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Journal articles on the topic 'Postmodifiers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 July 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Mutiara, Rika. "Modification of English Complex Noun Phrases: A Case Study of Native and Non-Native Writers." E-Structural 2, no. 01 (July 5, 2019): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33633/es.v2i1.2371.

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This study aims at examining differences of complex noun phrases written by Indonesian writers and English native writers in English academic prose particularly undergraduate students’ theses. The complex noun phrases were scrutinized based on how they were modified (Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad, & Finegan, 1999, pp.588-644). Corpus method that is concordance analysis of nouns was applied to identify the modifications. The data were taken from four undergraduate theses. Two of them were written by non-native writers and the others were produced by native writers. The differences cover some modifiers namely adverb (phrase) as premodifiers and postmodifiers, adjective (phrase) as postmodifiers, relativizers, prepositional phrases, appositives, and multiple modifiers whether premodifiers or postmodifiers. The differences occur might be caused by L1 interference such as in the use of adjective (phrase), adverb phrase, and reflexive pronoun as postmodifier. Non-native writers do not produce any adjective (phrase) and reflexive pronoun as postmodifiers. For multiple premodifiers and postmodifiers, differences occur in the form of the highest number of modifiers in the NPs and their types. In the long noun phrases, the non-native writers modified the nouns with a number of appositives. NPs written by native writers of English are more complex.

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Hasselgård, Hilde. "Lexicogrammar through colligation: Noun + Preposition in English and Norwegian." Bergen Language and Linguistics Studies 11, no. 1 (September 15, 2021): 145–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15845/bells.v11i1.3442.

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This study compares sequences of noun and preposition in English and Norwegian using data from the English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus. One purpose is to test the use of sequences of part-of-speech tags as a search method for contrastive studies. The other is to investigate the functions and meanings of prepositional phrases in the position after a noun across the two languages. The comparison of original texts shows that the function of postmodifier is most frequent in both languages, with adverbial in second place. Other functions are rare. English has more postmodifiers and fewer adverbials than Norwegian. Furthermore, the prepositional phrases express locative meaning, in both functions, more frequently in Norwegian than in English. The study of translations reveals that the adverbials have congruent correspondences more often than postmodifiers, particularly in translations from English into Norwegian.

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Akinlotan, Mayowa. "Structural Patterns of Postmodifier in Nigerian English Noun Phrase." Glottotheory 9, no. 1 (November 27, 2018): 41–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/glot-2018-0001.

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Abstract The present paper discusses the occurrence, structure, and complexity of the postmodifier in the Nigerian English noun phrase (NP) showing tendencies for structural simplification. It also compares its findings with patterns in British, Ghanaian, Singaporean, Honk Kong varieties. The paper shows how variables representing syntactic function, register, and weight shed light on specific contexts where we might or might not find (1) NP with or without a postmodifier (2) a clausal or phrasal postmodifier, and (3) a simple or a complex postmodifier. In addition, the paper shows that the extent of variation among different varieties of English is dependent on variables crucial to the construction choices being investigated. For instance, in (1), a postmodifier is realised while no postmodifier is realised in (2). (1) My car which I just bought last week has been stolen, and (2) My car has been stolen.The NP in (1) is structurally complex because it realises the clausal type of post modifier, ‘which I just bought last week’. Meanwhile in (2), the NP (the car) lacks a postmodifier. In other words, the occurrence viz-a-viz non-occurrence of a postmodifier contributes to the overall structural and semantic complexity of the entire noun phrases, irrespective of the syntactic positions of the NP. Quantitative analyses of 8897 NPs indicate that in Nigerian NPs, a postmodifier is more unlikely to occur (61 %) than not (39 %). Further analyses show that prepositional phrase (57 %), rather than clause (32 %) or adjective (9 %) or adverbials (2 %), is the most preferred structural postmodifier type. It is also shown that realised postmodifiers are more likely to be structured in two-to-four words (51 %) than four-words above. As for the predictive strength of variables studied, syntactic function is found to edge register in asserting influence and explaining different scenarios and contexts where we might or might not find a postmodifier, together with its structural type and weight. In other words, register, which is reputed as a significant indicator of structural variation (Biber, 2007; De Haan, Pieter. 1993. Sentence Length in Running Text. In Souter, C. & E. Atwell (), Corpus-Based Computational Linguistics, 147–161. Amsterdam: Rodopi; Schilk and Schaub, 2016) is outweighed by syntactic function. The study further attests that significant structural simplification is largely present in the postmodifier structure of the Nigerian English noun phrase.

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Lau, Thu. "Noun Phrase Construction in Academic Research Articles." IJOHMN (International Journal online of Humanities) 3, no. 6 (December 23, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijohmn.v3i6.44.

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The study explored the syntactic complexity and semantic function of noun phrases in TESOL academic research articles. The corpus was comprised of 60 articles (572874 words) from three TESOL journals including TESOL Quarterly, TESOL Journal, and Journal of Second Language Writing. POS tagging was added to the corpus using TagAnt 1.2.0 (Anthony, 2015). A list of 20 highest-frequency nouns was generated using wordlist tool in AntConc 3.3.4 (Anthony, 2014). Based on the specific contexts of these nouns, the researcher analyzed the syntactic complexity of noun phrases in light of their pre-modifiers and post-modifiers. The semantic function of noun phrases was analyzed based on the excerpts generated by the Concordance tool. The results showed that the complexity of noun phrases was dependent on the complexity of their premodifiers and postmodifiers. A complex postmodifier usually contained more than one element, embedding prepositional phrases, nonfinite clauses, or relative clauses. The use of noun phrases enabled the writer to increase cohesion and coherence within and across the text. The findings were of value to both L2 learners and young scholars in developing their writing performance for the target journals in the field

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Ermawati, Fitri, and Mangantar Sitohang. "CODE MIXING IN A NOVEL CELEBRITY WEDDING BY ALIAZALEA." Journal of English Language and Literature (JELL) 4, no. 01 (March 1, 2019): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37110/jell.v4i01.67.

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This study is aimed to describe code mixing facts or presence in the novel Celebrity Wedding by AliaZalea. In fact, there are a lot of factors that influence people using code mixing, to mention one or two, can be due to someone’s bilingualism or multilingualism condition. The writers use descriptive and content analysis method to analyze the forms code mixing, the types of phrases and compound of code mixing found in the novel Celebrity Wedding. The (English) data taken from the Novel are phrases, compounds. The writers then identified, collected, sorted and classified all the data, and made the analysis to find and determine the types of the phrases and the forms/types of modifiers present in the novel itself. From the result of analysis/discussion there are more Noun Phrase Types than Verb Phrase Types. There are five Noun Phrases containing premodifiers and four postmodifiers five containing both premodifiers, the dominant modifiers are Adjective followed by Noun the Preposition Phrases.

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Denison, David, Alan K. Scott, and Kersti Börjars. "The real distribution of the English “group genitive”." Studies in Language 34, no. 3 (December 31, 2010): 532–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.34.3.02den.

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The English possessive ’s (POSSLS) is widely regarded as a clitic which attaches at the right edge of noun phrases. The so-called “group genitive”, where POSSLS attaches after a postmodifier (the man in the corner’s hat), is crucial to theoretical accounts. We evaluate both theoretical and descriptive treatments. We then describe the actual use of POSSLS in the spoken component of the British National Corpus, with particular attention to postmodified possessors, demonstrating that the crucial pattern is surprisingly marginal and that at least one other pattern has been missed entirely. This leads to discussions of grammaticality versus usage, of postmodification, and of the factors that condition the use of possLs and their relevance to theory.

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Weinert, Regina. "Postmodifying verb-second clauses in spoken German." Functions of Language 19, no. 2 (October 2, 2012): 235–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.19.2.04wei.

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This usage-based and corpus-based study examines the use of verb-second clauses as restrictive postmodifiers of noun phrases in spoken German (ich kenn leute die haben immer pech ‘I know people they are always unlucky’) in relation to verb-final relative clauses. Previous accounts largely work with de-contextualised and constructed data and stop short of accounting for the discourse function of verb-second postmodifying structures. The ratio of verb-final relative clauses to postmodifying verb-second clauses does not indicate a shift towards main clause syntax. Rather, the verb-second clauses form part of a set of existential or presentational and ascriptive copular constructions which serve to highlight properties of entities and/or introduce discourse topics. Relative clauses can be used for such functions, but this is not as common. The syntactic and semantic features associated with postmodifying verb-second clauses can be seen as a direct result of their discourse function, which only a corpus analysis could reveal. The paper also comments on the wider related aspects of verb position, clause combining and pronoun use in spoken German from the perspective of a usage-based language model.

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BIBER, DOUGLAS, and BETHANY GRAY. "Grammatical change in the noun phrase: the influence of written language use." English Language and Linguistics 15, no. 2 (June 8, 2011): 223–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674311000025.

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Many discussions of grammatical change have focused on grammatical innovation in the discourse contexts of conversational interaction. We argue here that it is also possible for grammatical innovation to emerge out of the communicative demands of written discourse. In particular, the distinctive communicative characteristics of academic writing (informational prose) have led to the development of a discourse style that relies heavily on nominal structures, with extensive phrasal modification and a relative absence of verbs. By tracking the historical development of this discourse style, we can also observe the development of particular grammatical functions that are emerging in writing. We focus here on two grammatical features – nouns as nominal premodifiers and prepositional phrases as nominal postmodifiers – analyzing their historical development over the last four centuries in a corpus of academic research writing (compared to other registers such as fiction, newspaper reportage and conversation). Our analysis shows that these grammatical features were quite restricted in function and variability in earlier historical periods of English. However, in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, they became much more frequent and productive, accompanied by major extensions in their functions, variants, and range of lexical associations. These extensions were restricted primarily to informational written discourse, illustrating ways in which new grammatical functions emerge in writing rather than speech.

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Pérez-Guerra, Javier. "A contrastive analysis of (English) ‘there’ and (Spanish) hay existential sentences." Languages in Contrast 12, no. 2 (October 29, 2012): 139–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.12.2.02per.

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This study is devoted to the grammatical, semantic and informative analysis of the so-called existential sentence (“There is a girl in the garden” in English, or Hay una niña en el jardín ‘There-is a girl in the garden’ in Spanish) in an attempt to establish a multi-linguistic prototype of the construction. To that end, data from several corpora of contemporary spoken English and Spanish are analysed in a number of ways, including the frequency of this construction in the two languages, the basic elements of its syntactic structure, and the semantic and informative constraints which operate in the existential/presentational construction. This study also deals with the degree of variation which these sentences exhibit and how this affects the selection of the marker of the construction (‘there’, hay), agreement between the marker or the verb and the postverbal noun phrase, the accommodation of additional constituents such as locative phrases or nominal postmodifiers and complements, the so-called indefiniteness restriction, and the compliance with general informative principles to which English and Spanish are claimed to be subject. A corpus-based contrastive methodology leads both to a prototypical and to a language-specific description of the existential construction in English and Spanish, in which the notion of grammatical, semantic and informative versatility plays a significant role.

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Fujimoto, Kenzo, Kenta Ishida, Li Xue, and Shigetaka Nakamura. "Effect of linker length on photo-cross-linking position mediated by click chemistry via [2 + 2]photocycloaddition." Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 19, no. 6 (2020): 776–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0pp00098a.

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Quan, Ying, Qiu-Yan Li, Quan Zhang, Wen-Qiang Zhang, Han Lu, Jun-Hao Yu, Jian Chen, Xinsheng Zhao, and Xiao-Jun Wang. "A diiodo-BODIPY postmodified metal–organic framework for efficient heterogeneous organo-photocatalysis." RSC Advances 6, no. 29 (2016): 23995–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra03516g.

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Preda, Alina. "Modification versus Complementation in the Structure of English Noun Phrases." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 66, no. 2 (March 30, 2021): 251–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2021.2.17.

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"Modification versus Complementation in the Structure of English Noun Phrases. Apart from its head, the core element around which all the other phrasal constituents cluster, the noun phrase may contain dependent elements effecting determination (which poses few taxonomical issues), modification or complementation (two functions notoriously difficult to demarcate). This article outlines the inconsistent ways in which reference grammars make the distinction between modification and complementation in the structure of English noun phrases, and offers a more unified approach aimed to solve the terminological quandary. Keywords: complementation, modification, premodifier, postmodifier, complement, the noun phrase "

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Cheng, Yuanhui, Jianing Guo, Yan Huang, Zhijian Liao, and Zhonghua Xiang. "Ultrastable hydrogen evolution electrocatalyst derived from phosphide postmodified metal-organic frameworks." Nano Energy 35 (May 2017): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.03.028.

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Halder, Karabi, Silvio Neumann, Gisela Bengtson, Muntazim Munir Khan, Volkan Filiz, and Volker Abetz. "Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity Postmodified by Vinyl Groups for Membrane Applications." Macromolecules 51, no. 18 (September 12, 2018): 7309–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01252.

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Goulart, Larissa. "Beyond the noun postmodifier: prepositional phrases preceded by nouns in spoken and written academic English." Antares: letras e humanidades 12, no. 25 (April 1, 2020): 100–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.18226/19844921.v12.n25.05.

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Astuti, Sri Astia Widia. "A Syntactic Analysis on Noun Phrase Used in English Song By Ed Sheeran Album." Channing: Journal of English Language Education and Literature 5, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30599/channing.v5i2.757.

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This study entitles “A Syntactic Analysis on Noun Phrase Used in English Song by Ed Sheeran Album”. This study analysis of Noun Phrase by using Jumanto’s theory that indicate in his arrangement. This study focused only on the discussion underlined and coding of types of noun phrase. It was found that there are 118 noun phrase im 93 lyrics from the five selected song in the english song lyrics by Ed Sheeran album. There are 92 premodifier or 78%, 4 post modifier or 3,4%, and 23 premodifier and postmodifier at the same time or 18,6%. The most dominant used of noun phrase in the English song was premodifierthat occurred by 92 data (78%). The finding of the analysis shows that the English Song by Ed Sheeran Album has all types of Noun Phrase. The arrangement by Jumanto’s theory it is easy to provide representation of the noun phrase.

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Yen, Chia-I., Szu-Mam Liu, Wei-Shang Lo, Jhe-Wei Wu, Yi-Hsin Liu, Rong-Jie Chein, Renqiang Yang, et al. "Cytotoxicity of Postmodified Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-90 (ZIF-90) Nanocrystals: Correlation between Functionality and Toxicity." Chemistry - A European Journal 22, no. 9 (January 28, 2016): 2925–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201505005.

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18

Geisler, Christer. "Infinitival relative clauses in spoken discourse." Language Variation and Change 10, no. 1 (March 1998): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500001204.

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ABSTRACTThis article concerns infinitival relative clauses, such as Mary is the person to ask, and their distribution in spoken English. It analyzes the correlation between the function of the antecedent in the relative clause and the function of the whole postmodified NP (the relative complex) in the matrix clause. On the basis of a quantitative analysis of a corpus of spoken British English, I show that the grammatical function of the antecedent in the infinitival relative clause depends on the function of the antecedent in the matrix clause. I argue that the distribution of antecedent functions in the matrix clause can be explained in terms of thematic properties and information structure of the clauses in which the infinitival relatives occur. A key notion is that speakers center their discourse around information that they assume to be important for the communicative event.

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Yang, Xiu-Li, Ming-Hua Xie, Wei Cai, Rong Shao, Rong-Bin Zang, Rong-Feng Guan, and Yan Feng. "Postmodified Dual Functional UiO Sensor for Selective Detection of Ozone and Tandemly Derived Sensing of Al3+." Analytical Chemistry 92, no. 17 (July 22, 2020): 11600–11606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01082.

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Dong, Xiao-Wu, Tao Liu, Yong-Zhou Hu, Xin-Yuan Liu, and Chi-Ming Che. "Urea postmodified in a metal–organic framework as a catalytically active hydrogen-bond-donating heterogeneous catalyst." Chemical Communications 49, no. 70 (2013): 7681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cc42531b.

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Zhu, Haitao, Lina Wang, Xingming Jie, Dandan Liu, and Yiming Cao. "Improved Interfacial Affinity and CO2 Separation Performance of Asymmetric Mixed Matrix Membranes by Incorporating Postmodified MIL-53(Al)." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8, no. 34 (August 17, 2016): 22696–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b07686.

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Dong, Xiao-Wu, Tao Liu, Yong-Zhou Hu, Xin-Yuan Liu, and Chi-Ming Che. "ChemInform Abstract: Urea Postmodified in a Metal-Organic Framework as a Catalytically Active Hydrogen-Bond-Donating Heterogeneous Catalyst." ChemInform 44, no. 52 (December 5, 2013): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201352117.

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Miyamoto, Takaaki, Kousuke Tsuchiya, and Keiji Numata. "Block Copolymer/Plasmid DNA Micelles Postmodified with Functional Peptides via Thiol–Maleimide Conjugation for Efficient Gene Delivery into Plants." Biomacromolecules 20, no. 2 (September 26, 2018): 653–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01304.

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Colominas, Carme. "Towards chunk-based translation memories." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 54, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 343–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.54.4.03col.

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Most of the current Translation Memory systems are based on segments determined by marks that in most cases correspond to a complete sentence. The problem of complete sentence matching is that examples are often excluded from the matching candidates even though they probably contain one or more useful sub-segments that could be helpful to the translation. In view of these limitations, some proposals have been made in the literature regarding the possibility of building Translation Memory systems that operate “below” the sentence level, that is to say, at a sub-sentential level. Existing work demonstrates that sub-sentential segmentation of Translation Memories clearly shows a significantly best recall with respect to sentential.segmentation. Accepting the benefits of sub-sentential segmentation of Translation Memories, in this paper we consider different possibilities of sub sentential segmentation and attempt an evaluation of the recall (covering sequences of chunks) and the precision (usability of these chunks) obtained by noun phrase chunk segmentation.Our experiments show that pre- or postmodified NPs turn out to be especially adequate for pretranslation tasks tasks as they show a minimum cost by a maximum gain.. In other words, their translation is on the one side not trivial as it often involves structural divergences between language and at the same time they are context independent enough that they can be reused without changes in most cases.

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Ball, Vincent, Kadir Apaydin, Abdelghani Laachachi, Valérie Toniazzo, and David Ruch. "Changes in Permeability and in Mechanical Properties of Layer-by-Layer Films Made from Poly(allylamine) and Montmorillonite Postmodified upon Reaction with Dopamine." Biointerphases 7, no. 1 (December 2012): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13758-012-0059-1.

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Zhang, Hao, Xiaojun Gu, Jin Song, Na Fan, and Haiquan Su. "Non-Noble Metal Nanoparticles Supported by Postmodified Porous Organic Semiconductors: Highly Efficient Catalysts for Visible-Light-Driven On-Demand H2 Evolution from Ammonia Borane." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9, no. 38 (September 18, 2017): 32767–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b10280.

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Brouw, Rien Op Den. "The Problem of the Missing Article in the Use of ‘God’." Religious Studies 30, no. 1 (March 1994): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034412500022691.

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This article is concerned with the use of ‘God’ in Judaeo-Christian discourse. The debate over ‘God’ has mainly centred on the puzzling issue of whether ‘God’ is a proper name with no descriptive connotation at all or whether it is a descriptive term with unique reference. In my view four things have to be taken into account in analysing the use of this term. In the first place, the term ‘God’ is a speech or communication phenomenon. Any treatment of this term should therefore consider the intentions, purposes, beliefs that a speaker has in using this word. In the second place, in Christian theistic discourse this term occurs both with and without modification. ‘The God of Israel’ is an example of ‘God’ with modification. It can be analysed as a noun phrase in which ‘God’ fulfils the function of HEAD, ‘the’ is a definite article filling the DETERMINER slot, and ‘of Israel’ is a prepositional phrase functioning as POSTMODIFIER. The use of only the term ‘God’ is an example without modification. In the third place, when Christians use ‘God’, either with or without modification, they use it to refer to, to describe or address one particular being. In the fourth place, when they use ‘God’ without modification, they do not use this term with an (in-) definite article. In this article three accounts of the term ‘God’ will be discussed: the proper name analysis, the definite description analysis, and the title-phrase analysis. Grammatically speaking, among the defenders of any of these analyses there is an agreed consensus on the classification of ‘God’ as a noun, but there is a disagreement about whether ‘God’ belongs to the category of proper nouns or to that of common nouns. Those adopting one of the last two analyses assume that ‘God’ is a common noun. This article presents an inquiry into the strengths and weaknesses of each of the three analyses. In brief, the question we are seeking to answer is the following: what kind of term is ‘God’ and what is a Christian saying when he says ‘God’?

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Cserép, Attila. "Idiom variation and decomposability Part II: Variation in the noun phrase." Yearbook of Phraseology 8, no. 1 (October 26, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phras-2017-0007.

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AbstractVariant forms of idioms have been extracted from an American English corpus of 450 million words to test the idiom decomposition hypothesis, which proposes a dependence relation between the degree of idiom decomposability and the extent to which expressions are variable. The more decomposable the idiom is, the more flexibility it is expected to exhibit. In this second part of the study, morphological flexibility (number and determiner) as well as lexico- syntactic flexibility (the addition of various pre- and postmodifiers) of the noun have been assessed and related to three decomposability rankings. The results provide some support for the hypothesis. Of the individual flexibility dimensions, only number variation has been found to be significantly dependent on scalar decomposability. Of the overall measures, noun morphology and overall noun variation are significantly correlated. The relation between overall modifier variation and scalar decomposability is close to statistical significance, although premodifier and postmodifier variations taken separately do not show any dependence. None of the variation measures appear to be related to categorical decomposability.

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WU, ZHEN. "Compound pronouns in English." English Language and Linguistics, November 18, 2020, 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674320000386.

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This article explores the syntax of compound pronouns (e.g. someone, nothing). Several theories of these formatives have been proposed previously (e.g. Kishimoto 2000; Blöhdorn 2009), but most of them fail to account for the fact that compound pronouns behave simultaneously like compounds and phrases. By presenting corpus data of some special coordination and modification patterns of compound pronouns, I argue that they should instead be analysed as compound phrases: constructions which are morphologically compounds, but syntactically phrases. Both features play important roles in determining how compound phrases are modified. Moreover, I propose a modification paradigm based on Larson & Marušič (2004), which classifies common postmodifiers at different levels. Finally, I examine the syntactic behaviour of less frequently used nominal compound pronouns such as nobody, which are supplementary to the phrasal ones.

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Elsness, Johan. "Clausal modifiers in noun phrases: A comparison of English and Norwegian based on the Oslo Multilingual Corpus." Oslo Studies in Language 6, no. 1 (July 11, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/osla.718.

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The structure of the noun phrase has many common features in English and Norwegian. One feature shared by the two languages is that noun phrases often contain clausal postmodifiers. However, there are marked differences in the types of clauses occurring: Postmodifying clauses in Norwegian tend to be finite relative clauses, while in English there is much more variation, connected with the general fact that -ing clauses and past-participle clauses are common non-finite alternatives in that language, in addition to infinitive clauses. These all tend to be less explicit modifiers than relative clauses, in terms of both their semantic content and their syntactic structure. The study reported in this article confirms that Norwegian noun phrases are often characterised by a higher degree of explicitness than corresponding English ones. A major finding is a tendency for information which is expressed by clausal noun-phrase modifiers in English to be expressed by other means in Norwegian, sometimes outside the same noun phrase, which can often be seen as the extreme case of explicitness. The study is based on an investigation of corresponding noun phrases in the English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus (ENPC), part of the Oslo Multilingual Corpus. In an attempt to offset the impact of individual translators’ preferences, the Multiple-translation Corpus, consisting of ten different Norwegian translations of each of two English Original texts, is also examined.

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"Friedel-Crafts Reaction Catalyzed by Urea-Postmodified MOF." Synfacts 9, no. 11 (October 18, 2013): 1251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1340034.

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Jiang, Sun, Yin, Zhou, Ge, Liu, and Fansheng Kong. "Comparison of two kinds of nanomedicine for targeted gene therapy: premodified or postmodified gene delivery systems." International Journal of Nanomedicine, April 2012, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s30928.

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Zhu, Haitao, Xingming Jie, Lina Wang, Dandan Liu, and Yiming Cao. "Polydimethylsiloxane/postmodified MIL-53 composite layer coated on asymmetric hollow fiber membrane for improving gas separation performance." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 134, no. 26 (March 3, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.44999.

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Mehta, Ankita, Piyush Kumar, Silambarasan N. S., Arvind Kumar, and Pavan Kumar. "Comparison of Dosimetric Parameters of Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy and Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Adjuvant Radiotherapy after Modified Radical Mastectomy." Asian Journal of Oncology, May 11, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1726475.

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Abstract Introduction Adjuvant radiotherapy has an important role in preventing locoregional recurrences. But radiation-induced late sequelae have become an important area of concern. The ideal postmastectomy radiotherapy technique is an area of controversy. The present study was designed to compare two widely practiced conformal techniques, three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), in terms of dosimetry. Material and Methods A total of 50 postmodified radical mastectomy patients were selected and were randomized to treatment either by 3DCRT or IMRT technique. Two opposing tangential beams were used in 3DCRT plans whereas five to seven tangential beams were used for IMRT plans. The prescribed dose was 50 Gy in 25 fractions over 5 weeks. The dosimetric parameters were compared for planning target volume (PTV), lungs, heart, and left ventricle, opposite breast and esophagus. Results The dosimetric parameters of PTV in terms of D95%, D90%, D50%, and Dmean showed no significant difference among both techniques. The IMRT technique had significantly better mean values of Dnear-min/D98% (45.56 vs. 37.92 Gy; p = 0.01) and Dnear-max/D2% (51.47 vs. 53.65 Gy; p < 0.001). Also, conformity index (1.07 vs. 1.29; p = 0.004) and homogeneity index (0.22 vs. 0.46; p = 0.003) were significantly better in IMRT arm.The dosimetric parameters of ipsilateral lung were significantly higher in IMRT arm in terms of mean dose (19.92 vs. 14.69 Gy; p < 0.001) and low/medium dose regions (V5, V10, V13, V15, V20; p < 0.05). However, high-dose regions (V40) were significantly higher in 3DCRT arm (15.57 vs. 19.89 Gy; p = 0.02). In contralateral lung also, mean dose was significantly higher in IMRT technique (3.63 vs. 0.53 Gy; p < 0.0001) along with low-dose regions (V5, V10, V13, V15; p < 0.05) while V20 was comparable between both the arms.In left-sided patients, the heart dose favored 3DCRT technique in terms of mean dose (17.33 vs. 8.51 Gy; p = 0.003), low/medium dose regions (V5, V10, V20; p < 0.05), and doses to partial/whole volumes (D33, D67, D100). But the high-dose regions (V25, V30, V40) were comparable between both the arms. The dosimetry of left ventricle also showed significantly lesser values of mean dose and V5 in 3DCRT technique (p < 0.0001).The opposite breast also showed higher mean dose with IMRT technique (2.60 vs. 1.47 Gy; p = 0.009) along with higher V5 (11.60 vs. 3.83 Gy; p = 0.001). The dosimetric parameters of esophagus showed higher mean dose in IMRT technique (10.04 vs. 3.24 Gy; p < 0.0001) but the high-dose regions V35 and V50 were comparable between both the arms. Conclusion A clear advantage could not be demonstrated with any of the techniques. The IMRT technique led to more conformal and homogenous dose distribution with reduction in high-dose regions in ipsilateral lung while the 3DCRT technique showed lesser mean dose to organs at risk (OARs). The exposure of large volumes of OARs to low doses in IMRT technique may translate to increased long-term radiation-induced complications. The shortcomings of 3DCRT technique can be overcome by using multiple subfields within tangential fields.

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