly reduced among women with antepartum PTSD. Reductions in BDNF concentrations were more pronounced among women with comorbid PTSD-depression.
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Ayers, Susan. "Post-traumatic stress disorder following childbirth." Thesis, St George's, University of London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.481529.
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Fagelson, Marc A. "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1635.
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Panagioti, Maria. "Suicidal behaviour in post-traumatic stress disorder." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/suicidal-behaviour-in-posttraumatic-stress-disorder(0aa2d261-53de-41af-b3e6-e18316fb7806).html.
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A growing body of research has indicated that the levels of suicidal behaviour are particularly heightened among individuals with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Two theoretical models of suicide, the Cry of Pain Model of suicide (CoP; Williams, 1997) and the Schematic Appraisals Model of Suicide (SAMS; Johnson, Gooding & Tarrier, 2008) have proposed that perceptions of defeat and entrapment are key components of the psychological mechanisms which drive suicidal behaviour. The SAMS has also emphasized the importance of psychological resilience factors for preventing suicide risk. Resilience to suicide has been recently defined as a set of appraisals which buffer the impact of risk factors on suicidal behaviour. The first aim of this thesis was to investigate the role of perceptions of defeat and entrapment in suicidal behaviour in those with full or subthreshold PTSD. The second aim of this thesis was to obtain empirical evidence for the presence of resilience factors to suicidal behaviour in PTSD. Initially, a comprehensive narrative review and a meta-analysis were conducted to examine the magnitude of the association between various forms of suicidal behaviour and a PTSD diagnosis and the role of comorbid depression in this association. Both, the narrative review and the meta-analysis demonstrated a strong positive association between suicidal behaviour and PTSD, and supported the mediating impact of comorbid depression in this association. A re-analysis of a previous dataset of individuals with PTSD was also pursued to establish the relevance of negative perceptions/appraisals to suicidal behaviour in those with PTSD. Next, three empirical studies were designed to investigate the utility of perceptions of defeat and entrapment in explaining suicidal behaviour in those with full or subthreshold PTSD. The outcomes across the three studies supported the hypothesis that defeat and entrapment represent the proximal psychological drivers of suicidal behaviour in PTSD and fully account for the suicidogenic effects of negative self-appraisals and PTSD symptoms. Two additional empirical studies were conducted to examine resilience factors to suicidal behaviour among individuals with full or subthreshold PTSD. The first of these studies provided evidence that high levels of perceived social support buffered the impact of PTSD symptoms on suicidal behaviour. The last study supported the efficacy of a resilience-boosting technique, the Broad-Minded Affective Coping procedure (BMAC), to enhance the experience of positive emotions and improve mood amongst individuals diagnosed with PTSD. Together, the current results support the SAMS' postulation concerning the role of perceptions of defeat and entrapment in the emergence of suicidal behaviour in PTSD and highlight the importance of boosting resilience as a means of targeting suicidal behaviour in those with PTSD. Clinical implications of these findings are outlined throughout the thesis.
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Egbufoama, Jane. "Screening and Educating Military Veterans About Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5183.
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Veterans are at increased risk for developing mental illnesses because of separation from families, distressing experiences in the military, and previous injury to the brain. Approximately 30% of U.S. veterans returning from war suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The incidence of acute PTSD is reduced when victims are aware of the condition and its associated factors. Through education and screening, the project bridged the gap between deployment of military veterans and treatment of PTSD in this population by addressing whether screening veterans and providing an educational process affected veterans' early PTSD recognition and treatment. The project study addressed the impact of staff education on identifying undiagnosed PTSD among veterans at the project site. The project was guided by the adult learning theory that was applied to fit the self-efficacy model. Data collection included screening of 99 veterans by clinic staff members using the PTSD checklist. Staff members also completed pretests and posttests before and after the education program. Results indicated that staff members demonstrated increased knowledge of the PTSD from pretest (50%) to posttest (93%). Of the veterans screened in the project, 30(30%) tested positive for PTSD and were referred to psychiatrists for treatment and medication to ameliorate the symptoms. Findings may be used to encourage implementation of PTSD screening and education in health care organizations ensuring positive social change by veterans suffering from PTSD and the care they need early in the progression of PTSD development.
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Brown, Kristine L. "The Connection between Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Suicide Behavior: What Links Post-traumatic Stress Disorder to Suicide?" University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1372598026.
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Gerdes, S. "Post traumatic stress disorder and psychological therapies." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/35103.
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Literature Review: The current review presents a recent review of the effectiveness of psychological therapies to treat sleep difficulties (such as insomnia and nightmares) in sufferers of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The review also aimed to investigate whether there are differences in the effectiveness of specific psychological therapies to treat sleep disturbances in PTSD, such as between the different types of psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) and imagery rehearsal therapy (IRT). Eleven studies were included in the review that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results are presented in tables and a descriptive account is included. The review demonstrates that psychological therapies are effective for the treatment of insomnia and other sleep difficulties such as nightmares. However, firm conclusions cannot be drawn about the effectiveness of different types of psychological therapies as studies predominantly used CBT and only one non-CBT study was included in the review. Comparisons between the effectiveness of different CBT approaches is also not possible as there was a large range of diversity in the study characteristics and also there were only a small number of studies for each intervention, which therefore limits the generalisability of results in the current review. It may be that different CBT interventions such as CBT-I or EERT and IRT may be better suited to treat insomnia and nightmares respectively, but further research needs to be conducted into which of these approaches are beneficial for different PTSD specific sleep difficulties. Empirical Paper: Initial studies demonstrate that self-compassion reduces symptoms of PTSD in Armed Forces Veterans (AFV), however the use of self-compassion approaches in AFV is under-researched. The current study utilised self-report and psychophysiological measures to investigate whether a single self-compassion experimental induction reduced hyperarousal symptoms (PTSD Cluster E symptoms) and increased feelings of social connectedness in AFV. The study hypothesised that there would be a decrease in hyperarousal symptoms and an increase in social connectedness, which would be associated with PTSD severity. Fifty-three AFV who had been deployed to a combat zone took part in the study, of which n = 15 (28.3%) currently met criteria for PTSD and n = 4 (7.5%) met criteria for Subsyndromal PTSD on the PCL-5. Participants listened to a recording of a Loving Kindness Meditation for self-compassion (LKM-S) and psychophysiological recordings were taken throughout. Participants completed state measures of hyperarousal and social connectedness before and after the LKM-S. Findings partially demonstrated that self-compassion can be elicited in an AFV population. However, changes on the self-report measures were largely not supported by psychophysiological measures, apart from skin conductance levels (SCL). The longevity of the effects observed in the study were not measured and should be investigated in future studies. Although this study has demonstrated that self-compassion can be elicited within the AFV population, further research is needed including to test a longer self-compassion intervention.
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Boström, Kristina. "The key to understanding PTSD : Contrasting post-traumatic stress and post-traumatic growth." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-16279.
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Traumatic incidences happen all around the globe. Some of the people who experience trauma develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), while some do not. Even more interesting is that some also experience growth afterwards (post-traumatic growth; PTG). The purpose of this paper is to look at neural aspects of why some people develop PTSD and others PTG after a traumatic event. To fulfill the aim, both PTSD and PTG will be reviewed to create an image of the existing research in behavioral and neurological terms. In addition to looking at the constructs separately, a chapter will also look at studies where both PTSD and PTG are acknowledged collaterally in participants. When looking deeper into the theories of PTSD divisions occur, and more research is needed to establish the most prominent explanation of PTSD. PTG on the other hand has only been studied for a short period of time but yields important insights into trauma-related outcomes. These fields need to be submerged and new multidisciplinary definitions are needed for future research. The key to PTSD is suggested to emerge within the new field.
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Murkar, Anthony. "Exploring Novel Treatment Approaches for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/40040.
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Post-traumatic stress disorder is a disorder characterized by an inability to extinguish traumatic memories and heightened reactivity to emotional stimuli. Due to the heightened resistance of traumatic memories to extinction, treatment for PTSD has been challenging and is limited to behavioral therapies targeted at reducing responsivity to threatening stimuli. Currently there are no standard pharmacological interventions that are specific to PTSD; rather, drugs used appear to target symptoms of some of the co-morbid conditions, such as anxiety (e.g. benzodiazepines) or depression (antidepressants) - which may also affect fear-memory. In this thesis, we explore the effects of natural health products (NHPs) including naturally occurring peptides and some medical botanicals on fear memory in order to explore the efficacy of natural products as potential pharmacological targets for fear-based disorders.
Fear-conditioning has been used effectively in both rodents and humans to study fear-learning. Fear-conditioning is a learning paradigm during which an unconditioned aversive stimulus (such as foot shock) is paired with a neutral stimulus (such as light or tone), such that the neutral stimulus becomes associated with aversion. Fear-learning has several well-characterized stages, including acquisition, consolidation, reconsolidation, expression, and extinction that can be manipulated in order to study the pharmacological action(s) on the attenuation of learned-fear. Blockade of reconsolidation, the state during which formed memories are briefly rendered susceptible to change following recall, may provide a window of opportunity to pharmacologically diminish learned fear. In Chapter 1 of the thesis, we discuss fear-conditioning as a pre-clinical model of PTSD to explore the effects of novel pharmacological treatments on the reconsolidation process in rodents. We ultimately hope to provide a framework for translational work in humans for attenuating conditioned responses to trauma-related stimuli among humans with PTSD.
In Chapter 2, we present evidence that systemic administration of gastrin-releasing peptide attenuates the reconsolidation of conditioned fear in rodents. Similarly, in chapter 3, we explore the effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD) on the reconsolidation of learned-fear, and provide evidence that cannabinoid molecules may similarly prove effective at blocking the reconsolidation of conditioned fear memories. In chapter 4, we present evidence demonstrating that extracts of medical botanical Souroubea sympetala and its components may similarly block reconsolidation of conditioned fear-memory, and also exert more general anxiolytic-like activity in the elevated plus maze paradigm. Finally, in chapter 5 a general discussion considers the relative therapeutic potential for future human clinical trials of each of the three tested groups of compounds.
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Grant, Leonard Francis III. "Traumatic Formations and Psychiatric Codifications: A Rhetorical History of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/86174.
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Since it was first included in the American Psychiatric Association's (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in 1980, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has become a medical and cultural phenomenon. Moreover, it has led to the belief that PTSD is a universal aspect of human experience. Traumatic Formations and Psychiatric Codifications: A Rhetorical History of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder challenges this view by examining the rhetorical processes by which PTSD and its predecessor diagnoses were codified. Using critical techniques taken from rhetorical studies, Science and Technology in Society studies, and historiography, this dissertation examines the social, medical, and institutional formations that created the need for psychological trauma to be codified as an actionable psychiatric diagnosis at four specific historical moments, beginning in Victorian England and culminating with the offical codification of PTSD in 1980. By attending to the rhetorical processes of codifying unique post-traumatic illnesses over the course of 150 years, this dissertation argues that post-traumatic illnesses are better understood as dynamic entities that respond to specific social problems. Furthermore, it finds that the diagnoses themselves must conform to the constraints of their day as determined by the institutions (government, military, or disciplinary) that call upon psychiatric medicine to intervene in social problems.
Traumatic Formations presents four historical case studies: railway spine in Victorian England, shell shock in World War I, post-Vietnam syndrome in the 1970s, and PTSD in 1980. After introducing the project in the first chapter, Chapter 2 examines how British legal courts in the late ninteenth century called upon physicians to determine whether train accident survivors were entitled to monetary compensation for their psychological injuries. To make psychological trauma legible to legal courts, British physicians codified railway spine as a psychological effect of a physical injury, thus connecting victims' mental problems to the accidents they survived. Chapter 3 analyzes how the shell shock epidemic in World War I ushered in a shift in theoretical understandings of psychological trauma. When psychiatrists located near the frontlines of combat demonstrated that soldiers did not need to be exposed to exploding munitions to manifest the symptoms associated with shell shock, medical professionals and the British military came to understand shell shock as a psychological problem rather than a physical malady. Chapter 4 examines how a small group of antiwar psychiatrists advocated for military veterans who had trouble readjusting to civilian life after fighting in the Vietnam War. They persuaded the American public, the federal government, and mental health clinicians that the veterans' adjustment problems were the result of a new psychological illness called post-Vietnam syndrome. Chapter 5 analyzes how post-Vietnam syndrome become PTSD. In the process of convincing the APA to include PTSD in the 1980 edition of the DSM, many of the unique features of post-Vietnam syndrome were compromised so that the PTSD diagnosis could be applied to people who were traumatized by events other than war.Ph. D.
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Corno, Federica. "The role of family factors in child post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2012. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-role-of-family-factors-in-child-posttraumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd(17d36a4a-c003-4be8-ab18-d4f6081a259b).html.
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Background: There is a large body of evidence showing that children experience high levels of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in the aftermath of a trauma. It is often assumed that the child’s response to the trauma is influenced by: i) the parents’ own symptomatology; ii) the family’s avoidance of trauma reminders and discussion; iii) the general parenting style (e.g. the degree of warmth, criticism and emotional over-involvement); and iv) the general family environment. Given that few attempts have been made to test these hypotheses and research findings have been mixed, determining additional factors affecting children exposed to trauma was important. Aims and Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to add to the existing literature by looking at family factors and their relation to post-traumatic responding in the child. To address this aim we explored the relationship between the child’s self-reported PTSD and: 1) parental expressed emotion; 2) the degree of cohesion, emotional expressiveness and conflict in the family environment; 3) the parent’s self-reported symptoms of PTSD, depression and anxiety; and 4) family post-trauma communication. Method: Twenty-two children (aged 7 – 17 years) exposed to trauma, and their main care-giver, were recruited from child and adolescent mental health services across South-East London. All parents completed self-report measures of PTSD, anxiety and depression, as well as scales rating their child’s anxiety and depression. Parental expressed emotion was rated using a five-minute, audio-taped interview where the parent was asked to talk about their child and their relationship. The parents completed the Family Environment Scale (FES) which measures family cohesion, emotional expressiveness, and conflict. The children completed self-report measures of PTSD, anxiety and depression. Finally, children and parents completed a newly-developed questionnaire that assesses their view of the consequences of talking about the trauma in the family. Results: Contrary to expectations, parental expressed emotion, parental own symptomatology, and the parent’s ratings of the degree of family cohesion, conflict, emotional expressiveness encouraged in the family (measured by the FES) were unrelated to the child’s self-reported PTSD symptomatology. However, poor family communication was associated with PTSD symptoms in the child. Overall, the factors found to most strongly relate to the child’s PTSD severity were the strength of their own negative trauma-related beliefs and comorbid anxiety and depression. Conclusions: Little support was found for the widely held view that parental expressed emotion and parenting/family style directly influence the child post-traumatic responding. The best predictor of the child’s response was their own trauma-related beliefs. On the other hand, family post-trauma communication directly influenced the child’s post-traumatic symptoms levels. Future studies should aim to confirm the findings from the present study and attempt to examine family post-trauma coomunication using multi-method and multi-informant measures in longitudinal and experimental designs.
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Bryant, Kirk Robert. "The traumatic events inventory preliminary investigation of a new PTSD questionnaire /." Cleveland, Ohio : Cleveland State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1241721502.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Cleveland State University, 2009Abstract. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on June 11, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 36-41). Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center. Also available in print.
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Pruneau, Genevieve Mary Catherine Weathers Frank W. "Distinctiveness of avoidance and numbing in PTSD." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SPRING/Psychology/Thesis/Pruneau_Genevieve_10.pdf.
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Ovaert, Lynda B. "Differences between Acknowledged and Unacknowledged Rape: Occurrence of PTSD." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278638/.
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This study examined the relation between level of rape acknowledgement and levels of PTSD symptoms reported in female college students. Subjects were administered the Sexual Experiences Survey (SES), the PTSD Interview, and a demographics questionnaire. Subjects were then grouped into the following categories based on their responses to the SES: reported rape victims, acknowledged rape victims, unacknowledged rape victims, and a control group of non-rape subjects. Small sample analyses did not reveal the expected linear relation between the two variables. Only the acknowledged group showed greater PTSD symptoms. The unacknowledged and control groups did not significantly differ on overall PTSD symptom severity, or on any cluster of PTSD symptoms. Naturalistic selection factors are discussed that could have affected the outcome of the study.
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De, Villiers Derika. "Cultural interpretations of traumatic events and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms of IsiXhosa-speaking adults." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1008379.
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South Africa as a country is known for its high crime rate which produces an ongoing traumatising environment for its multicultural nation. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the general South African population is thought to be more prevalent than most international norms which make this topic both relevant and important. Cultural diversity is seen to play a role in the experience of PTSD which means that it has become important to gain an understanding of the potential effect of the individual’s cultural background on the processing of a traumatic experience and the symptoms related to the experience. The proposed research focused on appraisals of the traumatic event and symptoms (in schematic and cultural terms). An interpretive (with current cognitive conceptions of the disorder as guiding theory) phenomenological approach was used. The sample consisted of eight isiXhosa-speaking adults that qualified for a diagnosis of PTSD with no prior psychiatric diagnosis. Data was gathered using a semi-structured interview and analysed using the Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis. Results indicated that participants understood their PTSD symptoms in a functional manner but struggled to make sense of their traumatic event. Not understanding their traumatic event was the variable that maintained their PTSD diagnosis. Most of the interpretations made by these participants were fairly universal and there were very few links to content that can directly be attributed to a traditional African worldview. Practitioners may not need to completely reinvent the wheel as far as treatment strategies for PTSD for isiXhosa-speaking individuals in an urban setting go.
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Nassif, Yasmine. "A test of metacognitive theory and technique in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.511921.
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Chu, Lai-yee. "Coping, appraisal and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in motor vehicle accidents (MVA)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/210328.
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Davies, Holly. "Social cognition and interpersonal relationships in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/76857/.
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Social cognition is an area of growing interest in mental health research. Impairments in social cognition have been found in a variety of conditions. Impairments in these processes can lead to relationship difficulties; relationships are instrumental in the management and recovery from difficulties. Few studies have focused on emotional recognition in a PTSD population, this study aimed to expand on the current literature by looking at the associations between emotional recognition and interpersonal relationships. Twenty-seven individuals were recruited to participate, along with age and gender matched healthy controls. They completed two emotional recognition tasks (auditory and facial) and self-report questionnaires measuring views on interpersonal relationships and social support. Those with PTSD were found to have generalised impairments in facial recognition when compared to controls and specific impairments in auditory recognition. The emotions of fear, sadness and disgust were consistently recognised with less accuracy across tasks. No gender differences in accuracy on tasks were found in the PTSD group performance. Comparisons between trauma groups (childhood or adulthood traumas) found no differences in accuracy rates. Significant differences were found between the clinical and control groups on the interpersonal relationship questionnaires, with the PTSD group reporting greater difficulties. Partial associations were found between lower accuracy scores on recognition tasks and reported difficulties in interpersonal relationships. The emotion of sadness on the auditory recognition task mediated the relationship between trauma and interpersonal difficulties. These findings support the view that interventions should also target interpersonal difficulties in PTSD.
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Connor, Pamela K., and pamela connor@deakin edu au. "Guideline-based programs in the treatment of complex PTSD." Deakin University. School of Psychology, 2005. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20061207.123317.
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The term post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a relatively new diagnostic label, being formally recognized in 1980 in the Diagnostic Statistical Manual for Psychiatric Illness Third Edition (DSM-III) of the American Psychiatric Association (APA, 1980). Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (CP) is a more recently discussed, and newly-classified, phenomenon, initially discussed in the early 1990s (Herman, 1992a). Thus, as research into effective treatments for CP is sparse, the treatment of CP is the topic of this study, in which a guideline-based treatment program developed by the researcher for the treatment of CP is implemented and evaluated.
Ten individuals participated in this study, undertaking individualized, guideline-based treatment programs spanning a period of six months. In providing background information relevant to this study, an explanation is provided regarding the nature of CP, and the reasons for its consideration as a separate phenomenon to PTSD. The adequacy of the PTSD formulation in enabling effective assessment and treatment of CP is also explored, with endorsement of previous researchers conclusions that the CP construct is more useful than the PTSD construct for assessing and treating survivors of long-term and multiple forms of abuse. The PTSD classification is restrictive, and not necessarily appropriate for certain forms of trauma (such as prolonged trauma, or multiple forms of trauma), as such trauma experiences may lead to specific effects that lay outside those formerly associated with PTSD. Such effects include alterations in affect regulation, consciousness, self-perception, interpersonal relationships, and in systems of meaning.
Following discussion regarding the PTSD/CP classification, an examination of treatment methods currently used in the treatment of PTSD, and a review of treatment outcome studies, takes place. The adequacy of primary treatment methods in treating CP symptoms is then examined, with the conclusion that a range of treatment methods could potentially be useful in the treatment of CP symptoms. Individuals with a diagnosis of CP may benefit from the adoption of an eclectic approach, drawing on different treatment options for different symptoms, and constantly evaluating client progress and re-evaluating interventions.
This review of treatment approaches is followed by details of an initial study undertaken to obtain feedback from individuals who had suffered long-term/multiple trauma and who had received treatment. Participants in this initial study were asked open-ended questions regarding the treatment approach they had experienced, the most useful aspect of the treatment, the least useful aspect, and other strategies/treatment approaches that may have been useful but which were not used. The feedback obtained from these individuals was used to inform the development of treatment guidelines for use in the main study, as were recommendations made by Chu (1998). The predominant focus of the treatment guidelines was ego strengthening, a term coined by Chu (1998) to describe the initial (sometimes lengthy) period of developing fundamental skills in maintaining supportive relationships, developing self-care strategies, coping with symptomatology, improving functioning, and establishing a positive self
identity (p.75).
Using a case study approach, data are then presented relating to each of the ten individuals involved in the treatment program: details of his/her trauma experience(s)and the impact of the trauma (as perceived by each individual); details of each individuals treatment program (as planned, and as implemented); post-treatment evaluation of the positive and negative aspects of the treatment program (from the therapists perspective); and details of the symptoms reported by the individual post-treatment, via psychometric assessment and also during interview. Analysis and discussion of the data relating to the ten participants in the study are the focal point of this study. The evaluation of the effectiveness of each individuals treatment has been based predominantly on qualitative data, obtained from an analysis of language (discourse analysis) used by participants to describe their symptoms pre- and post-treatment. Both blatant and subtle changes in the language used by participants to describe themselves, their behaviour, and their relationships pre- and post-treatment have provided an insight into the possible changes that occurred as a result of the treatment program. The language used by participants has been a rich source of data, one that has enabled the researcher to obtain information that could not be obtained using psychometric assessment methods. Most of the participants in this study portrayed notable changes in many of the CP symptoms, including being more stable and having improved capacity to explore their early abuse.
Although no direct cause-effect relationship between the participants treatment program and the improvements described can be established from this study, the participants perception that the program assisted them with their symptoms, and reported many aspects of ego strengthening, is of major importance. Such self-perception of strength and empowerment is important if an individual is going to be able to deal with past trauma experiences. In fact, abreactive work may have a greater chance of succeeding if those who have experienced long-term or multiple trauma are feeling more empowered, and more stable, as were the participants in this study (post-intervention).
In concluding this study, recommendations have been made in regard to the use of guideline-based treatment programs in the responsible treatment of CP. Strengths and limitations of this study have also been highlighted, and recommendations have been made regarding possibilities for future research related to CP treatment. On the whole, this study has supported strongly other research that highlights the importance of focusing on ego strengthening in assisting those who have suffered long-term/multiple trauma experiences. Thus, a guideline-based program focusing on assisting sufferers of long-term trauma with some, or all, of the symptoms of CP, is recommended as an important first stage of any treatment of individuals who have experienced long-term/multiple trauma, allowing them to develop the emotional and psychological strength required to deal with past traumatic events. Clinicians who are treating patients whose history depicts long-term or multiple trauma experiences (either from their childhood, or at some stage in their adult life) need, therefore, to be mindful of assessing individuals for symptoms of CP so that they can treat these symptoms prior to engaging in any work associated directly with the past traumatic experiences.
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Tyner, Elizabeth Ann. "The relation of psychopathic characteristics and malingering of PTSD." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://etd.wvu.edu/etd/controller.jsp?moduleName=documentdata&jsp%5FetdId=4044.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2005.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 89 p. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 39-45).
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Rogers, Susan. "The MMPI as a Predictor of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Among Vietnam Veterans." DigitalCommons@USU, 1986. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5944.
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The purpose of this study was to determine whether the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) could be used to discriminate between Vietnam veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and those with other mental disorders. Scores on the 13 validity and clinical scales of the MMPI were used as predictor variables in two discriminant analyses. The first of these was performed in replication of studies in which cases of substance-abuse disorder were eliminated from the non-PTSD comparison group. Substance- abuse cases were included in the second discrimination. The results indicated that while the MMPI can be used to discriminate PTSD from non-PTSD veterans, this discrimination is weakened by the presence of cases with substance abuse disorders in the non-PTSD comparison group.
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Fagelson, Marc A. "Clinical Findings Linking Tinnitus to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1626.
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Creighton, Jennifer Renee. "Yogic Breathing for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Designing an Application to Supplement Learning and Overcome a Stress State." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/344450.
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Many who suffer with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) fear the stigma associated with seeking treatment. Often the stigma even prevents sufferers from reaching out for support, resources, or education. The purpose of this project was to design an application (app) to bridge the gap between patient and provider by supplementing patient learning and teaching a yogic breathing technique to overcome an acute stress state. To accomplish this, an extensive literature review sought to determine the viability of pairing complimentary alternative methods (CAM) of treatment with application-based interventions. A specific aim also included evaluation of an app available on the market using industry standard tools, the Systems Usability Scale and HONcode measures, to determine areas for improvement. Applications can present a viable alternative to reaching patients who are unable or refuse to seek provider assistance. There are few apps to address mental health concerns; furthermore, patients may not use applications because they fear bias within the content or the lack of a quality product. Of the applications available on the market created by professional providers, there is a noted lack of aesthetics, user-friendliness, and reliability. To address aesthetics and user-friendliness, the new application is module based and incorporates basic web-application design principles. To address reliability, the new application answered all the objective criteria in the HONcode and scored higher on the subjective Systems Usability Scale than a leading app on the market, as evaluated by the project lead. This application presents an opportunity to determine the success of pairing patient education and CAM with technology. While it is beyond the scope of this project, the new application is ready for a pilot testing to obtain feedback on the content, structure, and usability, before launching on GoogleApps™ for open access.
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Lee, Krystal A. "Pre-screen of traits that lead to post-traumatic stress disorder." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/458.
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a disorder that is affecting many lives and families. Since it is believed that over 50% of Americans will experience a traumatic event and 25% will experience multiple traumatic events, PTSD is an issue that cannot be overlooked. Although PTSD is most commonly associated with war victims, the official definition of PTSD was stated in the DSM-IV as "an extreme traumatic stressor involving direct personal experience or that involves actual or threatened death or serious injury or other threat to one's physical integrity; or witness to an event that involves death, injury, or a threat to the integrity of another person..." This definition shows that PTSD can be generalized to not only war victims but to anyone who has a traumatic experience.This study shows 82% of the participants are likely to experience PTSD if exposed to a traumatic event. This study provides a pre-screen of traits that likely lead to PTSD, in hopes to raise awareness and provide a potential cure and preventative measure in the future. Current forms of treatment include cognitive therapy; however, there is no solution. The usage of simulations such as Virtual Reality Exposure (VRE) could provide both a treatment but also a preventative measure.B.S.
Bachelors
Sciences
Psychology
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Cline, Virginia Depp. "POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) IN CHILDREN FOLLOWING ACUTE INJURIES REQUIRING EMERGENCY MEDICAL CARE." UKnowledge, 2007. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/481.
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Unfortunately, one rite of passage of childhood is often serious injury that carries psychological impact along with the obvious physical repercussions. Prior studies have found conflicting results for protective/risk factors, thus this study attempted to explore PTSD in a sample of children ages seven to thirteen years of age with moderate to severe injuries. In this study (N = 32), 31.3% of children experiencing such a sudden injury requiring hospitalization at the University of Kentucky Childrens Hospital demonstrated significant indications of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following the injury. Several pre, peri, and post-trauma variables from during the childs hospitalization to the follow-up period four to five weeks later were correlated with this outcome including age, ethnicity, acute stress disorder (ASD) with or without dissociation criteria being met, prior medical experience, parents score on the BSI-18 while the child is still in this hospital, chronic illness status, gender, number of coping strategies reported by the child while in the hospital, the number of negative coping strategies reported, the amount of pain reported, and several follow-up variables (parents BSI-18 score, number of coping strategies reported, number of negative and positive coping strategies reported, injury threat, and total number of impairments reported by the child and by the parent). Negative coping did not significantly change from the in-hospital period to the follow-up period. Surprisingly, the STEPP, a current screener described and supported by some past research, was not successful in identifying these at-risk children; however, a new screening prototype was developed including age, acute stress disorder (ASD), and pain that did successfully predict 80% of those with PTSD and 85% of those without later PTSD. A follow-up screener consisting solely of parental items (parental symptoms on the BSI-18 and parental rating of child impairments) was also created and found to sensitively predict 90% of those children with PTSD. Implications from these findings along with study strengths and weaknesses were highlighted.
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Hagi-Shenas, Hassan. "Cerebral lateralization in the processing of threat cues in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243285.
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Shteynberg, Yuliya A. "Association of Personality Facets with Unique Dimensions of PTSD." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1157513/.
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The present study aims to examine which maladaptive and Big Five personality traits, as well as which lower order facets, are related to symptoms specific to PTSD (i.e., intrusions and avoidance). Unique effects were isolated by controlling for nonspecific general depression that occurs in the disorder but is not specific to it. 707 undergraduate students were administered a self-report online survey to assess their personality, trauma history, PTSD and mood symptoms. Additionally, data from 536 9/11 World Trade Center (WTC) responders who have been administered personality, PTSD, and mood surveys as part of a longitudinal study were analyzed. As expected, neuroticism was highly correlated with PTSD, but had fewer associations with PTSD dimensions after controlling for depression. Trust and agreeableness emerged as important, being negatively related to PTSD, while most maladaptive personality domains and facets were positively related to PTSD (perceptual dysregulation had the highest association). Other traits, such as antagonism and openness, were not significantly related to PTSD. There is growing evidence that clinical interventions can change personality traits; the present study provides new personality targets for intervention that are uniquely related to PTSD.
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Howell, Sean. "THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS ON SYMPTOMS OF POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/805.
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ABSTRACT
Despite a plethora of research documenting the effectiveness of various therapeutic interventions on the symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), there continues to be ambiguity insofar as which approaches or combination thereof are most effective at improving adverse manifestations of this disorder. This lack of clarity is further confounded when other variables and nuances pertaining to variations of PTSD (i.e. military, sexual trauma, childhood abuse, etc.) are factored into these comparisons. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the impact of various interventions on improving the symptoms of PTSD. This study also examined the variances which stand in need of recognition when determining which interventions are most appropriate and meaningful in improving the quality of life and functionality of individuals with this disorder. This has significance in both macro and micro social work practices due to the potential for improvements in policies, allocation of resources, and enhancements in micro-level interventions. The research design involved qualitative interviews with clinicians devised to identify gaps, areas of agreement, and dissent among the research. Data analysis will be qualitatiive and will be guided by assessing the impact of interventions on the 17 symptoms which, according to the DSM-5 are associated with PTSD.
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Beimesch, Barbara Bolling. "An Investigation of Trauma and PTSD." Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1394882406.
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Landry, Trevor. "A qualitative exploration of basic emotions and the affective phenomena of post-traumatic stress disorder." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-qualitative-exploration-of-basic-emotions-and-the-affective-phenomena-of-posttraumatic-stress-disorder(0f801dea-9e2d-4b34-911a-5b5ea4a79c04).html.
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The thesis includes three papers: paper 1 is a literature review, paper 2 is an empirical study and paper 3 is a critical reflection. Paper 1 and 2 have been prepared for submission to Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. Paper 1 systematically reviews the qualitative literature pertaining to individual experiences of psychotherapy for PTSD. A meta-synthesis of twelve studies was facilitated using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) principles. The meta-synthesis aimed to explore aspects of psychotherapy for PTSD that were deemed helpful or unhelpful. The strengths and limitations of the study are considered, as are their implications for clinical practice. Paper 2 was a qualitative exploration of basic emotions and the affective phenomena of PTSD. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten participants and transcripts were analysed using a deductive-inductive thematic analysis. The results highlight the importance of considering a range of basic emotions in the assessment, formulation and psychotherapy relating to PTSD. The strengths and limitations of the study are considered, as are their implications for clinical practice. Paper 3 is not intended for publication and is a critical reflection of the overall study process. It evaluates the strengths and limitations of both paper 1 and paper 2 in more detail, in addition to offering a critical and reflective account of conducting the research.
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Hoelterhoff, Mark. "Resilience against death anxiety in relationship to post-traumatic stress disorder and psychiatric co-morbidity." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/306.
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Research was conducted examining death anxiety from existential, psychodynamic, cognitive and sociological perspectives. The intent was to consider the role of death anxiety on well-being; four studies were conducted to examine how death anxiety influenced PTSD and mental health among people who have experienced a life-threatening event. These studies were conducted using undergraduate university students in Lithuania. The first study used a mixed-method design and in phase 1, participants (N=97) completed self-report questionnaires that gathered information on demographics, death anxiety, trauma and well-being. Results indicated a significant correlation between death anxiety and PTSD, but not psychiatric co-morbidity. Phase 2 attempted to further explore the phenomenological experience of participants with full PTSD, and 6 semi-structured interviews were conducted. IPA analysis found three major themes in response to the life-threatening event; self-efficacy, religious coping and existential attitude. Subsequent studies were then conducted to understand these themes as possible factors of death anxiety resilience in regards to life-threatening events. The second study (N=109) examined the role of self-efficacy and found that it was significantly related to death anxiety and psychiatric co-morbidity, but not PTSD. The third study (N=104) examined religious coping, but did not find evidence to support its significance; however again self-efficacy emerged as significantly related to psychiatric co-morbidity and death anxiety. The fourth study (N=110) looked at the role of existential attitude via posttraumatic growth and sense of coherence. Although posttraumatic growth did influence PTSD, existential attitude was not a significant factor for death anxiety or outcomes. However, self-efficacy again emerged as related to death anxiety and psychiatric co-morbidity. In studies two to four, self-efficacy did not act as a mediating factor and was independently related to death anxiety and psychiatric co-morbidity. Results were discussed in light of theories regarding death anxiety and their application to clinical treatment.
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Traynor, Isabel. "Motives for substance use in the presence and absence of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) : a research portfolio." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8752.
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Background: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is frequently linked with substance use disorder (SUD). However, the nature of this association remains unclear. A clearer understanding of the dynamic associations between PTSD and SUD may shed light on the course of these two disorders thereby, identifying areas for intervention, which may potentially reduce some of the associated costly and harmful outcomes. Methods: Firstly, a systematic review was conducted to investigate the evidence base regarding the relationship between PTSD and SUD. Secondly, an empirical project was undertaken to explore functional associations between PTSD and SUD. This was achieved by comparing, motives for substance use, anxiety and depression symptoms, and SUD symptom severity amongst treatmentseeking adults with and without PTSD. Results: Results from the systematic review suggest that individuals with comorbid PTSD and SUD have more severe clinical profiles compared to individuals with a SUD alone. The results from the empirical study indicate that those with PTSD endorse coping-related motives for substance use significantly more than those without PTSD. Furthermore, those with PTSD had significantly elevated SUD severity ratings and higher anxiety and depression scores. Conclusions: Findings suggest that individuals with comorbid PTSD and SUD are motivated to use substances to cope with negative affect. The clinical implications of this are discussed.
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Larkin, Warren. "Trauma and psychosis : attributional style and symptomatology in emergency paramedics." Thesis, Bangor University, 2000. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/trauma-and-psychosis--attributional-style-and-symptomatology-in-emergency-paramedics(602a4a7e-bb9d-44bb-b21a-aee695afb8c7).html.
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Wu, Lu. "Tell It if You Can: A Study of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Newspapers and Military Blogs." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1366731661.
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Malker, Oskar, and Johan Schönbeck. "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder –faktorer som ökar risken för PTSD och faktorer som påverkar omhändertagandet." Thesis, Mid Sweden University, Department of Health Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-215.
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När en människa utsatts för en traumatisk händelse, sätts en psykisk reaktion igång. När reaktionen inte mattats av kan det leda till att individen utvecklar Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Denna studie fokuserade på vilka faktorer som ökar risken för PTSD samt vilka faktorer som har betydelse för omhändertagandet. Metoden som användes i denna studie var en systematisk litteraturstudie. Författarna började med en databassökning i Pubmed och Chinal. De artiklar som stämde in på våra sökkriterier granskades och huvudresultatet plockades ur. Därefter analyserades huvudresultatet, och subkategorier och kategorier växte fram. Resultat. Faktorer som ökade risken för att utveckla PTSD, var nära relation till de som drabbats, bristande socialt stöd, tidigare traumatiska händelser samt upprepade eller dagliga traumatiska händelser. Den huvudsakliga faktorn för ett lyckat preventivt omhändertagande för PTSD, var tiden till omhändertagandet. I litteratur fanns inga bevis för att ett omhändertagande enligt Critical Incident Stress Debriefing har haft någon positiv effekt, om den utförs mer en ett dygn efter incidenten. Konklusion. Omhändertagandet är en akut åtgärd för att om möjligt minska psykiskt lidande i framtiden. Det är därför viktigt att sjuksköterskor har adekvat utbildning inom detta område för att på så sätt kunna identifiera och hjälpa de personer som löper extra stor risk att utveckla PTSD. Dock saknas det idag god empirisk forskning angående psykiskt omhändertagande. Vidare forskning behövs för att utreda hur ett bra preventivt omhändertagande skall utföras. Sjuksköterskor kan med stöd av dagens forskning hitta riskpersoner och slussa dessa vidare då kognitiv beteendeterapi har en visat god effekt.
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Budgell, John T. "Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the substrates of anxiety enhancement in the adult rat." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq23121.pdf.
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Tan, Lai Yee Irene. "Economic analysis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT)." Thesis, Monterey California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/3761.
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This thesis addresses the trend analysis of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) prevalence across the different branches of armed services in the U.S military between FY2001 and FY2006, as well as the effects of deployment characteristics on the probability of being diagnosed with PTSD among the active duty service personnel in the different branches. On top of these, this study will also highlight the patterns of the comorbidity and treatment costs of PTSD across the different branches of armed services. The data used in the thesis are provided by TRICARE, the Department of Defense's (DoD) health care system and Defense Manpower Data Center (DMDC), to obtain the demographics, deployment characteristics (deployment location, deployment frequencies, deployment duration) and the inpatient and outpatient medical information and services rendered by physicians for all active duty service personnel whom were diagnosed with PTSD between FY2001 and FY2006.
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Boon, Wah Kwan Lai Yee Irene Tan. "Economic analysis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT)." Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2008/Dec/08Dec%5FKwan_Tan.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2008.Thesis Advisor(s): Shen, Yu-Chu. "December 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on 28 January 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 195-197). Also available in print.
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Joseph, David M. "PTSD in married police officers : associations with individual attachment style, couple attachment behaviors, and masculinity /." Connect to CIFA website:, 2008.
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Spiller, Nicola. "The comparative effects of transformation, exposure and distraction in reducing the distress associated with analogue post-traumatic images." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.484169.
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Fagelson, Marc A. "Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Affects Auditory Behavior of Tinnitus Patients." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2005. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1599.
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Pooler, Tammy. "Genome-Wide Association Study on the Sleep Symptom of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1273.
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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that presents with 3 main symptoms're-experiencing, avoidance/numbing, and hyper arousal'after an individual experiences a traumatic event. Recent evidence suggests a potential genetic basis for PTSD and a sub symptom of hyper arousal, sleep, as a potential pathway for PTSD development, but no study has identified candidate genes associated with specific symptoms such as sleep difficulty. Based on a conceptual framework in which specific genes are associated with the onset of PTSD, this study used a genome-wide association
study (GWAS) method with a case control study design to compare the genomes of individuals with and without PTSD. A secondary GWAS dataset from a study on alcohol dependence in European and African Americans was obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information. PTSD cases and controls were analyzed using PLINK software. Signals from 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which have not been previously associated with PTSD, exceeded the established genome-wide threshold: SNP rs13160949 on chromosome 5 (p = 7.33x10-9, OR: 1.565) and SNP rs2283877 on chromosome 22 (p = 2.55x10-8, OR: 1.748). Neither SNP, though, maintained genomewide significance following corrected tests for multiple testing, population stratification, and false discovery, so the planned analysis for possible associations with PTSD by symptom category then by the sub symptom of sleep could not be completed. The results of this study suggest that PTSD may be the result of polygenic SNPs with weak effects, which supports a recent study indicating the disease may be highly polygenic. Positive social change implications include bringing attention to the clinical and research community that PTSD may involve complex polygenic factors in need of further study.
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Martin, Meaghan L. "Effects of Life Events on the Onset of Delayed Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Aging Combat Veterans." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/39.
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This research examined life events that affect the onset of delayed Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in aging combat veterans. A common result from experiencing combat trauma is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. There is a rapidly growing veteran population experiencing delayed onset Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. The occurrence of additional life stressors may increase the likelihood that someone will develop Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in response to a prior traumatic event. Participants of the study were combat veterans over the age of 65. Qualitative data were gathered from interviewing participants on life events they have experienced since combat exposure as well as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms. Findings suggested that life events contribute to the delayed onset of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in aging combat veterans. Understanding the development and causes of delayed Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder will help social work practice develop and move forward with programs to improve the quality of life for aging veterans.
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D'Souza, Belinda J. "Deinstitutionalizing Rehabilitation: An Alternative Approach to Rehab for Veterans Suffering from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Abuse Disorder." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1397734253.
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Christo, George. "Post substance dependence stress syndrome : a complex post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) conceptualisation of residual psychopathology during abstinence after substance dependence." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362327.
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