Relevant bibliographies by topics / Post weld cleaning

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Post weld cleaning'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Post weld cleaning"

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Fuertes, N., V. Bengtsson, R. Pettersson, and M. Rohwerder. "Use of SVET to evaluate corrosion resistance of heat tinted stainless steel welds and effect of post-weld cleaning." Materials and Corrosion 68, no. 1 (June 24, 2016): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.201609048.

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Adam, Wahidun, Pratjojo Dewo, and Winarto Winarto. "Analysis of Weld Cold Cracking In Excavator Bucket Adapter." MATEC Web of Conferences 269 (2019): 03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926903009.

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This paper presents a failure analysis on welding of bucket adapter for an excavator that made of low carbon steel with Ideal Diameter (DI) value 341 and Carbon Equivalent 0.73. The bucket component is stated OK as the final inspection, but four months later found cracked and even it has not been used yet. Adapter mounted to bucket through CO2 gas shielded Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process, filler metal MG-50 (AWS A5.18 ER70S-G), pre-heating and post-heating. Crack occurred on the boundary of weld metal and adapter casting. The metallurgical examination was conducted in the crack origin and the adapter casting. Nondestructive test (NDT) covered visual and magnetic test (MT), while destructive test (DT) covered fractography, mechanical properties, and Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA). The investigation resulted in that crack initiated from slag inclusion in the weld metal due to insufficient cleaning on weld joint. The higher hardness of martensite structure in the heat affected zone (HAZ) of adapter indicates high cooling rate that gen erates high residual stress. High stress that caused by insufficient post heating triggered severe crack propagation. By its characteristic, crack is called the cold cracking, delayed cracking, or hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC).
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Wisnu Wardana, Rahmad, Eakkachai Warinsiriruk, and Sutep Joy-A-Ka. "Selection of Welding Process for Repairing Shredder Hammer by Integrated Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and P-robust Technique." MATEC Web of Conferences 269 (2019): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926904002.

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The Selection of the welding process is one of the most significant decision-making problems, and it involves a wide range of information following the type of product. Hence, the automation of knowledge through a knowledge-based system will significantly enhance the decision-making process and simplify for identifying the most appropriate welding processes. The aims of this paper for explicates a knowledge-based system developed for recognising the most suitable welding processes for repairing shredder hammer by using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and p-robust technique. The proposed approach is used for ranking six welding processes which are commonly used, namely shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), flux cored arc welding (FCAW), submerged arc welding (SAW), oxyacetylene gas welding (OAW), gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), and gas metal arc welding (GMAW). In order to determine the best welding process among competitive welding processes for repairing of shredder hammer, ten parameters are used, namely the availability of consumable, welding process type (manual and automatic), flexibility of welding position, weld-ability on base metal, initial preparation required, welding procedures, post-weld cleaning, capital cost, operating factor, and deposition rate. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis of regret value (p) is investigated in three cases proposed.
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Brytan, Z., and J. Niagaj. "Corrosion Resistance and Mechanical Properties of TIG and A-TIG Welded Joints of Lean Duplex Stainless Steel S82441 / 1.4662." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 771–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0131.

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Abstract This paper presents results of pitting corrosion resistance of TIG (autogenous and with filler metal) and A-TIG welded lean duplex stainless steel S82441/1.4662 evaluated according to ASTM G48 method, where autogenous TIG welding process was applied using different amounts of heat input and shielding gases like pure Ar and Ar+N2 and Ar+He mixtures. The results of pitting corrosion resistance of the welded joints of lean duplex stainless steel S82441 were studied in as weld conditions and after different mechanical surface finish treatments. The results of the critical pitting temperature (CPT) determined according to ASTM G48 at temperatures of 15, 25 and 35°C were presented. Three different surface treatment after welding were applied: etching, milling, brushing + etching. The influence of post weld surface treatment was studied in respect to the pitting corrosion resistance, basing on CPT temperature. Research on TIG welding of lean duplex stainless steel S82441/1.4662 showed a clear influence of the applied shielding gas mixtures, where the addition of 5 to 15% N2 to Ar virtually no effect on the level of resistance to pitting corrosion, only 5% N2 addition has a positive effect, while use of a mixture of 50% Ar + 50% He compared with welding at 100% Ar atmosphere, can significantly reduce the resistance to pitting corrosion. Definite good results were obtained during TIG welding with the participation of activation flux (A-TIG). The weld surface of lean duplex stainless S82441/1.4662 obtained in A-TIG welding without the addition of filler metal has a much lower tendency to pitting corrosion than traditional welds made by TIG method. Pitting corrosion resistance of welds made by A-TIG improved with the increase of the heat input in the tested range of welding current 100-200 A. It was also found that the intensity of the occurrence of pitting does not affect the method of cleaning welds after welding, but the mechanical removal of a thin surface layer of metal significantly reduces their intensity.
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Sahir, Samrina, Hwi Won Cho, Nagendra Prasad Yerriboina, Tae Gon Kim, Satomi Hamada, and Jin Goo Park. "Mechanism of PVA Brush Loading with Ceria Particles during Post-CMP Cleaning Process." Solid State Phenomena 314 (February 2021): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.314.259.

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Brush scrubbing is a well-known post CMP cleaning process. Interaction between PVA brush and the particles removed during the process must be considered while designing a cleaning process. In this work, the effect of cleaning solution pH was investigated in terms of particle removal from the wafer and subsequent loading to the PVA brush nodule. Higher cleaning of particles from wafer was observed for pH 2 and 12 cleaning solutions and poor cleaning for pH 7 cleaning solution. In contrast, the brushes were loaded heavily for pH 7 compared to pH 2 and 12. Higher electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged PVA and ceria surfaces provided higher ceria particles loading to PVA brush in acidic and neutral cleaning solutions. This particle loading to PVA brush can further effect cleaning efficiency as well as cross-contamination.
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Philipossian, Ara, Yasa Sampurno, Sian Theng, Fransisca Sudargho, Katherine M. Wortman-Otto, Carolyn Graverson, and Jason J. Keleher. "Tribological Characterization of Anionic Supramolecular Assemblies in Post-STI-CMP Cleaning Solution Using a Novel Post-CMP PVA Brush Scrubber." Solid State Phenomena 314 (February 2021): 264–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.314.264.

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We have shown how different micellar (SDBS) vs. polyelectrolytic (PSSA) supramolecular assemblies in post-CMP cleaning solutions differ in their tribological performance when used in a novel PVA scrubber for 300-mm silicon dioxide wafer cleaning. Significant differences in real-time shear force and coefficient of friction data from the wafer-solution-brush interface (both in time domain as well as frequency domain) have been attributed to differences in each supramolecule’s chemical functionality and structure, which in turn, have been correlated to wafer-level defects. The work has underscored the importance of measuring the tribological attributes of post-CMP cleaning processes in an effort to improve cleaning performance.
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Zhu, Ya Dong, Xiao Ping Yang, and Bao Hong Gao. "A Post-Si CMP Cleaning Using BDD Film Electrochemical Oxidation." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.169.

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This paper presents a post-Si CMP cleaning using the boron-doped diamond (BDD) film electrode as anode in the electrochemical cleaning method. The BDD film electrode has wide potential window and high oxygen evolution potential, so it is able to electrochemically generate super-advanced oxidation free radicals, such as hydroxyl radicals, oxygen free radicals and so on. And the sub-product of the radicals are ozone and hydrogen peroxide. And the BDD film electrode electrochemically oxidation is an advanced oxidation technology. First using the surfactant to remove particles contaminants, then following this post-Si CMP cleaning, it can effectively remove organic as well as the adsorbed surfactant on the surface. The experiments of cleaning post-Si CMP wafer are introduced in this paper, and the results indicated that the effective cleaning process can meet the continuous development of microelectronic industry cleaning needs.
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Lieten, Ruben R., Daniela White, Thomas Parson, Shi Ning Jenq, Don Frye, Michael White, Lieve Teugels, and Herbert Struyf. "Post-CMP Cleaners for Tungsten at Advanced Nodes." Solid State Phenomena 255 (September 2016): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.255.186.

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We discuss several mechanistic approaches and experimental data for improving post-CMP cleaning of W plugs with TiN as barrier liner, and dielectric substrates SiO2 and Si3N4 for use at the 10 nm technology node (metal pitch of 40 nm). Particle charge in the low pH, W CMP slurries are usually positive, and the W surface is always negatively charged at pH >3. Therefore, a strong electrostatic attraction is expected to occur between the W surface and the residual particles during post-CMP cleaning. Two main approaches were chosen to break down the strong particles-W surface post-CMP electrostatic interactions, as well as particles dispersion and prevention of redeposition: (1) using cleaning additives able to adsorb at the W surface and reverse the W surface charge; (2) using organic additives to reverse the particle charge. The latter approach results in two strongly negative charged surfaces, which are able to repulse each other, and leads to the best cleaning.
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Cazes, M., Christian Pizzetti, Jerome Daviot, Philippe Garnier, Lucile Broussous, Laurence Gabette, and Pascal Besson. "Customized Chemical Compositions Adaptable for Cleaning Virtually all Post-Etch Residues." Solid State Phenomena 282 (August 2018): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.282.121.

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A post-etch residue cleaning formulation, based on balancing the aggressiveness of hydrofluoric acid with its well-known residue removal properties is introduced. In a series of investigations originally motivated by the cleaning challenge provided by high-k dielectric-based residues, a formulation platform is developed that successfully cleans residues resulting from the plasma patterning of tantalum oxide and similar materials while maintaining metal and dielectric compatibility. It is further shown that the fundamental advantages of this solution can be extended to the cleaning of other, more traditional post-etch residues, with no sacrifice in compatibility, as demonstrated by measurements on blanket films and through SEM data.
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Sampurno, Yasa, Yun Zhuang, Xun Gu, Sian Theng, Takenao Nemoto, Ting Sun, Fransisca Sudargho, Akinobu Teramoto, Ara Philipossian, and Tadahiro Ohmi. "Effect of Various Cleaning Solutions and Brush Scrubber Kinematics on the Frictional Attributes of Post Copper CMP Cleaning Process." Solid State Phenomena 145-146 (January 2009): 363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.145-146.363.

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Brush scrubbing has been widely used in post chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) applications to remove contaminations, such as slurry residues and particles, from the wafer surface. During brush scrubbing, particle removal results from direct contact between a soft poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) brush and the wafer surface in which the brush asperities engulf the particles while the rotating motion of the brush, as well as the cleaning fluid at the surface, dislodge and carry the particles away from the wafer. The cleaning performance of brush scrubbing depends heavily on the choice of the cleaning solution and brush scrubber kinematics. In this work, the effect of various cleaning solutions and brush scrubber kinematics on the frictional attributes of post copper CMP cleaning process was investigated.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Post weld cleaning"

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Holgersson, Jimmy, and Klara Trydell. "Pitting Corrosion Evaluation of Post-Weld Cleaning Methods for Stainless Steel Welds." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264417.

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Welding stainless steel creates an oxide film, heat tint, on the surface and around the joint. It disrupts passivation and influence the corrosion resistance for the material. The result is often a decrease in pitting corrosion resistance for the joint and surrounding area. The heat tint is therefore commonly removed by post weld cleaning. Chemical pickling is traditionally performed on stainless steel welds as a mean to ensure passivation. The method is however hazardous both for the environment and from a safety aspect, because of the harsh chemicals used. It is also increasingly hard to perform on high alloyed stainless steel due to the need for a longer application time and more concentrated chemicals. The problems have led to an interest in alternative methods, for example electrolytical cleaning and laser ablation. Two varieties of electrolytical methods and laser ablation have been investigated in comparison to chemical pickling for five differently alloyed stainless steels. They have been ranked based on the critical pitting temperature (CPT) in reference to un-welded and welded samples and further examined microstructurally. An increase in CPT was generally seen for the cleaning methods, compared to the as-welded samples, in some cases obtaining the same CPT as the base material. The difference between the cleaning methods was usually not major and varied depending on material, therefore it is hard to clearly rank one method as superior. Chemical pickling did however tend to result in smaller or fewer pits at CPT compared to the other methods. Process defects or unfavourable structural change caused by welding was ruled out based on microscopy, microstructural analysis and ferrite measurements. SVET analysis was performed on one material for the cleaning methods and an as-welded sample. It was indicated that the sample with heat tint remaining and the laser ablated specimen were prone to pitting in the area closest to the weld. The chemically pickled sample showed some activity in the heat affected zone, while the two varieties of the electrolytical methods were passive. The activity was, however, not investigated for the weld metal. It is concluded that chemical pickling can be used as an effective cleaning method, but that an electrolytical method or laser ablation is much faster, less harmful and also tends to facilitate passivation. An electrolytical method or laser ablation might therefore be more beneficial, compared to chemical pickling, depending on the application requirements.
Svetsning i rostfritt stål bildar ett oxidlager, missfärgning, på ytan och runt fogen. Detta stör passiveringen och påverkar korrosionsegenskaperna hos materialet. Resultatet blir ofta en reducering av motstånd mot punktkorrosion i fogen och kringliggande områden. Missfärgningen tas därför vanligtvis bort med svetsrengöring. Traditionellt så används kemisk betning på svetsar i rostfritt stål för att möjliggöra passivering. Denna metod är dock farlig för både miljön och operatören, detta på grund av de starka kemikalierna som används. Det blir också försämrad effekt på mer höglegerade stål då de kräver en längre exponeringstid samt högre koncentration av kemikalierna. Dessa problem har lett till ett ökat intresse för alternativa metoder, till exempel elektrolytiska lösningar eller laserablation. Två varianter av elektrolytiska metoder och laserablation har undersökts samt jämförts med kemisk betning på fem olika legerade rostfria stål. Metoderna är rangordnade baserat på den kritiska temperaturen för punktkorrosion (CPT) med grundmaterial och orengjorda svetsprov som referens vars mikrostrukturer tidigare hade undersökts. Ett ökat CPT-värde uppmärksammades generellt för samtliga rengöringsmetoder, jämfört med de orengjorda proven, och i vissa fall uppnåddes samma CPT-värde som för grundmaterialet. Skillnaden i CPT-värde mellan de olika rengöringsmetoderna var inte markant och varierade beroende på material, vilket gör det svårt att utse en överlägsen metod. Däremot visade kemisk betning en tendens på att utveckla mindre och färre gropar vid samma CPT-värde som de andra metoderna. Defekter som uppkommer vid processen eller ogynnsamma förändringar i mikrostrukturen orsakad av svetsning kunde uteslutas med hjälp av mikroskopiska bilder av ytan, utvärdering av mikrostrukturen och mätning av ferrithalt. SVET analys utfördes på ett material med samtliga rengöringsmetoder och orengjord svets. Det visade sig att de orengjorda proven och proven rengjorda med laser var benägna till punktkorrosion i området närmast svetsen. De kemiskt betade proven visade delvis aktivitet i den värmepåverkade zonen, medan proven rengjorda elektrolytiskt hade passiverats. Strömaktiviteten mättes dock aldrig på svetssträngen. Det visade sig att kemisk betning kan användas som en effektiv rengöringsmetod, dock är de elektrolytiska metoderna och laserablation mycket snabbare metoder, mindre skadliga och de möjliggör passivering. En elektrolytisk metod eller laserablation kan därför vara mer fördelaktigt, jämfört med kemisk betning, beroende på vilka krav som ställs på applikationen.
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Westin, Elin M. "Welds in the lean duplex stainless steel LDX 2101 : effect of microstructure and weld oxide on corrosion properties." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Materials Science and Engineering, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-9299.

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Duplex stainless steels are a very attractive alternative to austenitic grades due to their higher strength and good corrosion performance. The austenitic grades can often be welded autogenously, while the duplex grades normally require addition of filler metal. This is to counteract segregation of important alloying elements and to give sufficient austenite formation to prevent precipitation of chromium nitrides that could have a negative effect on impact toughness and pitting resistance. The corrosion performance of the recently-developed lean duplex stainless steel LDX 2101 is higher than that of 304 and can reach the level of 316. This thesis summarises pitting resistance tests performed on laser and gas tungsten arc (GTA) welded LDX 2101. It is shown here that this material can be autogenously welded, but additions of filler metal, nitrogen in the shielding gas and use of hybrid methods increases the austenite formation and the pitting resistance by further suppressing formation of chromium nitride precipitates in the weld metal. If the weld metal austenite formation is sufficient, the chromium nitride precipitates in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) could cause local pitting, however, this was not seen in this work. Instead, pitting occurred 1–3 mm from the fusion line, in the parent metal rather than in the high temperature HAZ (HTHAZ). This is suggested here to be controlled by the heat tint, and the effect of residual weld oxides on the pitting resistance is studied. The composition and the thickness of weld oxide formed on LDX 2101 and 2304 were determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The heat tint on these lean duplex grades proved to contain significantly more manganese than what has been reported for standard austenitic stainless steels in the 300 series. A new approach on heat tint formation is consequently presented. Evaporation of material from the weld metal and subsequent deposition on the weld oxide are suggested to contribute to weld oxide formation. This is supported by element loss in LDX 2101 weld metal, and nitrogen additions to the GTA shielding gas further increase the evaporation.

 

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Westin, Elin M. "Welds in the lean duplex stainless steel LDX 2101 : effect of microstructure and weld oxides on corrosion properties." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Industriell teknik och management, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-9299.

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Westin, Elin M. "Microstructure and properties of welds in the lean duplex stainless steel LDX 2101." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Metallografi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-27387.

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Duplex stainless steels can be very attractive alternatives to austenitic grades due to their almost double strength at equal pitting corrosion resistance. When welding, the duplex alloys normally require addition of filler metal, while the commodity austenitic grades can often be welded autogenously. Over-alloyed consumables are used to counteract segregation of important alloying elements and to balance the two phases, ferrite and austenite, in the duplex weld metal. This work focuses on the weldability of the recently-developed lean duplex stainless steel LDX 2101® (EN 1.4162, UNS S32101). The pitting corrosion resistance of this grade is better than that of austenitic AISI 304 (EN 1.4307) and can reach the level of AISI 316L (EN 1.4404). The austenite formation is rapid in LDX 2101 compared to older duplex grades. Pitting resistance tests performed show that 1-2.5 mm thick laser and gas tungsten arc (GTA) welded LDX 2101 can have good corrosion properties even when welding autogenously. Additions of filler metal, nitrogen in the shielding gas, nitrogen-based backing gas and use of laser hybrid welding methods, however, increase the austenite formation. The pitting resistance may also be increased by suppressing formation of chromium nitrides in the weld metal and heat affected zone (HAZ). After thorough post-weld cleaning (pickling), pitting primarily occurred 1-3 mm from the fusion line, in the parent metal rather than in the HAZ. Neither the chromium nitride precipitates found in the HAZ, nor the element depletion along the fusion line that was revealed by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) were found to locally decrease the pitting resistance. The preferential pitting location is suggested to be controlled by the residual weld oxide composition that varies over the surface. The composition and thickness of weld oxide formed on LDX 2101 and 2304 (EN 1.4362, UNS S32304) were determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The heat tint on these lean duplex grades proved to contain significantly more manganese than what has been reported for standard austenitic stainless steels in the AISI 300 series. A new approach to heat tint formation is presented; whereby evaporation of material from the weld metal and subsequent deposition on the already-formed weld oxide are suggested to contribute to weld oxide formation. This is consistent with manganese loss from the weld metal, and nitrogen additions to the GTA shielding gas enhance the evaporation. The segregation of all elements apart from nitrogen is low in autogenously welded LDX 2101. This means that filler wire additions may not be required as for other duplex grades assuming that there is no large nitrogen loss that could cause excessive ferrite contents. As the nitrogen appears to be controlling the austenite formation, it becomes essential to avoid losing nitrogen during welding by choosing nitrogen-containing shielding and backing gas.
QC 20101213
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Books on the topic "Post weld cleaning"

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Lubin, Timothy. Daily Duties. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198702603.003.0014.

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This chapter shows that, just as initiation and training in Veda were being promoted as prerequisites for a life of Ārya piety according to varṇāśrama-dharma, some of the student’s or snātaka’s elaborate standards of bodily purification were made to apply to the ordinary householder as well, constituting that status as an āśrama, that is, as a formal “religious profession.” Those purity norms, together with the basic duties to recite and make offerings (even notional, semi-interiorized offerings), come to be taught as the “minimum daily requirements” of any Ārya householder. This trend crystalizes as a distinct rubric only in post-fifth-century CE Dharmaśāstra works. Included in the list are śauca (ablutions after defecation and urination), ācamana (sipping water), dantadhāvana (tooth cleaning), snāna (bathing), tarpaṇa (satiating the ancestors with libations of water), saṃdhyā or saṃdhyopāsana (worship at the twilights) homa (fire offering), and japa (mantra recitation).
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Drumbl, Mark A. Justice outside of Criminal Courtrooms and Jailhouses. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190272654.003.0021.

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This chapter explores a range of justice mechanisms that present as alternatives to courtrooms and jails. It discusses a number of ‘othered’ alternatives. A rich thread of Schabas’s work itself engages with such alternatives, and this chapter references this thread. When it comes to alternatives to criminal trials, truth commissions and public inquiries emerge as among the most obvious candidates. In this regard, then, they find themselves at the center of peripheralized modalities of post-conflict justice. This chapter looks well beyond this center so as to recover the value of the margins, the edges, within the periphery. It thereby addresses traditional cleansing ceremonies, community service, civil actions in national courts, restitution, qualified amnesties, and the gacaca in Rwanda. It also examines how, because of perceived inadequacies in victim integration, the Rome Statute framework sought to incorporate restorative approaches to justice (including victim participation in criminal proceedings and entitlements to reparations).
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Book chapters on the topic "Post weld cleaning"

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"e. The transfer basket containing the items to be cleaned was lowered into the immersion sump , and statically (i.e. no liquid flow) sonicated for a finite pe-riod of time, usually 15 minutes. f. After static sonication, the rinse pump was turned on and the liquid in the immersion bath was circulated through the activated carbon columns at a rate of1,700 ml/minute for a finite period of time. The circulation time ranged fro m 15 minutes to 2 hours, depending on the purpose of the test. g. The rate of decontamination was monitored by following the concentration of the contaminant in the decontamination liquid (HFE-7100). h . Steps e and f were repeated until the presence of contaminant in the circulat-ing liquid could no longer be detected. i. When the immersion sump liquid was free of contaminant, the transfer basket was moved from the immersion sump to the superheat sump and dried for 30 minutes to remove liquid drag out. j . The transfer basket was removed from the Poly-Kleen™ system. The test pieces were removed from the basket, visually examined, photographed under visible and UV light, reweighed, and archived. I n order to maximize ultrasonic power density, the minimum amount of liquid needed to cover the parts being cleaned was used. Typically, the sump contained from 130 to 180 mm (5 to 7 inches) of liquid, which corresponds to a liquid vol-ume of approximately 15 liters to 30 liters (4 to 8 gallons) and a corresponding ul-trasonic power density of 26 to 18 watts/liter (100 to 70 watts/gallon). In prelimi-nary tests, it was noted that immersing and sonicating the test samples when the immersion sump was filled to the brim (about 53 liters (14 gallons)) did not result in effective cleaning. At that volume, the ultrasonic power density had dropped to a value of 8 watts/liter (30 watts/gallon). While this value would be considered marginal in a stainless steel ultrasonic bath, where the ultrasonic waves can be re-flected from the walls back into the liquid, in a polypropylene bath in which the walls absorb rather than reflect the ultrasonic waves, this power density level is too low. If parts were also contaminated with biological agents, after Step h, they would be sonicated in a fluorinated surfactant/HFE-7100 solution that would be circu-lated through microfilters to remove suspended materials. The parts would then be rinsed in fresh HFE-7100 to remove fluorocarbon surfactant residues, and then dried as described above. Table 3 lists the sensitive equipment decontamination experiments that were carried out in the Poly-Kleen™ system during the course of the program. The combination of equipment processed, contaminants used, and monitoring method(s) examined are listed in this table. The results of the various cleaning re-sults are summarized in Table 4. This table records the weights of the items listed in Table 3, before and after contamination, as well as the post-cleáning weight and visual appearance of these items." In Surface Contamination and Cleaning, 129–36. CRC Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9789047403289-19.

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Kis-Halas, Judit. "Sacred Sites Reinterpreted: New Age Phenomena at a Hungarian Marian Shrine." In Traces of the Virgin Mary in Post-Communist Europe, 56–74. Institute of Ethnology and Social Anthropology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, VEDA, Publishing House of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31577/2019.9788022417822.56-74.

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Marian shrines were always the sites of miraculous healings and spectacular apparitions. Nowadays, they have also become the crystallisation points of the New Age phenomena. Several studies have already pointed out this trend with regard to popular pilgrimage destinations. As far as the Hungarian Marian shrines are concerned, none of them have been systematically examined from this perspective. This chapter aims to provide a deeper in- sight of how a Marian shrine is being re-orchestrated as a specific ‘power place’ in the context of alternative spiritualities, such as New Age religiosity or ethno-paganism at one Marian shrine at Máriagyűd. From the wide-ranging New Age phenomena and religious practices that the author observed during the past decades at Máriagyűd, she chose the prominent example of an esoteric group called Magyar MAGok [Hungarian Seeds], which deals with diverse religious and healing activities. Their programmes include sha- manic drumming sessions, tours to ‘sacred sites’ in Hungary and the Carpathian Basin (mostly Romania), weekend meditations, esoteric workshops, readings on the history and culture of the ancient Hungarians, such as direct kinship between the Hungarians and the Huns, or the identification of the Ancient Hungarians with the Scythians, or the Hungarian origins of the Christian Father God. In accordance with the millennial narrative, they use the elements of the alternative history of the Hungarians as well as other motifs which recall UFO-religions and ET-spiritualities, and last but not least, the idea of healing and cleansing as the basic means leading to universal well-being. The description of their unique rituals and other religious practices is followed by an analysis of the discourse on the contested authority of the shrine. The author of the chapter focuses on the role of the Virgin Mary within their discourse. She found it interesting that Mary is connected with the so-called Boldogasszony (literally [Blessed Woman]), which is a special Hungarian denomination of the Virgin Mary and, at the same time, the alleged goddess of the ancient Hungarians. ‘Boldogasszony’ has been used as a synonym for the Blessed Virgin Mary since the Middle Ages (cf. Madas 2002). The quest for a lost epic and a missing mythology of the Hungarians, which was inspired by national romanticism, resulted in the term gaining an ethnic taste by the end of the 19th century. ‘Boldogasszony’ was the most emblematic female figure of the pantheon in the re-invented Ancient Hungarian religion – the Mother Goddess (Kálmány 1885). With regard to its contemporary use, ‘Boldogasszony’ is also interpreted as the Hungarian equivalent of the Goddess (Bowman 2009), and is also considered Mother Earth (Gaia) and the galactic patroness of all Hungarians par excellence. The author put the manifold interpretations of the Virgin Mary's figure in the centre of attention, highlighting the Catholic Church's standpoint on the emergence of New Age spirituality at Catholic devotional places.
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Conference papers on the topic "Post weld cleaning"

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Henderson, Michael R. "An Overview of GMAW Including Applications, Common Problems and Solutions." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93706.

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Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) is said to be one of the easiest welding processes to learn and use. Because of its high deposition rates and little post-weld cleaning required, GMAW is a popular choice for a variety of applications including almost all commercially important metals. Another factor contributing to the widespread use of GMAW is the various modes of metal transfer including short circuit, spray, surface tension transfer (STT), etc. These different modes of transfer enable GMAW to be tailored to different situations. For instance, some applications may require deep penetration or other applications may be for welding very thin sections. However, these factors along with others may result in inferior welds if not monitored closely. Problems such as weld porosity, lack of fusion, and lack of shielding gas coverage can all lead to inadequate welds which can lead to larger problems if not corrected. Many common drawbacks to the GMAW process can be remedied quite easily with proper time and attention. Taking the time and effort to produce a sound weld may, however, negate the superior deposition rates of GMAW thereby limiting its use to fewer applications. This welding process can be extremely effective when used properly. However, the key is to not sacrifice weld quality for the sake of production. GMAW applications, modes of transfer, along with common problems and solutions associated with the process will all be discussed and detailed.
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Craig, Steven, and Patcharapun Soodsakorn. "Overcoming Extreme Technical and Logistical Challenges to Successfully Cleanout 76,000-LBM Proppant." In SPE/ICoTA Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204437-ms.

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Abstract A fracture treatment in offshore Tunisia screened out leaving over 76,000-lbm proppant in the wellbore. The well was significantly under-hydrostatic. The platform was small and had limited deck space and low capacity cranes. The completion incorporated chrome tubulars with a history of causing abrasion failure to coiled tubing strings. The challenge was to efficiently and safely clean out the proppant with coiled tubing (CT). A prior cleanout campaign had been conducted with concentric CT and jet pumps. An initial design focused on repeating this method. The engineering analysis had to account for fluid and nitrogen pumping being conducted from a supply vessel, limited nitrogen volume, low the solids return rate due to surface handling limitations, and no fluid discharge permitted to sea. A combined engineering, logistical study, laboratory testing and risk assessment was undertaken over the course of three months. Engineering utilized advanced cleanout modelling software to review concentric CT cleaning, forward cleaning (with and without optimizing cleaning Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) and with various sizes of CT), and reverse circulating. Logistics analyzed the overall operation time, fluid and nitrogen requirements and the number of boat trips to replenish/change well returns and nitrogen. Three additional challenges were present. First, proppant could have packed off creating difficulties for some of the processes under review. Laboratory testing was conducted and confirmed this would not be a concern. Second, the well was sour and considerations for protecting the CT string and handling hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the return stream were required. Third, CT string optimization was required to reduce potential abrasion failures. Avoiding CT failure was paramount as the string would be boat spooled onto the platform and any failure would severely impact operating time and project finances. The chosen method was primarily fluid only reverse circulating when cleaning above the formation, changing to forward circulated two phase operation when close to the formation. The downhole pressure gauge in the completion provided early warning of lost returns or of gas kicks. The operation was successfully, efficiently and safely completed in August 2019. The well was handed back to production 8 days ahead of schedule. The paper will cover the complete concept and detail design, execution and post-job analysis.
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Payne, Courtney, and Sergio Rondon Fajardo. "Degradable Loss Control System for Coiled Tubing Interventions." In SPE/ICoTA Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204427-ms.

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Abstract Coiled tubing (CT) milling and cleanout interventions depend heavily on the circulation of fluids and debris throughout a wellbore. When these interventions are performed on lateral wells which are subhydrostatic or are not able to sustain a stable column of fluid during the operation, they pose unique challenges. This is mostly due to the inability of the well to support a column of fluid, which consequently causes circulation over long distances and along narrow annular spaces to be difficult or impossible, particularly when a thief zone is present. The many consequences of poor to nonexistent fluid circulation can be severe, ranging from poor hole cleaning and formation damage to inducing a stuck pipe scenario. Over the years, many mechanical and chemical solutions have been employed to improve fluid circulation in subhydrostatic wells, but each comes with its own set of challenges and can be costly to implement. Two methods commonly used today to improve debris removal from a low-pressure wellbore include the use of nitrogen and the creation of an underbalanced condition in the wellbore by flowing formation fluids. The former is expensive, time consuming, and requires advance bottomhole assembly (BHA) planning whereas the latter can lead to significant formation damage or a reduction in fracture conductivity through the removal of proppant from the near-wellbore area. A fiber- and particulate-laden degradable loss control system (LCS) is proposed as an improvement on the current techniques used to improve circulation in subhydrostatic wells. The LCS temporarily prevents losses to the reservoir and enables the circulation of debris out of the well. The system was applied to low-pressure wells in North America to demonstrate its effectiveness in addressing the reduction or loss of circulation throughout the wellbore and improving debris transport to surface.
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Biondi, B. "Cost Effective Permanent Well Plug & Abandon on Cluster-X With Complex Well Conditions." In Digital Technical Conference. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa20-se-108.

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Regulation PTK-040 SKK MIGAS explained that the oil company must permanently close the wells post-production operations. Cluster-X has complex well conditions, so the observation needs to be cost-effective. The observation on this case refers to SNI 13-6910-2002 explaining the permanent abandonment of wells in the isolation of open-hole zones, perforation zones, blockage of casing stub (junk) as Primary well-barrier and the annular space blockage as a Secondary well-barrier. The next stage is the surface plug as an environmental isolation plug. API BUL E3-FIRST EDITION & NORSOK STANDARD D-010 are also needed for permanent abandonment on surface capping and slotted-liners in multiple reservoirs. Additional references such as API-Spec-10A are needed. The final stage is the testing of cement plugs, hole cleaning process, and budgeting. This paper discusses various conditions of wells on Cluster-X such as abnormally high pressure, cement plug with open-hole slotted-liners in multiple reservoirs, and junk left in-hole. The first step was to run with a balance plug method on ± 10,500-10,971 ft MD as Primary well-barrier. The next step was to run a cement squeeze method with bridge plug on ±7200-7500 ft MD as Secondary well-barrier. On the step of environmental isolation plug a cement plug retainer was run as a weight test with 15,000 pounds the same on previous steps. Type G class cement was selected to cement plug and ran off section milling tools above of the overpressure zone. The wells closure method compares between rigless method coiled tubing unit and portable rig (conventional) which can optimize plug & abandonment operating time and operational cost.
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Escarraga, Cristian, Emiro Leon, Marcia Benavides, and Tatiana Taborda. "SUCCESSFUL SAND PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT THROUGH ADVANCED ANALYSIS OF WELL INTEGRITY LOGS IN CASABE FIELD, COLOMBIA." In 2021 SPWLA 62nd Annual Logging Symposium Online. Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/spwla-2021-0018.

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Casabe Field is a heavy crude mature field with 260 producers, under selective injection of water with 350 injectors, producing close to 14,000 bbl/d of oil and about 80,000 bbl/d of water are being selectively injected under a 5-spot injection model. High water injection rates develop as consequence high flow velocities along its high permeability thinned sands, causing sand jetting over the cement and casing and seriously affecting the integrity of the well and zonal isolation. As typical in a brown field, operational costs are close to the limit, and sand cleaning represents almost 90% of workover operations with an average of 3.4 sand cleaning interventions per year in evaluated wells, which means an inoperability of 40% of time per year. Those events have represented millions of dollars in well interventions, abandonments, and water treatment, for which an aggressive sand management strategy was designed to optimize field operation. This strategy consists of identifying producing intervals with evidence of sand production in wells with high failure rates, in order to take effective and efficient corrective actions to recover the normal operation of the well with an optimized production. The identification of potential sand-producer intervals has been performed with the combination of last generation of cement evaluation with porosity wireline tools, applying a novel analysis of the acquired data through the processing of a flexural wave to characterize the geometry of the third interface (or open hole). Characterizing the annular geometry with mentioned technologies, has helped identify indications of cavern development behind the casing which also correlates with casing deformation, corrosion, and cement degradation, something expected at sand-jetted intervals. This, of course, means not only production loss but also integrity loss that threatens nearby zonal isolation. In all the cases where caverns have been detected, cement was strategically and efficiently pumped to cover formation washout. Post-workover and production reports indicate continued production was reached as inoperative time was reduced from 40% to 10%, but also well intervention for sand clean out was reduced from 3.4 to 1.4 per year on evaluated wells. This sand management strategy has been conducted in 10 wells in which more than USD 9 million cost-saving in workover activities have been reported. The application of new technologies and new ways of data analysis to inspect the physical condition of downhole barriers enabled the operator to save costs and to maintain the control of the integrity of the wells in aggressive environments such as the existing in Casabe Field. The experience gained in the process of identifying caverns behind the casing can be easily passed to other engineering teams facing similar situations, for example in neighboring fields of the Medium Magdalena Valley of Colombia.
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Karimi, Zahra, Paul Su, Babak Haghpanah, William W. Doerr, Louis A. Gritzo, Syed Hassan, and Ashkan Vaziri. "Removal of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes From Contaminated Surfaces With Microscale Topological Features." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-39752.

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Experiments were performed to examine the ability of surfactants to remove multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) from silicon wafers with nano and micro scaled features. Well-defined microscale topological features on silicon wafers were induced using photo lithography and plasma etching. The etching time was varied to create variation in topological features with the size and height of ∼ 8±1 μm, and ∼2±1 μm, respectively. MWCNTs in the form of pristine liquid solution were deposited on the surface of silicon wafers using the spin coating process. During cleaning, the contaminated surfaces were first sprayed with one of the two surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), or water. MWCNTs were wiped off using a wiping mechanism. The area density of the MWCNTs was quantified prior to and after their removal using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and post-image processing. The results show decreasing removal efficiency for all the surfactants as the topological features on the wafers deepen through increasing the etching time. Surfactants show better decontamination efficiency compared with water.
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Abdul Wahab, Norsharmila, Muhammad Haniff Suhaimi, Aryanore Nafarine Antuni, W. Nor Afiqah W Aziz, Muhammad Zaki Mohiyaddin, Aldrick Garcia Mayans, and Shahid Azizul Haq. "Fluid Mapping-While-Drilling De-Risks Reservoir and Fluid Data Acquisition Workflow in a Brown Field." In IADC/SPE Asia Pacific Drilling Technology Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/201023-ms.

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Abstract Located offshore Malaysia, Field A is a highly complex elongated anticlinal structure with hundreds of faults. It includes over 70 hydrocarbon bearing sands deposited in a lower coastal plain environment. Producing since the late 1970s, Field A has gone through several asset rejuvenation plans. The latest one aimed at appraising and draining several untapped fault blocks. Although no major surprises were expected in terms of lithologies, uncertainties remained on fluids’ nature in multiple sands and on the possible isolation of the fault blocks. This paper illustrates how an operating company introduced a new while-drilling downhole formation fluid data acquisition workflow to successfully de-risk and address these challenges. Conventional formation evaluation is challenging in these fluvial environments, as it includes laminated reservoir, variable permeability, and presence of light, potentially saturated, hydrocarbons. Lessons learned from the previous rejuvenation campaign highlighted the importance of formation testing and downhole fluid analysis (DFA). The planned campaign required drilling two complex 3D profile wells (80-degree tangent followed by 35-degree drop through the targets). Pre-drill discussion raised various concerns: potential well control issues due to pumping light hydrocarbons in the borehole; sticking risk due to complex well trajectory and potential depletion; in-situ evaluation of CO2 for well deliverability analysis; and the number of logging runs, wiper, and post-drilling cleaning trips. In addition, the financial constraints on infill development called for the need of early, real-time enabled decisions for perforation and completion optimization. The selected drilling bottomhole assembly consisted of an integrated multi-physics logging-while-drilling toolstring including fluid mapping-while-drilling (FMWD) technology to de-risk the fluid acquisition program. The integration of pressures and DFA measurements with petrophysical data helped to identify and understand the distribution of fluids and fault blocks connectivity. The campaign proved to be very successful. All sand horizons were pressure tested, providing a fluid pressure profile description yielding gradients where applicable, differential pressure estimation, and connectivity information. The uncertainty associated with petrophysical fluid identification was addressed, and the use of FMWD showed no free gas in the tested zones. Fault block isolation was proven. Reservoir fluid and mobility profiling helped to optimize the well perforation and completion strategy and assess the producibility of the wells. The acquisition sequence was safely performed in one trip from bottom to top with no overpull observed. No wiper or post-drilling cleaning trips were required due to continuous mud circulation during data acquisition. This paper describes how this operating company successfully introduced a new while-drilling downhole formation fluid data acquisition workflow in a brown field. The workflow positively impacted the field development decisions. The FMWD de-risked data gathering operation under tight economical constraints and addressed formation evaluation and drilling and completion challenges during the evaluation of untapped blocks in Field A.
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Completion Team, Matador Resources Company,, J. H. Frantz, M. L. Tourigny, and J. M. Griffith. "Utilization of Hydraulic Completion Units in the Delaware Basin." In SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204202-ms.

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Abstract In conjunction with the industry and basin-wide paradigm shift to drilling and completing extended laterals, Matador Resources Company (the operator) made significant plans in 2018 that would focus activity toward wells with laterals greater than one-mile. One operational hurdle to overcome in this shift change was the effective execution of removing frac plugs and sand at increased depths during a post-stimulation frac plug millout. Utilization of coiled-tubing units (CTUs) had been proven to be a successful millout method in one-mile laterals, but not without risk. Rig-assisted snubbing units coupled with workover rigs (WORs) provided for less risk with higher pulling strength capabilities and the ability to rotate tubing, but would often require operational time of up to twice that of typical coiled-tubing unit millouts. The stand-alone, rigless Hydraulic Completion Unit (HCU) was ultimately tested as a solution and proved to alleviate risks in extended lateral millouts while providing operational time and cost comparable to coiled-tubing units. The operator has since performed post-stimulation frac plug millouts on ∼45 horizontal wells in the Delaware Basin using HCUs. The majority of these wells carried lateral lengths of over 1.5 miles. Results and benefits observed by the operator include but are not limited to the list below: 1.) Ability to safely and consistently reach total depth (TD) on extended laterals through increased snubbing/pickup force and the HCU's pipe rotating ability 2.) Ability to pump at higher circulation rates in high-pressured wells (>3,500 psi wellhead pressure) to assist in effective wellbore cleaning 3.) Smaller footprint which allows for the utilization of two units simultaneously on multi-well pads 4.) Time and cost comparable to a standard coiled-tubing millout, particularly on multi-well pads.
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Castillo-Orozco, Eduardo, Ashkan Davanlou, Pretam K. Choudhury, and Ranganathan Kumar. "On the Impact of Liquid Drops on Immiscible Liquids." In ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with the ASME 2016 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2016 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2016-8059.

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The release of liquid hydrocarbons into the water is one of the environmental issues that have attracted more attention after deepwater horizon oil spill in Gulf of Mexico. The understanding of the interaction between liquid droplets impacting on an immiscible fluid is important for cleaning up oil spills as well as the demulsification process. Here we study the impact of low-viscosity liquid drops on high-viscosity liquid pools, e.g. water and ethanol droplets on a silicone oil 10cSt bath. We use an ultrafast camera and image processing to provide a detailed description of the impact phenomenon. Our observations suggest that viscosity and density ratio of the two media play a major role in the post-impact behavior. When the droplet density is larger than that of the pool, additional cavity is generated inside the pool. However, if the density of the droplet is lower than the pool, droplet momentary penetration may be facilitated by high impact velocities. In crown splash regime, the pool properties as well as drop properties play an important role. In addition, the appearance of the central jet is highly affected by the properties of the impacting droplet. In general, the size of generated daughter droplets as well as the thickness of the jet is reduced compared to the impact of droplets with the pool of an identical fluid.
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Qin, Wentao, Scott Donaldson, Dan Rogers, Lahcen Boukhanfra, Julien Thiefain, Denise Barrientos, Gordy Grivna, Jim Steinwall, George Chang, and Jeff Gambino. "A Latent Issue of Via Resistance: Mechanism and Solution." In ISTFA 2018. ASM International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2018p0121.

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Abstract Many semiconductor products are manufactured with mature technologies involving the uses of aluminum (Al) lines and tungsten (W) vias. High resistances of the vias were sometimes observed only after electrical or thermal stress. A layer of Ti oxide was found on such a via. In the wafer processing, the post W chemical mechanical planarization (WCMP) cleaning left residual W oxide on the W plugs. Ti from the overlaying metal line spontaneously reduced the W oxide, through which Ti oxide formed. Compared with W oxide, the Ti oxide has a larger formation enthalpy, and the valence electrons of Ti are more tightly bound to the O ion cores. As a result, the Ti oxide is more resistive than the W oxide. Consequently, the die functioned well in the first test in the fab, but the via resistance increased significantly after a thermal stress, which led to device failure in the second test. The NH4OH concentration was therefore increased to more effectively remove residual W oxide, which solved the problem. The thermal stress had prevented the latent issue from becoming a more costly field failure.
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