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Journal articles on the topic 'Postmortem intervals'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 September 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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Olkhovsky, Vasil O., Edgar K. Grygorian, Mykhailo S. Myroshnychenko, et al. "MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE UTERUS IN WOMEN AT DIFFERENT TIME INTERVALS OF THE POSTMORTEM PERIOD AS DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR ESTABLISHING THE POSTMORTEM INTERVAL." Wiadomości Lekarskie 74, no. 4 (2021): 821–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202104102.

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The aim is to identify the morphological features of the uterus layers in women at different time intervals of the postmortem period as diagnostic criteria for establishing the postmortem interval. Materials and methods: In the study we used surgical and autopsy material – uterine tissue fragments. All materials were divided into two groups. The 1st group (G 1) included surgical material from women (n=6) who underwent removal of the uterus, or uterus with the appendages due to leiomyoma, uterine prolapse. The 2nd group (G 2) included autopsy material from 42 women with known causes of death and postmortem period (from 24 to 48 hours – 6 cases, from 49 to 72 hours – 7 cases, from 73 to 96 hours – 8 cases, from 97 to 120 hours – 6 cases, from 121 to 144 hours – 8 cases, more than 144 hours – 7 cases). Histological and immunohistochemical study methods were used. Results: A comprehensive morphological study of the women uterus revealed a time-dependent increase of postmortem changes in this organ linked with the increase of postmortem period. In cases of postmortem period duration up to 144 hours, the structural elements of the uterine layers were identified. In cases where the duration of the postmortem period was more than 145 hours, microscopically the uterus was represented by eosinophilic fibrous or dusty masses, the histogenesis of which could not be determined. The processes of autolysis occurred more intensely and faster in the mucous membrane of the uterus, in comparison with the muscular and serous membranes, and in the vessels – in their inner membrane, in comparison with the middle and outer membranes. Autolytic changes in the muscular membrane of the uterus and vascular walls occurred more intensely in muscle fibers compared to connective tissue fibers. Conclusions: The histological and immunohistochemical features of the women uterus at different postmortem periods have a certain forensic medical significance and can be used for establishing the postmortem interval.

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LaMotte, Lynn Roy, and Jeffrey D. Wells. "p-Values for Postmortem Intervals from Arthropod Succession Data." Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics 5, no. 1 (2000): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1400631.

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Ceausu, Mihai, Sorin Hostiuc, and Dan Dermengiu. "Skeletal muscle satellite stem cells at different postmortem intervals." Romanian Journal of Legal Medicine 24, no. 1 (2016): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4323/rjlm.2016.23.

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Yamada, Tsuyoshi, Tamaki Takeuchi, and Morihiro Ito. "Postmortem Changes in Skeletal Muscle Can Be Expressed by Hounsfield Unit Measurements in Postmortem Computed Tomography—A Murine Model Study." Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics 9, no. 2 (2019): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jmihi.2019.2645.

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Purpose: The aim of the present study was to assess time-dependent changes in postmortem images of mouse skeletal muscle that were obtained with a small animal CT scanner. Materials and methods: Mice were euthanized and time-dependent changes in postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) images of skeletal muscle were recorded for 11 elapsed intervals: at the confirmed time of cardiac arrest, and at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours after death. After acquiring PMCT images, skeletal muscle was removed and prepared for histological evaluation. Histological images and PMCT images of the skeletal muscle were then compared. Hounsfield unit (HU) measurements were obtained for the skeletal muscle PMCT images at each interval and time-dependent changes were examined. Results: Time-dependent changes were observed in histological images of skeletal muscle, but not in PMCT images. Time-dependent changes were detectable by HU values of skeletal muscle. Conclusion: Postmortem changes in skeletal muscle tissue appear as decreases in HU values on PMCT.

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Sanoudou, Despina, Peter B. Kang, Judith N. Haslett, Mei Han, Louis M. Kunkel, and Alan H. Beggs. "Transcriptional profile of postmortem skeletal muscle." Physiological Genomics 16, no. 2 (2004): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00137.2003.

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Autopsy specimens are often used in molecular biological studies of disease pathophysiology. However, few analyses have focused specifically on postmortem changes in skeletal muscles, and almost all of those investigate protein or metabolic changes. Although some structural and enzymatic changes have been described, the sequence of transcriptional events associated with these remains unclear. We analyzed a series of new and preexisting human skeletal muscle data sets on ≃12,500 genes and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) generated by the Affymetrix U95Av2 GeneChips from seven autopsy and seven surgical specimens. Remarkably, postmortem specimens (up to 46 h) revealed a significant and prominent upregulation of transcripts involved with protein biosynthesis. Additional upregulated transcripts are associated with cellular responses to oxidative stress, hypoxia, and ischemia; however, only a subset of genes in these pathways was affected. Overexpression was also seen for apoptosis-related, cell cycle regulation/arrest-related, and signal transduction-related genes. No major gene expression differences were seen between autopsy specimens with <20-h and 34- to 46-h postmortem intervals or between pediatric and adult cases. These data demonstrate that, likely in response to hypoxia and oxidative stress, skeletal muscle undergoes a highly active transcriptional, and possibly, translational phase during the initial 46-h postmortem interval. Knowledge of these changes is important for proper interpretation of gene expression studies utilizing autopsy specimens.

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Celata, Elizabeth N. "Postmortem Intervals in Mice Submerged in Aqueous Environments at 20°C." Journal of Forensic Sciences 60, no. 6 (2015): 1495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12850.

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Linnet, Kristian. "Postmortem drug concentration intervals for the non-intoxicated state – A review." Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 19, no. 5 (2012): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2012.02.010.

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Drolet, Richard, Sylvie D'Allaire, and Madeleine Chagnon. "The Evaluation of Postmortem Ocular Fluid Analysis as a Diagnostic Aid in Sows." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 2, no. 1 (1990): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879000200103.

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This study was undertaken to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of postmortem ocular fluid analysis in estimating the antemortem status of various serochemical constituents. Chemical values of serum and aqueous and vitreous humors were compared following different procedures. A blood sample and the 2 eyes were collected from each of 100 sows at a nearby abattoir. The results obtained from immediate centrifugation of ocular fluids after sampling were compared with those samples in which centrifugation was delayed by 2 hours. Two different postmortem intervals were used for sampling ocular fluids, 2 and 24 hours. Concentrations of urea, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and chloride were determined from serum and humors. Delayed centrifugation did not affect chemical values of ocular fluids nor the relationships between serum and humors. Phosphorus and potassium values increased significantly with the postmortem interval in both aqueous and vitreous humors. The relationships between chemical values of ocular fluids and serum were determined using simple linear regression. There was a poor correlation between ocular fluid and serum values for all electrolytes; a significant correlation was found only for urea concentrations in both humors.

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Honjyo, Kohji, Kosei Yonemitsu, and Shigeyuki Tsunenari. "Estimation of early postmortem intervals by a multiple regression analysis using rectal temperature and non-temperature based postmortem changes." Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine 12, no. 5 (2005): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcfm.2005.02.003.

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Nangoy, Belinda V., Sonny J. R. Kalangi, and Taufiq F. Pasiak. "Gambaran Mikrokopik Serebelum pada Hewan Coba Postmortem." JURNAL BIOMEDIK (JBM) 11, no. 1 (2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35790/jbm.11.1.2019.23205.

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Abstract: After death, there will be cellular changes that cause definite signs of death. These changes could be used to determine the time of death. This study was aimed to determine the microscopic changes of the cerebellum during 1 hour to 24 hours postmortem. This was a descriptive study. Four domestic pigs of more than 90 kg were used as animal models. After being killed, we made slices in the pig heads to expose and observe cerebellar microscopic changes in several time intervals, as follows: 90 minutes, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, 11 hours, 12 hours, 13 hours, 14 hours, 15 hours, 16 hours, 17 hours, 18 hours, 19 hours, 20 hours, 21 hours, 22 hours, 23 hours, and 24 hours postmortem. The results showed that the cerebellum became progressively pale and softened at 8 hours postmortem. Congestion in all tissues occured at 2 hours postmortem, however 69.2% of the Purkinje cells still had normal nuclei. At 7 hours postmortem, Purkinje cells began to enlarge associated with karyorrhexis, and at 21 hours postmortem most of the cells shrank. Albeit, at 24 hours postmortem the cerebellar layers could still be identified and some Purkinje cells with normal morphology could be found. Conclusion: Microscopic changes could be identified at 2 hours postmortem in the form of congestion of the cerebellar layers. Purkinje cells underwent karyorrhexis at 7 hours postmortem and shrank at 21 hours postmortem.Keywords: Purkinje cells, cerebellar layers, postmortemAbstrak: Setelah kematian, terjadi perubahan pada sel-sel yang menimbulkan tanda-tanda pasti kematian. Perubahan-perubahan yang terjadi dapat membantu menentukan saat kematian dalam suatu kasus hukum. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perubahan mikroskopik serebelum selama interval waktu 1 jam hingga 24 jam postmortem. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif. pada hewan coba babi dengan rerata berat lebih dari 90 kg. Setelah hewan coba dimatikan, dibuat irisan di bagian kepala untuk menampakkan serebelum dan mengamati perubahan mikroskopiknya pada rentang waktu 90 menit, 2 jam, 3 jam, 4 jam, 5 jam, 6 jam, 7 jam, 8 jam, 9 jam, 10 jam, 11 jam, 12 jam, 13 jam, 14 jam, 15 jam, 16 jam, 17 jam, 18 jam, 19 jam, 20 jam, 21 jam, 22 jam, 23 jam, dan 24 jam postmortem. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan serebelum tampak pucat dan melunak secara progresif pada 8 jam postmortem. Kongesti di semua jaringan mulai terjadi pada 2 jam postmortem dan ditemukan 69,2% sel Purkinje berinti yang masih normal. Sel Purkinje mulai membesar dan inti mengalami karioreksis pada 7 jam postmortem tetapi pada 21 jam postmortem sel-sel tersebut tampak menyusut. Meskipun demikian hingga 24 jam postmortem struktur lapisan serebelum masih dapat diidentifikasi dan sel Purkinje dengan morfologi normal masih ditemukan. Simpulan: Perubahan mikroskopik serebelum sudah dapat diidentifikasi pada 2 jam postmortem yaitu berupa kongesti lapisan serebelum. Sel Purkinje mengalami karioreksis pada 7 jam postmortem dan menyusut pada 21 jam postmortem.Kata kunci: sel Purkinje, lapisan serebelum, postmortem

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Syabani, Dwi M., Hana Eliyani, Suharsono Suharsono, Fedik A. Rantam, and Anwar Ma’ruf. "Postmortem Interval Estimation Time from Algormortis Temperature of Rats Expressed by MARS Model Approach." KnE Life Sciences 3, no. 6 (2017): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v3i6.1149.

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Estimation of Postmortem is one of the challenges in forensic science. The aim of this study was to construct a MARS model of Postmortem interval estimation time (PMT) from algor mortis temperature in Rat. Sixteen healthy male rats (Rattus norvegicus), onemonth old and weigh 100 gram were randomly divided into two groups (eight/each group) and were acclimated respectively among the ambient room (temperature over 28ºC) and at the conditioning room (temperature over 20ºC). The animals then were sacrificed in two days (four rats/day for each divided room) then algor mortis by rectal temperature were recorded after death at 0 and 2,4,6,8, 10,12, 14,16, 18,20 till 22 h respectively. The MARS model is nonlinear regression but performed as a multilinier curve that can have splines fitting and be defined as function model Y = 35.321 + 1.253 * BF1 + 0.436 * BF2 - 1.319 * BF3; and on 20ºC condition room as Y = 29.980 + 1.354 * BF1 + 0.799 * BF2 - 1.347 * BF3. Therefore, performance model was comprised by multilinier curve, then function model of algor mortis on ambient room be defined into three PMT intervals i.e: 1)Y=37,94 -0.11*(0-2h) (p>0.00); 2) Y = 40.88 - 1.87* (2-6h) ( p<0.00) and 3) Y=30.82-0.09*(6-22h) (p<0.00) while on 20ºC condition room, was : 1)Y = 34.78-0.09* (0-2h) (p<0.00) ; 2) Y = 37.97-2.38* (2-6h) (p<0.00) and 3)Y = 25.36-0.04* 6-22 h (p>0.00). The acceleration of the declining algor mortis at conditioning room showed steeper than on ambient room at 2-6h PMT interval (ß : 2,38 vs 1,87). Postmortem Time Interval Estimation from Algormortis Temperature of Rats could be expressed by MARS Model. The pattern model of estimation comprised by multilinear curve with splines was fitted at both of the experimental rooms.Keywords : Postmortem time interval, algor mortis, MARS model estimation

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Ondruschka, Benjamin, Carsten Babian, Martin Neef, Johann Zwirner, and Marcus Schwarz. "Entomological and Cardiologic Evidence of Time Since Death in Short Postmortem Intervals." Journal of Forensic Sciences 64, no. 5 (2019): 1563–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.14010.

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van den Berge, M., D. Wiskerke, R. R. R. Gerretsen, J. Tabak, and T. Sijen. "DNA and RNA profiling of excavated human remains with varying postmortem intervals." International Journal of Legal Medicine 130, no. 6 (2016): 1471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-016-1438-9.

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Nioi, Matteo, Pietro Emanuele Napoli, Roberto Demontis, Emanuela Locci, Maurizio Fossarello, and Ernesto d’Aloja. "Postmortem Ocular Findings in the Optical Coherence Tomography Era: A Proof of Concept Study Based on Six Forensic Cases." Diagnostics 11, no. 3 (2021): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11030413.

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Postmortem analysis of the ocular globe is an important topic for forensic pathology and transplantology. Although crucial elements may be gathered from examining cadaveric eyes, the latter do not routinely undergo in-depth analysis. The paucity of quantitative and objective data that are obtainable using current, invasive necroscopic techniques is the main reason for the limited interest in this highly specialized procedure. The aim of the current study is to describe and to object for the first time the postmortem ocular changes by mean of portable optical coherence tomography for evaluating ocular tissues postmortem. The design involved the postmortem analysis (in situ, and without enucleation) of 12 eyes by portable spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography. The scans were performed, in corneal, retinal and angle modality at different intervals: <6 h, 6th, 12th, and 24th hour and after autopsy (25th–72nd hour). The morphological changes in the cornea, sclera, vitreous humor and aqueous humor were easy to explore and objectify in these tissues in first 72 h postmortem. On the other hand, the “in situ” observation of the retina was difficult due to the opacification of the lenses in the first 24 h after death.

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Basova, Liana, Alexander Lindsey, Anne Marie McGovern, Ronald J. Ellis, and Maria Cecilia Garibaldi Marcondes. "Detection of H3K4me3 Identifies NeuroHIV Signatures, Genomic Effects of Methamphetamine and Addiction Pathways in Postmortem HIV+ Brain Specimens that Are Not Amenable to Transcriptome Analysis." Viruses 13, no. 4 (2021): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13040544.

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Human postmortem specimens are extremely valuable resources for investigating translational hypotheses. Tissue repositories collect clinically assessed specimens from people with and without HIV, including age, viral load, treatments, substance use patterns and cognitive functions. One challenge is the limited number of specimens suitable for transcriptional studies, mainly due to poor RNA quality resulting from long postmortem intervals. We hypothesized that epigenomic signatures would be more stable than RNA for assessing global changes associated with outcomes of interest. We found that H3K27Ac or RNA Polymerase (Pol) were not consistently detected by Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP), while the enhancer H3K4me3 histone modification was abundant and stable up to the 72 h postmortem. We tested our ability to use H3K4me3 in human prefrontal cortex from HIV+ individuals meeting criteria for methamphetamine use disorder or not (Meth +/−) which exhibited poor RNA quality and were not suitable for transcriptional profiling. Systems strategies that are typically used in transcriptional metadata were applied to H3K4me3 peaks revealing consistent genomic activity differences in regions where addiction and neuronal synapses pathway genes are represented, including genes of the dopaminergic system, as well as inflammatory pathways. The resulting comparisons mirrored previously observed effects of Meth on suppressing gene expression and provided insights on neurological processes affected by Meth. The results suggested that H3K4me3 detection in chromatin may reflect transcriptional patterns, thus providing opportunities for analysis of larger numbers of specimens from cases with substance use and neurological deficits. In conclusion, the detection of H3K4me3 in isolated chromatin can be an alternative to transcriptome strategies to increase the power of association using specimens with long postmortem intervals and low RNA quality.

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Grove, Christina, Oliver Peschel, and Andreas G. Nerlich. "A Systematic Approach to the Application of Soft Tissue Histopathology in Paleopathology." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/631465.

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The application of histology to soft tissue remains offers an important technique to obtain diagnostically important information on various physiological and pathological conditions in paleopathology. In a series of 29 cases with mummified tissue ranging between 16 months and c. 5.200 years of postmortem time interval, we systematically investigated paleohistology and the preservation of various tissues. We established a reproducible histological ranking system for the evaluation of mummified tissue preservation. The application of this scheme to the series showed good tissue preservation of tissues with high connective tissue content but also fat tissue and connective tissue rich organs, such as lung tissue, while most other internal organs were less well preserved despite highly different postmortem time intervals. There are some organs with only poor conservation even in short term periods such as the kidneys and CNS. Artificial mummification does not provide better conservation than naturally mummified tissues; “cold” mummies may be much better conserved than those from desert areas. The identification of specific pathologies underlines the potential power of paleohistology.

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Mahalakshmi, V., N. Gururaj, R. Sathya, TR Sabarinath, B. Sivapathasundharam, and S. Kalaiselvan. "Assessment of histological changes in antemortem gingival tissues fixed at various time intervals: A method of estimation of postmortem interval." Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences 8, no. 2 (2016): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-1475.186373.

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Hansen, Jakob, Iana Lesnikova, Anette Mariane Daa Funder, and Jytte Banner. "DNA and RNA analysis of blood and muscle from bodies with variable postmortem intervals." Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology 10, no. 3 (2014): 322–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12024-014-9567-2.

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George, Jami, Arnaud J. Van Wettere, Blayk B. Michaels, Debbi Crain, and Gregory A. Lewbart. "Histopathologic evaluation of postmortem autolytic changes in bluegill (Lepomis macrohirus) and crappie (Pomoxis anularis) at varied time intervals and storage temperatures." PeerJ 4 (April 19, 2016): e1943. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1943.

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Information is lacking on preserving fish carcasses to minimize postmortem autolysis artifacts when a necropsy cannot be performed immediately. The purpose of this study was to qualitatively identify and score histologic postmortem changes in two species of freshwater fish (bluegill—Lepomis macrochirus; crappie—Pomoxis annularis), at varied time intervals and storage temperatures, to assess the histologic quality of collected samples. A pooled sample of 36 mix sex individuals of healthy bluegill and crappie were euthanized, stored either at room temperature, refrigerated at 4 °C, or frozen at −20 °C, and then necropsied at 0, 4, 24, and 48 h intervals. Histologic specimens were evaluated by light microscopy. Data showed that immediate harvesting of fresh samples provides the best quality and refrigeration would be the preferred method of storage if sample collection had to be delayed for up to 24 h. When sample collection must be delayed more than 24 h, the preferred method of storage to minimize autolysis artifacts is freezing if evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract is most important, or refrigeration if gill histology is most important. The gill arch, intestinal tract, followed by the liver and kidney were the most sensitive organs to autolysis.

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Lang, Jennifer, Racheal Erb, Jennifer Pechal, John Wallace, Ryan McEwan, and Mark Benbow. "Microbial Biofilm Community Variation in Flowing Habitats: Potential Utility as Bioindicators of Postmortem Submersion Intervals." Microorganisms 4, no. 1 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms4010001.

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Collins, Kim A., and Allan T. Bennett. "Persistence of Spermatozoa and Prostatic Acid Phosphatase in Specimens From Deceased Individuals During Varied Postmortem Intervals." American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 22, no. 3 (2001): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000433-200109000-00004.

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Huang, Hong, Youyi Yan, Zhong Zuo, et al. "Determination of Adenosine Phosphates in Rat Gastrocnemius at Various Postmortem Intervals Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography." Journal of Forensic Sciences 55, no. 5 (2010): 1362–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01450.x.

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Humphreys, Michael K., Edward Panacek, William Green, and Elizabeth Albers. "Comparison of Protocols for Measuring and Calculating Postmortem Submersion Intervals for Human Analogs in Fresh Water." Journal of Forensic Sciences 58, no. 2 (2012): 513–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12033.

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Martinez-Pastor, F., V. Garcia-Macias, J. Garcia, et al. "223 DESCRIPTION OF GENITALIA AND SPERM RECOVERED POSTMORTEM FROM A PYGMY SPERM WHALE, KOGIA BREVICEPS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18, no. 2 (2006): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv18n2ab223.

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A pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps; adult male; 350 kg) was stranded and died on a beach near Cabo Bustos (Asturias, North of Spain) on March 12th, 2005. Finding specimens of this species is a rare event on Spanish shores, although this whale is not considered endangered. Postmortem examination was performed 24 h later. Genitalia (testicles and epididymides) were extracted. The postmortem report indicated that vas deferens and seminal glands seemed to contain an important amount of semen, which was not recovered. Refrigerated genitalia were send to our laboratory, arriving around 40 h postmortem. The refrigerated testicles were in poor physical condition upon arrival, indicating advanced tissue detoriation. The epididymides (very long) were not closely attached to the testicles, but were connected by a loose conjunctive membrane. We divided the epididymides into four regions that approximated the (1) caput, (2) mid-region, (3) corpus, and (4) cauda. Physical characteristics of the genitalia are described in Table 1. The left testicle was larger, and possibly more active, than the right one. A sperm sample was obtained from the cauda region after incising the tissue. Osmolality and pH of the sample were 428 mOsm/kg and 6.62, respectively (maybe due to tissue breakdown) and the sperm concentration was 1194 × 106/mL. Spermatozoa were immotile, even after diluting in buffered medium; it is possible that postmortem damage occurred quickly. However, using flow cytometry we determined that 57% of cauda spermatozoa had intact plasma membranes and acrosomes (determined by staining with 37 mmol/mL propidium iodide and 1 μg/mL PNA-FITC; Sigma, Madrid, Spain). Examination by phase contrast microscopy (×600) showed many spermatozoa with abnormal heads and bent midpieces and flagella, even in the cauda (13% and 21%, respectively). Sperm head morphometry was studied using DiffQuick staining and an automated analysis system (SCA2000; Microptic, Barcelona, Spain). Mean sperm head size was 3.71 ± 0.19 × 2.61 ± 0.12 μm in width and length, respectively. Computer analysis (AnalySiS-GmbH, Cologne, Germany) of phase contrast images revealed that the mean size of the sperm midpiece and flagellum were 3.44 ± 0.19 and 40.95 ± 2.02 μm, respectively. The information obtained after postmortem recovery of the testes and epididymis should be useful to future conservation efforts of the pygmy sperm whale and similar species. The rapid deterioration of the testicular tissue by 40 h postmortem was not expected since good quality sperm samples have been obtained at similar postmortem intervals in other species. Therefore, we recommend that postmortem sperm recovery should be accomplished as rapidly as possible in this species. Table 1. Genitalia measurements

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Ibrahim, Nermien. "Medicolegal Use of Troponin C Expression to Identify Different Causes of Cardiac Deaths at Different Postmortem Intervals." Zagazig Journal of Forensic Medicine 17, no. 1 (2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/zjfm.2019.7038.1022.

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Chang, Qiurong, Liyun Yang, Yawei Gao, et al. "Production of offspring by intracytoplasmic sperm injection using sperm from deceased transgenic mice at different postmortem intervals." Theriogenology 157 (November 2020): 314–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.08.006.

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Ouwendijk, Werner J. D., Alexander Choe, Maria A. Nagel, et al. "Restricted Varicella-Zoster Virus Transcription in Human Trigeminal Ganglia Obtained Soon after Death." Journal of Virology 86, no. 18 (2012): 10203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01331-12.

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We analyzed the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) transcriptome in 43 latently infected human trigeminal ganglia (TG) with postmortem intervals (PMIs) ranging from 3.7 to 24 h. Multiplex reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) revealed no VZV transcripts with a PMI of <9 h. Real-time PCR indicated a significant increase (P= 0.02) in VZV ORF63 transcript levels but not the virus DNA burden with longer PMI. Overall, both the breadth of the VZV transcriptome and the VZV ORF63 transcript levels in human cadaver TG increased with longer PMI.

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Wilson, Robert S., Jingyun Yang, Lei Yu, et al. "Postmortem neurodegenerative markers and trajectories of decline in cognitive systems." Neurology 92, no. 8 (2019): e831-e840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000006949.

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ObjectiveTo assess whether neurodegenerative pathologies are differentially related to trajectories of change in different cognitive abilities.MethodsAt annual intervals for up to 21 years, 915 older participants in a longitudinal clinical-pathologic cohort study completed a battery of 15 tests from which previously established composite measures of episodic memory, semantic memory, working memory, and perceptual speed were derived. At death, they underwent a neuropathologic examination to quantify Alzheimer disease pathology, Lewy bodies, transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) pathology, and hippocampal sclerosis plus multiple markers of cerebrovascular disease. Time-varying effect models were used to assess change over time in the relation of neuropathologic markers to cognitive trajectories.ResultsControlling for pathology, decline in perceptual speed was evident about 15 years before death; modest decline in semantic and working memory occurred later; and there was little change in episodic memory. Each neurodegenerative marker was associated with lower episodic memory function beginning about 10 to 16 years before death. As time before death decreased, Alzheimer disease pathology, Lewy bodies, and hippocampal sclerosis were associated with impairment in other cognitive domains but the association of TDP-43 pathology with cognition continued to be mainly confined to episodic memory.ConclusionsThe results suggest that episodic memory impairment is an early sign of multiple neurodegenerative conditions, which primarily differ in their associations with other cognitive systems.

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Zaki, Amr, Adel Tohamy, and Nour El-houda Yaseen. "Estimation of Postmortem Intervals by Some Biochemical Changes and DNA Degradation in Rat Brain and Skeletal Muscle Tissues." Mansoura Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology 25, no. 1 (2017): 59–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/mjfmct.2018.47271.

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Alaa El-Din, Eman, Heba Mostafa, and Mohamad Hosam El-Din. "Comparison of Biochemical versus Morphological Changes of Human In-Vitro Stored and Postmortem Blood Specimens during Different Time Intervals." Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology 22, no. 1 (2014): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ajfm.2014.19160.

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Laywell, Eric D., Valery G. Kukekov, and Dennis A. Steindler. "Multipotent Neurospheres Can Be Derived from Forebrain Subependymal Zone and Spinal Cord of Adult Mice after Protracted Postmortem Intervals." Experimental Neurology 156, no. 2 (1999): 430–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exnr.1999.7029.

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Mohamed, Soheir, Rania Radwan, Afaf El nashar, Eman Salama, and Shams Abd El Ale. "STUDYING HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN SUPRARENAL GLAND VERSUS VITREOUS HUMOR POTASSIUM LEVEL IN ESTIMATION OF POSTMORTEM INTERVALS: EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN RABBITS." Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences and Applied Toxicology 20, no. 2 (2020): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejfsat.2019.14676.1083.

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Singh, Mahipal, Xiaoling Ma, Eugene Amoah, and Govind Kannan. "In vitro culture of fibroblast-like cells from postmortem skin of Katahdin sheep stored at 4°C for different time intervals." In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal 47, no. 4 (2011): 290–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11626-011-9395-6.

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Smith, Joshua L., and Ashley K. Cook. "First Use of an Entire Age Cohort to Evaluate the Role of Sex in the Development of the Forensically Important Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae)." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 2 (2019): 641–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz205.

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Abstract The age of a blow fly larval specimen found on a body can be used to estimate a minimum postmortem interval by comparing a physical feature of a larva (e.g., length) to a reference growth curve created under similar conditions. A better understanding of factors known to influence growth rates would lead to more precise estimates of larval age. A factor known to influence insect development, but almost always lacking in blow fly larval growth curves, is sex. We wanted to understand how sex might affect larval growth rates and therefore lead to more precise age estimates, in the forensically important blow fly Chrysomya megacephala (F.). We examined sex for an entire age cohort at 70 h and found on average, males were longer than females. To assess whether this difference would cause an investigator to interpret the results differently if comparing a larval specimen of one sex based on reference data from the other sex, we made sex-specific 95% prediction intervals. We did not find a difference when comparing a male specimen with the female prediction interval, but did find more females outside the interval than expected using the male interval. All females outside the male interval were shorter. Investigators commonly remove the largest individuals from a body to estimate age, so these females are less likely to be chosen. These results do not support the generation of sex-specific growth curves for this species, though this study’s narrow scope means more information is required before making a final conclusion.

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Ball, M. J. "Challenges and Opportunities of Clinicopathological Investigation in Longitudinal Studies of Alzheimer's Disease." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 13, S4 (1986): 452–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100037112.

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Abstract:After organizational involvement in a clinicopathological investigation of Alzheimer's Disease for a decade, the present appears an appropriate time to reflect upon both the major challenges encountered as well as the exciting opportunities presented by such a longitudinal study.Problematic areas have included: (a) brevity of research grant intervals (generally one- or two-year); (b) turnover of support personnel, as a consequence; (c) limited biostatistical and data management expertise dedicated to the Study objectives; (d) limited neuropsychological manpower in this specialized sphere; (e) “distillate” effect of postmortem retrieval, by which only some of the many clinical cases expire during any grant period, only some of those receive autopsy permission, only some of those demonstrate (pure) Alzheimer's Disease neuropathologically, and only some are harvested quickly enough for specialized (e.g. biochemical) analyses; (f) ensuring the scientific optimization of available tissue samples; and (g) paucity of cases dying in the early stages of the illness.Significant achievements include: (a) demonstration of the opportunities for young researchers committed to careers in behavioral neurology, psychogeriatrics or neurodegenerative pathology; (b) development of improved testing protocols for psychometric, electroencephalographic and neuroradiological evaluation of the demented elderly; (c) ethical enrolment both of a large cohort of Alzheimer patients and a sizeable normative (control) population; (d) public cooperation permitting a postmortem compliance rate exceeding 75%; (e) rapid autopsy retrieval times (50% < 6 hours); (f) utilization of human postmortem synaptosomal preparations for neurochemical investigations; (g) availability of fresh autopsy tissues for other specialized techniques (e.g. magnetic resonance spectroscopy, in situ hybridization); and (h) a collegial forum for the regular exchange of scientific data.While the challenges to be met are certainly not unique to our Study, the interdisciplinary and longitudinal nature of this approach could magnify their potentially retardatory effect upon research quality. By contrast, however, surmounting these hurdles enables the participant scientists to share in an incomparable opportunity for observational insights into the cellular and pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the cognitive decline of Alzheimer patients. The vigour with which my numerous collaborators at the University of Western Ontario meet such challenges may serve as a model for other Alzheimer centres where a similar research system is likewise expected to justify the anticipation of its supportive funding agencies, and of the patients whom we are pledged to comfort.

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Salem, Raneem O., Majed A. Refaai, Joanne E. Cluette-Brown, Joshua W. Russo, and Michael Laposata. "Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters in Liver and Adipose Tissues as Postmortem Markers for Ethanol Intake." Clinical Chemistry 47, no. 4 (2001): 722–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/47.4.722.

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Abstract Background: Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) are nonoxidative metabolites of ethanol. FAEEs are found in liver, pancreas, and adipose tissues up to 24 h after consumption of ethanol, and on that basis, they are potentially useful markers for ethanol intake. In this study with rats, we investigated the efficacy of using FAEEs in liver and in adipose tissue as postmortem markers for premortem ethanol ingestion. Methods: An animal study was conducted in which test rats received injections of ethanol and control rats received injections of normal saline. The rats were killed 2 h after the injections. The bodies of the animals were stored at 4 °C up to 12 h, and samples of liver and adipose tissues were collected at different time intervals and processed for FAEE quantification. In another set of experiments, the rats received injections and were killed as described above, but bodies of animals from both groups were stored at 4, 25, or 37 °C for up to 72 h, and liver samples were collected and processed for FAEE quantification. Results: FAEEs were detected up to 12 h after death in liver and adipose tissue samples from the bodies of ethanol-treated animals stored at 4 °C; negligible amounts were detected in the bodies of animals that received normal saline. Adipose tissues contained higher amounts of FAEEs than liver, as well as more species: eight FAEE species in adipose tissue and five in liver tissue. Higher concentrations of FAEEs were detected in livers of treated animals stored at 25 °C for up to 48 h than in livers of controls stored under the same conditions. Conclusions: For at least 12 h after death, FAEEs in liver and adipose tissues are useful postmortem markers of premortem ethanol ingestion.

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Goddard, C. M., M. F. Allard, J. C. Hogg, M. J. Herbertson, and K. R. Walley. "Prolonged leukocyte transit time in coronary microcirculation of endotoxemic pigs." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 269, no. 4 (1995): H1389—H1397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1995.269.4.h1389.

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We quantified the timing and extent of leukocyte retention by the coronary microcirculation in a pig model of hyperdynamic sepsis in three ways. First, the transmyocardial leukocyte gradient was determined as coronary blood flow (calibrated ultrasonic flow probe) multiplied by the difference between leukocyte counts in the aorta and coronary sinus. Measurements were taken at 1-min intervals for 30 min and then at 3-min intervals for 45 min in anesthetized pigs exposed to either endotoxin (50 micrograms/kg iv over 30 min) (n = 7) or vehicle (n = 7). Second, postmortem morphometric analysis was used to quantitate the number and location of retained myocardial leukocytes. Finally, myocardial capillary transit time of leukocytes was calculated from the above measures. In the endotoxin group 2.1 +/- 0.8 x 10(9) leukocytes/100 g wet wt were retained in the coronary circulation, primarily in capillaries. This resulted in 111 +/- 37 (P < 0.05) times as many leukocytes in the coronary microcirculation than predicted from the arterial leukocyte concentration. Myocardial capillary transit time of leukocytes was prolonged to 39.1 +/- 20.6 s (P < 0.05) in the endotoxin group versus 5.0 +/- 1.4 s in the control group. We conclude that, after endotoxin infusion in a pig model of hyperdynamic sepsis, myocardial leukocyte transit is slowed, leading to the retention of large numbers of leukocytes in the coronary microcirculation.

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Van Niekerk, Chantal, Barbara Ströh Van Deventer, and Lorraine du Toit-Prinsloo. "Long QT syndrome and sudden unexpected infant death." Journal of Clinical Pathology 70, no. 9 (2017): 808–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2016-204199.

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Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is an inheritable primary electric disease of the heart characterised by abnormally long QT intervals and a propensity to develop atrial and ventricular tachyarrhythmias. It is caused by an inherited channelopathy responsible for sudden cardiac death in individuals with structurally normal hearts. Long QT syndrome can present early in life, and some studies suggest that it may be associated with up to 20% of sudden unexplained infant death (SUID), particularly when associated with external stressors such as asphyxia, which is commonly seen in many infant death scenes. With an understanding of the genetic defects, it has now been possible to retrospectively analyse samples from infants who have presented to forensic pathology services with a history of unexplained sudden death, which may, in turn, enable the implementation of preventative treatment for siblings previously not known to have pathogenic genetic variations. In this viewpoint article, we will discuss SUID, LQTS and postmortem genetic analysis.

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Cetin, Selcuk, Dilek Durak, Ulviye Yalcinkaya, et al. "Detectability of microscopic findings of fracture healing in the early stages of the healing process at various postmortem intervals and evaluation of wound vitality." Medicine Science | International Medical Journal 8, no. 4 (2019): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/medscience.2019.08.9091.

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Cságola, Attila, Daniel Cadar, and Tamás Tuboly. "Replication and transmission of porcine circovirus type 2 in mice." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 56, no. 3 (2008): 421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.56.2008.3.15.

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Little information is known about infection, replication and transmission of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in species other than swine. Two sets of animal experiments were carried out to investigate the susceptibility of mice to PCV2 and to study their possible role in maintaining and transmitting the virus. In the first experiment 14 mice were inoculated with PCV2 by the intraperitoneal route with 5 × 10 2 TCID 50 of the PCV2-ROM strain (Cadar et al., 2007). In a second experiment 24 mice were divided into two groups (A and B); mice in Group A (n = 18) were inoculated orally with 1 × 10 5 TCID 50 PCV2-ROM and mice in Group B (n = 6) were left uninoculated until day 12 post inoculation (p.i.), when they were mixed with Group A. The animals were sacrificed at intervals for postmortem investigation and virus genome detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR results indicated that PCV2 could replicate in mice infected intraperitoneally or by the oral route, and that the virus can be transmitted directly from mouse to mouse.

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Keshavarzi, Davoud, and Yavar Rassi. "Diversity of Public Health and Forensic Important Flies Using Three Measures of Hill Numbers in Iran." Open Public Health Journal 13, no. 1 (2020): 497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944502013010497.

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Introduction: Dipteran species (flies) are one of the most important insects within the public health and forensic fields. Previous studies have shown that flies play an important role in transmitting the diseases and also estimating the time of death, but their diversity by new methods has been less studied. Methods: Dipteran specimens were collected from rabbit carcasses during spring and summer 2019 and then identified. We used the three measures of Hill numbers (q=0,1,2) to compare the species diversity between the seasons. The analysis was performed with an R package (iNEXT) that provided in 2014. Results: During the present study, 12 dipteran species were collected on rabbit carcasses. L. cuprina and M. stabulans were recorded only from the remains of rabbits in summer. The analysis with iNEXT software showed that species richness (q = 0) in spring is lower than summer and this difference was significant. While, the value of Shannon and Simpson diversity index (q = 1, 2) in summer was lower than in spring. Shannon index value was not significantly different between the seasons, as its confidence intervals almost completely overlapped, but a significant difference in Simpson index was detected between the seasons. Conclusion: We conclude that Ch. albiceps, L. sericata and C.vicina are more frequent flies in the study area and dipteran species are more diverse in spring. The current study provided a database in the field of public health and forensic entomology that could be useful for estimating minimum postmortem intervals and also in vector control programs.

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Hood, C., P.-Y. Daoust, J. Lien, and C. Richter. "An experimental study of postmortem ocular fluid and core temperature analysis in incidentally captured harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)." NAMMCO Scientific Publications 5 (July 1, 2003): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/3.2750.

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Determination of elapsed time since death in small cetaceans can be important to our understanding of the nature of their interactions with fishing operations. This pilot study was conducted to determine the potential diagnostic usefulness of ocular fluid (vitreous humour) and core body temperature to estimate postmortem intervals in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Core temperature and concentrations of various constituents of vitreous humour (glucose, urea, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus) were determined in 24 harbour porpoises incidentally caught in groundfish gillnets in the waters of the Gulf of Maine and the Bay of Fundy. These parameters were compared to published values for rectal temperatures and the serum concentrations of several selected elements in live harbour porpoises. Glucose in vitreous humour decreased in dead animals compared to serum values in live ones; its level was positively correlated with core temperature. Potassium and magnesium in vitreous humour increased following death. These data suggest that most animals analysed had been dead for several hours. For the present, the methodology affords researchers an approach that appears to hold some promise. However, the most practical technique requires testing animals with a known time of death in order to derive a set of curves for ocular fluid values and temperature versus time that are appropriate for a statistical presentation of predictability for the time since death.

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da Silva, Sabrina Machado, and Mauricio Osvaldo Moura. "Intrapuparial Development of Hemilucilia semidiaphana (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and Its Use in Forensic Entomology." Journal of Medical Entomology 56, no. 6 (2019): 1623–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz118.

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Abstract In forensic entomology, the minimum postmortem interval (PMImin) estimative is usually based on the oldest immature recovered from a local of death. The time spent by fly immatures in the intrapuparial period comprises more than 50% of their complete life cycles. An accurate estimate of the duration of this period will improve PMImin estimates. The blow fly Hemilucilia semidiaphana (Rondani 1850) was found in six criminal cases in the city of Curitiba. Even though there is data on the morphology of the larval instars and developmental rate of H. semidiaphana, the intrapuparial period has not been investigated. Here, we provide a detailed description of the intrapuparial morphological changes of H. semidiaphana, which might be useful to estimate minimum PMI. Samples of H. semidiaphana in the intrapuparial period were obtained from immatures reared on an artificial diet in incubators adjusted to 25°C or 20°C temperature regimes. Blow fly puparia of H. semidiaphana were fixed at intervals of 3 and 6 h until emergence of the adult. The external morphological traits of sampled immatures were analyzed using light microscopy. Our analysis of the intrapuparial period of H. semidiaphana provided 21 traits from which nine were age informative. These nine characteristics divide the developmental time (144 h at 25°C and 192 h at 20°C) into smaller sections. The developmental data provided, together with the time line allows a practical way to make interspecific comparisons as well as to estimate the age of H. semidiaphana based on the intrapuparial development.

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Yıldırım, Mahmut Şerif, Sinan Sevinç, Ramazan Akçan, Aysun Balseven Odabaşı, and Ali Rıza Tümer. "Mikrobiyolojik Yöntemlerin Postmortem interval Tahmininde Kullanımı." Bulletin of Legal Medicine 20, no. 1 (2015): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17986/blm.2015110925.

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Postmortem interval tahmini postmortem incelemelerin en önemli konularından biri olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Postmortem interval tahmininde kullanılmakta olan birçok yöntem olmasına rağmen bu metotlar zaman zaman sonuç vermekte yetersiz kalmaktadır. Bu nedenle postmortem interval tahmininde mümkün olduğunca fazla yeni yönteme veya kullanılagelen yöntemlerin geliştirilmesine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Postmortem intervalin tahmininde kullanılan yöntemler arasında mikrobiyolojik yöntemlerin yeri günümüzde hala tartışmalı konulardan biri olarak varlığını sürdürmektedir. Bu yazıda postmortem interval tahmininde mikrobiyolojik yöntemlerin kullanımına dikkat çekilmesi ve bu yöntemlerin kullanılabilirliğinin literatür eşliğinde tartışılması amaçlanmaktadır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Mikrobiyoloji, Postmortem interval, Adli patoloji

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Teyin, Muharrem, Yasemin Balcı, Sema Uslu, Kenan Karbeyaz, and Kazım Özdamar. "Ölüm Zamanı ve Ölüm Nedeni ile İlişkili Olarak Postmortem Göz İçi Sıvısında Biyokimyasal İncelemelerin Önemi." Bulletin of Legal Medicine 20, no. 1 (2015): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17986/blm.2015110912.

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Amaç: Ölüm zamanı adli makamlarca adli tıp uzmanlarına sıkça sorulan sorulardan biridir. Bu çalışmada, postmortem göz içi sıvı örneklerinde, rutinde kolaylıkla uygulanabilen biyokimyasal testlerin, ölüm nedeni ve postmortem interval ile ilişkisini araştırmak amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Morgunda otopsisi yapılan ve kesin ölüm zamanı kesin olarak bilinen 100 olgu çalışma kapsamına alınmıştır. Olgular, ölüm zamanı açısından, postmortem intervali 10 saat ve altı, 11-20 saat ve 20 saatin üstünde olanlar şeklinde 3 gruba ayrılmıştır. Ölüm nedeni açısından travmatik ve travmatik olmayan ölümler olarak 2 gruba ayrılmıştır.Bulgular ve Sonuç: Bu çalışmada; Sunulan çalışmada, potasyum ve ürik asit ortalama değerleri ile postmortem interval grupları arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu saptanmıştır. Sodyum ve Klorun ortalama değerlerinin travmatik nedenle ölen olgu grubunda diğer gruba göre daha düşük olduğu saptanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimler: Postmortem biyokimya, Göz içi sıvısı, Ölüm zamanı, Ölüm sebebi.

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Schettini, Alfonso, H. Robert Lippman, and Edward K. Walsh. "Attenuation of decompressive hypoperfusion and cerebral edema by superoxide dismutase." Journal of Neurosurgery 71, no. 4 (1989): 578–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1989.71.4.0578.

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✓ This study tested the hypothesis that ischemia-reperfusion injury initiated by the superoxide anion radical is a major component of postdecompression hypoperfusion and cerebral edema, and could be attenuated by superoxide dismutase (SOD). A supratentorial extradural balloon was placed in 20 fasting, lightly anesthetized, mechanically ventilated dogs and inflated in 0.5-ml increments (0.07 ml/sec) at 15-minute intervals. The endpoint of balloon expansion was the onset of an isoelectric electroencephalogram, near-arrest of hemispheric cerebral blood flow (CBF) (measured by H2 clearance), and the appearance of a suprainfratentorial intracranial pressure gradient, which was held for 15 minutes. The in vivo development of brain edema was detected by measuring brain elastic response (BER) extradurally, and was correlated with postmortem measurement of brain water content (gravimetry); blood-brain barrier integrity was tested by Evans blue dye given after the insult. After decompression, the dogs were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: Group I received hyperventilation (PaCO2 28 ± 1 mm Hg, mean ± standard deviation); Group II received furosemide (2.4 mg/kg) and pentobarbital (10 mg/kg) every 8 hours; Group III received 20% mannitol in a 1.4-gm/kg bolus plus furosemide, 0.5 mg/kg; and Group IV received SOD, 15,000 U/kg every 15 minutes for 3 hours. At 4 hours of decompression Group IV had significantly greater recovery in local CBF and BER than Groups I, II, and III (p < 0.05). The 24-hour survival rate was 20% for Group I, 60% for Group II, 80% for Group III, and 100% for Group IV. The survival rate appeared to correlate with a variable degree of postmortem intraparenchymal hemorrhages, blood-brain barrier disruption, and moderate to severe brain edema for Groups I, II, and III. In contrast, Group IV had the least brain edema (p < 0.05) and Evans blue dye extravasation (p < 0.05) and the fewest intraparenchymal hemorrhages. These data support the hypothesis that, under the experimental conditions described here, the superoxide anion plays a major role in the pathophysiology of postdecompression ischemic edema.

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Querido, David, and Michael R. B. Phillips. "Estimation of postmortem interval." Forensic Science International 116, no. 2-3 (2001): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-0738(00)00360-1.

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Maksimov, Aleksandr V., and Vladimir A. Klevno. "Multifactorial Clinical and Anatomical Analysis of Lethal Outcome." Kuban Scientific Medical Bulletin 26, no. 6 (2019): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.25207/1608-6228-2019-26-6-107-116.

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Aim. To establish signifi cant factors infl uencing the discrepancy of lifetime and postmortem diagnoses and to offer a technique of comparison of diagnoses when carrying out the clinical and anatomical analysis of a lethal outcome.Material and methods. The material for the study was 1420 acts of forensic examination of corpses recorded at the Bureau of forensic medical examination of the Moscow region during the 2014–2018 period. We studied the cases of deaths in hospitals of medical organisations with fi nal clinical diagnoses of the initial causes of death from diseases of the circulatory system (1085), respiratory diseases (157), digestive system (178). An analytical comparison of nosological forms of diseases in all headings of the fi nal clinical and forensic diagnoses was carried out. The frequency of occurrence of objective and subjective causes of discrepancy of diagnoses was determined. The most signifi cant factors of erroneous formulation of the fi nal clinical diagnosis, which create risks in the formation of divergence of diagnoses, were established. The causes of divergence of diagnoses relevant to the choice of inadequate treatment and the onset of death were established. Absolute (abs) values were calculated for qualitative variables and relative (%) frequencies. The frequency comparison was carried out using Fisher’s two-way exact criterion. Risk ratios with 95 % bilateral confi dence intervals for risk ratios were calculated to identify the factors causing the highest level of divergence. Statistically signifi cant differences were considered when the probability of error of the fi rst kind was less than 5 % (p < 0.05). Data processing was carried out using the Excel 2016 (Microsoft, USA) and IBM SPSS Statistics 25 (IBM, USA) software.Results. The study found that the discrepancy between the lifetime diagnosis criteria of reliability, etiopathogenetic and timeliness are the most signifi cant factors affecting the discrepancy of diagnoses under the heading “underlying disease”. The causes of divergence of diagnoses, which are of the greatest importance for the choice of inadequate treatment and the formation of a lethal outcome, were revealed. On the basis of the obtained data, a method for comparing the in vivo and postmortem diagnoses during the clinical and anatomical analysis of the lethal outcome was developed.Conclusion. Incorrect clinical diagnosis is important in the onset of death only if the erroneous diagnosis is due to insuffi cient examination of the patient, the lack of clinical data, the severity of the condition and the short duration of stay, which does not allow the underlying disease and fatal complication to be determined and adequate medical measures to be carried out. The proposed method for comparing the in vivo and postmortem diagnoses allows a correct, reliable and convincing clinical and anatomical analysis of the case of death in the hospital to be performed.

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Lokeshwari, R. K., and T. Shantibala. "A Review on the Fascinating World of Insect Resources: Reason for Thoughts." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2010 (2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/207570.

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Insect resources are vast and diverse due to their enormous diversity. The exploitation and utilization of insect resources is broadly classified into four different categories. The first category is the insects of industrial resources. This level includes the utilization of silk worm, honeybee, lac insect, dye insect, and aesthetic insect. The second category is the utilization of insects for edible and therapeutic purposes. Insects are high in protein and many are rich sources of vitamins and minerals. The third category is the use of insects in forensic investigation. By analyzing the stages of succession of insects at first, rough estimation of the postmortem intervals can be done. The fourth category is the insects of ecological importance. Many insect species act as potential predators and parasites of destructive pests of insect order Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Orthoptera. Insects are also used as bioindicator to assess the cumulative effects of environmental stressors such as pollutants. Despites these fascinating benefits, insect resources are often neglected in India due to lack of proper documentation, less expertise, and advance enterprises in these fields. Hence, the paper reviews the different fascinating facets of insect resources in order to explore and utilize it in a sustainable way with reference to Indian region.

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