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Journal articles on the topic 'Posterior insula'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 January 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Türe, Uğur, Dianne C. H. Yaşargil, Ossama Al-Mefty, and M. Gazi Yaşargil. "Topographic anatomy of the insular region." Journal of Neurosurgery 90, no. 4 (1999): 720–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1999.90.4.0720.

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Object. The insula is one of the paralimbic structures and constitutes the invaginated portion of the cerebral cortex, forming the base of the sylvian fissure. The authors provide a detailed anatomical study of the insular region to assist in the process of conceptualizing a reliable surgical approach to allow for a successful course of surgery.Methods. The topographic anatomy of the insular region was studied in 25 formalin-fixed brain specimens (50 hemispheres). The periinsular sulci (anterior, superior, and inferior) define the limits of the frontoorbital, frontoparietal, and temporal operc

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Tanriover, Necmettin, Albert L. Rhoton, Masatou Kawashima, Arthur J. Ulm, and Alexandre Yasuda. "Microsurgical anatomy of the insula and the sylvian fissure." Journal of Neurosurgery 100, no. 5 (2004): 891–922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2004.100.5.0891.

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Object. The purpose of this study was to define the topographic anatomy, arterial supply, and venous drainage of the insula and sylvian fissure. Methods. The neural, arterial, and venous anatomy of the insula and sylvian fissure were examined in 43 cerebral hemispheres. Conclusions. The majority of gyri and sulci of the frontoparietal and temporal opercula had a constant relationship to the insular gyri and sulci and provided landmarks for approaching different parts of the insula. The most lateral lenticulostriate artery, an important landmark in insular surgery, arose 14.6 mm from the apex o

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Rachidi, Inès, Lorella Minotti, Guillaume Martin, et al. "The Insula: A Stimulating Island of the Brain." Brain Sciences 11, no. 11 (2021): 1533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111533.

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Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) in epilepsy surgery patients has a long history of functional brain mapping and seizure triggering. Here, we review its findings when applied to the insula in order to map the insular functions, evaluate its local and distant connections, and trigger seizures. Clinical responses to insular DCS are frequent and diverse, showing a partial segregation with spatial overlap, including a posterior somatosensory, auditory, and vestibular part, a central olfactory-gustatory region, and an anterior visceral and cognitive-emotional portion. The study of cortico-cortical

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Kaneko, Nobuyuki, Warren W. Boling, Takaharu Shonai, et al. "Delineation of the Safe Zone in Surgery of Sylvian Insular Triangle: Morphometric Analysis and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study." Operative Neurosurgery 70, suppl_2 (2011): ons290—ons299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0b013e3182315112.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Surgery within the insula carries significant risk of morbidity, particularly hemiparesis, because of the difficulty in detecting the internal capsule boundaries. OBJECTIVE: We analyzed the anatomy of the insula and identified landmarks anticipated to facilitate surgery for intrinsic insular lesions. METHODS: Insular region anatomy was studied in 11 cadaveric brains harvested within 72 hours postmortem. MRI of the specimens was acquired using 3.0 T with T2-weighting and 25 directions of diffusion tensor imaging. Landmarks easily recognizable during surgery were identified

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Martino, Juan, Francesco Vergani, Santiago Gil Robles, and Hugues Duffau. "New Insights Into the Anatomic Dissection of the Temporal Stem With Special Emphasis on the Inferior Fronto-occipital Fasciculus: Implications in Surgical Approach to Left Mesiotemporal and Temporoinsular Structures." Operative Neurosurgery 66, suppl_1 (2010): ons—4—ons—12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000348564.28415.fa.

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Abstract Objective: To analyze the 3-dimensional relationships of the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF) within the temporal stem using anatomic dissection and to study the surgical application. Methods: Ten postmortem human hemispheres (5 right, 5 left) were dissected using the Klingler fiber dissection technique. The 3-dimensional relationships of the IFOF with different landmarks of the temporal stem, insula, and temporal lobe were analyzed and measured. Results: An average distance of 10.9 mm (range, 8–15 mm) was observed between the limen insulae and the anterior edge of the IFOF

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Baumgartner, Michael E., Samuel B. Tomlinson, Kathleen Galligan, and Benjamin C. Kennedy. "Motor Outcome After Posterior Insular Resection for Pediatric Epilepsy." Brain Sciences 15, no. 2 (2025): 177. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020177.

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The increasingly widespread use of stereo-EEG in the pre-surgical evaluation has led to greater recognition of the insula as both a source and surgical target for drug-resistant epilepsy. Clinicians have long appreciated the challenges of diagnosing and treating seizures arising from the insula. Insular-onset seizures present with a wide variety of semiologies due to its dense and complex integration with other brain structures, resulting in the insula’s reputation as the “great mimicker.” Surgical access to the insula is guarded by the overlying frontal, temporal, and parietal opercula and re

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Afif, Afif, Guillaume Becq, and Patrick Mertens. "Definition of a Stereotactic 3-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Template of the Human Insula." Operative Neurosurgery 72, no. 1 (2012): ons35—ons46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0b013e31826cdc57.

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Abstract Background: This study proposes a 3-dimensional (3-D) template of the insula in the bicommissural reference system with posterior commissure (PC) as the center of coordinates. Objective: Using the bicommissural anterior commissure (AC)-PC reference system, this study aimed to define a template and design a method for the 3-D reconstruction of the human insula that may be used at an individual level during stereotactic surgery. Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based morphometric analysis was performed on 100 cerebral cortices with normal insulae based on a 3-step procedure: St

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Parellada, M., L. Pina-Camacho, C. Moreno, et al. "Insular pathology in young people with high-functioning autism and first-episode psychosis." Psychological Medicine 47, no. 14 (2017): 2472–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291717000988.

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BackgroundAutism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and psychosis share deficits in social cognition. The insular region has been associated with awareness of self and reality, which may be basic for proper social interactions.MethodsTotal and regional insular volume and thickness measurements were obtained from a sample of 30 children and adolescents with ASD, 29 with early onset first-episode psychosis (FEP), and 26 healthy controls (HC). Total, regional, and voxel-level volume and thickness measurements were compared between groups (with correction for multiple comparisons), and the relationship betw

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Türe, Uğur, M. Gazi Yaşargil, Ossama Al-Mefty, and Dianne C. H. Yaşargil. "Arteries of the insula." Journal of Neurosurgery 92, no. 4 (2000): 676–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2000.92.4.0676.

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Object. The insula is located at the base of the sylvian fissure and is a potential site for pathological processes such as tumors and vascular malformations. Knowledge of insular anatomy and vascularization is essential to perform accurate microsurgical procedures in this region.Methods. Arterial vascularization of the insula was studied in 20 human cadaver brains (40 hemispheres). The cerebral arteries were perfused with red latex to enhance their visibility, and they were dissected with the aid of an operating microscope.Arteries supplying the insula numbered an average of 96 (range 77–112)

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Liang, Despoina, and Charalampos Labrakakis. "Multiple Posterior Insula Projections to the Brainstem Descending Pain Modulatory System." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 17 (2024): 9185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179185.

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The insular cortex is an important hub for sensory and emotional integration. It is one of the areas consistently found activated during pain. While the insular’s connections to the limbic system might play a role in the aversive and emotional component of pain, its connections to the descending pain system might be involved in pain intensity coding. Here, we used anterograde tracing with viral expression of mCherry fluorescent protein, to examine the connectivity of insular axons to different brainstem nuclei involved in the descending modulation of pain in detail. We found extensive connecti

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Desai, Atman, Kimon Bekelis, Terrance M. Darcey, and David W. Roberts. "Surgical techniques for investigating the role of the insula in epilepsy: a review." Neurosurgical Focus 32, no. 3 (2012): E6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2012.1.focus11325.

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Intracranial electroencephalography monitoring of the insula is an important tool in the investigation of the insula in medically intractable epilepsy and has been shown to be safe and reliable. Several methods of placing electrodes for insular coverage have been reported and include open craniotomy as well as stereotactic orthogonal and stereotactic anterior and posterior oblique trajectories. The authors review each of these techniques with respect to current concepts in insular epilepsy.

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Sulejmanpasic, Gorana, and Karim Arslanagic. "The Role Of Insular Cortex In Pathogenesis Of Anxiety Disorders, Major Depressive Disorder (Mdd), Schizophrenia And Autism Spectrum Disorders (Asd)." Sarajevo Medical Journal 2, no. 1 (2025): 32–40. https://doi.org/10.70119/0033-25.

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Insular cortex (i.e., insula; Latin for “island”), also known as the Island of Riel, represents a still poorly researched part of neural circuitry consisting of anterior and posterior areas divided by the insular central sulcus and surrounded by the peri-insular sulcus. Insula is involved in a variety of functions including gustatory and sensorimotor processing, somatic processing, as well as risk-reward behavior. Insula has been shown to play a major role in socio-emotional processes, such as emotional experience and introspection. Recent comprehensive meta-analysis studies suggest that lesio

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Bhattacharyya, S., X. Cai, and J. P. Klein. "Dyscalculia, Dysgraphia, and Left-Right Confusion from a Left Posterior Peri-Insular Infarct." Behavioural Neurology 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/823591.

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The Gerstmann syndrome of dyscalculia, dysgraphia, left-right confusion, and finger agnosia is generally attributed to lesions near the angular gyrus of the dominant hemisphere. A 68-year-old right-handed woman presented with sudden difficulty completing a Sudoku grid and was found to have dyscalculia, dysgraphia, and left-right confusion. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a focus of abnormal reduced diffusivity in the left posterior insula and temporoparietal operculum consistent with acute infarct. Gerstmann syndrome from an insular or peri-insular lesion has not been described in the

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Mutschler, I., J. Wankerl, E. Seifritz, and T. Ball. "The role of the human insular cortex in pain processing." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (2011): 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72706-7.

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The human insular cortex is involved in a wide range of functions. A recent study done by conducting an activation likelihood estimate (ALE) meta-analysis suggests that there are anatomical subregions with functional specializations for motor processing, auditory perception and homeostatic control, which plays an important role in emotional processing (Mutschler et al., 2009). An increasing number of studies propose the involvement of the anterior insula in experiencing pain and empathy for pain, e.g. when someone perceives a loved one feeling pain (Craig, 2009, Singer et al., 2004). In this p

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Nachtergaele, Pieter, Ahmed Radwan, Stijn Swinnen, et al. "The temporoinsular projection system: an anatomical study." Journal of Neurosurgery 132, no. 2 (2020): 615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2018.11.jns18679.

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OBJECTIVEConnections between the insular cortex and the amygdaloid complex have been demonstrated using various techniques. Although functionally well connected, the precise anatomical substrate through which the amygdaloid complex and the insula are wired remains unknown. In 1960, Klingler briefly described the “fasciculus amygdaloinsularis,” a white matter tract connecting the posterior insula with the amygdala. The existence of such a fasciculus seems likely but has not been firmly established, and the reported literature does not include a thorough description and documentation of its anat

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Long, Ting, Haijun Li, Yongqiang Shu, et al. "Functional Connectivity Changes in the Insular Subregions of Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea after 6 Months of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Treatment." Neural Plasticity 2023 (February 21, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/5598047.

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This study was aimed at investigating the functional connectivity (FC) changes between the insular subregions and whole brain in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) after 6 months of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment and at exploring the relationship between resting-state FC changes and cognitive impairment in OSA patients. Data from 15 patients with OSA before and after 6 months of CPAP treatment were included in this study. The FC between the insular subregions and whole brain was compared between baseline and after 6 months of CPAP treatment in OSA. After 6 months

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Wynford-Thomas, Ray, and Rob Powell. "THE INSULA: ISLAND OF REIL." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 86, no. 11 (2015): e4.155-e4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2015-312379.63.

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Just as ‘no man is an island’, despite its misleading name, the insula is not an island. Sitting deeply within the cerebrum, the insular cortex and its connections play an important role in both normal brain function and seizure generation. Stimulating specific areas of the insula can produce somatosensory, viscerosensory, somatomotor and visceroautonomic symptoms, as well as effects on speech processing and pain. Insular onset seizures are rare, but may mimic both temporal and extra-temporal epilepsy and if not recognised, may lead to failure of epilepsy surgery. We therefore highlight the se

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Potts, Matthew B., Edward F. Chang, William L. Young, and Michael T. Lawton. "Transsylvian-Transinsular Approaches to the Insula and Basal Ganglia." Neurosurgery 70, no. 4 (2011): 824–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0b013e318236760d.

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Abstract BACKGROUND: Lesions in the insula and basal ganglia can be risky to resect because of their depth and proximity to critical structures, particularly in the dominant hemisphere. Transsylvian approaches shorten the surgical distance to these lesions, preserve perisylvian temporal and frontal cortex, and minimize brain transgression. OBJECTIVE: To report our experience with transsylvian-transinsular approaches to vascular lesions. METHODS: The anterior approach opened the sphenoidal and insular portions of the sylvian fissure and exposed the limen insulae and short gyri, whereas the post

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Bergeron, David, Sami Obaid, Marie-Pierre Fournier-Gosselin, Alain Bouthillier, and Dang Khoa Nguyen. "Deep Brain Stimulation of the Posterior Insula in Chronic Pain: A Theoretical Framework." Brain Sciences 11, no. 5 (2021): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11050639.

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Introduction: To date, clinical trials of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for refractory chronic pain have yielded unsatisfying results. Recent evidence suggests that the posterior insula may represent a promising DBS target for this indication. Methods: We present a narrative review highlighting the theoretical basis of posterior insula DBS in patients with chronic pain. Results: Neuroanatomical studies identified the posterior insula as an important cortical relay center for pain and interoception. Intracranial neuronal recordings showed that the earliest response to painful laser stimulation o

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Alexeeva, N. T., S. V. Klochkova, D. A. Sokolov, and D. B. Nikityuk. "Contemporary data on the structural and functional organization of the insular lobe of cerebral hemispheres." Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology 13, no. 2 (2024): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18499/2225-7357-2024-13-2-79-92.

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The article presents an analysis of contemporary literature data on the structural and functional organization of the insular lobe of cerebral hemispheres. In adults, the insular lobe is located deep in the lateral sulcus under the frontoparietal and temporal opercula and is divided by the central sulcus of insula into two lobes – anterior and posterior. The relief of the sulci and gyri of the insula has individual variability. The insula receives blood supply from the M2 segment of the middle cerebral artery. The description of the cytoarchitectonics of the insular cortex according to differe

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Uddin, Lucina Q., Joshua Kinnison, Luiz Pessoa, and Michael L. Anderson. "Beyond the Tripartite Cognition–Emotion–Interoception Model of the Human Insular Cortex." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 1 (2014): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00462.

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Functional MRI studies report insular activations across a wide range of tasks involving affective, sensory, and motor processing, but also during tasks of high-level perception, attention, and control. Although insular cortical activations are often reported in the literature, the diverse functional roles of this region are still not well understood. We used a meta-analytic approach to analyze the coactivation profiles of insular subdivisions—dorsal anterior, ventral anterior, and posterior insula—across fMRI studies in terms of multiple task domains including emotion, memory, attention, and

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Benet, Arnau, Shawn L. Hervey-Jumper, Jose Juan González Sánchez, Michael T. Lawton, and Mitchel S. Berger. "Surgical assessment of the insula. Part 1: surgical anatomy and morphometric analysis of the transsylvian and transcortical approaches to the insula." Journal of Neurosurgery 124, no. 2 (2016): 469–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.12.jns142182.

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OBJECT Transcortical and transsylvian corridors have been previously described as the main surgical approaches to the insula, but there is insufficient evidence to support one approach versus the other. The authors performed a cadaveric comparative study regarding insular exposure, surgical window and freedom, between the transcortical and transsylvian approaches (with and without cutting superficial sylvian bridging veins). Surgical anatomy and skull surface reference points to the different insular regions are also described. METHODS Sixteen cadaveric specimens were embalmed with a customize

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Casanova, José Patricio, Marcelo Aguilar-Rivera, María de los Ángeles Rodríguez, Todd P. Coleman, and Fernando Torrealba. "The activity of discrete sets of neurons in the posterior insula correlates with the behavioral expression and extinction of conditioned fear." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 4 (2018): 1906–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00318.2018.

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The interoceptive insular cortex is known to be involved in the perception of bodily states and emotions. Increasing evidence points to an additional role for the insula in the storage of fear memories. However, the activity of the insula during fear expression has not been studied. We addressed this issue by recording single units from the posterior insular cortex (pIC) of awake behaving rats expressing conditioned fear during its extinction. We found a set of pIC units showing either significant increase or decrease in activity during high fear expression to the auditory cue (“freezing units

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Gujing, Li, He Hui, Li Xin, et al. "Increased Insular Connectivity and Enhanced Empathic Ability Associated with Dance/Music Training." Neural Plasticity 2019 (May 6, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9693109.

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Dance and music are expressive art forms. Previous behavioural studies have reported that dancers/musicians show a better sensorimotor ability and emotional representation of others. However, the neural mechanism behind this phenomenon is not completely understood. Recently, intensive researches have identified that the insula is highly enrolled in the empathic process. Thus, to expand the knowledge of insular function associated with empathy under the dance/music training background, we mapped the insular network and its associated brain regions in 21 dancers, 20 musicians, and 24 healthy con

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Li, Xuejing, Ling Wang, Qian Chen, et al. "The Reorganization of Insular Subregions in Individuals with Below-Level Neuropathic Pain following Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury." Neural Plasticity 2020 (March 10, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2796571.

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Objective. To investigate the reorganization of insular subregions in individuals suffering from neuropathic pain (NP) after incomplete spinal cord injury (ISCI) and further to disclose the underlying mechanism of NP. Method. The 3D high-resolution T1-weighted structural images and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) of all individuals were obtained using a 3.0 Tesla MRI system. A comparative analysis of structure and function connectivity (FC) with insular subareas as seeds in 10 ISCI individuals with below-level NP (ISCI-P), 11 ISCI individuals without NP (ISCI-N),

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Baumgärtner, Ulf, Gian Domenico Iannetti, Laura Zambreanu, Peter Stoeter, Rolf-Detlef Treede, and Irene Tracey. "Multiple Somatotopic Representations of Heat and Mechanical Pain in the Operculo-Insular Cortex: A High-Resolution fMRI Study." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 5 (2010): 2863–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00253.2010.

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Whereas studies of somatotopic representation of touch have been useful to distinguish multiple somatosensory areas within primary (SI) and secondary (SII) somatosensory cortex regions, no such analysis exists for the representation of pain across nociceptive modalities. Here we investigated somatotopy in the operculo-insular cortex with noxious heat and pinprick stimuli in 11 healthy subjects using high-resolution (2 × 2 × 4 mm) 3T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Heat stimuli (delivered using a laser) and pinprick stimuli (delivered using a punctate probe) were directed to the d

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Berret, Emmanuelle, Michael Kintscher, Shriya Palchaudhuri, et al. "Insular cortex processes aversive somatosensory information and is crucial for threat learning." Science 364, no. 6443 (2019): eaaw0474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw0474.

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Learning about threats is essential for survival. During threat learning, an innocuous sensory percept such as a tone acquires an emotional meaning when paired with an aversive stimulus such as a mild footshock. The amygdala is critical for threat memory formation, but little is known about upstream brain areas that process aversive somatosensory information. Using optogenetic techniques in mice, we found that silencing of the posterior insula during footshock reduced acute fear behavior and impaired 1-day threat memory. Insular cortex neurons respond to footshocks, acquire responses to tones

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Corrivetti, Francesco, Sébastien Froelich, and Emmanuel Mandonnet. "Endoscopic Approach of the Insula Through the Anterior Middle Temporal Gyrus: A Feasibility Study in the Laboratory." Operative Neurosurgery 14, no. 4 (2017): 441–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ons/opx128.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Insular glioma surgery still represents a challenge. Nonetheless, advances in microsurgical anatomy and brain mapping techniques have allowed an increase in the extent of resection with acceptable morbidity rates. Transsylvian and transcortical approaches constitute the main surgical corridors, the latter providing considerable advantages and a high degree of reliability. Nevertheless, both surgical corridors yield remarkable difficulties in reaching the most posterior insular region. OBJECTIVE To study the feasibility of an endoscopic transtemporal approach in brain specim

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Lee, Jeungchan, Richard L. Lin, Ronald G. Garcia, et al. "Reduced insula habituation associated with amplification of trigeminal brainstem input in migraine." Cephalalgia 37, no. 11 (2016): 1026–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102416665223.

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Background Impaired sensory processing in migraine can reflect diminished habituation, increased activation, or even increased gain or amplification of activity from the primary synapse in the brainstem to higher cortical/subcortical brain regions. Methods We scanned 16 episodic migraine (interictal) and 16 healthy controls (cross-sectional study), and evaluated brain response to innocuous air-puff stimulation over the right forehead in the ophthalmic nerve (V1) trigeminal territory. We further evaluated habituation, and cortical/subcortical amplification relative to spinal trigeminal nucleus

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van Ettinger-Veenstra, Helene, Rebecca Boehme, Bijar Ghafouri, Håkan Olausson, Rikard K. Wicksell, and Björn Gerdle. "Exploration of Functional Connectivity Changes Previously Reported in Fibromyalgia and Their Relation to Psychological Distress and Pain Measures." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 11 (2020): 3560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113560.

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Neural functional connectivity changes in the default mode network (DMN), Central executive network (CEN), and insula have been implicated in fibromyalgia (FM) but stem from a sparse set of small-scale studies with limited power for the investigation of confounding effects. We investigated whether anxiety, depression, pain sensitivity, and pain intensity modulated functional connectivity related to DMN nodes, CEN nodes, and insula. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected from 31 females with FM and 28 age-matched healthy controls. Connectivity was analysed with

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Citherlet, Daphné, Olivier Boucher, Manon Robert, et al. "Insular Cortex Modulation by Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with Concurrent Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Preliminary Findings." Brain Sciences 15, no. 7 (2025): 680. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15070680.

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Background/Objectives: The insula is a deep, functionally heterogeneous region involved in various pathological conditions. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has emerged as a promising therapeutic avenue for neuromodulation, yet very few studies have directly investigated its effects on insular activity. Moreover, empirical evidence of target engagement of this region remains scarce. This study aimed to stimulate the insula with rTMS and assess blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal modulation using concurrent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Methods: Ten par

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Young, G., and WT Blume. "P.005 Painful epileptic seizures involving the insula." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 44, S2 (2017): S15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2017.90.

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Background: We have previously described painful epileptic seizures involving the primary and second somatosensory cortices. A recently encountered 24 year old man described left hemicorporial, painful seizures in association with a tumor involving the right insula. Methods: Case description with imaging and EEG. Results: The patient described frequent, sharp pains simultaneously involving the left face, upper and lower limbs and trunk that lasted from several seconds to a minute and were 10/10 in intensity. These markedly lessened in frequency but the severity of the pain persisted with a mai

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Noll, Kyle, Evan D. Bander, Romulo A. Andrade de Almeida, et al. "NCOG-31. NEUROCOGNITIVE OUTCOME FOLLOWING AWAKE CRANIOTOMY FOR INSULAR GLIOMA RESECTION: IMPACT OF SURGICAL APPROACH AND TUMOR CLASSIFICATION." Neuro-Oncology 26, Supplement_8 (2024): viii231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noae165.0913.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Insular glioma resection harbors similar risk of neurocognitive function (NCF) decline as other tumor locations. However, differences in outcomes according to transsylvian versus transcortical surgical approach and tumor classification remain unknown. METHODS 53 patients with newly diagnosed insular glioma (47% high-grade; 23% GBM; 75% left hemisphere) underwent awake craniotomy for resection (transsylvian, 64%; transcortical, 36%). Patients completed neuropsychological testing preoperatively and &lt;2 months postoperatively (M interval=23.7 days). Tumor location was de

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Yang, Xiu, DianXuan Guo, Wei Huang, and Bing Chen. "Intrinsic Brain Functional Activity Abnormalities in Episodic Tension-Type Headache." Neural Plasticity 2023 (May 24, 2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6560298.

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Objective. The neurobiological basis of episodic tension-type headache (ETTH) remains largely unclear. The aim of the present study was to explore intrinsic brain functional activity alterations in ETTH. Methods. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data were collected from 32 patients with ETTH and 32 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HCs). Differences in intrinsic brain functional activity between patients with ETTH and HCs were analyzed utilizing the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) approach. Correlation analyses were performed to ex

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Wei, Pengxu, and Ruixue Bao. "The Role of Insula-Associated Brain Network in Touch." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/734326.

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The insula is believed to be associated with touch-evoked effects. In this work, functional MRI was applied to investigate the network model of insula function when 20 normal subjects received tactile stimulation over segregated areas. Data analysis was performed with SPM8 and Conn toolbox. Activations in the contralateral posterior insula were consistently revealed for all stimulation areas, with the overlap located in area Ig2. The area Ig2 was then used as the seed to estimate the insula-associated network. The right insula, left superior parietal lobule, left superior temporal gyrus, and l

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Hassanpour, Mahlega S., Lirong Yan, Danny J. J. Wang, et al. "How the heart speaks to the brain: neural activity during cardiorespiratory interoceptive stimulation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1708 (2016): 20160017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0017.

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Prominent theories emphasize key roles for the insular cortex in the central representation of interoceptive sensations, but how this brain region responds dynamically to changes in interoceptive state remains incompletely understood. Here, we systematically modulated cardiorespiratory sensations in humans using bolus infusions of isoproterenol, a rapidly acting peripheral beta-adrenergic agonist similar to adrenaline. To identify central neural processes underlying these parametrically modulated interoceptive states, we used pharmacological functional magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI) to sim

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Hébert-Seropian, Benjamin, Olivier Boucher, Daphné Citherlet, Manon Robert, François Richer, and Dang Khoa Nguyen. "Separating Subjective from Objective Food Value in the Human Insula: An Exploratory Study Using Intracranial EEG." Brain Sciences 15, no. 6 (2025): 593. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15060593.

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Background/Objectives: The human insula is a key structure implicated in integrating internal states and external food cues, yet its precise role remains unclear, in part due to the temporal limitations of neuroimaging techniques like fMRI. To address this gap, we conducted an exploratory study using an intracranial EEG (iEEG) to investigate how the insula encodes both the subjective and objective properties of food-related stimuli, and how this encoding is modulated by hunger and satiety. Methods: Eight patients with drug-resistant epilepsy undergoing a pre-surgical evaluation between 2017 an

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Frank, Sebastian M., and Mark W. Greenlee. "The parieto-insular vestibular cortex in humans: more than a single area?" Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 3 (2018): 1438–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00907.2017.

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Here, we review the structure and function of a core region in the vestibular cortex of humans that is located in the midposterior Sylvian fissure and referred to as the parieto-insular vestibular cortex (PIVC). Previous studies have investigated PIVC by using vestibular or visual motion stimuli and have observed activations that were distributed across multiple anatomical structures, including the temporo-parietal junction, retroinsula, parietal operculum, and posterior insula. However, it has remained unclear whether all of these anatomical areas correspond to PIVC and whether PIVC responds

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Ikegaya, Naoki, Akio Takahashi, Takanobu Kaido, et al. "Surgical strategy to avoid ischemic complications of the pyramidal tract in resective epilepsy surgery of the insula: technical case report." Journal of Neurosurgery 128, no. 4 (2018): 1173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2017.1.jns161278.

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Surgical treatment of the insula is notorious for its high probability of motor complications, particularly when resecting the superoposterior part. Ischemic damage to the pyramidal tract in the corona radiata has been regarded as the cause of these complications, resulting from occlusion of the perforating arteries to the pyramidal tract through the insular cortex. The authors describe a strategy in which a small piece of gray matter is spared at the bottom of the periinsular sulcus, where the perforating arteries pass en route to the pyramidal tract, in order to avoid these complications. Th

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Shin, Jung H., Yu K. Kim, Hyo-Jung Kim, and Ji-Soo Kim. "Altered brain metabolism in vestibular migraine: Comparison of interictal and ictal findings." Cephalalgia 34, no. 1 (2013): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102413498940.

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Background Vestibular symptoms/signs frequently coexist with migraine, but the mechanisms of migraine-related vestibular dysfunction remain to be elucidated. This study aimed to determine altered brain metabolism in vestibular migraine. Methods Two patients with vestibular migraine underwent 18F-fluorodeoxy glucose (FDG) positron-emission tomography (PET) during and between attacks of vestibular migraine in addition to detailed neurotological evaluation. We analyzed the regional brain metabolism of the patients in comparison with that of age-matched healthy controls in each patient. We also co

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Oppenheimer, Stephen, and David Cechetto. "The Insular Cortex and the Regulation of Cardiac Function." Comprehensive Physiology 6, no. 2 (2016): 1081–133. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2040-4603.2016.tb00691.x.

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ABSTRACTCortical representation of the heart challenges the orthodox view that cardiac regulation is confined to stereotyped, preprogrammed and rigid responses to exteroceptive or interoceptive environmental stimuli. The insula has been the region most studied in this regard; the results of clinical, experimental, and functional radiological studies show a complex interweave of activity with patterns dynamically varying regarding lateralization and antero‐posterior distribution of responsive insular regions. Either acting alone or together with other cortical areas including the anterior cingu

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Liu, Yiyong, Lin Shi, Xiubao Song, et al. "Altered Brain Regional Homogeneity in First-Degree Relatives of Type 2 Diabetics: A functional MRI Study." Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes 128, no. 11 (2019): 737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0883-4955.

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Abstract Objective This study aimed to investigate regional homogeneity in the first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetes patients. Methods Seventy-eight subjects, including 26 type 2 diabetes patients, 26 first-degree relatives, and 26 healthy controls, were assessed. All participants underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. The estimated regional homogeneity value was used to evaluate differences in brain activities. Results In first-degree relatives, we observed significantly decreased regional homogeneity in the left anterior cingulate cortex, left insula, and

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Horing, Björn, and Christian Büchel. "The human insula processes both modality-independent and pain-selective learning signals." PLOS Biology 20, no. 5 (2022): e3001540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001540.

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Prediction errors (PEs) are generated when there are differences between an expected and an actual event or sensory input. The insula is a key brain region involved in pain processing, and studies have shown that the insula encodes the magnitude of an unexpected outcome (unsigned PEs). In addition to signaling this general magnitude information, PEs can give specific information on the direction of this deviation—i.e., whether an event is better or worse than expected. It is unclear whether the unsigned PE responses in the insula are selective for pain or reflective of a more general processin

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Kishima, Haruhiko, Youichi Saitoh, Yasuhiro Osaki, et al. "Motor cortex stimulation in patients with deafferentation pain: activation of the posterior insula and thalamus." Journal of Neurosurgery 107, no. 1 (2007): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns-07/07/0043.

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Object The mechanisms underlying deafferentation pain are not well understood. Motor cortex stimulation (MCS) is useful in the treatment of this kind of chronic pain, but the detailed mechanisms underlying its effects are unknown. Methods Six patients with intractable deafferentation pain in the left hand were included in this study. All were right-handed and had a subdural electrode placed over the right precentral gyrus. The pain was associated with brainstem injury in one patient, cervical spine injury in one patient, thalamic hemorrhage in one patient, and brachial plexus avulsion in three

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Pallud, Johan, Alexandre Roux, Bénédicte Trancart, et al. "Surgery of Insular Diffuse Gliomas—Part 2: Probabilistic Cortico-Subcortical Atlas of Critical Eloquent Brain Structures and Probabilistic Resection Map During Transcortical Awake Resection." Neurosurgery 89, no. 4 (2021): 579–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyab255.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Insular diffuse glioma surgery is challenging, and tools to help surgical planning could improve the benefit-to-risk ratio. OBJECTIVE To provide a probabilistic resection map and frequency atlases of critical eloquent regions of insular diffuse gliomas based on our surgical experience. METHODS We computed cortico-subcortical “eloquent” anatomic sites identified intraoperatively by direct electrical stimulations during transcortical awake resection of insular diffuse gliomas in adults. RESULTS From 61 insular diffuse gliomas (39 left, 22 right; all left hemispheric dominance

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Di Stefano, Vincenzo, Maria Vittoria De Angelis, Chiara Montemitro, et al. "Clinical presentation of strokes confined to the insula: a systematic review of literature." Neurological Sciences 42, no. 5 (2021): 1697–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-021-05109-1.

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Abstract Background and purpose The insular cortex serves a wide variety of functions in humans, ranging from sensory and affective processing to high-level cognition. Hence, insular dysfunction may result in several different presentations. Ischemic strokes limited to the insular territory are rare and deserve a better characterization, to be quickly recognized and to receive the appropriate treatment (e.g. thrombolysis). Methods We reviewed studies on patients with a first-ever acute stroke restricted to the insula. We searched in the Medline database the keywords “insular stroke” and “insul

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Kleckner, Ian, Richard Aslin, Charles E. Heckler, et al. "A longitudinal brain fMRI study of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in 50 breast cancer patients." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (2017): 10095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.10095.

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10095 Background: Over half of patients receiving taxane, platinum, and vinca alkaloid chemotherapy experience chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), which involves numbness and neuropathic pain in the hands and feet. CIPN has no effective treatments partly because its etiology is poorly understood. We theorize that CIPN symptoms are partly caused by impairment of interoceptive brain circuitry, which processes bodily sensations via the posterior insula and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). We investigated whether CIPN is associated with altered connectivity in interoceptive brain ci

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Harfeldt, Kristin, Louise Alexander, Julia Lam, et al. "Spectroscopic differences in posterior insula in patients with chronic temporomandibular pain." Scandinavian Journal of Pain 18, no. 3 (2018): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjpain-2017-0159.

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Abstract Background and aims Chronic pain including temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain involves a complex interplay between peripheral and central sensitization, endogenous modulatory pathways, cortical processing and integration and numerous psychological, behavioral and social factors. The aim of this study was to compare spectroscopic patterns of N-Acetyl-aspartate (NAA), total creatine (tCr), choline (Cho), myo-inositol (MI), glutamate (Glu), and the combination of Glu and glutamine in the posterior insula in patients with chronic generalized or regional chronic TMD pain (gTMD and rTMD,

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Pal, Amrita, Jennifer A. Ogren, Ravi S. Aysola, et al. "Insular functional organization during handgrip in females and males with obstructive sleep apnea." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (2021): e0246368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246368.

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Study objectives Brain regulation of autonomic function in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is disrupted in a sex-specific manner, including in the insula, which may contribute to several comorbidities. The insular gyri have anatomically distinct functions with respect to autonomic nervous system regulation; yet, OSA exerts little effect on the organization of insular gyral responses to sympathetic components of an autonomic challenge, the Valsalva. We further assessed neural responses of insular gyri in people with OSA to a static handgrip task, which principally involves parasympathetic withdra

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Fayed, Nicolas, Barbara Oliván, Yolanda Lopez del Hoyo, et al. "Changes in metabolites in the brain of patients with fibromyalgia after treatment with an NMDA receptor antagonist." Neuroradiology Journal 32, no. 6 (2019): 408–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1971400919857544.

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The aims of this work were to evaluate whether the treatment of patients with fibromyalgia with memantine is associated with significant changes in metabolite concentrations in the brain, and to explore any changes in clinical outcome measures. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed of the right anterior and posterior insula, both hippocampi and the posterior cingulate cortex. Questionnaires on pain, anxiety, depression, global function, quality of life and cognitive impairment were used. Ten patients were studied at baseline and after three months of treatment with memantine. Significa

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