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Journal articles on the topic 'Postharvest - Diseases and pests'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Palaniswamy, K. M., and Usha R. Palaniswamy. "Production Strategies for Successful Cultivation of Asian Vegetable Crops." HortTechnology 11, no. 4 (January 2001): 514–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.11.4.514.

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There is an amazing variety of Asian vegetables that, even today, are largely unknown in the United States. However, as Asian populations increase in numbers and diversity, local demand has increased and opened up opportunities to identify suitable crops for successful cultivation and possible export of these vegetables back to Asian countries. Production strategies for successful cultivation of Asian vegetable crops include the identification of suitable species; access to genetic material and germplasm collections; evaluation of imported genotypes; development of technologies, skills, and resources to collect production data; monitoring of the risks from pests and diseases; identification of new pests and pest management techniques; and organization of research on postharvest handling, packaging, and transport for a wide range of products to meet the consumer demands.

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2

Palou, Lluís, Silvia Valencia-Chamorro, and María Pérez-Gago. "Antifungal Edible Coatings for Fresh Citrus Fruit: A Review." Coatings 5, no. 4 (December 4, 2015): 962–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings5040962.

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According to their origin, major postharvest losses of citrus fruit are caused by weight loss, fungal diseases, physiological disorders, and quarantine pests. Cold storage and postharvest treatments with conventional chemical fungicides, synthetic waxes, or combinations of them are commonly used to minimize postharvest losses. However, the repeated application of these treatments has led to important problems such as health and environmental issues associated with fungicide residues or waxes containing ammoniacal compounds, or the proliferation of resistant pathogenic fungal strains. There is, therefore, an increasing need to find non-polluting alternatives to be used as part of integrated disease management (IDM) programs for preservation of fresh citrus fruit. Among them, the development of novel natural edible films and coatings with antimicrobial properties is a technological challenge for the industry and a very active research field worldwide. Chitosan and other edible coatings formulated by adding antifungal agents to composite emulsions based on polysaccharides or proteins and lipids are reviewed in this article. The most important antifungal ingredients are selected for their ability to control major citrus postharvest diseases like green and blue molds, caused by Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum, respectively, and include low-toxicity or natural chemicals such as food additives, generally recognized as safe (GRAS) compounds, plant extracts, or essential oils, and biological control agents such as some antagonistic strains of yeasts or bacteria.

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3

Ilisan, Dhally, Louie Simbajon, Gia Lorraine Mata, and Dessa Grace Ybañez. "DigiMango: A Digital Postharvest Evaluation Tool on Mango Fruit." Southeastern Philippines Journal of Research and Development 25, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.53899/spjrd.v25i1.56.

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Mango is one of the most important fruits in the Philippines, with the Carabao variety being the most widely grown dominating the export market. However, the production of Carabao mangoes for export has dropped due to insect pests and diseases, resulting in serious postharvest decay. Anthracnose is the most common of these diseases. DigiMango is a mobile application that identifies the severity of anthracnose in Carabao mangoes during postharvest. The application offers to quantitatively evaluate the development of spot-like lesions on the surface of the mango and produce disease ratings. However, because this application is created for use in laboratory conditions, the mangoes used in the planning and testing were already pre-evaluated and the diseases pre-identified, with the applicationâ€™s sole purpose providing convenience and objective rating evaluations to the researchers. The application was able to map the lesions by capturing the four sides of the mango using the smartphoneâ€™s camera and converted the process using a combination of the following: cannyedge detection, morphological transformation, contour approximation, and a thresholding algorithm. After thorough evaluation of the application, the study has proven that the use of the DigiMango application is acceptable and positively correlated with the expertsâ€™ rating. Any difference with the hedonic scales used by the researchers is not statistically significant.

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4

Beal, P. R., and D. C. Joyce. "Cutflower characteristics of terminal flowering tropical Grevillea: a brief review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, no. 6 (1999): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98181.

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Summary. The large and colourful cut inflorescences of the terminal flowering tropical Grevillea species and hybrids are considered by enthusiasts to have potential as a cutflower crop. Developing understanding of the characteristics of grevillea inflorescences is collated in this review article. Botany, quality, cultivars, production and marketing, physiology and biochemistry, growth and development, flowering regulation, senescence, postharvest losses, pests and diseases, loss reduction measures, and use of floral preservatives for cut inflorescences are discussed. This overview of current knowledge provides a platform for future research and development on this novel native Australian flower.

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Neto, Hozano de Souza Lemos, Marcelo de Almeida Guimarães, Italo Marlone Gomes Sampaio, Janiquelle da Silva Rabelo, Caris dos Santos Viana, and Rosilene Oliveira Mesquita. "Can silicon (Si) influence growth, physiology and postharvest quality of lettuce?" January 2020, no. 14(01) 2020 (January 20, 2020): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.01.p1848.

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Although it is not considered an essential element for plants, silicon (Si) provides benefits for several species, especially grasses, such as increase in yield and resistance to pests and diseases, reducing the effects of salt and water stress, among others. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of silicon on the performance of lettuce in hydroponic system. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, with five doses of silicon (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 mM) in the nutrient solution. Shoot fresh and dry mass, gas exchanges, photosynthetic pigments and post-harvest were evaluated. It was observed that from the dose of 2 mM, there was a reduction in most variables. The dose of 0.4 mM [(-0.572)/(2*-0.7055)] provided a greater increase in shoot fresh mass. The highest photosynthetic rate was at the dose of 3.19 mM. Soluble solids, titratable acidity and pH were higher at the 4 mM dose. Silicon provides better lettuce production, with a dose of 0.4 mM allowing a greater shoot fresh mass, being the most indicated for lettuce cultivation in hydroponic system.

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6

Kandel, Pragya, Kabita Kharel, Anastasia Njoroge, Bradley W. Smith, Jorge R. Díaz-Valderrama, Ram H. Timilsina, Gokul P. Paudel, and Dieudonne Baributsa. "On-Farm Grain Storage and Challenges in Bagmati Province, Nepal." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 16, 2021): 7959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147959.

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Farmers in Nepal lose up to one-third of stored grain to pests and diseases. This results in food insecurity and loss of income. To mitigate these losses, farmers use several approaches including pesticide applications on stored grains. We interviewed 241 farmers in Bagmati Province, Nepal, to assess the current on-farm grain storage practices and challenges to improve postharvest management. The results show that rice was the most stored crop (median 1150 kg). About half of farmers stored for at least nine months and grain was mainly used for home consumption. Grain was stored by 66.5 and 69.8% of farmers in granaries (rice) and plastic drums (legumes), respectively. Insects were the most important challenge during storage, and farmers used pesticides to control them. Farmers were more likely to use insecticide on grain (p = 0.000) if they stored rice, used traditional granaries, and had insect damage during storage. The use of improved storage methods (e.g., hermetic bags) was very low for rice (3.5%). There is a need to improve on-farm grain storage by disseminating storage innovations to address postharvest challenges in important crops such as rice.

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7

Wasilwa, Lusike A., Joseph K. Njuguna, Violet Kirigua, Charles N. Waturu, Richelle A. Stafne, Lusike A. Wasilwa, and Teddy E. Morelock. "Impact of Anthracnose on Avocado Production in Kenya." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1103D—1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1103d.

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Avocado is the leading horticultural export in Kenya. In 2003, Kenya exported about 19,000 t, compared to 23 t in 1970. Most of the fruit is exported to the European markets. There are several constraints limiting production of avocado in Kenya, including limited superior varieties or planting material, poor infrastructure, poor market information, and poor tree crop management. Although several diseases infect avocado, the most important are fruit rot pathogens, such as anthracnose, cercospora, and scab. However, diseases and pests have not been important to avocado production in Kenya. Recently (2004), the constraint limiting avocado production in Kenya is anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeospoirioides. Little is known in Kenya on the impact of this disease on production and income realized by small-(<1 acre) or large-scale growers. The objectives of this research were to quantify losses attributed to anthracnose in Kenya, determine the current disease control measures, and recommend good agricultural practice in conformance with EUREP-GAP. A survey was conducted in the avocado growing areas to identify and document constraints limiting avocado production in 2004. The highest losses were reported from central Kenya, where exporters reported up to 100% losses. Because all avocado varieties growing in Kenya are susceptible to anthracnose, it is recommended that good management, i.e., control of pests and diseases and good postharvest handling of fruit to minimize injury used as an entry point by anthracnose, should be enforced.

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8

Sharma, R. R., S. C. Datta, and Eldho Varghese. "Kaolin-based particle film sprays reduce the incidence of pests, diseases and storage disorders and improve postharvest quality of ‘Delicious’ apples." Crop Protection 127 (January 2020): 104950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2019.104950.

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9

Haack, Stacey E., Spencer S. Walse, Kevin Nguyen, and James E. Adaskaveg. "Management of Xanthomonas fragariae with Pre- and Postharvest Treatments to Overcome Trade Barriers for California Strawberries." Plant Disease 103, no. 6 (June 2019): 1256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-18-1395-re.

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Xanthomonas fragariae, the causal agent of angular leaf spot (ALS) of strawberry, is a quarantine pathogen in some export markets, causing trade restrictions and economic loss to the California fresh-market strawberry industry. Preharvest chemical management options are limited to copper, and there are no postharvest treatments available that reduce populations of the pathogen if ALS is detected at an export destination. Here, we report high preharvest efficacy for the experimental bactericide amino thiadiazole and the commercial product zinc thiadiazole, alone and in mixtures with low rates of copper or the antibiotic kasugamycin, with average disease incidence reduction of up to 92.8% compared with the control. Although effective against quarantine insect pests of strawberry, postharvest methyl bromide fumigation was ineffective against X. fragariae in diseased plant tissue at a standard commercial rate. Postharvest propylene oxide fumigation, used for decades by the California nut industries for insect and microbial disinfestation, significantly reduced X. fragariae populations in infected leaflet tissues by at least 2.5-log compared with controls at a dose of ≥142 µg/ml for 2 h at 15 to 20°C. Fumigated leaflets showed little to no phytotoxicity at effective rates, and fumigated fruit were not significantly affected in appearance or susceptibility to postharvest gray mold or Rhizopus rot following storage at 2°C for 3 days and at 15°C for an additional 5 days. Together, these new treatments offer potential strategies for establishing a systems approach with preharvest treatments significantly reducing the risk of ALS on plants and, in response to quarantine detections, a postharvest fumigation treatment that reduces viable pathogen populations in existing lesions.

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10

Wainwright, Henry. "Improving the Utilization of Cooking Bananas and Plantains." Outlook on Agriculture 21, no. 3 (September 1992): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709202100305.

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Cooking bananas and plantains are traditional starch staple crops of considerable importance in the humid tropics. The prominence of cooking bananas and plantains in the diet is, however, threatened by several factors, in particular crop losses due to pests and diseases, and difficulties in transporting and handling bulky, irregularly shaped, perishable fruit for growing distant urban centres. The challenge to the postharvest technologist is to maintain and increase the utilization of the crop. This is currently being achieved by improved handling using appropriate technology, assisting breeders in the selection of less perishable fruit and the development of processed forms of cooking banana and plantains that are easily produced and acceptable to the consumer. Convenient processed forms are particularly important to increase utilization by consumers in the urban centres where traditional methods of preparing the raw product may not be practical.

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11

Sellitto, Vincenzo Michele, Severino Zara, Fabio Fracchetti, Vittorio Capozzi, and Tiziana Nardi. "Microbial Biocontrol as an Alternative to Synthetic Fungicides: Boundaries between Pre- and Postharvest Applications on Vegetables and Fruits." Fermentation 7, no. 2 (April 11, 2021): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7020060.

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From a ‘farm to fork’ perspective, there are several phases in the production chain of fruits and vegetables in which undesired microbial contaminations can attack foodstuff. In managing these diseases, harvest is a crucial point for shifting the intervention criteria. While in preharvest, pest management consists of tailored agricultural practices, in postharvest, the contaminations are treated using specific (bio)technological approaches (physical, chemical, biological). Some issues connect the ‘pre’ and ‘post’, aligning some problems and possible solution. The colonisation of undesired microorganisms in preharvest can affect the postharvest quality, influencing crop production, yield and storage. Postharvest practices can ‘amplify’ the contamination, favouring microbial spread and provoking injures of the product, which can sustain microbial growth. In this context, microbial biocontrol is a biological strategy receiving increasing interest as sustainable innovation. Microbial-based biotools can find application both to control plant diseases and to reduce contaminations on the product, and therefore, can be considered biocontrol solutions in preharvest or in postharvest. Numerous microbial antagonists (fungi, yeasts and bacteria) can be used in the field and during storage, as reported by laboratory and industrial-scale studies. This review aims to examine the main microbial-based tools potentially representing sustainable bioprotective biotechnologies, focusing on the biotools that overtake the boundaries between pre- and postharvest applications protecting quality against microbial decay.

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12

Nath, Prem, and Sundari Velu. "(9) Cucurbitaceous Crops in Asia." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1016B—1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1016b.

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Among the vegetables, the cucurbitaceous crops form one of the largest groups with their wide adaptation from arid climates to the humid tropics. In Asia, about 23 edible major and minor cucurbits are grown and consumed. Though the data on cucurbits alone are not easily available, the production of watermelon was reported to be 69.7 million tons in Asia, 9.0 million tons in the Near East, 2.7 million tons in North and Central America, and 2.4 million tons in Latin America and the Caribbean (2003). Cucurbits demonstrate wide adaptability, which allows the crops to grow in varied agroclimatic conditions. Among food crops, cucurbits are the largest producers of biological water and are easily digestible. The cucurbits contain 80% to 95% water and also contain nutritive elements, such as carbohydrates, protein, vitamins A and C, calcium, lycopene, phosphorus, potassium, and other properties, in addition to medicinal values. They are common crops in rural, urban, and peri-urban areas, and are accessible to both rich and poor. Even with the gradual increase in production and consumption, the production of cucurbits is plagued by the occurrence of diseases and insect pests, inadequate availability of quality seeds, lack of maintenance of genetic varieties and of naturally occurring biodiversities, and the lack of knowledge on the international standard of quality production and postharvest handling. The thrust areas of development, as identified, are: harnessing new sciences; diversification in cropping patterns; utilization of available genetic diversities; reversal of postharvest losses; and value addition in food products. Cucurbits hold promise as supplementary food for the common masses.

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Kagot, Victor, Sheila Okoth, Marthe De Boevre, and Sarah De Saeger. "Biocontrol of Aspergillus and Fusarium Mycotoxins in Africa: Benefits and Limitations." Toxins 11, no. 2 (February 13, 2019): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11020109.

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Fungal contamination and the consequent mycotoxin production is a hindrance to food and feed safety, international trade and human and animal health. In Africa, fungal contamination by Fusarium and Aspergillus is heightened by tropical climatic conditions that create a suitable environment for pre- and postharvest mycotoxin production. The biocontrol of Fusarium and its associated fusariotoxins has stagnated at laboratory and experimental levels with species of Trichoderma, Bacillus and atoxigenic Fusarium being tested as the most promising candidates. Hitherto, there is no impetus to upscale for field use owing to the inconsistent results of these agents. Non-aflatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus have been developed to create biocontrol formulations by outcompeting the aflatoxigenic strains, thus thwarting aflatoxins on the target produce by 70% to 90%. Questions have been raised on their ability to produce other mycotoxins like cyclopiazonic acid, to potentially exchange genetic material and to become aflatoxigenic with consequent deleterious effects on other organisms and environments. Other biocontrol approaches to mitigate aflatoxins include the use of lactic acid bacteria and yeast species which have demonstrated the ability to prevent the growth of Aspergillus flavus and consequent toxin production under laboratory conditions. Nevertheless, these strategies seem to be ineffective under field conditions. The efficacy of biological agents is normally dependent on environmental factors, formulations’ safety to non-target hosts and the ecological impact. Biocontrol agents can only be effectively evaluated after long-term use, causing a never-ending debate on the use of live organisms as a remedy to pests and diseases over the use of chemicals. Biocontrol should be used in conjunction with good agricultural practices coupled with good postharvest management to significantly reduce mycotoxins in the African continent.

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Grahovac, Mila, Dusanka Indjic, Brankica Tanovic, Sanja Lazic, Slavica Vukovic, Jovana Hrustic, and Sonja Gvozdenac. "Integrated management of causal agents of postharvest fruit rot of apple." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 26, no. 4 (2011): 289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1104289g.

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One of the major causes of poor quality and fruit loss (during storage and transport) are diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi. Economic losses which are the consequence of the phytopathogenic fungus activity after harvest exceed the losses in the field. The most important postharvest fungal pathogens of apple fruits are: Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr., Penicillium expansum (Lk.) Thom., Cryptosporiopsis curvispora (Peck.) Grem., Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc., Monilinia sp., Gloeosporium album Osterw, Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Cladosporium herbarium Link., Cylindrocarpon mali (Alles.) Wollenw., Stemphylium botryosum Wallr. The use of available protection technologies can significantly reduce losses caused by pathogens in storage. The concept of integrated pest management (IPM) in apple fruits i.e. sustainable approach in control of causal agents of postharvest fruit rot, using cultural, physical, biological and chemical measures, to minimize economic, health and risks to consumers and environment, is presented in the paper.

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Lamont, William James. "Plastics: Modifying the Microclimate for the Production of Vegetable Crops." HortTechnology 15, no. 3 (January 2005): 477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.3.0477.

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For centuries horticulturists have attempted to modify the environment in which vegetable crops are grown. A wide variety of techniques, such as glass cloches, hotcaps, cold frames, hotbeds, and various types of glass greenhouses, have been used to extend the production season. The discovery and development of the polyethylene polymer in the late 1930s, and its subsequent introduction in the early 1950s in the form of plastic films, mulches, and drip-irrigation tubing and tape, revolutionized the commercial production of selected vegetable crops and gave rise to a system of production known as plasticulture. Simply defined, plasticulture is a system of growing vegetable crops where significant benefit is derived from using products derived from polyethylene (plastic) polymers. The later discovery of other polymers, such as polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, and polyesters, and their use in microirrigation systems, pipes, fertigation equipment, filters, fittings and connectors, containers for growing transplants, picking and packaging containers, and row covers further extended the use of plastic components in this production system. The complete plasticulture system consists of plastic and non-plastic components: plastic mulches, drip-irrigation, fertigation/chemigation, soil sanitation (fumigation and solarization), windbreaks, stand establishment technology, season-extension technology, integrated pest management, cropping strategies, and postharvest handling and marketing. In the plasticulture system, plastic-covered greenhouses, plastic mulches, row covers, high tunnels, and windbreaks both permanent and annual are the major contributors to modifying the cropping environment of vegetable crops, thus enhancing crop growth, yield, and quality. In addition to modifying the soil and air temperatures, there are also the benefits of protection from the wind and in some instances rain, insects, diseases, and vertebrate pests.

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Degebasa, Abebe C. "Participatory Improved Potato Technology Promotion: The Case of Smallholder Farmers in North, West and Southwestern Highlands of Ethiopia." International Journal of Agricultural Extension 7, no. 3 (January 11, 2020): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/ijae.007.03.3026.

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Utilization of healthy planting material is a key factor to improve potato yields to reduce the dissemination of diseases and pests. Quality seed is one of the major bottlenecks hindering the production and productivity of potato in major potato growing regions of the country. Therefore, participatory on-farm seed production and improved potato technologies promotion have been carried out during the year 2014-2016 at five districts, Jeldu, Dendi, Wolmera Degem and Kersana Malima of central Ethiopia. To produce quality potato seed various rapid multiplication techniques were used. Thus, improved potato technologies were demonstrated using different methodologies such as the farmers’ field schools, the farmers' research group and field days. To supply clean tubers about 138,886 high-quality mini-tubers of improved varieties of Belete, Gudanie, Jalenie and Awash were produced. Moreover, a total of 257.08 tons of seed tubers of 15 released potato varieties were produced and disseminated in different parts of the country for research and developments. The participant farmers produce 442.9 tons of relatively clean seed tubers and sold to different parts of the country. During, this activity positive selection technique was demonstrated and participant farmers applied the techniques that helped them to improve the yield and quality of seed potato. Farmers obtained a 40% yield increase and a 33% vigour improvement when positive selection techniques were applied. Training on improved potato production and postharvest handling technologies have also been given for farmers, development agents, agricultural experts and home agents. Therefore, decentralized quality seed production reduces the movement of dangerous diseases like bacterial wilt and viruses from invading areas with high potential for seed production due to purchase of seed only from within one’s same region.

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17

Ayyanath, M. M., C. L. Zurowski, I. M. Scott, D. T. Lowery, M. C. Watson, D. T. O’Gorman, K. E. MacKenzie, and J. R. Úrbez-Torres. "Relationship BetweenDrosophila suzukiiand Postharvest Disorders of Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium)." Phytobiomes Journal 2, no. 1 (January 2018): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pbiomes-02-17-0007-r.

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Spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, utilizes intact ripe fruits for oviposition and larval development. Sweet cherry (Prunus avium) and D. suzukii share a saprophytic microbial community, or microbiome, that colonizes the interior and exterior of the fruit, which benefits the nutrition and development of the flies. Some of the microbes, specifically yeast species, are also reportedly associated with a newly described slip-skin-like disorder of sweet cherries. In British Columbia (BC), Canada, contact-based insecticides and fungicides are applied to sweet cherry to suppress D. suzukii populations and cherry diseases, respectively. To date, no resistance to the organophosphate insecticide, malathion, in D. suzukii field or laboratory populations has been reported. Laboratory bioassays with malathion-incorporated diet determined that when microorganisms associated with the D. suzukii microbiome were sterilized with potassium metabisulfite (KMS), survival of the flies was significantly affected. These findings led to speculation that malathion residues on cherry fruit may be degraded due to the greater presence of yeast species that are spared as a result of selective fungicide use patterns in cherry orchards. In orchard trials, KMS was shown to be effective in suppressing the surface yeast counts on cherry, but this did not impact symptoms of slip-skin-like disorder. Based on these findings, it is recommended that other products functioning as systemic biocides need to be investigated to address these two microbial-connected pest management concerns in sweet cherries.

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Amon-Armah, Frederick, Solomon Sefa Oduro, Eric Kofi Doe, Moses Asani, Daniel Nyadanu, and Sampson Konlan. "Supply-Side Practices and Constraints of the Kola Nut (Cola nitida (Vent) Schott. and Endl.) Value Chain in Ghana: A Descriptive Evidence." International Journal of Agronomy 2021 (May 30, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9942699.

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The use of kola nut, including natural or alternative medicinal sources, has inevitably created an increased global market demand in excess of its production and provides great prospects for the growth of the kola nut industry in producing countries like Ghana. Nonetheless, there is a great dearth of information on Ghana’s kola nut supply-side practices and constraints that can provide a basis for the development of the industry. This study fills the research gap by describing the practices and constraints of farmers, processors, and marketers of kola nut in Ghana. Using a survey methodology, results showed that nearly all (99.5%) farmers interviewed had not received any extension training on agronomic practices. Low market price of nuts (61.5%) and pests and diseases (60.4%) were the most reported constraints to kola nut production. Chiefs among motivating factors for cultivating kola nut were alternative livelihood support (58%). Some processors (28.6%) who rinsed nuts after depulping used a solution of Akate Master (bifenthrin) and others (51.0%) used fumigation tablets (aluminium phosphide) (91.0%) for storing the nuts. However, these chemicals may be dangerous to the health of consumers in the long run. The low selling price of kola nuts was perceived to be the most (74.8%) constraint to kola nut processing and marketing. Respondents noted that the red nuts were preferred for their durability during transportation and longer shelf life, while the white nuts were preferred for their taste. The results suggest the need for further agronomic, postharvest handling, preservation, and storage, as well as breeding research to provide recommendations to farmers and processors. To overcome some marketing challenges, there is a need for policy support to standardize pricing and grading systems for the mutual benefit of all the stakeholders.

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Ben-Amor, Rihab, María Dolores de Miguel-Gómez, Dhouibi Mohamed Habib, Hermi Nouha, and Encarna Aguayo. "Freezing Treatments for Ectomyelois ceratoniae Mortality and Maintenance of Deglet Noor Palm Date Quality." Journal of Food Quality 2019 (May 13, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8941407.

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Background. Insect infestation caused by Ectomyelois ceratoniae or carob moth is one of the main postharvest problems that can lead to a decrease of the marketable quality of dates. The control of carob moth is a mandatory process for exported fruits, and the main chemical method used to prevent pest diseases of palm date is treatment with methyl bromide. However, its use is being restricted due to direct harmful effects on the environment and indirect effects on humans. Freezing treatments could be physical alternatives to methyl bromide and other chemicals. Three freezing treatments at −18°C (50 h, 77 h, and 125 h) were studied for E. ceratoniae mortality in Deglet Noor date fruits. Results. The results showed that freezing at −18°C led to 100% mortality of all the stages of E. ceratoniae found in naturally infested dates. Fruit quality was examined under a selected sanitizing freezing treatment (50 hours at −18°C). This freezing treatment induced an increase of monosaccharides and a reduction in antioxidant activity (40 to 45%, measured with FRAP and DPPH assays). However, other parameters such as color, amino acids, total phenolic content, and microbial and sensorial quality were not affected by that treatment. All samples remained above the limit of marketability as there was no chilling injury. Conclusion. This treatment can be recommended as a green alternative to chemical treatments to control carob moth while yielding optimum-quality Deglet Noor date fruits that could be exported to developed countries.

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20

de Lima, C. P. F. "Insect pests and postharvest problems in the tropics." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 8, no. 4-5-6 (December 1987): 673–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758400022773.

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21

Kaur, M., D. Hüberli, and K. L. Bayliss. "Cold plasma: exploring a new option for management of postharvest fungal pathogens, mycotoxins and insect pests in Australian stored cereal grain." Crop and Pasture Science 71, no. 8 (2020): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp20078.

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Various strategies are used to reduce postharvest cereal grain contaminants such as insect pests and fungal pathogens. Chemical and physical treatments are common management practices but may leave harmful chemical residues on grains or alter their nutrient content (particularly temperature treatments) and have other limitations. This review explores the recent literature regarding cold plasma, with emphasis on its efficacy for decontamination of postharvest cereal grain from biological contaminants. Cold plasma is an ionised gas containing reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, electrons and free radicals that are lethal to microorganisms and has the potential to decontaminate food surfaces and to increase shelf life. Studies conducted on rice, wheat, corn, barley and oats have demonstrated that cold plasma significantly reduced the amount of fungi, bacteria and their spores on grain surfaces. Cold plasma may also detoxify mycotoxins, and control insect pests. Evidence from various global studies demonstrates the potential use of cold plasma to manage postharvest fungi, mycotoxins and insect pests in Australian stored cereal grain.

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Williams, P., and M. Muhunthan. "FUMIGANTS FOR POSTHARVEST CONTROL OF INSECT PESTS OF CUT FLOWERS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 464 (March 1998): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1998.464.43.

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Hara, Arnold H., Trent Y. Hata, Victoria L. Tenbrink, Benjamin K. S. Hu, and Mike A. Nagao. "POSTHARVEST TREATMENTS FOR PESTS OF TROPICAL CUT FLOWERS AND FOLIAGE." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 630b—630. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.630b.

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Postharvest treatments significantly reduced or eradicated pests on various tropical cut flowers and foliage. Immersion in water at 49° C for 10 minutes killed armored scales on bird of paradise leaves, Strelitzia reginae Banks, as well as aphids and mealybugs on red ginger, Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum. Vapor heat treatment for 2 hours at 45.2° C provided quarantine security against armored scales on bird of paradise leaves. A 5 minute dip in fluvalinate combined with insecticidal soap eliminated aphids and significantly reduced mealybugs on red ginger. A 3 minute dip in fluvalinate, a 3 minute dip in chlorpyrifos, or a 3 hour fog with avermectin-B significantly reduced thrips on orchids, Dendrobium spp., without injury to the flowers. No postharvest treatment was both effective and nonphytotoxic on all commodities.

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Johnson, J. A., and J. L. Zettler. "Response of Postharvest Tree Nut Lepidopteran Pests to Vacuum Treatments." Journal of Economic Entomology 102, no. 5 (October 1, 2009): 2003–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/029.102.0534.

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Rohrbach, K. G., and D. J. Phillips. "POSTHARVEST DISEASES OF PINEAPPLE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 269 (August 1990): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1990.269.65.

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Raman, K. V. "SURVEY OF DISEASES AND PESTS IN AFRICA: PESTS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 213 (September 1987): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1987.213.15.

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Heitefuss, Rudolf. "Wheat Diseases and Pests." Journal of Phytopathology 159, no. 4 (October 5, 2010): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2010.01750.x.

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Romanazzi, G., A. Servili, and S. Murolo. "Postharvest diseases of Tuber melanosporum." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1144 (November 2016): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2016.1144.18.

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29

Prusky, Dov. "PATHOGEN QUIESCENCE IN POSTHARVEST DISEASES." Annual Review of Phytopathology 34, no. 1 (September 1996): 413–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.34.1.413.

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30

Simpson, T., V. Bikoba, C. Tipping, and E. J. Mitcham. "Ethyl Formate As a Postharvest Fumigant for Selected Pests of Table Grapes." Journal of Economic Entomology 100, no. 4 (August 1, 2007): 1084–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/100.4.1084.

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Hata, T. Y., and A. H. Hara. "Postharvest Insecticidal Dips for Control of Insect Pests on Red Ginger, 1993." Arthropod Management Tests 19, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/19.1.354.

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32

Lurie, Susan. "Prestorage heat stress to improve storability of fresh produce: a review." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 63, no. 1 (May 18, 2016): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.2016.1159411.

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Postharvest decay and insect infestation are two major causes of postharvest losses along the fresh produce supply chain. Although these problems can usually be controlled with pesticide applications, the use of chemicals postharvest is becoming limited due to increasingly strict regulations enforced by importing countries. Heat treatments are environmentally friendly and are being increasingly used for disinfestation and disinfection of a variety of crops. These treatments help to eradicate pathogens or pests on the fruit while maintaining the overall quality of the fresh produce during storage, shipment and marketing. Treatment times and temperatures range widely, from days at 35–39°C in hot air, up to 63°C in hot water for a few seconds. This review will discuss the heat treatments developed in the Department of Postharvest Science, Volcani Center Israel, for fresh produce to control fungal decay, insect damage and maintain produce quality during storage and marketing.

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Hansen, James D. "Ultrasound Treatments to Control Surface Pests of Fruit." HortTechnology 11, no. 2 (January 2001): 186–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.11.2.186.

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Durations of ultrasound treatments were evaluated for efficacy in removing or destroying external pests of apples (Malus sylvestris var domestica). Egg hatch of codling moth (Cydia pomonella; Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), was inversely related to time of ultrasound exposure, although egg mortality was less than 60% after 45 min of treatment. Mortality of twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae; Acari: Tetranychidae), and western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis; Thysanoptera: Thripidae), was directly related to ultrasound durations; adding detergent to the ultrasound bath increased treatment efficacy. Ultrasound did not remove san jose scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus; Homoptera: Diaspididae), from the fruit surface. Ultrasound, which can be incorporated in the packing line, shows promise as a postharvest phytosanitation treatment against external pests.

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Hartill, W. F. T., M. A. Manning, and D. J. Allen. "Control of postharvest diseases of avocado." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 39 (January 8, 1986): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1986.39.9401.

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Willingham, S. L., K. G. Pegg, L. M. Coates, A. W. Cooke, J. R. Dean, P. W. B. Langdon, and D. R. Beasley. "FIELD MANAGEMENT OF AVOCADO POSTHARVEST DISEASES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 553 (June 2001): 435–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2001.553.101.

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Ozgur Akgun Karabulut. "Controlling postharvest diseases of sweet cherry." Stewart Postharvest Review 6, no. 1 (2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2212/spr.2010.1.5.

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Li, J., V. L. Gaskins, H. J. Yan, Y. G. Luo, and W. M. Jurick II. "First Report of Mucor Rot on Stored ‘Gala’ Apple Fruit Caused by Mucor piriformis in Pennsylvania." Plant Disease 98, no. 8 (August 2014): 1157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-14-0149-pdn.

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Mucor piriformis E. Fischer causes Mucor rot of pome and stone fruits during storage and has been reported in Australia, Canada, Germany, Northern Ireland, South Africa, and portions of the United States (1,2). Currently, there is no fungicide in the United States labeled to control this wound pathogen on apple. Cultural practices of orchard sanitation, placing dry fruit in storage, and chlorine treatment of dump tanks and flumes are critical for decay management (3,4). Cultivars like ‘Gala’ that are prone to cracking are particularly vulnerable as the openings provide ingress for the fungus. Mucor rot was observed in February 2013 at a commercial packing facility in Pennsylvania. Decay incidence was ~15% on ‘Gala’ apples from bins removed directly from controlled atmosphere storage. Rot was evident mainly at the stem end and was light brown, watery, soft, and covered with fuzzy mycelia. Salt-and-pepper colored sporangiophores bearing terminal sporangiospores protruded through the skin. Five infected apple fruit were collected, placed in an 80-count apple box on trays, and temporarily stored at 4°C. Isolates were obtained aseptically from decayed tissue, placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) petri plates, and incubated at 25°C with natural light. Five single sporangiospore isolates were identified as Mucor piriformis based on cultural characteristics according to Michailides and Spotts (1). The isolates produced columellate sporangia attached terminally on short and tall, branched and unbranched sporangiophores. Sporangiospores were ellipsoidal, subspherical, and smooth. Chlamydospore-like resting structures (gemmae), isogametangia, and zygospores were not evident in culture. Mycelial growth was examined on PDA, apple agar (AA), and V8 agar (V8) at 25°C with natural light. Isolates grew best on PDA at rates that ranged from 38.4 ± 5.3 to 34.5 ± 2.41 mm/day, followed by AA from 30.5 ± 1.22 to 28.5 ± 2.51 mm/day, and V8 from 29.2 ± 3.0 to 26.7 ± 2.17 mm/day. Species-level identification was conducted by isolating genomic DNA, amplifying a portion of the 28S rDNA gene, and directly sequencing the products. MegaBLAST analysis of the 2X consensus sequences revealed that all five isolates were 99% identical to M. piriformis (GenBank Accession No. JN2064761) with E values of 0.0, which confirms the morphological identification. Koch's postulates were conducted using organic ‘Gala’ apples that were surface sanitized with soap and water, then sprayed with 70% ethanol and allowed to air dry. Wounds 3 mm deep were created using the point of a finishing nail and then inoculated with 50 μl of a sporangiospore suspension (1 × 105 sporangiospores/ml) for each isolate. Ten fruit were inoculated with each isolate, and the experiment was repeated. The fruit were stored at 25°C in 80-count boxes on paper trays for 14 days. Decay observed on inoculated ‘Gala’ fruit was similar to symptoms originally observed on ‘Gala’ apples from storage and the pathogen was re-isolated from inoculated fruit. This is the first report of M. piriformis causing postharvest decay on stored apples in Pennsylvania and reinforces the need for the development of additional tools to manage this economically important pathogen. References: (1) T. J. Michailides, and R. A. Spotts. Plant Dis. 74:537, 1990. (2) P. L. Sholberg and T. J. Michailides. Plant Dis. 81:550, 1997. (3) W. L. Smith et al. Phytopathology 69:865, 1979. (4) R. A. Spotts. Compendium of Apple and Pear Diseases and Pests: Second Edition. APS Press, St. Paul, MN, 2014.

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Kidd, Hamish, and Len Copping. "BCPC Conference 2000 - Pests and Diseases." Pesticide Outlook 12, no. 1 (2001): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b100807m.

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39

Heitefuss, Rudolf. "Compendium of Hop Diseases and Pests." Journal of Phytopathology 158, no. 5 (May 2010): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2009.01617.x.

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40

Heitefuss, Rudolf. "Compendium of Beet Diseases and Pests." Journal of Phytopathology 158, no. 5 (May 2010): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2009.01626.x.

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41

Lorenzo, Moncini, Sarrocco Sabrina, Pachetti Gianpaola, Moretti Antonio, Haidukowski Miriam, and Vannacci Giovanni. "N2 controlled atmosphere reduces postharvest mycotoxins risk and pests attack on cereal grains." Phytoparasitica 48, no. 4 (May 30, 2020): 555–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12600-020-00818-3.

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42

Hou, Lixia, Judy A. Johnson, and Shaojin Wang. "Radio frequency heating for postharvest control of pests in agricultural products: A review." Postharvest Biology and Technology 113 (March 2016): 106–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2015.11.011.

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43

Hansen, James D., Donald W. Schlaman, Ron P. Haff, and Wee L. Yee. "Potential Postharvest Use of Radiography to Detect Internal Pests in Deciduous Tree Fruits." Journal of Entomological Science 40, no. 3 (July 1, 2005): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-40.3.255.

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Radiographic techniques were investigated for their potential to detect internal pests in deciduous tree fruits. Two non-destructive methods, X-ray CT imaging and film X-ray, were used to detect larval feeding damage caused by codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in apples. In addition, CT imaging was used to detect larvae of the codling moth and western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae), in cherries. Both techniques showed evidence of codling moth feeding tunnels in apples, as well as in cherries using CT imaging. CT images of cherries infested with fruit fly larvae showed retraction of the fruit pulp from the seed. This study supports the use of radiography to detect internally damaged fruits for sorting on the commercial packing line.

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44

Choi and Park. "Monitoring, Assessment and Management of Forest Insect Pests and Diseases." Forests 10, no. 10 (October 3, 2019): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10100865.

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Forest pests are one of the most important factors disturbing forest ecosystems, by impacting forestry economy, ecosystem services, biodiversity, and sustainable ecosystem management. Monitoring the occurrence of forest pests offers clues to understand their impacts on the forest ecosystem and develop a sustainable ecosystem management strategy. This special issue is designed to create a better understanding of the changes and impacts of forest pests according to forest changes, caused by natural or anthropogenic causes. There are 13 papers published in this special issue, covering several issues concerning forest pests. Two of the papers reviewed the changes in forest pests in Korea or Poland. The remaining twelve papers covered issues concerning the monitoring, assessment, and management of forest pests. Through this special issue, we expect to contribute towards the improvement of our knowledge of the structures and processes in forest ecosystems relating to forest pests and fundamental information for the effective management of forest pests.

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Luo, She Zhou, and Cheng Wang. "Forest Pests and Diseases Forecasting Based on GIS." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 2945–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.2945.

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Geographic Information System (GIS) has been widely applied to the field of pest management, which provides the new ways and methods for integrated pest research, prevention and control. The main purpose of this study is to forecast and manage forest pests and diseases. For this purpose, I developed the forest pests diseases forecast system, by using ArcObjects (AO) and Visual Basic as the secondary development platform. The system is able to synthetically analyze and judge relevant data, such as weather forecast and tree species, according to the occurrence laws of the forest pests and diseases and the characteristics of biology. The system uses Markov chain and other methods to forecast the occurrence period, amount, scope and the degree of harm of pests and diseases. To validate the reliability of Markov chain model, the pests and diseases data of Liu'an City of Anhui Province, in China from 1975 to 2001, to be applied. The results show that the method used is reliable. The occurrence area and location of forest pests and diseases can be labelled and displayed on the electronic map with three-dimension.

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46

Laidou, I. A., and C. C. Thanassoulopoulos. "FUNGI THAT CAUSE POSTHARVEST DISEASES IN PEARS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 596 (December 2002): 887–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2002.596.155.

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Beasley, D. R., C. M. Horlock, and L.-H. Cheah. "Postharvest disinfestation of new diseases on asparagus." New Zealand Plant Protection 58 (August 1, 2005): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2005.58.4295.

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48

Nunes, Carla Alexandra. "Biological control of postharvest diseases of fruit." European Journal of Plant Pathology 133, no. 1 (December 21, 2011): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-011-9919-7.

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49

Tang, Juming, Shaojin Wang, James Hansen, Judy Johnson, Elizabeth Mitcham, Steve Drake, and Guy Hallman. "POSTHARVEST CONTROL OF INSECT PESTS IN NUTS AND FRUITS BASED ON RADIO FREQUENCY ENERGY." Acta Horticulturae, no. 599 (February 2003): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2003.599.20.

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Huysamer, A., E. W. Hoffman, and S. Johnson. "Novel technologies for the postharvest treatment of Cape Flora to control phytosanitary insect pests." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1201 (April 2018): 427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2018.1201.57.

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