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Journal articles on the topic 'Postmenopausal bleeding'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Yasmin, Shakila. "POSTMENOPAUSAL BLEEDING." Professional Medical Journal 10, no. 02 (2020): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2003.10.02.5302.

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Objective : To evaluate the etiology, incidence of malignancy and interval between menopause and onset of abnormal vaginal bleeding inpostmenopausal women. Design: Prospective study. Place And Duration of Study: The study was conducted at Bahawal Victoria Hospital,Bahawalpur for a period of 14 months (February 2002 to March 2003). Subjects: Thirty five cases of postmenopausal bleeding. Methods: Adetailed history was taken followed by a detailed general physical, abdominal, pelvic and per-rectal examination. Cervical pap smear was donein all the patients except those with obvious cervical growt

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2

Pugh, Rebecca, and Anna Humphries. "Postmenopausal bleeding." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 6, no. 11 (2013): 709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738013497351.

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Postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) is one of the most common reasons for referral to gynaecology services. This is due to the concern of possible underlying malignancy, as approximately 10% of women with PMB will have endometrial cancer. With growing use of hormone replacement therapy there is increased uncertainty as to what constitutes unscheduled bleeding and careful history and examination is required. Although benign conditions represent the most frequent cause of PMB, all women will require urgent referral and investigation in secondary care.

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3

Ridley-Davies, Freya. "Postmenopausal bleeding." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 11, no. 7 (2018): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738018768833.

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Postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) is defined as any vaginal bleeding occurring at least 12 months after the last menstrual period, in a woman who is of menopausal age. PMB is a common problem presenting in general practice, and accounts for 5% of secondary care referrals. Although PMB usually has a benign cause, it is important to exclude endometrial cancer, which is detected in approximately 10% of women presenting with PMB. This article offers an outline for the history, examination and initial investigations of PMB, as well as an overview of the common causes and how these are subsequently mana

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4

Gale, A., and P. Dey. "Postmenopausal bleeding." Menopause International 15, no. 4 (2009): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/mi.2009.009039.

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5

Mihmanli, Ismail, and Fatih Kantarci. "Postmenopausal Bleeding." Ultrasound Clinics 3, no. 3 (2008): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cult.2008.08.001.

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6

Memon, Fareen, Rahila Munwar, Miss Bilquees, Sajida Rajpar, Razia Shoukat, and Raheel Sikandar. "POSTMENOPAUSAL UTERINE BLEEDING." Professional Medical Journal 23, no. 12 (2016): 1471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2016.23.12.1799.

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Objectives: To find out the significance of the transvaginal sonography (TVS)in postmenopausal women (PMW) with postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) and compare it withthe histopathological diagnosis at curettage, so that unnecessary operations could be avoided.Study Design: Descriptive study. Setting: Radiological Department for TVS and H/P at theDepartment of Gynecology & Obstetrics (Gynae: Unit IV) at Liaquat University Medical, HealthSciences Hospital Jamshoro and Hyderabad. Period: September 2010 to September 2011.Material and Methods: The present study was conducted on patients with postmen

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7

Albuquerque Neto, Luiz Cavalcanti de, Marair Gracio Ferreira Sartori, Edmund Chada Baracat, Manoel João Batista Castello Girão, and Geraldo Rodrigues de Lima. "Postmenopausal genital bleeding." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 113, no. 5 (1995): 987–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31801995000500005.

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The study was conducted on 748 women who reported genital bleeding occurring at least one year after the last menstruation. Benign causes were most frequent than malignant causes. Among the benign causes, the most frequent were cervicitis (19,95%), prolapsed uterus with decubitus ulcer (19,41%), dysfunctional hemorrhage (13,29%) and endometrial polyps (12,77%). In the group of malignant causes, cancer of the cervix was the neoplasm most often detected (59,26%); endometrial cancer was next, affecting 29,63%. The cancer of the cervix/ cancer of the body ratio was 2:1. In summary, many causes, bo

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8

Lee, Jean H., Manjiri K. Dighe, and Theodore J. Dubinsky. "Postmenopausal Endometrial Bleeding." Ultrasound Clinics 7, no. 1 (2012): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cult.2011.08.010.

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9

Ara Nasreen, Shaikh Zinnat, Nusrat Mahjabeen, and Safinaz Shahreen. "Postmenopausal Bleeding: An Update." European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 3, no. 1 (2021): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2021.3.1.652.

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The clinical approach to postmenopausal bleeding requires prompt and efficient evaluation to exclude or diagnose endometrial carcinoma and endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia and to find out the real source. Postmenopausal bleeding is ‘endometrial cancer until proven otherwise’, although only 1-14% of such patients will actually have cancer. Clinical risk factors of endometrial carcinoma such as obesity, unopposed estrogen use, polycystic ovary syndrome, diabetes mellitus and family history of gynaecologic malignancy also should be considered during evaluation. Postmenopausal bleeding usuall

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10

Goldstein, Steven R. "Sonography in Postmenopausal Bleeding." Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 31, no. 2 (2012): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7863/jum.2012.31.2.333.

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11

Tandulwadkar, Sunita, Prashant Deshmukh, Pooja Lodha, and Bhavana Agarwal. "Hysteroscopy in postmenopausal bleeding." Journal of Gynecological Endoscopy and Surgery 1, no. 2 (2009): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-1216.71614.

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12

al-Rufaie, H. K., G. H. Rix, M. P. Perez Clemente, and T. al-Shawaf. "Pinworms and postmenopausal bleeding." Journal of Clinical Pathology 51, no. 5 (1998): 401–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jcp.51.5.401.

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13

McGill, Margaret. "What causes postmenopausal bleeding?" Nursing 35, no. 5 (2005): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-200505000-00020.

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14

VARDHAN, SHAKTI, S. MOHAN, and P. RANJAN. "HYSTEROSCOPY IN POSTMENOPAUSAL BLEEDING." Medical Journal Armed Forces India 57, no. 2 (2001): 114–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-1237(01)80127-1.

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15

Parra, Jorge Fernández, Rebeca Jiménez Alfaro, Antonio Rodríguez Oliver, et al. "Causes of postmenopausal bleeding." Maturitas 81, no. 1 (2015): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.02.287.

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16

Jha, Urvashi Prasad, and Swasti. "Postmenopausal Bleeding-Endoscopic Management." Apollo Medicine 3, no. 4 (2006): 381–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0976-0016(11)60227-5.

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17

Hsu, Chin-Yuan, Chih-Ping Chen, and Kung-Liahng Wang. "Assessment of Postmenopausal Bleeding." International Journal of Gerontology 2, no. 2 (2008): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1873-9598(08)70011-5.

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18

Klomp, H. A. R., and Paul J. Q. van der Linden. "Postmenopausal Bleeding and Corticosteroids." Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 76, no. 4 (2013): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000351105.

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19

Jha, Urvashi Prasad. "Postmenopausal Bleeding - Endoscopic Management." Apollo Medicine 3, no. 4 (2006): 381–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0976001620060407.

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20

Goldstein, Steven. "Evaluation of postmenopausal bleeding." Menopause 32, no. 3 (2025): 275–77. https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0000000000002522.

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21

Omar, Abu-Azzam, Abufraijeh Seham, Ahlam Mahmoud Al-Kharabsheh, et al. "Clinical and Sonographic Evaluation of Postmenopausal Bleeding (PMB) Followed by Diagnostic and/or Therapeutic Hysteroscopy and Guided Biopsy in Jordanian Hospitals." Medicina 56, no. 4 (2020): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina56040147.

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Background and Objectives: The goal of this study was to evaluate the clinical sonographic evaluation of postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) followed by diagnostic and/or therapeutic hysteroscopy and guided biopsy in Jordanian hospitals. Materials and Methods: A retrospective multi-centric study was performed in hospitals in Al-Karak and Amman from 2014–2016. The study recruited 189 cases to evaluate the aetiology of postmenopausal bleeding. Atrophic endometrium was observed as a major cause of postmenopausal bleeding according to histopathology. The cases were also distributed according to parity i

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22

Ghoubara, Ahmed, Malcolm James Price, Mohamed Salah El-Din Fahmy, Abdou Saeed Ait-Allah, and Ayman Ewies. "Prevalence of hyperplasia and cancer in endometrial polyps in women with postmenopausal bleeding: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Post Reproductive Health 25, no. 2 (2019): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053369119833583.

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There is wide variation in reporting the prevalence of hyperplasia and cancer in endometrial polyps in women with postmenopausal bleeding. Most studies reported heterogenous populations of pre- and postmenopausal women both symptomatic and asymptomatic, making data interpretation difficult. The aim of this work is to quantify the prevalence of hyperplasia and cancer in polyps in women with postmenopausal bleeding aiming to produce data that help inform clinical practice as whether it is safer to remove all polyps, or some women could be offered expectant management. The search terms used were

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23

CHEEMA, SADIA ZULFIQAR, MUHAMMAD IKRAM, ROOHI SAEED, and Muhammad Saeed. "POST MENOPAUSAL BLEEDING." Professional Medical Journal 15, no. 03 (2008): 328–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2008.15.03.2828.

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Objective: To find out the causes of postmenopausal bleeding and their correlation with medicalillness. DESIGN: Single centre, cross sectional study. Place and duration: The department of obstetrics andgynaecology, Shaikh Zayed Postgraduate Medical Institute and hospital, Lahore from 1 August 2000 to 30 June 2002.st thSubjects and methods: All the patients with post menopausal bleeding diagnosed during the study periods wereincluded, except patients after hysterectomy and premature menopause. Relative informations were filled in a Performaand informations were taken from case records. Results:

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24

Ubeja, Astha, and Amreen Singh. "Clinicopathological evaluation of postmenopausal bleeding in rural hospital set up." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 8 (2017): 3556. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20173483.

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Background: Postmenopausal bleeding should be completely assessed to ensure the absence of malignancy and to identify and treat high risk patients such as those with endometrial hyperplasia. The aim of present study was to investigate the clinical significance and endometrial pathology in patients with postmenopausal bleeding.Methods: A cross sectional study was carried on 100 patients with postmenopausal bleeding visiting Acharya Vinobha Bhave rural hospital, Sawangi between August 2009-December 2011. Patients were evaluated according to pelvic ultrasound, fractional curettage and endometrial

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25

Kumari, Khusboo, Manoj Kumar Paswan, Meghraj Kundan, and Shivlok N. Ambedkar. "A prospective study of endometrial histopathology in post-menopausal women in Jharkhand." Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 13, no. 5 (2024): 1696–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1331_23.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) refers to any uterine bleeding in a menopausal women. In the early menopausal years, endometrial hyperplasia, polyps and submucosal fibroids are common etiologies of post menopausal bleeding. The most common cause of postmenopausal bleeding is endometrial atrophy, comprises of 60-80%, while endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer contribute to only 11% of Post menopausal bleeding. The aim of study is to analyses histomorphological pattern of endometrium in patients presenting with post-menopausal bleeding in Jharkhand. Materials and M

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26

Ferdous, Fatheha, Ferdousi Begum, Nahid Sultana, and Tahrina Akter. "Histopathological Study of Endometrium in Postmenopausal Bleeding." Bangladesh Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 35, no. 2 (2022): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjog.v35i2.58796.

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Background & objectives: Postmenopausal bleeding is frequent in gynecology and occurs approximately in 5% to 10 % of postmenopausal women. About 10% women with postmenopausal bleeding have a primary or secondary malignancy. Common malignancies among them are endometrial or cervical carcinoma and rarely, ovarian cancer. The incidence of malignancy in postmenopausal period remains sufficiently high, so it requires immediate investigations for early diagnosis, prompt treatment and vigilant follow up. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the causes of postmenopausal bleeding based

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27

Nanda, Smiti, Savita Rani Singhal, and Seema Madan. "Forgotten Lippes Loop associated with Endometrial Carcinoma." Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 3, no. 3 (2011): 147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1154.

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ABSTRACT Patients with a forgotten intrauterine device (IUD) present most often with irregular vaginal bleeding or postmenopausal bleeding. We report a case of nonmedicated IUD (Lippes loop) associated with endometrial adenocarcinoma in a woman who presented with postmenopausal bleeding and a forgotten IUD. Although the occurrence of endometrial adenocarcinoma with IUD is almost unknown, yet given the serious nature of the disease, endometrial sampling is indicated in any patient with postmenopausal bleeding and IUD in situ.

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28

Lakhey, Ashish, Anamika Priyadarsinee, Samikchya Regmi, and Sneh Acharya. "Histopathological Findings in Postmenopausal Bleeding." Med Phoenix 8, no. 1 (2023): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/medphoenix.v8i1.56924.

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Introduction: Postmenopausal bleeding is commonly considered a significant and alarming indicator of genital diseases. The term "postmenopausal bleeding" typically refers to uterine bleeding. Since it is a sign of many different etiologies and has a strong correlation with malignancy and conditions with substantial morbidity and mortality, prompt identification and treatment are desired for postmenopausal bleeding. Materials and Methods: It is a retrospective cross-sectional observational study carried out in the pathology division of KIST Medical College and Hospital, Lalitpur, Nepal. From Ju

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29

Reyaz, Mehak, and Nupur Nandi. "Histopathological spectrum of lesions in evaluating the women with postmenopausal bleeding." Indian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research 10, no. 3 (2023): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijogr.2023.058.

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Postmenopausal bleeding occurs in approximately 10% of postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal bleeding requires complete assessment to ensure the absence of malignancy. The aim of the study is to know the causes of postmenopausal bleeding based on Histopathological findings and the percentages of various benign, pre malignant and malignant lesions.This study included 53 cases attending the obstetrics & gynaecology department of TMU&RC, Moradabad western Uttar Pradesh with complaint of post menopausal bleeding over a time period of 2 years from July 2017-june 2019.Among benign cases, the

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30

Agrawal, Manjusha, Monika K. Kotpalliwar, and Swadha Kotpalliwar. "Clinicopathological evaluation of postmenopausal bleeding." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 7, no. 12 (2018): 5076. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20184970.

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Background: Seventy percent of cases of postmenopausal bleeding have an innocent or harmless cause of bleeding but 30% of them are associated with malignancy. Hence it requires a thorough evaluation clinically and pathologically. As a considerable number of patients complaining of postmenopausal bleeding are reporting, the current study was undertaken to find out the incidence of the postmenopausal bleeding and the causes responsible for it.Methods: A hospital based cross sectional study was performed on women with the history of post-menopausal bleeding. Patients with premature menopause whet

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31

Wang, Jing, Xuebing Peng, Enlan Xia, et al. "When Is it Necessary to Perform Biopsy in Asymptomatic Postmenopausal Women With Incidental Finding of Thickened Endometrium?" Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 80, no. 1 (2025): 22–23. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ogx.0001097932.07438.0c.

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(Abstracted from Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2024:302:104–110 Endometrial thickening without vaginal bleeding is frequently considered an indication for referral for pathological evaluation, though gynecologists debate whether this is necessary in women who are asymptomatic and postmenopausal. Current guidelines suggest biopsy when endometrial thickness reaches more than 4–5 mm and individuals experience postmenopausal bleeding, even though up to 15% of endometrial cancer cases occur in individuals without postmenopausal bleeding.

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32

Chechulina, O. V., T. E. Kurmanbaev, L. M. Tukhvatullina, E. A. Khairullina, and I. G. Mustafin. "Disorders of hemostasis as the main pathogenetic mechanism in the development of menopausal abnormal uterine bleeding." Kazan medical journal 100, no. 4 (2019): 589–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2019-589.

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The article presents our own clinical observations of cases of abnormal uterine bleeding in postmenopausal women, where the main cause was the pathology of hemostasis: a patient after liver transplantation for cirrhosis with chronic viral hepatitis C, and a patient with primary idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura which manifested at a later age. Among the most common causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in postmenopausal women are hyperplasia and endometrial cancer, leiomyoma, are adenomyosis are distinguished. Pathology of the hemostasis system as the main cause of abnormal uterine bleeding, p

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33

Mandic, Aljosa, Bojana Gutic, Tatjana Kapicl-Ivkovic, Ljiljana Segedi-Mladenovic, and Mihaela Mocko-Kacanski. "Clinical and histopathological characteristics in patients with postmenopausal bleeding." Archive of Oncology 21, no. 1 (2013): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aoo1301005m.

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Background: Incidence of endometrial carcinoma in Vojvodina is 15-20/100 000. In 75% cases, endometrial carcinoma is diagnosed in postmenopausal period. In 90 % of patients, the first clinical sign is postmenopausal bleeding. The aim of the study was to investigate clinical and histopathological characteristics in patients with postmenopausal bleeding. Methods: The study included 122 patients with postmenopausal bleeding. All of these patients underwent gynecological examination and vaginal ultrasound. We obtained materials for histopathological analysis by fractionate explorative curettage. O

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34

Garvanda, Sharanya, Anuragamayi Y., Ushasree, and Suryakumari. "A Study on Endometrial Histopathology of Women with Postmenopausal Bleeding in a Tertiary Care Centre, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 16, no. 11 (2024): 1072–77. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14251404.

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<strong>Introduction: </strong>Postmenopausal bleeding is bleeding from the reproductive system that occurs one year after menstrual periods have stopped. Bleeding from the genital tract occurring after the menopause is much more sinister than premenopausal bleeding. The main objectives in the diagnostic workup in postmenopausal women presenting with uterine bleeding is to detect or rule out endometrial cancer or atypical hyperplasia, further referred to as (pre) malignancy of the endometrium. <strong>Aims and Objectives: </strong>1. To determine the causes of postmenopausal ble

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35

Basanta Manjari Hota, Kavitha Bakshi, Geetha Lokam, and Naimisha Movva. "Clinicopathological Analysis of Postmenopausal Bleeding and Endometrium." Folia Medica Indonesiana 60, no. 1 (2024): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/fmi.v60i1.50539.

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Highlights: 1. Malignancies in postmenopausal bleeding are not very common, yet it is necessary to evaluate the etiology and implement appropriate treatment strategies.2. The findings of this study highlight the need for early detection of benign, premalignant, or malignant cases to provide more effective management, prevent the development of cancer, and improve the prognosis of the condition. Abstract Bleeding from the genital organ after a year of menopause is called postmenopausal bleeding. The causes may be either benign or malignant, originating from genital (uterine or extrauterine) and

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36

Rahman, Shahnaz, TA Chowdhury, Zinnat Ara Nasreen, Shahana Shermin, Nahid Sultana, and Maherun Nessa. "Clinical Study of Postmenopausal Bleeding." Delta Medical College Journal 5, no. 2 (2017): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dmcj.v5i2.33346.

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Background: Women with postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) should be thoroughly evaluated. A thorough examination may help in the diagnosis of vulval, vaginal, cervical or pelvic pathology.Objective: This study was carried out to find the probable causes in patients presenting with postmenopausal bleeding.Materials and method: This observational study included 50 women with postmenopausal bleeding and was conducted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorder (BIRDEM) Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh,

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J Karmarkar, Dr Pragati, Dr Anne Wilkinson, and Dr Mayuri Rathod. "Histopathological Evaluation of Postmenopausal Bleeding." IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences 13, no. 10 (2014): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0853-131035357.

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38

Singh, Vijaya, SudhanshuSekhar Nath, and Chintamani Mohanta. "CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF POSTMENOPAUSAL BLEEDING." International Journal of Advanced Research 5, no. 4 (2017): 408–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/3825.

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39

Ashworth, Paul, and Eilbhe Whelan. "Postmenopausal bleeding and endometrial cancer." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 9, no. 11 (2016): 656–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738016667754.

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40

Fortier, Kenneth J. "Postmenopausal Bleeding and the Endometrium." Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 29, no. 2 (1986): 440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003081-198606000-00024.

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Reid, P. C., V. A. Brown, and D. J. Fothergill. "Outpatient investigation of postmenopausal bleeding." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 100, no. 5 (1993): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1993.tb15282.x.

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42

Mahoney, Sheila F., and Alicia Armstrong. "Accurate Diagnosis of Postmenopausal Bleeding." Nurse Practitioner 30, no. 8 (2005): 61–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006205-200508000-00019.

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O'Connell, Lawrence P., Melissa H. Fries, Ernest Zeringue, and Walter Brehm. "Triage of Abnormal Postmenopausal Bleeding." Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 53, no. 9 (1998): 546–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006254-199809000-00017.

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44

Dutta, A. "EP20.31: Postmenopausal bleeding on HRT." Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 64, S1 (2024): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.28839.

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45

Breijer, M. C., A. Timmermans, H. C. van Doorn, B. W. J. Mol, and B. C. Opmeer. "Diagnostic Strategies for Postmenopausal Bleeding." Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2010 (2010): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/850812.

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Postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) is a common clinical problem. Patients with PMB have 10%–15% chance of having endometrial carcinoma and therefore the diagnostic workup is aimed at excluding malignancy. Patient characteristics can alter the probability of having endometrial carcinoma in patients with PMB; in certain groups of patients the incidence has been reported to be as high as 29%. Transvaginal sonography (TVS) is used as a first step in the diagnostic workup, but different authors have come to different conclusions assessing the accuracy of TVS for excluding endometrial carcinoma. Diagnost

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46

Esen, U. I. "Postmenopausal bleeding: Cost-effective evaluation." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 178, no. 6 (1998): 1369–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9378(98)70350-3.

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47

Reinhold, Caroline, and Ida Khalili. "Postmenopausal bleeding: value of imaging." Radiologic Clinics of North America 40, no. 3 (2002): 527–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-8389(01)00008-2.

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48

Sahdev, A. "Imaging investigation of postmenopausal bleeding." BMJ 338, jan07 2 (2009): a2787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2787.

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49

McGregor, Helen F. "Postmenopausal Bleeding: A Practical Approach." Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners 13, no. 3 (2001): 113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7599.2001.tb00230.x.

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50

Goldstein, Steven R. "Appropriate evaluation of postmenopausal bleeding." Menopause 25, no. 12 (2018): 1476–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gme.0000000000001181.

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