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Journal articles on the topic 'Postal service – History'
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1
Linnarsson, Magnus. "Postal Service on a Lease Contract: the privatization and outsourcing of the Swedish postal service, 1662–1668." Scandinavian Journal of History 37, no. 3 (July 2012): 296–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2012.680811.
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Segal, Zef. "Communication and State Construction: The Postal Service in German States, 1815–1866." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 44, no. 4 (February 2014): 453–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_00610.
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A comparison between five nineteenth-century German states demonstrates the importance of postal systems for nation-building and nationalism. Prior to the formal unification of Germany under Emperor Wilhelm of Prussia in 1871, the various German states evinced scant political, administrative, social, or geographical cohesion until their postal systems created a communications infrastructure that gradually eroded traditional barriers.
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Bladh, Mats. "The Political Economy and the Natural Monopoly of the Postal Service: the Swedish case." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 12, no. 3 (April 2001): 229–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x01001200303.
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The postal service is a neglected business in academic historiography. Today’s postal service confronts two challenges: information technology and deregulation. This study deals mostly with deregulatory issues in a historical perspective. Comparisons between different periods in Swedish postal history in regard to competition, cross-subsidisation and bases for a natural monopoly is presented, and also the long-term development of mail volume. It will be argued that there has been quite different attitudes towards competition; that different forms of cross-subsidisation has existed; that the postal service has been a natural monopoly, but for reasons related to change; that mail composition has been transformed from correspondence to mass mail; and that mail volume has increased despite the rise of new modes of communication.
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Remijsen, Sofie. "The Postal Service and the Hour as a Unit of Time in Antiquity." Historia 56, no. 2 (2007): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/historia-2007-0011.
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Kielbowicz, Richard B. "Origins of the Junk-Mail Controversy: A Media Battle over Advertising and Postal Policy." Journal of Policy History 5, no. 2 (April 1993): 248–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600006734.
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On 30 June 1971, the tradition-bound U.S. Post Office, long steeped in politics, ceased operating as a cabinet-level department. The next day marked the birth of the U.S. Postal Service, a government corporation. This transformation, arguably the most fundamental restructuring of a major federal agency in American history, ended 180 years of congressional postal ratemaking. By ceding ratemaking authority to a commission, Congress hoped to elevate sound pricing principles and scrupulous administrative procedures over the impressionistic claims and political influences that had characterized the legislative process. Yet the 1970 Postal Reorganization Act could not wipe away two centuries of history. Ratemakers—whether legislators before 1971 or administrators thereafter—frequently found themselves confronted with mailers invoking tradition, history, and social values to bolster their arguments. Nowhere was this more apparent than in the struggle to find junk mail's proper place in postal policy.
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Wetherell, Donald G. "Country Post: Rural Postal Service in Canada, 1880–1945." Agricultural History 80, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 140–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-80.1.140.
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Shelton, Jon. "Undelivered: From the Great Postal Strike of 1970 to the Manufactured Crisis of the U.S. Postal Service." Labor 18, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 150–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-9361639.
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Howard, Allen M., and P. O. Beale. "The Postal Service of Sierra Leone. Its History, Stamps, and Stationery until 1961." International Journal of African Historical Studies 23, no. 3 (1990): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/219650.
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Ploeckl, Florian. "Uniform Service, Uniform Productivity? Regional Efficiency of the Imperial German Postal, Telegraph, and Telephone Service." Australian Economic History Review 56, no. 2 (June 20, 2016): 221–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aehr.12099.
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Menger, Andrew, and Robert M. Stein. "Choosing the Less Convenient Way to Vote: An Anomaly in Vote by Mail Elections." Political Research Quarterly 73, no. 1 (December 6, 2019): 196–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912919890009.
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Nearly two-thirds of persons who receive an unsolicited ballot in the mail before Election Day choose to return their ballot in person, rather than through the less costly and more convenient U.S. Postal Service. Why? How and when voters choose to return their mail ballot is consequential to the administration of elections and the confidence voters have in the outcome of elections. We offer and test four explanations for how vote by mail voters choose to return their ballot, including the social rewards of voting, the costs of voting, trust in U.S. Postal Service and a preference to cast a ballot after campaigning ends. We find supporting evidence for each explanation conditioned by prior history of voting.
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Becker, Bert. "The German Colony of Kiaochow and Its Postal Steamer Service, 1898–1914." International Journal of Maritime History 21, no. 1 (June 2009): 201–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387140902100110.
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Williams, Hugh, Doug Handyside, Kirsty Bashford, and Adenekan Oyefeso. "Service response to benzodiazepine use in opiate addicts: a national postal survey." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 22, no. 1 (March 2005): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700008739.
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AbstractObjectives: The study reports on benzodiazepine use among opiate dependent patients attending National Health Service community prescribing services and examines current practice in the clinical management of benzodiazepine dependence.Method: A postal questionnaire survey of 174 NHS substance misuse services in England and Wales.Results: A 71% response rate was achieved. Services estimated the prevalence of benzodiazepine use to be 40% and the prevalence of benzodiazepine dependence to be less than 25% among opiate dependent patients in treatment. Illicit supplies (street) and general practitioners were regarded as the most common source of benzodiazepines. The most commonly reported reasons for benzodiazepine use were for the direct intoxicating effects and for the treatment of anxiety/insomnia. The majority of services (93,75%) reported prescribing benzodiazepines to patients for benzodiazepine detoxification while 43 (35%) reported prescribing for benzodiazepine maintenance treatment. The variations in benzodiazepine prescribing practices across services are described.Conclusions: Benzodiazepine use remains common among opiate addicts in contact with treatment services. The majority of services surveyed reported prescribing benzodiazepines but there was much variation in clinical practice nationally. There is need for further research to identify effective treatment approaches for comorbid benzodiazepine dependence in opiate misusers.
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Ballendorf, Dirk Anthony, and James Sinclair. "Uniting a Nation: The Postal and Telecommunications Service of Papua New Guinea." American Historical Review 90, no. 3 (June 1985): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1861094.
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TSAI, WEIPIN. "The Qing Empire's Last Flowering: The expansion of China's Post Office at the turn of the twentieth century." Modern Asian Studies 49, no. 3 (March 6, 2015): 895–930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x15000013.
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AbstractThe Great Qing Imperial Post Office was set up in 1896, soon after the First Sino-Japanese War. It provided the first national postal service for the general public in the whole of Chinese history, and was a symbol of China's increasing engagement with the rest of the globe. Much of the preparation for the launch was carried out by the high-ranking foreign staff of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service, an influential institution established after the first Opium War.With a mission to promote modernization and project Qing power, the Imperial Post Office was established with a centrally controlled set of unified methods and procedures, and its success was rooted in integration with the new railway network, a strategy at the heart of its ambitious plans for expansion. This article explores the history of this postal expansion through railways, the use of which allowed its creators to plan networks in an integrated way—from urban centres on the coasts and great rivers through to China's interior.
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Wetherell, Donald G. "Book Review: Country Post: Rural Postal Service in Canada, 1880-1945." Agricultural History 80, no. 1 (January 2006): 140–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ah.2006.80.1.140.
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FITZPATRICK, CLAIRE. "The First Step to a Nation? The Irish Postal Service and the Home Rule Crisis." History 104, no. 360 (February 28, 2019): 228–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-229x.12736.
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Fava-Verde, Jean-François. "Victorian telegrams: the early development of the telegraphic despatch and its interplay with the letter post." Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science 72, no. 3 (January 24, 2018): 275–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0031.
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The paper examines the early development of the Victorian inland telegraph, and more precisely the telegraphic despatches, or telegrams, as they became widely known. The first telegram service in Britain was launched by the Electric Telegraph Company two decades before nationalization of the telegraphs in 1870. It is argued that this service was not as innovative as the electric telegraph technology that underpinned it. Attention is drawn to the parallels between the telegram and mail services. To this end, the evolution of postal communication is first explored, with a focus on the nineteenth century, when innovations such as mail-trains and prepayment by stamp considerably accelerated the mail and increased the volume of letters from 67 million in 1839 to a staggering 741 million in 1865. It was in this context that the telegram service was introduced to the public. The operating model adopted by the Electric Telegraph Company to deliver this service is deconstructed to show the similarities with the mail service and to demonstrate that a telegram was not always faster than letter post.
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Strekalova, Natalya V., and Sergey V. Shcherbakov. "Employees of communications institutions of the Tambov Governorate in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries: number, staff, professional mobility." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 188 (2020): 164–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2020-25-188-164-175.
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The role and importance of information and communication infrastructure in the modern world is growing, which increases the relevance of studying the history of the formation and development of postal, telegraph and telephone communications in Russia, primarily regional features of the social component of this process. Based on interdisciplinary approaches, involving a wide range of historical sources, the work explores the problems of the postal, telegraph and telephone service in the Tambov Governorate in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The issues of the number and staff of employees in communication institutions (post office, telegraph, telephone) of the Tambov Governorate are studied. We reveal the peculiarities and problems of the development of institutions staff of the postal and telegraph department. The problems of professional mobility of postal and telegraph employees are analyzed; the requirements for them, their official duties are described. In the second half of the 19th – early 20th century in the social and economic life of the Russian province, the information and communication component began to play a prominent role, which was reflected in the increase in the number of communica-tion institutions in the Tambov Governorate and employees in them. There were acute issues of human resourcing, first of all, qualified specialists. At the beginning of the 20th century the pro-portion of women who served in the institutions of the postal and telegraph department of the go-vernorate increased.
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Izzat Sultanovich, Yusupov. "The first stages of formation communication means in Khorezm." International Journal on Integrated Education 2, no. 5 (October 31, 2019): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i5.147.
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In this article, there was highlighted the appearance and formation of communication service in human history, especially, in Khorezm the history of development of communication system dates back to early ancient. Appearance, formation and development processes of it in Khorezm oasis covers several thousand years. In the early periods, the population of the oasis had to use various ways to satisfy their requirements of communicating and relating with each other.
It is necessary to emphasize that the geographical location of the oasis also was of great importance in the appearance and peculiar development of communication service in ancient times, together with the ancient history of communications with nomadic tribes in indoor and outdoor territories and states. Because the needs of rulers for the information about the situation in dependent territories always increased after the formation of slave-owning society.
The beginning of paying attention to the development of controlling the system of sending and receiving messages and organizing special systems is a process continuously connected with the emergence of writings and there appeared opportunities of sending messages and information in written form because of letters.
One of the ancient communication objects, postal service was an object of sending decrees and messages and it was organized in the oasis as state system in the 5th and 4th centuries B.C.. As a result there was organized postal service along caravan roads. There was left information that news bearers and ambassadors of kings were provided with food and fast-running horses in special stops on the ways and they had their peculiar costume and order (payza) approving their profession and position.
Those stops were the reason for the rise of communication to a new stage together with serving as a place where tar couriers rest and change their horses.
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Laborie, Léonard. "Global commerce in small boxes: parcel post, 1878–1913." Journal of Global History 10, no. 2 (June 19, 2015): 235–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022815000054.
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AbstractEven if the high-tech and ‘revolutionary’ electric telegraph has become a favourite topic for communication historians dealing with global history, it cannot alone epitomize the first modern age of globalization. The postal network, and parcel post in particular, was also a key agent of globalization. In 1880, several Universal Postal Union member states signed a convention for the exchange of parcel post, opening a new channel in the world of commerce. By the end of the nineteenth century, millions of packets poured into post offices and railway stations, crossed countries, and created all sorts of transnational connections, from family to business to humanitarian relations. Behind the ordinary, seemingly low-tech small boxes lay a sophisticated service that emerged from transnational dynamics, challenged both national and international commercial circuits, and produced more complex control of economic borders.
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TSAI, WEIPIN. "Breaking the Ice: The establishment of overland winter postal routes in the late Qing China." Modern Asian Studies 47, no. 6 (July 22, 2013): 1749–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x13000012.
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AbstractThis paper looks at the establishment of experimental winter overland postal routes in the late 1870s and 1880s, which eventually led to the creation of the Great Qing Imperial Post Office in 1896. The history of this experiment sheds much light on important issues in the establishment of what was to become the country's most crucial information-bearing network, in particular those related to collaboration and negotiation between foreign and Chinese officials, and those between local interests and the central authorities. It also explores how foreign processes and management had to be adapted in order to function in a Chinese context.In March 1878, Robert Hart, inspector general of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service, instructed Gustav Detring, commissioner of Tianjin Port, to investigate the possibility of introducing overland public postal routes in China, beginning with Beijing to Tianijn, Niuzhuang, Yantai, and then to Zhenjiang, a treaty port on the lower Yangtze River.The three main challenges involved were: to establish a reliable workforce, to design appropriate routes, and to win the cooperation of local governing officials. Although the winter service was initiated on time, problems repeatedly arose from each one of these challenges.
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McCulloch, Hannah, Jonathan Syred, Gillian Holdsworth, Chris Howroyd, Elena Ardines, and Paula Baraitser. "Communication Strategies Used to Obtain Clinical Histories Before Remotely Prescribing Antibiotics for Postal Treatment of Uncomplicated Genital Chlamydia: Service Evaluation." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 6 (June 17, 2020): e15970. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/15970.
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Background Web-based services for testing of sexually transmitted infections are widely available across the United Kingdom. Remote prescriptions with medications posted home may support prompt treatment; however, the absence of face-to-face contact with clinicians raises clinical safety issues as medical history may not be accurately provided. Objective This service evaluation aimed to capture the use and explore the safety of 3 remote communication strategies employed within a web-based service offering remote prescriptions of antibiotics, delivered via post, for uncomplicated genital Chlamydia trachomatis. User acceptability and time-from-diagnosis-to-treatment were also obtained. Methods Three iterations of the service were compared, where medical history was collected via SMS text message, telephone, or a secure web form before a prescription was issued. We contacted users after they were issued a prescription and completed the medical history a second time via telephone, asking when they took their medication and how they felt about the service. The primary safety measure was agreement in information supplied at 2 assessments (ie, clinical and evaluation assessment) on key elements of safe prescribing: allergies, current medications, or contraindicating clinical conditions or symptoms. Agreement in information between clinical and evaluation assessment was summarized as a binary variable. Factors associated with the assessment agreement variable were explored using univariate and multivariate analysis. The secondary evaluation measures were recall of and adherence to instructions for taking medication, time-from-diagnosis-to-treatment, and acceptability of the web-based service. Results All web-based service users, resident in the London Boroughs of Lambeth and Southwark with a positive chlamydia diagnosis, who were eligible for and chose postal treatment between February 15, 2017, and October 24, 2017, were invited to participate in this service evaluation. Of 321 eligible users, 62.0% (199) participated. A total of 27.6% (55/199) users completed the clinical assessment via SMS text message, 40.7% (81/199) users via telephone, and 31.7% (63/199) users via a secure web form. Those who were assessed for prescription via SMS text message were less likely to have an agreement in safe prescribing information than those assessed via telephone (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.22, 95% CI 0.08-0.61; P=.004). We found no statistically significant difference in odds of agreement between the web form and telephone assessment (aOR 0.50, 95% CI 0.17-1.43; P=.20). Median time-to-treatment was 4 days (IQR 3-5.5). In addition, 99.0% (196/199) of users reported understanding remote communication, and 89.9% (178/198) would use the service again. Conclusions Postal treatment is an acceptable and rapid treatment option for uncomplicated genital chlamydia. Clinical assessment via SMS text message before remote prescription may not be accurate or sufficient. As health care is delivered via the web, strategies that support safe remote prescribing are increasingly important, as is their evaluation, which should be robust and carefully considered.
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Koloch, Grzegorz, Michał Lewandowski, Marcin Zientara, Grzegorz Grodecki, Piotr Matuszak, Igor Kantorski, and Adam Nowacki. "A genetic algorithm for vehicle routing in logistic networks with practical constraints." Przegląd Statystyczny 68, no. 3 (December 30, 2021): 16–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.5584.
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We optimise a postal delivery problem with time and capacity constraints imposed on vehicles and nodes of the logistic network. Time constraints relate to the duration of routes, whereas capacity constraints concern technical characteristics of vehicles and postal operation outlets. We consider a method which can be applied to a brownfield scenario, in which capacities of outlets can be relaxed and prospective hubs identified. As a solution, we apply a genetic algorithm and test its properties both in small case studies and in a simulated problem instance of a larger (i.e. comparable with real-world instances) size. We show that the genetic operators we employ are capable of switching between solutions based on direct origin-to-destination routes and solutions based on transfer connections, depending on what is more beneficial in a given problem instance. Moreover, the algorithm correctly identifies cases in which volumes should be shipped directly, and those in which it is optimal to use transfer connections within a single problem instance, if an instance in question requires such a selection for optimality. The algorithm is thus suitable for determining hubs and satellite locations. All considerations presented in this paper are motivated by real-life problem instances experienced by the Polish Post, the largest postal service provider in Poland, in its daily plans of delivering postal packages, letters and pallets.
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Fyfe, Christopher. "The Postal Service of Sierra Leone. By P. O. Beale. London: Royal Philatelic Society, 1988. Pp. 260. £24." Journal of African History 31, no. 2 (July 1990): 337–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185370002524x.
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Richardson, Alan J. "Organizational Founding, Strategic Renewal, and the Role of Accounting: Management Accounting Concepts in the Formation of the “Penny Post”." Journal of Management Accounting Research 20, s1 (January 1, 2008): 107–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar.2008.20.s-1.107.
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ABSTRACT: Organizational strategies, processes, and procedures may become institutionalized during the early history of an organization, leading to dysfunctional rigidities when the environment changes. The postal system worldwide is under significant pressure to change its business model, including rescinding the provision of universal service and uniform pricing, as the posts are privatized and opened to competition. Cost accounting has become a key mechanism to achieve reform in the postal system. But is the introduction of a cost-based logic new to the design of post office reforms? Were the core policies of the post office originally developed without reference to cost? This paper analyzes the key document in the creation of the current postal business model: Rowland Hill's (1837) “Post Office Reform: Its Importance and Practicability.” The pamphlet shows a basic understanding of economic concepts including the elasticity of demand and opportunity costs as well as implementing practical accounting techniques that we now call value chain analysis, cost behavior analysis, activity-based costing and activity-based management, and target costing. This paper provides an analysis of Hill's logic from the perspective of current management accounting techniques and terminology. It illustrates the use of management accounting in the reformation of social institutions and provides a rare example of the early decision-making use of management accounting concepts.
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Mearns, Richard, Christophe Gouraud, and Laurent Chevrier. "The identity of Richard of Richard's pipit (Anthus richardi Vieillot, 1818)." Archives of Natural History 42, no. 1 (April 2015): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2015.0281.
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Richard's pipit (Anthus richardi) is an annual vagrant to Europe from its eastern Palaearctic breeding grounds. It was first described in 1818 by Louis Vieillot from specimens obtained in eastern France and named for Richard de Lunéville. Although Richard was then a fairly well known natural history collector his identity became lost to succeeding generations of naturalists. He is identified here as Charles Richard (1745–1835), the director of the postal service at Lunéville. Some of his bird specimens still survive amongst the Baillon Collection at La Châtre but other birds, including the three syntypes of Richard's pipit, have not been traced.
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Smith, Helmut Walser. "Nation und Religion. Integrationsprozesse im Bismarckreich. By Siegfried Weichlein. Beiträge zur Geschichte des Parlamentarismus und der politischen Parteien, vol. 93. Düsseldorf: Droste Verlag. 2004. Pp. 448. €58.00. ISBN 3-7700-5255-2." Central European History 39, no. 2 (May 19, 2006): 309–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906240123.
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In 1953, Karl W. Deutsch published one of the most powerful works in the history of the study of nations and nationalism. The book was entitled Nationalism and Social Communication, and it hypothesized that a nation was not the expression of the essence of a people, as nationalists had argued, but of networks of communication. These networks ran along the rails and with the postal service, and were the “steel sinews,” as Bismarck once maintained, of a community that shared and exchanged a common culture. The cultural turn in the study of nationalism, most prominently represented by Benedict Anderson's Imagined Communities, did not so much refute Deutsch as shift the analytical terrain from an analysis of the infrastructure of commonality to an interpretation of the style in which nations were imagined. Many of Deutsch's insights remained the unspoken assumptions of the historiography of nations.
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Vilkner, Nicole. "Articulating Urban Culture with Coach Horns in the Long Nineteenth Century." Journal of Musicology 39, no. 2 (2022): 225–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jm.2022.39.2.225.
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Postal horns have been associated traditionally with bucolic topics in music. From Mozart to Mahler, the instrument appears in orchestral textures and songs to signify nostalgia for preindustrial rural life. The history of the coach horn, originally the standard postal instrument used on the British Royal Mail fleets, branched unexpectedly away from this paradigm when it was adopted for recreational use by socialites in urban areas in England, France, and other metropolitan hubs during the second half of the nineteenth century. In addition to performing the traditional road signals, driving enthusiasts expanded the musical vocabulary of the coach horn to include elaborate fanfares and stylized ensemble music. Tracing the undocumented recreational history of the coach horn, this article interrogates coach horn manuals, compositions, and essays on coaching that overturn traditional assumptions about the instrument. These sources illustrate how coach horn signals helped reframe driving from a service activity to a healthful sport. Examining the rhetoric surrounding the coach horn during the period of its revival, this study shows how the new signals reflected promenade and salon culture by mimicking polite dialogue. The ensemble repertory written for coach horns also catered to urban popular taste and was cultivated to enhance metropolitan social events. Analysis further illustrates how revivalist fanfares aurally articulated social status in the outdoor urban arena. This case study ultimately traces the cultural evolution of an instrument, a complex process through which old and new musical expectations were negotiated through composition and practice.
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Foss, Clive. "Egypt under Muʿāwiya Part II: Middle Egypt, Fusṭāṭ and Alexandria." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 72, no. 2 (May 28, 2009): 259–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x09000512.
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AbstractThe first part of this paper discussed a large collection of documents from Upper Egypt illustrative of society and economy in the time of Muʿāwiya. Here, further papyri, of pagarchs of Arsinoe, present supplementary information about grain production, taxation, great estates, the postal service and the role of the church in the local economy. Information about Fusṭāṭ and Alexandria depends on literary sources and archaeology. Fusṭāṭ, which started as a camp, became more organized and controlled under Muʿāwiya's governors when the main shipyard was moved there. Alexandria, despite romantic descriptions, was at least partly ruined. Like Fusṭāṭ, it was the seat of a major garrison. Taken together, the evidence from Egypt shows much administrative continuity from Byzantine times, but with important new taxes and requisitions and a tighter central control. It suggests that Muʿāwiya ran a sophisticated and effective state.
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Kielbowicz, Richard B. "Government Goes into Business: Parcel Post in the Nation's Political Economy, 1880–1915." Studies in American Political Development 8, no. 1 (1994): 150–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x00000109.
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From today's vantage point, the radical potential originally envisioned for parcel post is hard to imagine. One historian facilely characterized postal savings banks (1910) and parcel post (1912) as small incremental advances in the evolution of state action: “From legislation designed to restrain harmful practices in big business, it was but a step for the government to embark in business on its own accord.” Yet parcel post marked a dramatic departure in public-sector initiatives: it put the federal government in the transportation business to compete with well-established private firms. That the United States started parcel post so late – it was the last major industrialized nation to do so – suggests the extent to which the service raised fundamental questions about the proper sphere of state action.
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Turner, J., S. W. Parry, and F. E. Shaw. "7 Stop Falling Before it Starts: Increasing Access to Multifactorial Falls and Fracture Risk Assessment and Intervention for Older People At Risk of Falls or Early in Their Falls Career Via Proactive Case Finding." Age and Ageing 49, Supplement_1 (February 2020): i1—i8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afz183.07.
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Abstract Background Target population: patients from 6 (of 43) Newcastle upon Tyne General Practices, age 65 – 75, mild frailty on electronic frailty index, who had fallen or noticed a balance problem in the previous year. Introduction Usually multifactorial falls and fracture prevention services target frailer older people and intervention begins after a fall or fracture has occurred. There is limited provision of community-based strength and balance exercise. Intervention New service model ‘Stop Falling Before It Starts (SFBIS)’: proactive case finding by postal questionnaire; multifactorial falls and fracture risk assessment by specialist nurse; interventions recommended to General Practitioner (GP); community-based exercise offered to all, predominantly new 15 week ‘Steady On’ strength and balance classes suitable for fitter older people. Methods Data collection: patient characteristics, physical performance (Timed up and Go (TUG), 30 second sit to stand (STS)) before starting and on completion of Steady On classes, service process measures, patient and GP experience. Results 157 patients assessed. 80 (51%) fallen in previous year. 9 (6%) history of syncope / pre-syncope. 18 (11%) orthostatic hypotension. 124 (79%) culprit medications. Recommendations: GP review of history 6 (4%) or medications 13 (8%); referral to secondary care falls service 1 (0.5%); optician assessment 58 (37%); DXA 13 (8%). 131 (83%) referred to Steady On; 119 (91%) attended first class, 61 (51%) completed classes. Mean initial TUG 11 seconds, mean improvement 3 seconds. Mean initial STS 11 repetitions, mean improvement 3 repetitions. Mean patient feedback score 14.6/15 (15 best). GP feedback positive. Conclusions SFBIS was effective in identifying the target population and engaging them in community-based strength and balance exercise classes. Meaningful improvements in physical performance were demonstrated. A smaller number of additional risk factors were identified. There was a high level of satisfaction from patients and GPs. Wider implementation would increase participation in evidence-based community exercise.
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Gibbs, Jo, Catherine R. H. Aicken, Lorna J. Sutcliffe, Voula Gkatzidou, Laura J. Tickle, Kate Hone, S. Tariq Sadiq, Pam Sonnenberg, and Claudia S. Estcourt. "Mixed-methods evaluation of a novel online STI results service." Sexually Transmitted Infections 94, no. 8 (January 11, 2018): 622–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053318.
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ObjectivesEvidence on optimal methods for providing STI test results is lacking. We evaluated an online results service, developed as part of an eSexual Health Clinic (eSHC).MethodsWe evaluated the online results service using a mixed-methods approach within large exploratory studies of the eSHC. Participants were chlamydia- positive and negative users of online postal self-sampling services in six National Chlamydia Screening Programme (NCSP) areas and chlamydia-positive patients from two genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics between 21 July 2014 and 13 March 2015. Participants received a discreetly worded National Health Service ’NHS no-reply’ text message (SMS) informing them that their test results were ready and providing a weblink to a secure website. Participants logged in with their date of birth and mobile telephone or clinic number. Chlamydia-positive patients were offered online management. All interactions with the eSHC system were automatically logged and their timing recorded. Post-treatment, a service evaluation survey (n=152) and qualitative interviews (n=36) were conducted by telephone. Chlamydia-negative patients were offered a short online survey (n=274). Data were integrated.Results92% (134/146) of NCSP chlamydia-positive patients, 82% (161/197) of GUM chlamydia-positive patients and 89% (1776/1997) of NCSP chlamydia-negative participants accessed test results within 7 days. 91% of chlamydia-positive patients were happy with the results service; 64% of those who had tested previously found the results service better or much better than previous experiences. 90% of chlamydia-negative survey participants agreed they would be happy to receive results this way in the future. Interviewees described accessing results with ease and appreciated the privacy and control the two-step process gave them.ConclusionA discreet SMS to alert users/patients that results are available, followed by provision of results via a secure website, was highly acceptable, irrespective of test result and testing history. The eSHC results service afforded users privacy and control over when they viewed results without compromising access.
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Gill, B. J. "The Cheeseman–Giglioli correspondence, and museum exchanges between Auckland and Florence, 1877–1904." Archives of Natural History 37, no. 1 (April 2010): 131–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0260954109001697.
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Letters between Thomas Frederic Cheeseman of Auckland Museum (New Zealand) and Enrico Hillyer Giglioli of the Florence Natural History Museum (Italy) spanning 27 years (1877–1904), document repeated exchanges of natural history and ethnographic objects (consignments received at Florence in 1879, 1885, 1887, 1890, about 1895 and 1899, and at Auckland in 1882, 1888, 1891, 1896 and 1904). Extracts from the correspondence are used to give a chronological account of the transactions as a detailed case-study of a nineteenth century museum exchange between institutions half a world apart. Emphasis is given to land vertebrates, of which some 150 New Zealand birds were sent to Florence, and more than 600 Italian and foreign birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians were sent to Auckland. Giglioli especially sought Maori and Pacific ethnographic items and persistently requested these. He could offer royal acknowledgement of Cheeseman's efforts, and the latter received a Galileian silver medal of merit from the Florence Faculty of Sciences in 1887. The exchanges show what could be achieved over time by relatively few letters, despite the slow postal service, the need for agents, and the vagaries of freighting by sailing ship and steamer that included port strikes, unscheduled transhipment and the loss of ethnographic items by pillage en route.
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Pregowska, Agnieszka, Karol Masztalerz, Magdalena Garlińska, and Magdalena Osial. "A Worldwide Journey through Distance Education—From the Post Office to Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Realities, and Education during the COVID-19 Pandemic." Education Sciences 11, no. 3 (March 11, 2021): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci11030118.
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Surprisingly, distance education is quite an old concept. Its origins date back to the first correspondence-based course, which took place via the postal service in Boston, USA, in the 18th century. Rapid technological developments, especially in video and audio streaming, have increased the availability of such courses and moved learning into the virtual world. Due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we are witnessing an accelerated revolution in the learning process, as nearly all forms of education have been shifted online. Will this have a destructive effect on the human psyche? Is humanity sufficiently aware and ready for such a dramatic change? Will we return to physical in-classroom studies, or is remote distance education set to become the new norm? In particular, in medicine, computer science, fine arts, or architectural design, such a rapid change in the way students learn can be quite challenging. In this paper, we provide an overview of the history of distance learning, taking into account teachers’ and students’ points of view in both secondary and higher education.
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Welch, Sarah, Sunny C. D. Collings, and Phillippa Howden-Chapman. "Lesbians in New Zealand: Their Mental Health and Satisfaction with Mental Health Services." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 34, no. 2 (April 2000): 256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2000.00710.x.
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Objectives: To describe the mental health of lesbians in New Zealand, and to document their accounts of their experience of mental health services. Method: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. A postal questionnaire, the Lesbian Mental Health Survey, was distributed via lesbian newsletters to 1222 women throughout New Zealand. Mental health measures included the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), Interview Schedule for Social Interaction (ISSI), and respondents' histories of sexual abuse and psychiatric histories. Experiences of mental health services were sought. Results: The estimated response rate was 50.8%%. The respondent group were predominantly New Zealand European, highly educated, urban women between 25 and 50 years of age. Three-quarters had identified as lesbian for more than 5 years. Recent self-identification as lesbian was associated with higher GHQ score, as was being younger than 35, having a history of sexual abuse, and not living with a partner. Eighty percent of respondents had used mental health services sometime in their lives and nearly 30 percent of users had received ‘lesbian-unfriendly’ treatment at some point. One-sixth of respondents had experienced discrimination from service providers in the previous 5 years. Conclusion: While the mental health of lesbians is influenced by factors similar to those influencing women's mental health in general, because of social factors, such as stigma and isolation, lesbians may be more vulnerable to common mental illnesses. Health professionals, mental health professionals in particular, need to raise their awareness of the issues lesbians face in dealing with their sexuality, therapeutic relationships and mental health services. Increased training about sexuality for health professionals, as well as further research into areas such as stress and stigma, sexual abuse and attempted suicide among lesbian women, is recommended.
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Roseau, Katherine. "Separated Families and Epistolary Assistance." French Historical Studies 44, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 325–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00161071-8806454.
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Abstract This article focuses on clandestine letters between Jews in French internment camps and their loved ones. It offers an examination of these letters, which were hidden in packages or thrown from cattle cars on their way to Auschwitz. These letters are astonishingly abundant today largely thanks to three types of aid: creative self-help, mutual aid among internees, and aid from non-Jewish helpers. At the intersection of three areas of scholarship—the material letter, internment camps, and aid to Jews during the Holocaust—this article explores how internees could write with limited resources, send letters without using the official postal service, and participate in mutual aid inside the camps. The article argues that the internment-camp letter was at once the result of aid and itself an avenue of aid, parallel to the more organized humanitarian organizations. Cet article porte sur la correspondance clandestine entre les Juifs dans les camps d'internement en France et leurs proches. Il présente une analyse de ces lettres que l'on a cachées dans des colis ou que l'on a jetées des wagons à bestiaux destinés à Auschwitz. Une correspondance d'une abondance étonnante existe aujourd'hui en grande partie grâce à trois types d'aide : la débrouillardise individuelle, l'entraide parmi les internés et l'aide des non-Juifs. A la croisée de trois champs de recherche (la matérialité de la lettre, les camps d'internement et l'aide aux Juifs pendant la Shoah), cet article explore comment les internés ont pu écrire avec un matériau limité, envoyer des lettres sans la poste, et s'entraider à l'intérieur des camps. L'article suggère que la lettre du camp d'internement soit à la fois le résultat et l'agent de cette aide, œuvrant en parallèle des organisations humanitaires plus officielles.
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Prady, Stephanie L., Kate Thomas, Lisa Esmonde, Simon Crouch, and Hugh MacPherson. "The Natural History of Back Pain after a Randomised Controlled Trial of Acupuncture Vs Usual Care – Long Term Outcomes." Acupuncture in Medicine 25, no. 4 (December 2007): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/aim.25.4.121.
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Introduction There is growing evidence about the effectiveness of acupuncture in the short term treatment of chronic low back pain but little is known about long term outcomes. To address this question we followed up participants of a past randomised controlled trial of acupuncture to assess outcomes after 5.5 to 7 years. Methods A postal questionnaire assessing pain, quality of life, disability, experience with back pain and healthcare resource use was sent to all 239 participants of the York Acupuncture for Back Pain trial. Results Response to the survey was low at 43.9%. Pain measured by the SF-36 Bodily Pain dimension was maintained in the acupuncture group since the last follow up 3.5 to 5 years previously. The usual care group had improved over the intervening years and there was now no evidence of a difference between the groups (difference −0.4 points, 95% confidence interval −10.1 to 9.7). The results were unchanged on sensitivity analysis using multiple imputation. In both groups back pain had not completely resolved and worry about back health was moderate. Physiotherapy and acupuncture were used at similar rates for continuing treatment. Discussion We theorise that exposure to a short course of acupuncture speeds natural recovery from a back pain episode, but improvements plateau after two years. Acupuncture is often accessed privately for long term management of back pain but is rarely available within the health service. While our study methods were robust, the low response rate means that our findings should be interpreted with caution.
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Hajj, Samir. "The Arab College in Jerusalem 1918-1948: Influence of the Curriculum on the Cultural Awakening." Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics 11, no. 1 (July 31, 2017): 20–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jnmlp-2017-0002.
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Abstract This article seeks to shed light on the curriculum of the Arab College in Jerusalem established by the British Mandate Government in 1918. The curriculum of the college was similar to the educational program of an English public school and was overwhelmingly geared toward English language and literature, with special emphasis on British history, in addition to Arabic, Latin, geography, science, and mathematics. The curriculum was also geared toward teachers’ training, in order to create a class of professionals to occupy managerial positions in the Mandate government and help in the administration of the country by working in schools, banks, and the Postal Service. This article examines and analyzes the curriculum of the Arab College, including textbooks and final examinations. It will also look at the role of the British Mandate Government in the improvement of the education system and the personal interviews with present graduates from the Arab College. It also examines the influence of the educational program on the writings of one of its graduates, Jabra Ibrahim Jabra (1920–1994). The literary works of Jabra, mainly in novel, poetry, and translation, represent an example on how the Arab College promoted the British culture among the Palestinian graduates of the college.
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Kubot, Tina. "Mit der Post in die Zukunft: Der Bildschirmtext in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland von 1977 bis 2001 [Postal service into the future: Bildschirmtext in the Federal Republic of Germany, 1977–2001] by Hagen Schönrich." Technology and Culture 63, no. 4 (October 2022): 1211–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2022.0170.
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Ong, G. J., J. Austoker, and M. Michell. "Early rescreen/recall in the UK National Health Service breast screening programme: epidemiological data." Journal of Medical Screening 5, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): 146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jms.5.3.146.
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Objective In the United Kingdom in 1994–95 about 16 500 women aged 50 to 64 were asked to come back earlier than the usual three yearly screening interval for further mammography (early rescreen (ES)) or for a range of further investigations at an assessment centre (early recall (ER)). This study aimed at providing epidemiological data on ES/ER, in particular, how often and why it is used, and what the outcome is of using it. Setting National Health Service breast screening programme in the United Kingdom. Methods All breast screening units were invited to complete a postal questionnaire. Two reminders were sent. The units were asked retrospectively to provide breast screening data about women aged 50 to 64 from their local computer systems. Women placed on ES/ER were followed up for at least one year. Results The response rate was 71% (69/97), of which 14% (10/69) were unable to provide the required data, leaving 59 completed questionnaires (61%). The rate of placing women on ES/ER was above 1.0% for 26/54 (48%) responding breast screening units and above 2.0% for 13/54 (24%) units. Women were placed on ES/ER because of ( a) previous breast cancer (21% of cases; cancer detection rate 2.4%), ( b) diagnostic uncertainty (51%; cancer detection rate 3.0%), or ( c) family history (27%; cancer detection rate 0.6%). Breast screening units with a high rate of placing women on ER were significantly more likely to have a high recall rate ( rS=0.63; n=53; p<0.0005) or a high benign surgical biopsy rate ( rS=0.33; n=49; p<0.05), or both. The cancer detection rate of ES/ER tended to decrease with increasing ES/ER rates ( rS=−0.37; n=51; p<0.01). Conclusions A relatively large number of women were placed on ES or ER for a range of reasons. If the recommendations given are followed, the number of women placed on ER may be reduced while maintaining the cancer detection rate at the required level. The option of ES should not be used.
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Blevins, Cameron. "Undelivered: From the Great Postal Strike of 1970 to the Manufactured Crisis of the U.S. Postal Service. By Philip F. Rubio. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020. xiv + 290 pp. Illustrations, appendixes, notes, bibliography, index. Paperback, $29.95. ISBN: 978-1-4696-5546-8." Business History Review 96, no. 2 (2022): 477–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680522000307.
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Resnik, Judith. "Reinventing Courts as Democratic Institutions." Daedalus 143, no. 3 (July 2014): 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00284.
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Eighteenth-century constitutional commitments guaranteeing rights-to-remedies were shaped when members of the propertied classes were the prototypical litigants and governments' criminal justice systems were nascent. Twentieth-century egalitarian norms expanded the imagination of what justice could produce, and courts turned into sites of democracy. The particular and peculiar practices of adjudication produce, redistribute, and curb power among disputants who disagree in public about the import of legal rights. But new procedures—alternative dispute resolution (ADR)—encourage, and sometimes require, disputants to mediate or to arbitrate disputes privately as a predicate to or in lieu of using the public forum of courts. Some initiatives delegate adjudication to administrative tribunals, and others outsource binding decision-making to private providers. The resulting fragmentation and privatization of adjudication have profound implications for the newly minted democratic character of courts. The durability of courts as active and disciplined sites of public exchange ought not to be taken for granted. Like other venerable institutions of the eighteenth century—such as the postal service and the press, which served in parallel fashion to disseminate information and support democratic competency—courts are vulnerable.
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Rawson, Peter F., Adrian W. A. Rushton, and Martin I. Simpson. "Raymond Charles Casey. 10 October 1917—26 April 2016." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 68 (March 11, 2020): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2019.0050.
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Raymond Casey was an internationally recognized expert in two entirely different fields—geology and philately. He achieved this despite leaving school at 14. By then he was already collecting and studying fossils from his home town, Folkestone, and in 1939, despite not having a degree, he obtained a post with the Geological Survey of Great Britain in the modest role of assistant to C. J. Stubblefield. After war-time service in the RAF, he returned to the Survey in a similar role, but spent much of his ‘spare time’ researching and publishing on Lower Cretaceous palaeontology and stratigraphy. His fortunes began to change when, at the age of 38, he was admitted to Reading University to study for a doctorate. His thesis on Lower Greensand stratigraphy and palaeontology was recognized as an outstanding study that led to major publications including a nine-part monograph of the ammonite faunas. Then, in the late 1950s, he also began to study faunas from Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary beds in eastern England as part of his official work and this led to him visiting the Soviet Union on several occasions from 1963 onward. On the first visit he met the academician Nalivkin in Leningrad, who, as well as being an eminent geologist, was a keen philatelist. This led to Raymond taking an enthusiastic interest in pre-revolutionary Russian postal history, which resulted in numerous publications and awards and, after his retirement, became his main focus of interest.
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O’Dell, Robert. "Outsourcing the Postal Service: Reconceptualizing the State through Geospatial Digital History - Cameron Blevins. Paper Trails: The U.S. Post and the Making of the American West. New York: Oxford University Press, 2021. x + 232 pp. $34.95 (hardcover), ISBN 978-0-19-005367-3." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 21, no. 1 (January 2022): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s153778142100061x.
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Fitzgerald, M., and F. McNicholas. "Attitudes and practices in the management of ADHD among healthcare professionals who responded to a European survey." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 31, no. 1 (September 18, 2013): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2013.45.
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ObjectivesTo examine attitudes and practices in the management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among health professionals across seven European countries.MethodsThe web-based survey was developed by an international steering committee of ADHD experts and consisted of 64 multiple-choice questions relating to ADHD, covering the following topics: attitudes, diagnosis, referral, treatment and improving care. Health professionals working with ADHD were identified using a medical marketing database (Medical Marketing Service Inc., IL, USA) and invited via email to participate in the survey. No incentive was offered for participation and the survey was only available in English.ResultsOver 22 000 emails and postal invitations were sent. One hundred and thirty-four (0.6%) health professionals completed the survey. Results highlighted significant differences by profession and country. In general, ADHD is considered a clinically important and valid disorder (n = 111, 84%), with biological underpinnings (n = 82, 62%), continuing into adulthood (n = 123, 93%) and responsive to treatment. Respondents from France were less likely to be convinced about biological validity (n = 4, 27%) and those from Italy and France were more likely to be concerned about the risk of underdiagnosis (n = 9, 64% and n = 9, 60%, respectively). Psychologists were the specialty who most frequently reported not believing in the diagnostic validity of ADHD (n = 4, 19%). One-third (n = 25, 35%) of respondents recommended medical tests before prescribing medication, with differences emerging by country despite the lack of support for such routine assessments in the guidelines.ConclusionsDespite the very low response rate, intriguing country- and profession-specific differences emerged in this study and warrant further exploration.
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Strechie, Mădălina. "The 10,000 Persian Immortals, a Model for the Special Indoeuropean Troops." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 26, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2020-0022.
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AbstractThe history of humanity got from the Persians the first imperial organization, the first process of integration of the conquered ones, the first postal service, the most effective means of communication at the dawn of Antiquity, and also the best organized militarized services.The most special of the Indo-European Antiquity troops was the Royal Guard, founded by Darius I, one of the great kings of humanity, a political titan, and equally an extraordinary general through his institutional creations of force. The Royal Guard of Darius I, known in history as the 10,000 immortals, is the subject of our study, as it is one of the most complex special militarized structures in human history of all time, inspiring the military structures of all the Indo-Europeans, whether the Hoplite revolution, the organization of the Macedonian phalanx or the Roman Praetorian Guard and more than that.The 10,000 immortals combined not only the heroic character (while multiplying it), which appeared for the first time with the Greeks of the Homeric period, but also strict discipline, in the Spartan sense, contemporary with this troop, the organization and the well-developed logistics, which would inspire the Roman army, the military brotherhoods characteristic of all the Indo-Europeans, but this totally special troop, in particular, imposed the model of the educated (even intellectual) military man, a soldier of the supreme god of the Good, faithful first of all to the Good and to his king, a military man who used all the weapons of the time.This special troop was a true institution that also provided information to the Persian king, information being one of the most effective weapons. Moreover, the Persians through this Royal Guard used for the first time psychological impact as a weapon, this being the first case of effective manipulation by the number that was kept constant, but also by name. Only the gods were immortal, and the very large number of soldiers who made up this special troop is impressive even today. The armament of this extraordinary troop comprised all the weapons of the time, the bow above all, which the Aryans considered the favourite weapon of Indra, the most warlike god of the Indo-European gods.
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McIlroy, P., A. McIntyre, A. Ross, C. Gallagher, and C. Brown. "Breast radiotherapy: a single centre survey of non-medical weekly patient review." Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice 7, no. 01 (March 2008): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s146039690700622x.
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AbstractAims: Monitoring and reviewing patients during adjuvant radiotherapy for breast cancer is an integral component of care and was until recently a predominantly medical domain. Patients were often reviewed in busy routine breast clinics, for short consultations with a variety of medical staff and with little time to address questions or concerns. Non-medical treatment review clinics, staffed by senior nursing and senior therapy radiographers have been introduced to provide a dedicated, consistent treatment review. This survey was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the non-medical review of these patients.Materials and methods: This was a prospective survey of all patients attending for breast or chest wall radiotherapy, between 1st July 2003 and 30th June 2004. Patients were invited to complete and return a postal questionnaire related to their treatment and treatment review. Review staff collected data on demographic information, clinical history and treatment intent for these patients at first visit. At subsequent weekly review visits, data were recorded relating to patient assessment, interventions and referrals initiated. Skin reactions were graded using Radiation Therapy Oncology Group scoring tool.Results: One thousand and ninety-five patient questionnaires were distributed and 865 (79%) were returned. There were high satisfaction scores with the time spent with review staff (99.7%) and the ability to discuss all aspects of treatment and concerns (99.1%). One hundred and ninety-three patients were referred to non-medical staff for additional support. Five hundred and forty-four were referred to medical staff. The majority (437) were planned referrals to their clinical oncologist to prescribe a ‘boost’ or review endocrine treatment and 107 to their general practitioner for routine visits and employment certificates. Review staff data of 1,067 patients showed 342 referrals for treatment and non-treatment related physical problems, 80 referrals for additional information and emotional support. Majority of skin reactions were grade 1 or 2a.Conclusion: The successful identification of patients’ supportive needs and high patient satisfaction with this service supports the use of this approach.
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Nkwi, Walter Gam. "Azai Dosi Kfaang (Modern or Families of Newness): Kom Families from Village to Coast and Further Diasporic Spaces." Genealogy 5, no. 3 (August 31, 2021): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy5030079.
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This paper focuses on “families of newness”, which amongst the Kom of Northwest Cameroon are known as azai dosi kfaang. It argues that because of geographical and social mobility experiences, families have not remained static, and consequently, the further they go from the village the more modernized they become. In recent times, African societies as well as family histories have been concerned with connecting with those who have been left behind. As a result, the blueprint that marks out the African family today is found in its mobility both within and out of the continent. At the same time, what glues the family together is the newer forms of technologies encapsulated in Information Communication Technologies (ICTs), which include amongst many others the cell phone, internet, WhatsApp, and Twitter. Letters pre-dated these new technologies and were significantly used by migrant families to stay “in touch”. Families began in the village, and as newer technologies were introduced—motor cars, a postal service and motorable roads—they moved or thought about places further away. With later technological developments, such as air travel and the mobile phone, families found themselves in distant diasporic spaces. This paper therefore hopes to make a contribution that relates family history and the history of migration to technology and social change. It also has the great value of discussing an area that gets too little attention in historiography. Fundamentally, the paper attempts to compare and contrast the use of technology, the news that could be shared (welfare, births, or obituaries), the length between contacts, the ability to make visits in person, the tensions that cropped up between family members abroad and those back at home in two periods, the 1930s–1940s and the 1990s to the present. What did these periods have in common? What was different and why? For the purpose of clarity, I will start the paper with a short introduction about the area, the issues of family formation, and kfaang. The second part of the paper will focus on the discussion of the “newness” of those who migrated to more modern places and the role of technology. The third part compares/contrasts the connections of families in the two periods (1930s–1940s and 1990s-present) in order to flesh out the argument.
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FRADYNSKYI, Oleksandr. "EXPORT-IMPORT OPERATIONS OF THE USSR AND CUSTOMS ACTIVITIES IN THE PERIOD 1941–1945." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 3(64) (2020): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2020.03.153.
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Introduction. TThe question of the functioning of the customs system during World War II is one of the little-studied but extremely interesting pages in the history of domestic finance, because foreign economic activity did not stop for a single day during the hostilities. The purpose is research on the organization of export-import operations in the USSR during 1941–1945 in the context of their scope and features of implementation and clarification of the role and importance of the customs service in ensuring these processes. Methods. In the course of work on the article were used general and special research methods: analysis, generalization, statistical, graphical, tabular. Results. The article deals with the issue of the USSR foreign economic activity during the active fighting with Germany. It is found that for objective reasons, Soviet imports were 19 times the majority of exports. This trend was absolutely natural, because the country, having suffered huge losses at the initial stage of the war, needed weapons, strategic raw materials, industrial equipment, food, fuel and more. The issue of the organization of import deliveries from the Allied countries was raised on June 29, 1941. Due to the beginning of the armed aggression of Germany, the western direction of foreign trade of the USSR was closed, both on land routes and in the waters of the Baltic and Black seas. When analyzing indicators of imports, it should be understood that the bulk of the revenue, both in physical terms and in value, falls on land-lease – forms of military-economic assistance to allied countries, first and foremost, from the US, which was a free supply of military machinery, vehicles, equipment and equipment, technologies, materials, fuel, food required for combat in World War II. Under these conditions, the importance of the customs service, which, in times of war, exercised control over export-import operations, movement across the customs border of cargoes, vehicles, passengers, postal items; fought smuggling and losses in foreign trade; administer customs payments. The factors that led to the activities of customs authorities in 1941–1945 were: conduct of hostilities; repeated decrease in foreign trade volumes; change of structure of export and import (reorientation on military and strategic goods and cargoes); reduction of passenger traffic; organization of delivery on the system of a lease-lease. The main burden of customs clearance and control fell in the customs of the northern (Arkhangelsk and Murmansk), southern (Baku, Julfin, Gaudan) and Far Eastern (Vladivostok) regions. With the start of hostilities, in the territory of Ukraine, the customs were liquidated, but from January 1944 the process of their restoration in the liberated port cities began.
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Kirk-Greene, A. H. M., Jack Ince, and John Sacher. "The Postal Services of the British Nigeria Region." International Journal of African Historical Studies 27, no. 2 (1994): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/221072.
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