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Journal articles on the topic 'Postal union'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 29 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Jingying, Rao. "The Shanghai Postal Workers' Union." Chinese Studies in History 27, no. 1-2 (1993): 148–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/csh0009-4633270102148.

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Buğra Erdem, Fatih. "Competition Law in the Quasi-Liberalized Postal Service Market: An Overview." Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies 14, no. 23 (2021): 123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2021.14.23.5.

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Postal services in the European Union have been liberalized through three postal directives, namely, 97/67/EC, 2002/39/EC and 2008/6/EC as per the Green paper, which emphasises the necessity of the liberalization of postal services for the development of the single market and the promotion of socio-economic development. Nevertheless, the realisation of this transition is questionable. Although these directives, to remove all barriers for new entrants, have established the necessary legal framework, formerly monopolised national postal operators have retained their dominant positions to a large

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Биргер, Евгений, and Evgeniy Birger. "On creating an advanced postal address space." Services in Russia and abroad 8, no. 4 (2014): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/4861.

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The primary function of a postal system is to create and to service a national postal area which, according to the Treaty of Bern, is integrated into the Universal Postal Union. The term refers to a total of postal addresses serviced by the national universal postal service. However, until recently, the concept of “address”, particularly “postal address”, has not been legitimized within Russian regulatory and legal framework despite its importance for all the sphere of activity, especially for relationship at law.

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HOWLAND, DOUGLAS. "An alternative mode of international order: The international administrative union in the nineteenth century." Review of International Studies 41, no. 1 (2014): 161–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210514000114.

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AbstractA novel form of international order was developed in the nineteenth century by international administrative unions such as the International Telegraph Union and the Universal Postal Union. This administrative internationalism posed a striking alternative to the international society of great powers, sovereignty, and forms of imperial domination, for the members of administrative unions included not only sovereign states but also semi-sovereigns, vassals, and colonies. Members were equal and bound identically to the union treaty and its international administrative law. This article exa

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White, Jerry P., and Russell Janzen. "The Industrial Relations Implications of Privatization: The Case of Canada Post." Articles 55, no. 1 (2005): 36–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/051290ar.

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In February 1997, Canada Post privatized its ad-mail services and in the process terminated 10,000 Canadian Union of Postal Workers. These events became a part of the central driving force which derailed contract negotiations and led to the November 1997 postal strike. The purpose of this article is to expose the process and consequences of this major event in the industrial relations of Canada Post; to examine the role and positions of the three major institutions involved — the government, the corporation (Canada Post) and the Canadian Union of Postal Workers (CUPW), and to explore the impli

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Lewandowski, Maciej, Pawel Mlodkowski, and Marek Wróbel. "DIGITAL PLATFORMS FOR POSTAL SERVICES IN EU AND JAPAN." European Integration Studies, no. 13 (October 29, 2019): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eis.0.13.22897.

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This paper offers a biased review of digital platforms introduced recently and operated by national posts in several European Union countries. Authors chose the most interesting cases, including those deemed as most successful, those that failed, and the most modern ones. The paper compares diverse European experience with modern solutions introduced by the Japan Post. Methods used for delivering the study included direct interviews with Japan Post officials and systematic review of official documents and announcements by national post operators in European countries covered bin the paper. Eur

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Oriekhova, Svitlana Petrova Irina. "DISTRIBUTION OF THE POSTAGE STAMP AS AN INFORMATION PRODUCT IN UKRAINE: REGULATORY SUPPORT." EURASIAN JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC RESEARCH 2, no. 13 (2022): 759–71. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7465977.

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The article provides an author's version of the division of legal documents into groups, depending on the name of the authority that adopted the act. In the analysis of regulatory and legal support, the relationship between the norms established by international and national legal acts is highlighted. It was noted that based on the normative documents of the Universal Postal Union and the World Philatelic Development Association, relevant thematic postal issues are under consideration. These postal issues inform about the national historical and cultural heritage of the state.

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V, Kovorotnyi, and Levchenko O. "PROBLEMS OF HUMAN RESOURCES OF THE ENTERPRISES OF THE TRANSPORT COMPLEX OF UKRAINE." National Transport University Bulletin 49, no. 2 (2021): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33744/2308-6645-2021-2-49-084-094.

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The object of research – staffing, labor market trends and employment in enterprises by type of activity «Transport, warehousing, postal and courier activities». The purpose of the work – 1) to investigate 93 the indicators of wages and labor movement in domestic enterprises by type of economic activity «Transport, warehousing, postal and courier activities»; 2) compare labor market indicators with those of the European Union. The research method is monographic and statistical. The article is devoted to the study of trends in the staffing of domestic enterprises by type of economic activity «T

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Metelkin, Evgeny N., and Tatiana E. Sokhor. "National museums of communication and postal service in postal miniature of Germany, France and Russia." Issues of Museology 14, no. 2 (2024): 146–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu27.2023.201.

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In the second half of the 19th century, almost simultaneously with the establishment of the Universal Postal Union (UPU) in 1874, postal museums began to open across Europe. The first postal museums opened in the UPU founding countries — Germany and Russia. The objectives and concepts of these museums were presented differently to their organizers. In Germany they tried to cover the history of the world mail, in Russia — the development of telegraph, as the most modern means of communication, and France — demonstrated a desire to become the capital of typology. The creation of postal museums,

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Šarac, Dragana, Miloš Kopić, Katarina Mostarac, Momčilo Kujačić, and Bojan Jovanović. "Application of Set Covering Location Problem for Organizing the Public Postal Network." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 28, no. 4 (2016): 403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v28i4.1962.

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Most countries of the European Union ensure certain obligations (criteria) which universal service providers must meet to ensure the realization of the universal service. These criteria vary from country to country, giving their own choice of an optimal model for the density of the postal network. Such postal network of the operator providing universal postal service must be organized so that post offices are accessible at the optimal distance from the user. This paper presents two different approaches. The first one is based on the population criteria determined in the previous study. The sec

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Poljak, Gabriela, Tatjana Bilac, Milica Nikolic, Ruzica Ignjatovic, and Svetlana Nikolicic. "Analysis of the Development of Postal Services in European Countries, with a Special Focus on Serbia and Slovakia." Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology 31, no. 52 (2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rput-2023-0001.

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Abstract The aim of the work is to indicate the direction of development of postal services by means of various analyses. According to the trend of recent years, the number of letters in domestic and international traffic keeps decreasing, while the number of parcels keeps increasing. The Universal Postal Union and the postal organizations of individual countries must respond to this trend. Of course, the Covid-19 pandemic, the complex geopolitical situation in Eastern Europe and the current energy crisis have had a significant impact on postal services. The analysis includes the EU member sta

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Mokgohloa, Kgabo, Mukondeleli Grace Kanakana-Katumba, Rendani Wilson Maladzhi, and Sbusiso Xaba. "Postal Digital Transformation Dynamics—A System Dynamics Approach." Systems 11, no. 10 (2023): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems11100508.

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The key motivation of the study was to explore and enlarge our understanding of the factors that inhibit and drive the performance of the postal sector in a dynamic setting in the context of Southern Africa. This study was prompted by the unsatisfactory performance of the postal sector in Southern Africa as measured by the Integrated Index on Postal Development (2IPD), an index used by the Universal Postal Union to measure the performance of posts across the globe on dimensions of reliability, resilience, reach, and relevance. Postal operators across the world are faced with inescapable busine

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Drab-Kurowska, Anna, and Agnieszka Budziewicz-Guźlecka. "The Digital Post Ecosystem—Example of Poland in the Context of Research." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (2021): 2550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052550.

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Rapid technological changes have forced postal operators to adapt their services to the needs of the information society, exploit new business opportunities, and pay more attention to emerging and rapidly growing direct and indirect competition. The main goal of the article is to provide an answer to the question Do we have to digitalize postal services? The objectives of the article are as follows: defining of the postal ecosystem concept; defining of postal e-services; developing an action proposal approach for the operator designated to create a digital ecosystem of the postal service. Ther

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Lowe, Graham S., and Herbert C. Northcott. "Stressful Working Conditions and Union Dissatisfaction." Articles 50, no. 2 (2005): 420–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/051018ar.

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This paper examines the relationship between stressful working conditions, social support at work, employee distress, and union members' (dis)satisfaction with their union. It might be assumed that under stressful working conditions, unionized workers would turn to their union to seek better working conditions and would have a positive orientation toward their union. However, it is also possible that stressful working conditions and distressed, alienated employees will become dissatisfied not only with their job but also with their union. The data for this study corne from a survey of unionize

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SUZUKI, Kuninori. "Privatization and Liberalization of Postal Systems in the European Union." EU Studies in Japan 2004, no. 24 (2004): 168–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5135/eusj1997.2004.168.

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AKTAŞ KURUÇAY, KEVSER. "THE ART OF POSTAL AS A MEANS OF COMMUNICATION (MAIL ART)." TURKISH ONLINE JOURNAL OF DESIGN ART AND COMMUNICATION 12, no. 3 (2022): 764–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7456/11203100/014.

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In recent years, increasingly popular postal art movement in our country has managed to attract attention with its adventure, nostalgia and philosophy. Postal art is an artwork that offers excerpts from life. It often carries the traces of the postal organization; with all the damage and stains it receives on the route before been reached to the recipient’s hands. Sometimes even with the handwriting additions of officers who will never be recognized. Postal art as an art movement which can be sent to desired recipient and location demonstrate a resistance against whom supporting the idea of th

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Langford, Tom. "Effects of Strike Participation on the Political Consciousness of Canadian Postal Workers." Articles 51, no. 3 (2005): 563–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/051117ar.

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Marxists have long argued that major strikes produce an explosion of workers' class consciousness. This article discusses some weaknesses of the explosion-of-consciousness thesis, and tests research hypotheses using data from a case study of the 1987 strike by the Hamilton local of the Canadian Union of Postal Workers. A major finding is that an increase in a postal worker's negative attitudes toward out-groups did not necessarily go hand in hand with an increase in that striker's positive identifications with in-groups such as fellow workers, the local union and the labour movement. This supp

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Belman, Dale, John S. Heywood, and Paula B. Voos. "Public Sector Earnings Comparability." Relations industrielles 57, no. 4 (2003): 687–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/006906ar.

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Summary Using the postal service as an example, this article highlights the critical role played by a series of “implicit” judgments when estimating the government earnings differential. Regression estimates demonstrate that alternative treatments of location, gender, industry, occupation and union status result in estimates ranging from a double digit advantage for postal workers to no advantage at all. We argue that the standard of comparability, comparing similar workers doing similar work, requires that judgments about samples and controls be made explicit as they largely determine the res

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Dr., A.Y. KETTI RAMALINGAM, SARANYA P. Ms., and VIMAL RAJESH. K. Mr. "A PATRON FAVORITE ON POSTAL SERVICES (WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO COIMBATORE CITY)." International Journal of Human Resource & Industrial Research 4, no. 1 (2017): 01–18. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10701397.

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India Post provides postal facilities within the reach of every citizen in the country through its vast network at an affordable price. Besides providing postal services, post offices perform agency functions like Savings Bank, payment of pension, sale of Cash Certificates etc. on behalf of other Ministries/ Departments of the Government of India/ Other Organizations. The Department of Posts, trading as India Post, is a government-operated postal system in India; it is generally referred to within India as "the post office". As of 31 March 2011, the Indian Postal Service had 1, 54,866 post off

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Creighton, Breen, Catrina Denvir, Richard Johnstone, Shae McCrystal, and Alice Orchiston. "Pre-Strike Ballots and Collective Bargaining: The Impact of Quorum and Ballot Mode Requirements on Access to Lawful Industrial Action." Industrial Law Journal 48, no. 3 (2018): 343–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/indlaw/dwy022.

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Abstract In 2016, the UK Parliament passed the Trade Union Act 2016 (TU Act 2016), which introduced new quorum and approval requirements for pre-strike ballots. In Australia, mandatory pre-strike ballots, including a quorum requirement, were first introduced in 2006. This article explains the key features of the Australian pre-strike ballot system and reports on quantitative and qualitative empirical research findings on the operation of the ballots process to analyse the majority and quorum requirements, mode of ballot (postal, attendance or electronic) and choice of ballot agent. Quorum is t

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Harris, Lane J. "“The Comity of Nations”: The Chinese Post Office, the Universal Postal Union, and the Abolition of the “Alien Post Offices”, 1843-1923." Monde(s) N° 26, no. 2 (2024): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/mond1.226.0093.

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Au lendemain de la guerre de l’opium (1839-1842), les puissances impérialistes commencent à établir des bureaux de poste étrangers dans les ports ouverts par le traité de Nankin. En 1896, l’empereur Guangxu autorise Sir Robert Hart, inspecteur général du service impérial des douanes maritimes, à créer une administration postale impériale. Au cours des 25 années suivantes, Hart et ses successeurs développent une série de stratégies pour concurrencer les bureaux de poste étrangers et obtenir leur fermeture. Face à l’échec de ces stratégies, la poste chinoise décide de rejoindre l'Union postale u

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Dr., A.Y. KETTI RAMALINGAM, SARANYA P. Ms., and VIMAL RAJESH. K. Mr. "A PATRON FAVORITE ON POSTAL SERVICES (WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO COIMBATORE CITY)." International Journal of Human Resource & Industrial Research, Vol.4,, Issue 1, Jan-2017, (2017): pp 01–18. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.293739.

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India Post provides postal facilities within the reach of every citizen in the country through its vast network at an affordable price. Besides providing postal services, post offices perform agency functions like Savings Bank, payment of pension, sale of Cash Certificates etc. on behalf of other Ministries/ Departments of the Government of India/ Other Organizations. The Department of Posts, trading as India Post, is a government-operated postal system in India; it is generally referred to within India as "the post office". As of 31 March 2011, the Indian Postal Service had 1, 54,866 post off

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Fruscione, Alessandro. "Focus EU: Import Control System 2 at the Starting Gate." Global Trade and Customs Journal 16, Issue 7/8 (2021): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2021043.

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On 15 March 2021, a new import control system for the European Union was launched, called Import Control System 2 (or ICS2): it will guarantee a more efficient and effective import control activity and facilitate communications between economic operators and customs administrations of Member States. However, a gradual adaptation of the information systems will be necessary and, further, different procedures, especially for postal operators and express carriers, who are the first to deal with the new system, will be needed. There are three versions of the new system, the first just entered into

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Tillotson, Shirley, and Julie White. "Mail and Female: Women and the Canadian Union of Postal Workers." Labour / Le Travail 31 (1993): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25143696.

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Nelsen, Randle W., and Julie White. "Mail and Female: Women and the Canadian Union of Postal Workers." Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers canadiens de sociologie 17, no. 3 (1992): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3341337.

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Batko, Alicja. "Legal and Administrative Time Limits in the Context of the Latest Amendments of the Act of 14 June 1960 – Administrative Procedure Code." Przegląd Prawa Administracyjnego 3 (September 5, 2021): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/ppa.2020.3.11-29.

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On 3 July 2019 a rule that a deadline is deemed to have been met if, before its expiry, a letter was posted at a Polish post office facility of the designated operator in the meaning of the Postal Law Act or at a postal facility of the operator providing the universal postal services in another Member State of the European Union, the Swiss Confederation or a Member State of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) – a party to the European Economic Area Agreement, was introduced into the Polish administrative procedure. Prior to the date of the aforementioned amendment coming into force, it

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Hochfelder, David. "A Comparison of the Postal Telegraph Movement in Great Britain and the United States, 1866–1900." Enterprise & Society 1, no. 4 (2000): 739–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/1.4.739.

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This article places the British and American postal telegraph movements in the broader context of a transatlantic reform tradition. More specifically, British nationalization in 1870 gave American reformers both a rallying point and a rationale for postalizing the telegraphs. The legacies of both movements were mixed. In Britain, the postal telegraph provided inexpensive and accessible service, but it soon ran a large deficit and retarded the development of the telephone industry. In the United States, reformers failed to nationalize the telegraph or to secure a place in historical memory, but

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Mirkin, Vladimir. "Postal and Electrical Communications as a Subject of Scientific and Technical Partnership between the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc Countries in the 1960s – 1980s." Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki 44, no. 1 (2023): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020596060021330-5.

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The article examines the aspects of the interstate scientific and technical cooperation between the “socialist commonwealth” countries in the field of postal and electrical communications in the post-war period. The basic platform for this partnership was the Organization for Socialist Countries Cooperation in the Field of Electric and Postal Communications (OSS) and the most significant, large-scale projects in the field of telegraph, telephone, postal and radio communications were implemented under its auspices. Later on, the CMEA Commission for Cooperation in the Field of Electrical and Pos

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HOWLAND, D. "Japan and the Universal Postal Union: An Alternative Internationalism in the 19th Century." Social Science Japan Journal 17, no. 1 (2013): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ssjj/jyt026.

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Kilfoyle, Eksa, and Alan J. Richardson. "Governance and control in networks: a case study of the Universal Postal Union." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 28, no. 4 (2015): 551–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-04-2014-1687.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to adopt “whole network” perspective and analyzes the governance and control mechanisms in the Universal Postal Union (UPU), one of the oldest and largest inter-governmental networks, through the lens of institutional entrepreneurship theory. The purpose is to introduce a typology of network governance forms to the accounting literature and to analyze the governance and management control mechanisms within the UPU, a “participatory federation” (Provan, 1983) type of network that has managed the challenges of collective collaboration since 1875. Design/met

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Zakharova, Larissa. "Access to Communication Tools in Stalin’s Soviet Union." Annales (English ed.) 68, no. 02 (2013): 357–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398568200000261.

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This article examines the status and the place of such means of interpersonal communication as mail, the telegraph, and the telephone in Soviet society under Stalin. Access to tools of communication created a certain hierarchy in the Soviet Union: the telephone was only accessible in large cities, whereas postal services remained limited across the countryside. As it was being implemented, the Soviet project of a communicating society proved to be full of disparities, ultimately centered on the city-dwelling elite. While the radial scheme of communications networks favored contact between the

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Laborie, Léonard. "Global commerce in small boxes: parcel post, 1878–1913." Journal of Global History 10, no. 2 (2015): 235–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022815000054.

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AbstractEven if the high-tech and ‘revolutionary’ electric telegraph has become a favourite topic for communication historians dealing with global history, it cannot alone epitomize the first modern age of globalization. The postal network, and parcel post in particular, was also a key agent of globalization. In 1880, several Universal Postal Union member states signed a convention for the exchange of parcel post, opening a new channel in the world of commerce. By the end of the nineteenth century, millions of packets poured into post offices and railway stations, crossed countries, and create

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Iskakova, Galiya. "PERLUSTRATION IN THE SEMIRECHENSK REGION (END OF XIX CENTURY-BEGINNING OF XX CENTURY)." Journal of history 114, no. 3 (2024): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26577/jh.2024.v114i3-06.

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During the empire, the main purpose of surveillance was to find out what the majority thinks, supports, and keep the people under control. In other words, to influence the people and completely own their minds. Therefore, whether in Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union or in the Russian Empire the main goal of surveillance and collection of information about public opinion was the transformation of the masses. Censorship considered surveillance mechanisms in the Russian Empire, were carried out with the help of employees of postal and telegraph institutions. There were no perlustration centers in th

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Frobeen, Anna L., Christoph Kowalski, Verena Weiß, and Holger Pfaff. "Investigating Respondents and Nonrespondents of a Postal Breast Cancer Questionnaire Survey Regarding Differences in Age, Medical Conditions, and Therapy." Breast Care 11, no. 2 (2016): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000446015.

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Background: Collecting patient-reported data via postal questionnaires is a common and frequently used technique. Selection bias may occur through lost data from nonrespondents. This study investigated differences in characteristics between respondents and nonrespondents of a postal breast cancer survey. Patients and Methods: The investigation was based on a cross-sectional postal questionnaire survey for the mandatory annual routine (re-)certification of accredited breast centers in North Rhine-Westphalia in 2010. Out of 4,444 patients meeting the inclusion criteria who gave their consent to

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Andrzejewski, Anna Vemer. "Building NALCREST (1964): A Union Retirement Suburb for Postal Carriers in Polk County, Florida." Arris 32, no. 1 (2021): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/arr.2021.0008.

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Yakub, A. V., and N. V. Yakub. "State and Private Mail: a Postal Episode of Soviet-German Relations During the Period of the Brest-Litovsk Peace of 1918." Herald of Omsk University. Series: Historical studies 9, no. 1 (33) (2022): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2312-1300.2022.9(1).192-199.

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Mail and postage stamps are a single entity, maintaining such a connection even in times of serious socio-political upheavals. After the events of 1917, the new leadership of the postal and telegraph department was almost immediately concerned to stop the process of further destruction of postal and telegraph communications in Russia, which had begun in the previous period. Attempts were made to maintain the functioning of international postal communications by this time, although in the conditions of the actual state of war of Soviet Russia, primarily with Germany, this was seriously hampered

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Bagnato, Domenica, Robert Müller-Török, Alexander Prosser, and Robert Stein. "Evoting at the German Social Elections – Lessons Learnt." Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology 19, no. 1 (2025): 75–95. https://doi.org/10.5817/mujlt2025-1-4.

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With an electorate of 52m the German Social Elections (Sozialwahl) is arguably one of the largest single elections in the European Union. It elects representatives of all people under social security and has been conducted through postal voting only for decades. In 2023 eVoting was introduced as an additional voting channel for the first time. This paper focuses specifically on the eVoting part, particularly the technical requirements and the voting protocol used. It analyses them against general voting principles and the relevant Recommendation of the Council of Europe.

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Owens, David, Teresa Rees, and Nina Parry-Langdon. "‘All Those in Favour’: Computerised Trade Union Membership Lists as Sampling Frames for Postal Surveys." Sociological Review 41, no. 1 (1993): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1993.tb02957.x.

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The computerisation of membership lists offers considerable scope for postal surveys of trade unionists. However, faith in the new technology can give rise to the illusion of increased accuracy. Yet, the computerised data bases, while undoubtedly quicker and easier to use, may be no more accurate than their manual predecessors and samples drawn from them can result in misleading response rates. Therefore, with reference to a specific case study of a major trade union, we argue that researchers should seek to establish empirically the probable error in their lists with a view to constructing re

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Andrey, Zaytsev, Konikov Evgeniy, Busheneva Yulia, and Doleva Zarema. "Influence of the level of development of the digital environment on the trend of gross domestic product in the countries of the European Union." E3S Web of Conferences 211 (2020): 04006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021104006.

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The paper characterizes the specifics of the impact of digitalization processes on such an indicator as GDP per capita: case study of the European Union countries. The literature dedicated to the matters of the relationship between digitalization and economic growth is reviewed. Based on the statistical data, a regression model is built to determine the dependencies between the GDP of European Union member countries and the economic digitalization indicators. An equation formed in the research can be used to demonstrate the dependence between GDP per capita and the accessibility of information

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Yiallourou, Kyriaki. "Case Law Note: CJEU: Developments on VAT Exemptions in 2019." Intertax 48, Issue 6/7 (2020): 678–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2020060.

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This article presents a comprehensive overview of the recent case-law developments on value-added tax (hereinafter VAT) exemptions delivered by the Court of Justice in the European Union (hereinafter CJEU). During 2019, the CJEU was asked in a series of eight cases to interpret the exemptions established under Articles 132 and 135 of the VAT Directive. Three cases examine the VAT exemption on financial services whilst two cases address the immovable property exemption. The remaining cases inspect the VAT exemptions for the supply of medical care services, postal services, and the provision of

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Patz, Stéfani Reimann. "Between data and damages: the (im)possibility of imposing non-material/moral damages in cases of personal leaks in the information society." Brazilian Journal of Law, Technology and Innovation 2, no. 2 (2025): 164–93. https://doi.org/10.59224/bjlti.v2i2.164-193.

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The advancement of the internet has brought along the constant concern about the leakage of personal data, for both individuals and companies. This unease is amplified by the frequent news of inappropriate exposure of private information, notably in cases of leaks within the Austrian postal service company (Österreichische Post AG), the Bulgarian National Revenue Agency, and the Brazilian electricity company (Enel). Considering this backdrop, researchers have been dedicating themselves to exploring the possibility of accountability for non-material damages arising from data breaches. The study

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Sylwestrzak, Marek, and Anna Stolarczyk. "Impact of selected factors on the cross-border price of postal parcels in the European Union." European Journal of Service Management 26 (2018): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/ejsm.2018.26-30.

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Drab-Kurowska, Anna, and Michał Kuściński. "Regulation of access to postal infrastructure in Poland on the example of selected European Union countries." European Journal of Service Management 27 (2018): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/ejsm.2018.27/1-09.

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COMANDINI, Vincenzo VISCO. "THE POSTAL SERVICE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION PUBLIC MONOPOLY OR COMPETITIVE MARKET?: A transaction cost approach." Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics 66, no. 1 (1995): 7–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8292.1995.tb00876.x.

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Schöffmann, Peter C. "The Case of Alpenrind – The Posting of Workers and the Binding Nature of Portable Document A1." Ljubljana Law Review 80, no. 2 (2020): 119–31. https://doi.org/10.51940/2020.2.119-131.

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The Alpenrind case (C-527/16) revealed opposing positions between the Member States providing services feely across Europe and the Member States fearing for social dumping. A tension the Union is grappling with for a certain time, and that increased in the last years. Many (mostly western) Member States believe that the posting of workers is undermining their social standards and hampering their labour markets. They are not convinced that Union law provides an adequate level to prevent abusive practices. Therefore, these Member States try to take countermeasures by implementing restrictive leg

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Heidenreich, L. "Saintly Protest: Women Religious, Religious Women, and the Early United Farm Worker Movement." U.S. Catholic Historian 42, no. 2 (2024): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cht.2024.a926025.

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Abstract: While the image of César Chávez graces the face of U.S. postal stamps, less recognized are the women of the United Farm Worker Movement. Yet Catholic women, from the better-known Dolores Huerta to regional organizers like Lupe Anguiano, were critical to the union’s early victories. This article begins the work of excavating the lives and labor of the women religious and religious women of the union, with an emphasis on the activism of Catholic Latinas. When structural changes within the Catholic Church of the mid-to-late twentieth century prompted women to reexamine their faith, they

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Tworek, Heidi, and Léonard Laborie. "Les trafics postaux dans une perspective d’histoire globale." Monde(s) N° 26, no. 2 (2024): 7–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/mond1.226.0007.

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Cet article introduit un dossier sur les trafics postaux dans une perspective d’histoire globale. Il s’intéresse autant à l’organisation de ces trafics qu’à leurs contenus, licites et illicites, depuis le xviii e siècle, à toutes les échelles, locale, impériale, nationale, et internationale. Délaissées par l’historiographie des communications globales en comparaison des télécommunications, les postes sont pourtant le vecteur et l’expression d’une myriade d’interactions qui forment la chair des mondialisations modernes et contemporaines. Correspondance administrative et commerciale, cartes post

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Vehkasalo, Ville. "Effectiveness of EU Regional Policy: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Finland." REGION 5, no. 3 (2018): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18335/region.v5i3.195.

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European Union regional policy is implemented through structural funds, such as the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), which support investment in peripheral regions of the EU. We studied the effects of EU regional policy on key economic variables using a rare natural experiment setting. In 2007, parts of regions that were previously covered by the ERDF programme for Western Finland were reallocated to the ERDF programme for Northern Finland, with higher support intensity per capita. This area reallocation was caused by the newly adopted EU legislation regulating the classification of

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Cetin, Volkan Recai, and Isil Irmak. "The Effects of Liberalization Policies on Price and Quality of Services in the European Union Postal Market." Competition and Regulation in Network Industries 15, no. 4 (2014): 334–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/178359171401500402.

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Harris, Bob. "The Post Office and the Making of North Britain, c. 1750–c. 1840." Journal of Scottish Historical Studies 43, no. 1 (2023): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jshs.2023.0360.

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While the importance of closer, wider communications to Scotland and Scots adaptation to life within the Union, and the development of Britishness, has been commonly acknowledged, the role of the Post Office within these processes has never been systematically examined. This article charts the increasingly rapid development of postal services within Scotland and linking Scotland to London and the rest of England and Wales from the mid eighteenth century. It demonstrates the sheer extent and scope of growth of postal services in Scotland, and explores their use by different sections of Scottish

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