Academic literature on the topic 'Postmarketing Product Surveillance'

Regulatory approvals for the marketing of medicinal products authorize medical practitioners to prescribe drugs to a group of patients that are defined within the license of the medicinal product. However, such prescriptions are carried out in a controlled manner. Prior to being approved, the medicinal product will have been evaluated in a population pool containing fewer than 5,000 patients and in a predesigned environment where several factors may be lacking, such as the absence of women of childbearing potential, geriatric patients and paediatric patients. Therefore, it is not surprising that several major adverse drug reactions are detected only when the product has been prescribed to the general population. National and international regulatory bodies have devised systems for monitoring medicinal products after marketing, commonly known as postmarketing surveillance systems. Postmarketing surveillance refers to the process of monitoring the safety of drugs once they reach the market, after the successful completion of clinical trials. The primary purpose for conducting postmarketing surveillance is to identify previously unrecognized adverse effects as well as positive effects. The Yellow Card scheme, practiced in the United Kingdom and the Canada Vigilance Program adopted in the Canadian jurisdiction, are two of the most successful postmarketing surveillance systems implemented across the world. Therefore, this article intends to discuss postmarketing surveillance and its role in the context of the United Kingdom and Canadian jurisdictions with a view on presenting key aspects and measures that are employed for operating an efficient postmarketing surveillance system in regulated markets.

Gilteritinib has been approved as monotherapy in adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) FLT3 mutated with relapsed or refractory disease, in light of its advantages in terms of survival and the favorable safety profile. Hepatobiliary disorders and musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders represent the most frequent adverse reactions associated with gilteritinib, whereas the most frequent serious adverse reaction is acute kidney injury. In the summary of product characteristics, gastrointestinal (GI) events are indicated as very common, in particular diarrhea, nausea and stypsis. Furthermore, serious GI disorders have been observed with gilteritinib in clinical trials, including GI hemorrhage, GI perforation and GI obstruction. However, the association with the FLT3 inhibitor has not been confirmed. Nevertheless, serious GI AEs have been recognized as an important potential risk to be monitored in postmarketing surveillance. We present three cases of serious self-limiting GI events observed in patients on gilteritinib treatment for AML, and an analysis of relevant available postmarketing surveillance data.

This study was undertaken to assess thein vitrodissolution andin vivobioavailability of six brands of ciprofloxacin oral tablets available in the UAE market using rabbits. Thein vitrodissolution profiles of the six ciprofloxacin products were determined using the USP dissolution paddle method. Pharmacokinetic modeling using compartmental and noncompartmental analysis was done to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of ciprofloxacin after single-dose oral administration.In vitrorelease study revealed that the amount of ciprofloxacin released in 20 minutes was not less than 80% of the labeled amount which is in accordance with the pharmacopoeial requirements. All tested products are considered to be very rapid dissolving except for formulae A and D. Ciprofloxacin plasma concentration in rabbits was best fitted to a two-compartment open model. The lowest bioavailability was determined to be for product A (93.24%) while the highest bioavailability was determined to be for product E (108.01%). Postmarketing surveillance is very crucial to ensure product quality and eliminating substandard products to be distributed and, consequently, ensure better patient clinical outcome. The tested ciprofloxacin generic products distributed in the UAE market were proven to be of good quality and could be used interchangeably with the branded ciprofloxacin product.

Recently, an Institute of Medicine panel concluded that years of negligence, mismanagement, inadequate resources, infighting among staff members, and lack of a systemic drug approval and postmarketing surveillance process have diluted the effectiveness of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in protecting public health. The panel was commissioned by the FDA to assess the U.S. drug safety system, and they recommended 25 sweeping changes, most of which would require congressional authorization. The recommendations focus on the life cycle of a drug product, rather than just the approval process, and they would go a long way in protecting public health in the future.

The US Food and Drug Administration’s approval of a peanut oral immunotherapy product in January 2020 is a landmark development in the field of food allergy therapy. While food allergy prevalence has been increasing, this product is the first approved therapy for food allergy. Oral immunotherapy has many similarities to subcutaneous immunotherapy and drug desensitization protocols, but does not lead to sustained unresponsiveness. The studies leading to approval of the Palforzia product demonstrated increase in the amount of peanut protein able to be consumed, with 67% of subjects randomized to the treatment arm able to consume 600 mg of peanut protein in double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge at study exit. However, side effects are an important consideration, and dropout rates in studies of Palforzia ranged from 11% to 21%. Postmarketing surveillance of this product will be critical in assessing its long-term risks and benefits.

IntroductionIn the absence of a European standardized postmarketing food supplement surveillance system (nutrivigilance), some member states and companies have developed their own approaches to monitoring potential adverse reactions to secure a high level of product safety. This paper describes the use of a nutrivigilance system in monitoring the incidence of spontaneously reported suspected adverse reactions associated with food supplements containing red yeast rice (RYR).Material and methodsWe report the data from a widely used product marketed under the trademark Armolipid/Armolipid Plus. Postmarketing information was collected in a voluntary nutrivigilance system established by the manufacturing company (Meda Pharma SpA, a Viatris Company, Monza, Italy). From 1st October 2004 to 31st December 2019, this system captured cases of suspected adverse reactions spontaneously reported by consumers, healthcare professionals, health authorities, regardless of causality.ResultsThe total number of case reports received mentioning the RYR food supplement product line was 542, in which 855 adverse events (AEs) were reported. The total reporting rate of AEs was estimated to be 0.037% of 2,287,449 exposed consumers. Of the 542 cases, 21 (0.0009% of exposed consumers) included suspected serious adverse events (SAEs). After careful investigation, 6 cases (0.0003% of consumers exposed) and 6 AEs were assessed by the manufacturer as serious and potentially related to exposure to the above-mentioned RYR-based nutraceutical.ConclusionsThis nutrivigilance-derived data analysis clearly demonstrates a low prevalence of suspected adverse events associated with the red yeast rice product line. Consumer safety of food supplements could be generally improved by raising awareness of the importance of following the indications and warnings detailed in a food supplement’s labeling.

Global repositories of postmarketing safety reports improve understanding of real-life drug toxicities, often not observed in clinical trials. The aim of this scoping review was to map the evidence from spontaneous reporting systems studies (SRSs) of antiangiogenic drugs (AADs) in cancer patients and highlight if the found disproportionality signals of adverse events (AEs) were validated and thus mentioned in the respective Summary of product Characteristics (SmPC). This scoping review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews. A knowledge gap on the safety of AADs was found: firstly, several cardiovascular AEs were not mentioned in the SmPCs and no pharmacovigilance studies were conducted despite the well-known safety concerns about these drugs on the cardiovascular system. Second, a disproportionality signal (not validated through causality assessment) of pericardial disease was found in the literature for axitinib with no mention in SmPC of the drug. Despite the exclusion of pharmacoepidemiological studies, we believe that this scoping review, which focuses on an entire class of drugs, could be considered as a novel approach to highlight possible safety concerns of drugs and as a guide for the conduction of a target postmarketing surveillance on AADs.

Biosimilar therapeutic proteins in oncology offer the potential to decrease costs while providing safety and efficacy profiles consistent with their respective reference or originator products. Biosimilars have a number of important differences from generic small-molecule drugs, including manufacturing processes that are unique from their reference products. These differences may affect biosimilars through posttranslational modifications that can occur in specific cellular production lines, and these modifications have potential effects on protein structure, function, clinical pharmacology, and immunogenicity. Regulatory agencies expect these differences to be identified, analyzed, and minimized through iterative processes and extensive preclinical efforts. Generic naming of biosimilars reflects the nonproprietary reference product name along with a meaningless four-letter suffix to ensure that each product can be uniquely identified for prescribing and pharmacovigilance purposes. Labeling information for biosimilars reflects a greater detail of comparisons to reference products than conventional generic drugs, which ensures that prescribers can understand the source of information and have a complete understanding of the therapeutic profile of each biosimilar agent. Postmarketing surveillance programs will be required to evolve and ensure optimal pharmacovigilance reporting, because the potential for unexpected adverse events with biosimilars is higher than with conventional generic agents as a result of different manufacturing processes and different clinical trial designs and durations. The existing filgrastim biosimilars are likely to be joined soon by therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, including rituximab, trastuzumab, and bevacizumab, on the basis of patent expiration dates and clinical trial results.

Abstract Surveillance represents an important informational tool for planning actions to monitor emerging antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance (ARS) programs may have many different designs and can be grouped in 2 major categories based on their main objectives: (1) public health ARS programs and (2) industry-sponsored/product-oriented ARS programs. In general, public health ARS programs predominantly focus on health care and infection control, whereas industry ARS programs focus on an investigational or recently approved molecule(s). We reviewed the main characteristics of industry ARS programs and how these programs contribute to new drug development. Industry ARS programs are generally performed to comply with requirements from regulatory agencies responsible for commercial approval of antimicrobial agents, such as the US Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency, and others. In contrast to public health ARS programs, which typically collect health care and diverse clinical data, industry ARS programs frequently collect the pathogens and perform the testing in a central laboratory setting. Global ARS programs with centralized testing play an important role in new antibacterial and antifungal drug development by providing information on the emergence and dissemination of resistant organisms, clones, and resistance determinants. Organisms collected by large ARS programs are extremely valuable to evaluate the potential of new agents and to calibrate susceptibility tests once a drug is approved for clinical use. These programs also can provide early evaluations of spectrum of activity and postmarketing trends required by regulatory agencies, and the programs may help drug companies to select appropriate dosing regimens and the appropriate geographic regions in which to perform clinical trials. Furthermore, these surveillance programs provide useful information on the potency and spectrum of new antimicrobial agents against indications and organisms in which clinicians have little or no experience. In summary, large ARS programs, such as the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, contribute key data for new drug development.

The development of alloantibodies or inhibitors is the most serious complication a patient with severe hemophilia can experience from treatment with clotting factor concentrates. Although common in previously untreated patients, inhibitor development is rare in multiply exposed, well-tolerized patients. There has been a nonevidence-based reluctance to change concentrate because of a perceived greater inhibitor risk after the switch, even though most patients are now likely to be using a concentrate on which they did not begin. Inhibitors in previously treated patients are observed in approximately 2 per 1000 patient/years, which makes it difficult to study and compare rates among different products. Because the baseline inhibitor risk in previously treated patients may vary over time, it is important to compare the risk in patients switching to a new product with that in a parallel control group of nonswitching patients or within a case-controlled study. The study designs imposed by regulators are suboptimal in detecting immunogenicity signals. The issue of immunogenicity of new products is likely to gain more relevance in the near future, with a call for effective postmarketing surveillance studies for all of the new engineered factor VIII concentrates with prolonged half-lives that are likely to enter clinical practice.

Post-marketing surveillance refers to any non-experimental or observational study, method, or monitoring strategy that is applied to obtain information on drug experience (primarily adverse) after a drug has been approved for clinical use. One of the major problems in post-marketing surveillance studies is the lack or under-reporting of drug experiences by health care professionals. This study was developed to describe the impact of three different prescription event monitoring programmes on the reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADR's) in the hospital situation. The intensive ADR monitoring programme and two voluntary ADR monitoring programmes which followed were conducted in the medical wards of an urban teaching and referral hospital. All patients admitted to the designated wards were monitored by a dedicated pharmacist in the intensive programme, ward pharmacists in the first voluntary programme and by medical and nursing staff in the second voluntary programme. The pharmacist monitored a cohort of patients prospectively in two medical wards for a period of three months. The patient's record was linked with any suspected ADR. All details, i.e. patient drug orders, characteristics and ADR description, were recorded and then reported. From 228 patients monitored, 25 cases have been reported. The impact of the intensive ADR monitoring programme was a reporting rate of 11 percent. Reports were received on ADR's of a particularly mild, common and pharmacologically predictable (type A) nature. The first voluntary ADR monitoring programme comprised the reporting of suspected AD R's and the recording of drug orders for the patients and the patient characteristics. The ward pharmacists monitored for suspected AD R's in all patients during their regular ward rounds. Six cases were reported in a population of 1506 patients monitored during the three months. The reports were mainly on moderate to severe suspected AD R's of pharmacologically unpredictable (type B) nature. The rate of reports received by the surveillance unit in this study was 4 reports per ward pharmacist per annum. The second voluntary ADR monitoring programme comprised the prospective monitoring of 1555 patients by medical and nursing staff during their stay at the designated medical wards during the three month period. Patients were monitored for any ADR and when an ADR was suspected, the patient characteristics and drug orders were recorded and reported to the surveillance unit. Ten cases were reported represented by six reports from doctors and four by sisters. The reporting rate was 2 reports per doctor in four years and 3 reports for each member of the nursing team in 5 years. Reports were mainly received on moderate to severe suspected ADR's of a pharmacologically unpredictable (type B) nature.

Introdução Sabe-se que a cadeia do produto farmacêutico é extensa, ampla, dinâmica e que é influenciada constantemente por diversos campos da sociedade. O estudo do risco envolvido em todo o ciclo de produtos farmacêuticos (da produção à pós-comercialização) é relevante diante das incertezas proporcionadas pela Ciência. A criação do SUS, os escândalos da falsificação de medicamentos, a consequente instauração da CPI dos medicamentos, o controle social, a implantação da Política de Medicamentos, o surgimento dos medicamentos genéricos, o advento da Anvisa e todo arcabouço legal advindo destas transformações deram força à democratização do País e a transparência da Gestão Pública. Objetivo Avaliar artigos científicos nacionais sobre aspectos da Vigilância Sanitária de Medicamentos a partir da criação do SUS (1990) até 2011. Métodos Pesquisa nas bases de dados: Lilacs, PubMed/Medline, Embase, Ipha, Web of Science e Scopus e seleção de artigos relacionados à Vigilância Sanitária de Medicamentos publicados entre 1990 e 2011. Resultados e Discussão - A esfera nacional das ações de Vigilância Sanitária foi a de maior foco de estudo (55,83 por cento ). O eixo Produção foi o mais pesquisado (50,92 por cento ) e a categoria mais estudada foi Prescrição e Dispensação (15,34 por cento ). É preocupante o reduzido número de artigos sobre Distribuição, Transporte e Armazenamento Os medicamentos de maior interesse para estudo foram os fitoterápicos (29,41 por cento ). Os autores da região Sudeste do Brasil foram os que mais publicaram (56,44 por cento ). Este fato pode estar relacionado à concentração econômica-industrial e a presença de pólos acadêmico-tecnológicos avançados nesta região geopolítica brasileira. Conclusão- A análise dos achados, opiniões e conclusões de diversos autores distribuídos pelo Brasil mostrou a ausência de qualidade, eficácia e segurança de alguns medicamentos disponíveis no mercado com inerente risco ao paciente
Introduction It is known that the pharmaceutical chain is long, wide, dynamic and constantly that is influenced by many fields of the society. The study of the risk involved in the whole cycle of pharmaceutical products (from production to post-marketing) is relevant in view of the uncertainties provided by Science. The creation of the unified health system (SUS), the scandals of counterfeit medicines, the consequent establishment of the the parliamentary inquiry (CPI) on medicines, social control, the implementation of the medicines policy, the emergence of generic medicines, the advent of ANVISA and the whole legal framework arising from these changes gave strength democratization of the country and the transparency of public management. Objective Assess national scientific articles on aspects of the Sanitary Surveillance of Medicines from the creation of the SUS (1990) until 2011. Method Search in databases: Lilacs, PubMed/Medline, Embase, IPHA, Web of Science and Scopus and selection of articles related to Sanitary Surveillance of Medicines published between 1990 and 2011. Results and Discussion - The national level of the tasks belonging to the Sanitary Surveillance was the major focus of the studies (55.83 per cent ). The axis \"Production\" (50.92 per cent ) and the category Prescription and Dispensing (15.34 per cent ) were the most searched. The small number of articles on \"Distribution, Transport and Storage\" is worrying. The authors have published more about herbal medicines (29.41 per cent ). The authors of southeastern Brazil were the most published (56.44 per cent ). This fact may be related to economic concentration and the presence of advanced industrial-academic-technological poles in this Brazilian geopolitics region. Conclusion - The analysis of the findings, opinions and conclusions of several authors throughout Brazil showed the absence of quality, safety and efficacy of some medicines available in the market with inherent risk to the patient

Este estudo qualitativo e prospectivo baseou-se em entrevistas com os principais atores do sistema de controle de produtos para a saúde no país. No total 44 profissionais participaram da pesquisa de campo, sendo: 25 representantes do setor regulado, envolvidos predominantemente em áreas de assuntos regulatórios e qualidade, atuantes em empresas do segmento médico-hospitalar, nacionais e multinacionais; 19 profissionais representando o setor regulador, alocados em Brasília ou no Estado de São Paulo, envolvidos com o processo de registro e fiscalização de produtos médicos ou de entidades que produzam, façam uso ou comercializem estes itens. Os entrevistados responderam a quatro questões de referência sobre a função do registro, seu papel na garantia da segurança e eficácia dos produtos para a saúde e a fiscalização pós-comercialização. Os procedimentos éticos vigentes (relativos à pesquisa em seres humanos - RE CNS 196/96) foram observados na condução deste estudo. Todas as entrevistas foram gravadas, assim como o consentimento livre e esclarecido verbal do respectivo entrevistado, expresso através de declaração. Posteriormente, as falas foram transcritas para a análise de opiniões sobre o controle de produtos para a saúde. Os resultados (176 discursos individuais)foram avaliados de acordo com a metodologia do discurso do sujeito coletivo. A fiscalização de boas práticas de fabricação estabelecida pela RDC nº 59/00 é percebida como importante por ambos os setores para a garantia da segurança, qualidade e da eficácia dos produtos médicos. A boa-fé não é uma crença da maioria dos entrevistados, pois há grande desconfiança sobre as informações declaradas pelo setor regulado nos processos de registro de produtos para saúde. A falta de fiscalização no mercado foi enfatizada, bem como de infraestrutura e de conhecimento do setor regulador. A atuação das autoridades sanitárias é sustentada por denúncias do próprio setor regulado. O controle pré-comercialização é visto pelo setor regulado como necessário para liberar o produto médico no mercado e como uma responsabilidade da ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária); entretanto, este não garante a qualidade do produto para a saúde, pois é documental e não há fiscalização eficiente. Os discursos expressam que o sistema atual não cumpre com as diretrizes de vigilância sanitária preconizadas por legislação – de eliminar, diminuir ou prevenir riscos à saúde pública. Os atores deste estudo entendem que a adoção da tecnovigilância é uma boa perspectiva para melhorar o controle de produtos para saúde na pós-comercialização, contando com o comprometimento de todos os envolvidos, inclusive profissionais de saúde e usuários.
This is a qualitative and prospective study based on interviews performed with the main stakeholders of the healthcare products’ regulatory control in Brazil. A total of 44 professionals were involved in the survey: 25 were predominantly employees responsible for regulatory affairs or quality assurance areas in medical device vendors, manufacturers or distributors, including national or multinational companies; 19 were government members responsible for pre-market review and postmarketing surveillance at the vendors or hospitals, located in Brasília or in the state of São Paulo. The participants have answered to four reference questions regarding to the register role, its purpose in assuring the safety and effectiveness of a medical device and the post-market vigilance. The ethical proceedings related to clinical trials in human subjects (Brazilian law RE-CNS 196/96) were followed in the execution of this study. All interviews were recorded, as well as the spoken agreement in participating of the study. Then, the speeches were written to perform the analyses and search for the collective opinions about the medical device controls. The results (176 speeches) were evaluated according to the qualitative methodology of the subject’s collective speech. Both vendors and government participants understand the good manufacturing practices issued by the Brazilian law RDC n. 59/00 as important to maintain the medical devices safety as well as their effectiveness and quality. The majority of the stakeholders surveyed do not trust in the good faith since most of them mistrust the information declared in the register submission by the vendors. During this survey, it was reinforced that there is a lack of infrastructure and expertise in the governing bodies and not enough on-market inspecting. The health authorities often acknowledge the medical devices problems when the vendors themselves denounce. The vendors perceive the model of register as mandatory to marketing clearance under the National Agency of Sanitary Surveillance (ANVISA) responsibility. However, this procedure does not assure the quality of the medical devices as a bureaucratic process not followed by an efficient postmarketing control. The speeches express that the system in place does not guarantee the health surveillance objectives described in the Brazilian laws in accomplishment - eliminate, decrease or prevent risks to public health. The participants of this study feel that the postmarketing surveillance is the main prospective to improve the medical device control, linked with the commitment of all stakeholders, including users and health care professionals.