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Cheng, Ching-Yu, Yu-Hua Chou, Chia-Hao Chang, and Shwu-Ru Liou. "Trends of Perinatal Stress, Anxiety, and Depression and Their Prediction on Postpartum Depression." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (September 3, 2021): 9307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179307.
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Perinatal stress, anxiety, and depression impacts not only women but also their child(ren). The purpose of this longitudinal study is to explore trends of stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms from pregnancy to postpartum and understand predictions of stress and anxiety on postpartum depression. One-hundred-fifty-six women at 23–28 weeks gestation (T1), 147 at 32–36 weeks gestation (T2), 129 at over 36 weeks gestation (T3), and 83 at postpartum (T4) completed study surveys. The Perceived Stress Scale, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were used to measure stress, depressive symptoms, and anxiety. Descriptive statistics, Pearson and Spearman’s correlation, and Generalized Estimating Equation were applied to analyze the data. Results showed that levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms increased from 24 weeks gestation to postpartum, whereas stress levels decreased during pregnancy but increased in postpartum. Over half of women experienced anxiety symptoms, especially during late pregnancy and postpartum. Stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms were inter-correlated. Notably, women at late pregnancy and postpartum were prone to stress, anxiety, and depression. Prenatal anxiety could predict postpartum depressive symptoms. Active assessment and management of stress, anxiety, and depression is needed and should begin from early pregnancy and continue until postpartum.
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Pushkarova, T. N., and N. Y. Skripchenko. "Algorithm for screening for depressive and anxiety depressive disorders in women during pregnancy and postpartum period." HEALTH OF WOMAN, no. 1(117) (February 28, 2017): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/hw.2017.117.62.
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This article describes the authors developed and tested an algorithm screening diagnosis of depression and anxiety-depressive disorders in women during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Data are presented on the example of screening studies of patients obstetric clinics of the «Institute of pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology of the National Academy of Medical sciences of Ukraine». Paper presents evidence of the effectiveness and feasibility of use in obstetric and general medical practice developed algorithm for early diagnostics and adequate treatment and rehabilitation depressive and anxiety - depressive disorders in women associated with pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. Key words: depression, anxiety disorders, pregnancy, postpartum, postpartum depression, screening, informed consent, pathopsychological diagnostics.
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Makarova, M. A., Yu G. Tikhonova, T. I. Avdeeva, I. V. Ignatko, and M. A. Kinkulkina. "Postpartum depression — risk factors, clinical and treatment aspects." Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics 13, no. 4 (August 14, 2021): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2021-4-75-80.
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Objective: to analyze the psychopathological structure, risk factors and tretment of depressive disorders in women in the postpartum period.Patients and methods. A prospective cohort study included 150 women in the postpartum period (0-3 days after birth), aged 18 to 41 years, with follow-up every two weeks for six months. The evaluation included clinical interviews, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, and the 17-item Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale.Results and discussion. 11.3% of women developed depression within six weeks after childbirth. Among them, 94.2% presented with mild depression, and 5.8% - moderate. Risk factors associated with postpartum depression included: periods of low mood and anxiety before and during the current pregnancy, traumatic situations during pregnancy, unwanted pregnancy, pathology of pregnancy and childbirth, cesarean section, perinatal status, lack of breastfeeding. All women with postpartum depression were treated with rational-emotive and cognitive-behavioral therapy. A short course of pharmacotherapy was prescribed to 17.6% of them to correct insomnia and anxiety symptoms. Psychotherapy was highly efficient in the treatment of postpartum affective disorders.Conclusion. The postpartum depression prevalence was 11.3%. The severity of postpartum depression was predominantly mild, and the symptoms regressed during treatment within five months in all women.
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Lusskin, Shari I., Tara M. Pundiak, and Sally M. Habib. "Perinatal Depression: Hiding in Plain Sight." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 52, no. 8 (August 2007): 479–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370705200802.
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Objective: To promote prompt identification and treatment of perinatal depression and enhance preventive care for women at risk. Methods: Using MEDLINE and PubMed searches, we reviewed the recent research on the origins, course, and consequences of pregnancy-related depression. Results: Depressive disorders are more common in pregnancy and postpartum than widely assumed, and there is no predictable protective effect of pregnancy. Relapse rates are high, and the postpartum period represents a time of increased vulnerability to depression. Conclusion: Early identification and treatment of perinatal depression will minimize morbidity and mortality for the woman, the child, and the family.
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BECKWITH, LEILA, JUDY HOWARD, MICHAEL ESPINOSA, and RACHELLE TYLER. "Psychopathology, mother–child interaction, and infant development: Substance-abusing mothers and their offspring." Development and Psychopathology 11, no. 4 (December 1999): 715–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095457949900228x.
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The course of severe depressive symptoms from pregnancy to 6 months postpartum, as well as the occurrence of severe paranoid symptoms prenatally, were examined by the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory I and the Beck Depression Inventory, in 78 women who were heavy, chronic cocaine users and who retained custody of their children after birth. Six months postpartum, the quality of caregiving was observed and assessed in the home, and the children were assessed on the Bayley MDI Index in the laboratory. Mothers who were depressed and paranoid prenatally, regardless of whether the depression continued to 6 months postpartum, were less sensitive in caregiving than women without severe symptoms of paranoia or depression during pregnancy or those who reported only depression that lifted by 6 months postpartum. Mothers who were depressed prenatally and continued to be depressed by 6 months postpartum, regardless of the presence or absence of paranoia, had infants who earned lower Bayley MDI scores than the offspring of women without severe psychological symptoms or women whose depression had lifted. Severe depressive symptoms during pregnancy, if they did not continue to 6 months postpartum, did not appear to adversely influence either caregiving or infant functioning.
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Doyle, Myles, Angela Carballedo, and Veronica O'Keane. "Perinatal depression and psychosis: an update." BJPsych Advances 21, no. 1 (January 2015): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.112.010900.
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SummaryAbout 85% of women experience some type of postpartum mood disturbance. Generally, the symptoms are mild and short-lived, but a minority of women develop depressive illness or sudden psychosis. About half of episodes of apparently postnatal depression start during pregnancy and some seemingly postpartum psychoses start before delivery. Untreated antenatal depression can lead to poor obstetric outcomes, subsequent depression in the mother, and developmental disadvantage and depression later in life in the offspring. In this article we discuss the aetiology of perinatal depression and consider recommended pharmaceutical and psychosocial management of postpartum blues, perinatal depression and postpartum psychosis.
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Manber, R., B. Bei, N. Simpson, and E. Rangel. "0534 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Perinatal Insomnia: Effects on Postpartum Depressive Symptoms." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.531.
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Abstract Introduction Poor sleep during pregnancy is a risk for postpartum depression. Using data from an RCT of CBT-I for insomnia disorder during pregnancy, we examined whether improvement in insomnia reduced postpartum depression symptom severity. We hypothesized that better response to treatment during pregnancy would result in lower depressive symptom severity during the postpartum. Methods Pregnant women (N=179; gestation age 18-30 weeks) with insomnia disorder were randomized to CBT-I or an active control (CTRL) therapy (5 sessions during pregnancy, one at 6 weeks postpartum). Women with depressive disorders and those using prescription medications that impact sleep were excluded. The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) were administered at baseline, during pregnancy, and at 8, 18, and 30 weeks postpartum. The Perinatal Risk Questionnaire (PRQ) was administered at baseline. Included in the analyses were women who provided data for at least one of three postpartum assessments (62 in CBT-I; 55 in CTRL). Results Mixed effects models revealed that lower ISI following the pregnancy treatment phase (p < .001) and greater reduction in ISI during pregnancy (p = .053) predicted overall lower EPDS scores during postpartum; but these effects did not differ significantly between treatment arms. Average postpartum EPDS scores, which were low overall, were higher in women with ISI score at or above the median of 9 (6.6±3.9), compared to those below the median (3.5±3.3). Compared to CTRL, participants in the CBT-I condition were nearly twice likely to have ISI scores below the median following the pregnancy treatment phase (29.1% versus 56.5%). Although higher PRQ scores were associated with overall higher postpartum EPDS (p=.0026), PRQ did not moderate postpartum EPDS trajectories. Conclusion We have previously shown that CBT-I is effective for antenatal insomnia, which is a risk for postpartum depression. Our current findings suggest that improving insomnia in pregnancy may reduce the risk for postpartum depression. Limitations include a small sample and missing data during the postpartum follow-up. A larger study among women specifically at risk for postpartum depression could help identify patient related factors that predict therapeutic benefits of CBT-I on postpartum depression. Support NR013662
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Galbally, Megan, Stuart J. Watson, Michael Permezel, and Andrew J. Lewis. "Depression across pregnancy and the postpartum, antidepressant use and the association with female sexual function." Psychological Medicine 49, no. 09 (August 28, 2018): 1490–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718002040.
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AbstractBackgroundThere is an established relationship between depression and sexual functioning in women. However, there is limited research examining the relationship between perinatal depression and sexual functioning.MethodsThis study draws on the Mercy Pregnancy and Emotional Wellbeing Study and reports on 211 women recruited in early pregnancy and followed to 12 months postpartum. Women were assessed for depression using the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV, repeated measurement of depressive symptoms using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and sexual functioning using the Female Sexual Functioning Inventory. Data were also collected on antidepressant use, mode of delivery, history of childhood trauma, breastfeeding and partner support.ResultsWomen showed a decline in sexual functioning over pregnancy and the first 6 months postpartum, which recovered by 12 months. For women with depression, sexual functioning was lower throughout pregnancy and continued to be lower at 6 months postpartum than those without depression. Ongoing depressive symptoms at 12 months were also associated with lower sexual functioning. Sexual functioning was not predicted by mode of delivery, antidepressant use or childhood trauma. Breastfeeding predicted lower sexual functioning only at 6 months. Higher partner support predicted higher female sexual functioning.ConclusionsPregnancy and the postpartum are a time of reduced sexual functioning for women; however, women with depression are more likely to have lower levels of sexual functioning and this was not predicted by antidepressant use. In women with perinatal depression, consideration of the impact on sexual functioning should be an integral part of care.
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Levine, Michele D., Rebecca L. Emery, Rachel P. Kolko Conlon, Marsha D. Marcus, Lisa J. Germeroth, Rachel H. Salk, and Yu Cheng. "Depressive Symptoms Assessed Near the End of Pregnancy Predict Differential Response to Postpartum Smoking Relapse Prevention Intervention." Annals of Behavioral Medicine 54, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaz026.
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Abstract Background Depressive symptoms are prevalent during pregnancy and the postpartum period and affect risk for smoking relapse. Whether and how depression affects response to postpartum interventions designed to sustain smoking abstinence is unknown. Purpose We examined end-of-pregnancy depressive symptoms as a moderator of response to two postpartum-adapted smoking relapse prevention interventions. Methods Women (N = 300) who quit smoking during pregnancy were randomized to receive either a postpartum intervention focused on psychosocial factors linked to postpartum smoking (Strategies to Avoid Returning to Smoking [STARTS]) or an attention-controlled comparison intervention (SUPPORT). Women completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at the end of pregnancy. Smoking status was biochemically assessed at the end of pregnancy and at 12, 24, and 52 weeks postpartum. Results End-of-pregnancy depressive symptoms moderated response to postpartum smoking relapse prevention interventions (χ2 = 10.18, p = .001). After controlling for variables previously linked to postpartum smoking relapse, women with clinically significant end-of-pregnancy depressive symptoms (20%) were more likely to sustain abstinence through 52 weeks postpartum if they received STARTS. In contrast, women with few end-of-pregnancy depressive symptoms were more likely to sustain abstinence through 52 weeks postpartum if they received SUPPORT. Changes in the psychosocial factors addressed in the STARTS intervention did not mediate this moderation effect. Conclusion Assessment of end-of-pregnancy depressive symptoms may help determine success following postpartum smoking relapse prevention interventions. Women with elevated end-of-pregnancy depressive symptoms benefited from postpartum relapse prevention intervention tailored to their psychosocial needs, while those with few symptoms were more successful in postpartum intervention that used standard behavioral components. Clinical Trial Registration NCT00757068.
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Williams, Marissa E., and Benicio N. Frey. "Salivary cortisol during memory encoding in pregnancy predicts postpartum depressive symptoms: a longitudinal study." Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 39, no. 4 (December 2017): 280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2017-0032.
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Abstract Introduction Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common disorder that substantially decreases quality of life for both mother and child. In this longitudinal study, we investigated whether emotional memory, salivary cortisol (sCORT) or alpha-amylase during pregnancy predict postpartum depressive symptoms. Methods Forty-four pregnant women (14 euthymic women with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder [MDD] and 30 healthy women) between the ages of 19 and 37 years (mean age = 29.5±4.1 years) were longitudinally assessed in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy (12-22 weeks of gestational age) and again at 14-17 weeks postpartum. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Results Follow-ups were completed for 41 women (7% attrition). Postpartum EPDS scores were predicted by sCORT collected immediately after an incidental encoding memory task during pregnancy (b=-0.78, t -2.14, p=0.04). Postpartum EPDS scores were not predicted by positive (p=0.27) or negative (p=0.85) emotional memory. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that higher levels of sCORT during a memory encoding task in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy are associated with lower postpartum EPDS scores. While the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has long been associated with the neurobiology of MDD, the role of the HPA axis in perinatal depression deserves more attention.
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Chalise, Anisha, and Tulsi Ram Bhandari. "Postpartum Depression and its Associated Factors: A Community-based Study in Nepal." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 17, no. 2 (August 4, 2019): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v0i0.1635.
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Background: Postpartum depression is a type of mental disorder associated with childbirth during pregnancy or within the first postpartum year. It is reported as a common psychological health problem affecting 10-15% of women worldwide. The duration of postpartum depression frequently depends on its severity and the time of initiation of treatment. This study assessed depression and its associated factors among postpartum period women of Godavari municipality, Lalitpur, Nepal.Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted using Edinburg Postpartum Depression Scale among 195 mothers who were within six months of the postpartum period. The chi-square and logistic regression were applied to establish the association between postpartum depression and associated factors. Results: Out of the total 195 postpartum women, 37(19%) women suffered from depression and out of those women 2.1% had suicidal thoughts. Among the associated factors, education, occupation, the intent of pregnancy, family support and pregnancy-related problems/complications were found to be significantly associated with Postpartum depression (p<0.05). Conclusions: Nearly one-fifth postpartum women suffered from some type of depression. It is one of the public health concerns which directly or indirectly corresponds to the socio-economic condition of the women. The improved education and economic status of women, intention of pregnancy, family care and support during pregnancy and the postpartum period and early diagnosis and management of health problems could reduce the magnitude of the postpartum depression. Keywords: Associated factors of postpartum depression; edinburg postpartum depression scale; Nepal; postpartum depression.
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Varela, Pinelopi, Areti C. Spyropoulou, Zacharias Kalogerakis, Eleni Vousoura, Martha Moraitou, and Iannis M. Zervas. "Association between gestational diabetes and perinatal depressive symptoms: evidence from a Greek cohort study." Primary Health Care Research & Development 18, no. 05 (June 5, 2017): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1463423617000317.
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Aim The aim of the present study was to assess the association of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) with prenatal and postnatal depressive symptoms in a sample of pregnant women in Greece. Background Earlier research supports a relationship between depression and diabetes, but only a few studies have examined the relationship between GDM and perinatal depressive symptomatology. Methods A total of 117 women in their third trimester of pregnancy participated in the study. Demographic and obstetric history data were recorded during women’s third trimester of pregnancy. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the validated Greek version of the Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at two time points: on the third trimester of pregnancy and on the first week postpartum. Findings Prevalence of GDM was 14.5%. Probable diagnosis of depression occurred for 12% of the sample during the antenatal assessment and 15.1% in the postpartum assessment. In the first week postpartum, women with GDM had significantly higher postpartum (but no antenatal) EPDS scores compared with the non-GDM cohort. In conclusion, GDM appears to be associated with depressive symptoms in the first week postpartum. Clinical implications and recommendations for future research are discussed, emphasizing the importance of closely monitoring women with GDM who seem more vulnerable to developing depressive symptomatology during the postnatal period.
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Hosseini, Nastaranalsadat, Li Lau Poh, Diana-Lea Baranovich, and Norsafatul Aznin A.Razak. "REDUCING DEPRESSION IN PREGNANCY AND POSTPARTUM PERIOD THROUGH ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT THERAPY: A REVIEW OF DEPRESSION REDUCTION AMONG IRANIAN WOMEN." International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling 5, no. 37 (December 3, 2020): 232–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijepc.5370019.
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Pregnancy is an important event in the life of every woman that is associated with conflicting emotions. Having a newborn baby can be accompanied by hardships and loss of desire, as well as other stresses in life, all of which can have adverse effects on the mental health of the mother and her family. Depression is a common mental disorder in mothers during and after childbirth, which can have negative consequences for mother and baby. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is one of the new treatments with a positive impact on the reduction of depression during pregnancy and afterward. This form of psychotherapy is significant in increasing the psychological flexibilities of women as well as reducing their distress and depressive symptoms during pregnancy and during the postpartum period. Hence this paper aims to review the literature on the concept of depression, its symptoms, and outcomes during pregnancy and the postpartum period, and subsequently, it reviews how ACT can reduce depression, in terms of relevance to Iranian mothers. The studies were selected and identified through online databases from relevant published articles in psychology, psychotherapy, and mental health journals. The reviews of the literature on the ACT and reducing depression in pregnancy and postpartum period were identified from research studies in Iran from 2015 to the present time. This paper highlights the significance of future research into ACT for reducing depression during pregnancy and the postpartum period among Iranian women.
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Galbally, Megan, Stuart J. Watson, Helen Ball, and Andrew James Lewis. "Breastfeeding, Antidepressants, and Depression in the Mercy Pregnancy and Emotional Well-Being Study." Journal of Human Lactation 35, no. 1 (March 29, 2018): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334418758658.
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Background: Depression is consistently shown to predict lower rates of breastfeeding. In a handful of studies, breastfeeding has predicted lower depression symptoms. However, studies demonstrating the latter are limited in their measurement of both depression and breastfeeding and have not followed participants from pregnancy across the postpartum period. Research Aim: The primary aim of this study was to describe breastfeeding intentions and behaviors for the first 12 months postpartum among nonmedicated depressed, antidepressant-exposed, and control participants. The secondary aim was to examine group differences in the association between depressive symptoms and breastfeeding duration up to 12 months postpartum. Methods: First-trimester women ( N = 212) were recruited into a prospective longitudinal study. Depressive disorders at baseline were diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, and depressive symptoms were measured at the first and second trimesters and 6 and 12 months postpartum using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Breastfeeding duration, support from family and employers, and perceptions of participants’ experience were measured. Results: Depressed women and antidepressant-exposed women reported a trend toward lower rates of intention, initiation, and duration, but this did not reach statistical significance. There was a statistically significant difference on depressive symptoms for women taking antidepressants during pregnancy, compared with controls, when they continued to breastfeed for 12 months postpartum. Conclusions: This study did not find a strong association between depression or antidepressant use and intention to breastfeed, partner breastfeeding support, or initiation or duration of breastfeeding. However, for women who took antidepressants, there was evidence that breastfeeding for 12 months was associated with lower depressive symptoms.
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Maia, B., A. T. Pereira, M. Marques, M. J. Soares, S. Bos, J. Valente, A. Allen, V. Nogueira, M. H. Azevedo, and A. Macedo. "The role of perfectionism in perinatal depression (ICD-10, DSM-IV and BDI-II, PDSS)." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73383-1.
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AimsThe role of perfectionism as a correlate of perinatal depressive symptomatology, and as a predictor of postpartum depressive disorder was examined.Methods386 women in their third trimester of pregnancy (mean age = 30.08 years; SD = 4.205; range = 19–44) completed the Portuguese versions of Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, Beck Depression Inventory-II/BDI-II, Postpartum Depression Screening Scale/PDSS and three additional questions evaluating anxiety trait, life stress perception and social support. Diagnoses of depression (ICD-10/DSM-IV) were obtained using the Portuguese version of the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies/OPCRIT system. Women who were clinically depressed in pregnancy (ICD-10/DSM-IV) were excluded from the analysis.ResultsSelf-Oriented Perfectionism/SOP and Socially Prescribed Perfectionism/SPP subcomponents were significant correlates of depressive symptomatology (BDI-II/PDSS) in pregnancy. SPP-Others High Standards/OHS was a significant predictor of postpartum depressive symptomatology (BDI-II/PDSS), and SPP-Conditional Acceptance/CA was a predictor of postpartum depressive symptomatology (PDSS). None of the perfectionism subscales predicted postpartum depressive disorder (ICD-10/DSM-IV).ConclusionsSOP and SPP have shown to be relevant correlates of depressive symptomatology in pregnancy. In the present study, SPP-OHS and SPP-CA were also significant correlates of perinatal depressive symptomatology, as well as important risk factors for depressive symptomatology in postpartum. Perfectionism subscales were not significant predictors of postpartum depressive disorder (ICD-10/DSM-IV). While SPP maladaptive influence was supported, SOP was shown to be more heterogeneous in its consequences. These findings may have important implications both for clinical practice and for research.
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Desy Meldawati. "A Correlation between Complication in Pregnancy and Postpartum Depression: Literature Review." International Journal of Clinical Inventions and Medical Science 3, no. 1 (March 9, 2021): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.ijcims-0301.181.
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Postpartum depression is a depression syndrome that occurs in mothers after childbirth and can be prevented and cured. According to Fazraningtyas, in South Kalimantan, to be precise in the city of Banjarmasin, namely Ulin General Hospital of Banjarmasin and Dr. H.M. Ansari Saleh General Hospital of Banjarmasin showed 56.8% mild postpartum depression, 26.1% moderate postpartum depression, 17.0% severe postpartum depression. The impact of mothers experiencing postpartum depression is that mothers have difficulty interacting and can endanger their children. Postpartum depression is caused by several factors, the factors that contributed are complications in pregnancy. This study used a literature review approach. The articles obtained from Google Scholar, Biomed Central, and Pubmed. The criterias applied be restricted. As many as 10 journals are found. Based on the previous study, complications in pregnancy are the cause of postpartum depression. Complications that are often experienced by pregnant women are maternal anemia that can appear during the pregnancy process until the birth process occurs and 30-70% of pregnant women with maternal anemia have a risk of postpartum depression. Second, gestational diabetes is one of the complications of pregnancy that occurs in women who are pregnant. Pregnant women can increase hormones including the progesterone hormone, human placental lactogen estrogen, and cortisol. The last, a history of depression is a cause of postpartum depression because if pregnant women have a history of depression before pregnancy, they will have a higher risk of experiencing postpartum depression.
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Sivapragasam, Vanithamani, Anitha A. Manjappa, Aruna B. Patil, and Monicka Kalaimani. "Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression at a tertiary care institute." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, no. 7 (June 29, 2019): 2773. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20193041.
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Background: Up to 85% of the women experience some type of mood disturbance in the postnatal period. Postpartum depression affects bonding with infant which may lead to malnutrition and other complications in the infant. This article focuses on the prevalence of depression among postnatal women attending a tertiary care institute in Chennai and to identify the risk factors that affect postpartum depression.Methods: This study was a cross sectional study, performed over a period of three months from January 2019 to March 2019. 200 postnatal mothers were recruited for the study, who were in postpartum period from 1 to 6 weeks after delivery. Specially designed proforma was used to record various determinants to assess the risk factors which could contribute to postpartum depression. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used to detect the depressive symptoms in postnatal mother.Results: A total of 200 cases were studied. Prevalence of postpartum depression was found to be 25%. Primi gravida, history of miscarriage and unplanned pregnancy were associated with increased risk of developing depression in the postnatal period. Fear regarding gender of the child and failure of lactation were not contributing risk factors to postpartum depression. Spacious house and partner support were found to be protective factors to combat depression in postnatal women.Conclusions: Prevalence of postpartum depression was 25%. Significant association was found between primi gravida, history of miscarriage, unplanned pregnancy and postpartum depression. Early screening of the women will reduce the adverse outcomes among both mother and the child.
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Kunwar, D., EK Corey, P. Sharma, and A. Risal. "Screening for Postpartum Depression and Associated Factors among Women who Deliver at a University Hospital, Nepal." Kathmandu University Medical Journal 13, no. 1 (October 20, 2015): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v13i1.13752.
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Background Postpartum depression (PPD) is a neglected area of maternal health care in developing countries like Nepal; not only in the treatment aspect, but also, in the areas of research. However, it is important to identify and treat postpartum depression because it can have grave consequences for both the mother and her children.Objective To determine the screening prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression, among women who deliver at university hospital Nepal.Method This is a cross-sectional study investigating the relationship between postpartum depression and various factors. A total of 100 postpartum women who presented to a Dhulikhel hospital for delivery were interviewed on days 2-3 after delivery. The mothers were administered Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) as well as a proforma that included questions about the known risk factors (sociodemographic and sociocultural factors, and mother-related, pregnancy-related, and child related factors).Result The overall screening prevalence of depressive symptoms in the postnatal period (defined as EPDS=>13) was 29 %( 95% CI 20.1%-37.8%). On univariate analysis (chi square test), postpartum depression was significantly associated with pregnancy complications (p<0.01), infant’s health problems (p <0.001) and vaginal delivery (p <0.05).Conclusion Postpartum depression is common among Nepalese women and can be detected early in the postpartum periods; and many psychosocial factors like pregnancy complications, infant’s health problems and vaginal delivery are associated with it. It is recommended that mothers with high risk should be routinely screened for postpartum depression.Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.13(1) 2015; 44-48
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Ashenafi, Wondimye, Bezatu Mengistie, Gudina Egata, and Yemane Berhane. "The role of intimate partner violence victimization during pregnancy on maternal postpartum depression in Eastern Ethiopia." SAGE Open Medicine 9 (January 2021): 205031212198949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312121989493.
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Background: Intimate partner violence during pregnancy is a strong predictor of maternal postpartum depression. In Ethiopia, evidence on the association of intimate partner violence during pregnancy with postpartum depression is very limited. To design appropriate intervention, it is thus important to understand how postpartum depression varies as a function of the type and severity of intimate partner violence victimization during pregnancy. The aim of this study is to explore the association of different types of intimate partner violence during pregnancy and its severity with postpartum depression in Eastern Ethiopia. Method: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January to October 2018. The study included a sample of 3015 postpartum women residing in Eastern Ethiopia. The cutoff point for postpartum depression was defined as ⩾13 points according to the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The prevalence ratio with 95% confidence intervals was calculated, and the association between the main predictor (i.e. intimate partner violence during pregnancy) and the outcome variable (postpartum depression) was determined using log binomial regression model. Results: 16.3% (95% confidence interval: 14.9–17.7) of women experienced postpartum depression. After controlling potential confounding factors, the prevalence of postpartum depression among women exposed to severe physical intimate partner violence during pregnancy was 1.98 times higher as compared to those not exposed to physical intimate partner violence during pregnancy (adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.98; 95% confidence interval: 1.53–2.54). Exposure to psychological intimate partner violence during pregnancy was found to increase the prevalence of postpartum depression by 1.79 as compared to non-exposure to psychological intimate partner violence during pregnancy (adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.79; 95% confidence interval: 1.48–2.18). Conclusion: The study provides evidence that psychological and severe physical intimate partner violence during pregnancy were significantly associated with maternal postpartum depression. Screening of pregnant women for intimate partner violence and providing them the necessary support can minimize the risk to postpartum depression.
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Campbell, Susan B., Jeffrey F. Cohn, Clare Flanagan, Sally Popper, and Teri Meyers. "Course and correlates of postpartum depression during the transition to parenthood." Development and Psychopathology 4, no. 1 (January 1992): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095457940000554x.
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AbstractThe transition to parenthood marks a major milestone in family development that is especially difficult for roughly 10% of postpartum women who develop clinical depressions serious enough to interfere with daily functioning. Relatively little is known about the course of postpartum depression, the factors associated with its onset or severity, or its impact on the quality of mother-infant interaction. We studied 70 depressed women and 59 demographically matched nondepressed women delivering their first child and then followed them longitudinally through 24 months. Although the majority of depressions had remitted by 6 months postpartum, some women were depressed throughout the follow-up period, and others continued to evidence subclinical symptoms, indicating that depression in postpartum women can be relatively chronic. Depressed women differed from comparison women on measures of personal and family history, their adaptation to pregnancy, and minor pregnancy and delivery complications. They also perceived their infants as more difficult to care for and their husbands as less supportive. A combination of these variables accounted for 49% of the variance in depression severity scores at 2 months. Depressed women also showed less positive engagement and more negative affect when observed with their infants at 2 months. Spouse support and maternal positive engagement with the baby at 2 months differentiated between those with more chronic versus short-lived depressions. The implications of these findings for the woman's and her infant's development are discussed.
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Ugarte, A., P. López, C. Serrulla, M. T. Zabalza, J. G. Torregaray, and A. González-Pinto. "Post-partum depression risk factors in pregnant women." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): s279—s280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.750.
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IntroductionPostpartum depression has a prevalence of 15% and has consequences for mother and baby (delayed physical, social and cognitive development). It's essential to prevent the illness with an early identification of Risk Factors (RF).MethodsFive hundred and seventy-two women in 3rd trimester of pregnancy were evaluated and selected those with ≥ 1 RF (n = 290). We re-evaluated in the postpartum with Edinburgh Depression Scale and selected those with subsyndromal depressive symptoms (≥ 7.5) (n = 57). Clinical, demographic and functional data were collected.ResultsA total of 50.7% had RF. A percentage of 48.6 had family history of mental illness (MI), 34.1%had personal history of (MI) and 34.1% had some pregnancy associated illness. Twenty percent had needed some assisted reproductive technique, 14.1% had little family support and 15.2% had little couple support, 3.8% showed anxiety-depressive disorders during pregnancy, 19.7% had depressive symptoms after delivery. The mean age was 33.67. No significant differences between patients with and without RF (T-1858, P 0.064). Among women with RF, 59.6% were married, 35.1% single and 3.0% had other situation. 89.5% live with their own family, 8.8% with their family of origin, 1.8% alone. 50.8% had university studies.ConclusionsAssessing RF during pregnancy can help these women, since we see that the 19.7% will have serious risk of developing postpartum depression. The RF to take more into account are not those related to social-academic development, neither the presence of anxiety-depressive symptoms during pregnancy, but the family or personal history of (MI) and the presence of a pregnancy associated illness. Early detection and treatment may prevent the development of this disease improving the quality of life of mother and babies’ development.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Shakel, N., and N. Shakel. "Prenatal exposure to maternal depression and its influences on infant development and behaviour." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S363—S364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.490.
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IntroductionDepression is one of the most common mental disorders worldwide. Women are more at risk of depression while they are pregnant, and during the first weeks and months of postpartum period. Perinatal depression, might influence the children‘s development during pregnancy as well as it can have negative affect and delay in child postnatal development.Materials and methodsPregnant women undergoing antenatal care in Latvia, Riga were interviewed using PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scales, the obtained data from the scale's results were analyzed and summarized in an analystic cross-sectional study. Literature overview.ResultsThere is a high correlation between the depressive episodes before pregnancy, during pregnancy and postpartum depression, as well as it have negative effects and delay in child postnatal development. Using Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment-7 screening scales, was set up an inquiry among 200 pregnant women in Riga, Latvia. Depressive symptoms have 45% of pregnant women. 36% of pregnant women have mild depression symptoms, 3% moderate symptoms, 5% moderate serve symptoms and 1% serve depression symptoms. In its turn anxiety disorder screening results are following: 35% of pregnant women have mild anxiety symptoms, 9% moderate anxiety symptoms; 3% serve anxiety symptoms. Anxiety disorder symptoms note 47% of pregnant women. 36% of respondents note both depression symptoms and anxiety disorder symptoms.ConclusionHQ-9 and GAD-7 scales are informative, quick and easy for patients to complete. Children development and behavior has association with maternal depressive state during pregnancy. There is high prevalence of depression symptoms among preganant women in Latvia.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Rich-Edwards, J. W., A. P. Mohllajee, K. Kleinman, M. R. Hacker, J. Majzoub, R. J. Wright, and M. W. Gillman. "Elevated Midpregnancy Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Is Associated with Prenatal, But Not Postpartum, Maternal Depression." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 93, no. 5 (May 1, 2008): 1946–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-2535.
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Abstract Context: Elevated hypothalamic CRH has been implicated in melancholic major depression in nonpregnant individuals, but the role of placental CRH in maternal prenatal and postpartum depression is largely unexplored. Objective: The objective of the study was to examine the association of maternal midpregnancy plasma CRH levels with prenatal and postpartum depression. Participants: The study included 800 participants in Project Viva, a pregnancy and childhood cohort. Methods: CRH levels were analyzed from blood samples obtained at mean 27.9 wk gestation (± 1.3 sd; range 24.6–37.4 wk) and were normalized on the logarithmic scale. Depression was assessed with the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (range 0–30 points) in midpregnancy and at 6 months postpartum. We used logistic regression to estimate the odds of scoring 13 or more points on the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale as indicative of major or minor depression. Results: Seventy (8.8%) and 46 (7.5%) women had prenatal and postpartum depression symptoms, respectively. Mean log CRH was 4.93 (± 0.62 sd). After adjusting for confounders, an sd increase in log CRH was associated with nearly 50% higher odds of prenatal depression symptoms (odds ratio 1.48, 95% confidence interval 1.14–1.93). Higher CRH levels during pregnancy were unassociated with greater risk of postpartum depressive symptoms. In fact, there was a suggestion that prenatal CRH levels might be inversely associated with risk of postpartum depressive symptoms (odds ratio 0.82, 95% confidence interval 0.58–1.15). Conclusions: Elevated placental CRH levels in midpregnancy are positively associated with risk of prenatal depression symptoms but not postpartum depression symptoms.
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Zaconeta, Alberto Moreno, Angélica Amorim Amato, Gustavo Barcelos Barra, Lucília Domingues Casulari da Motta, Vinícius Carolino de Souza, Margô Gomes de Oliveira Karnikowski, and Luiz Augusto Casulari. "Cerebrospinal Fluid CRH Levels in Late Pregnancy Are Not Associated With New-Onset Postpartum Depressive Symptoms." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 100, no. 8 (August 1, 2015): 3159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-4503.
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Context: CRH participates in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and in neural circuits involved in the pathophysiology of depression. During pregnancy, the placenta produces large amounts of CRH, and production ceases abruptly after delivery. The relationship between CRH in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during pregnancy and peripartum mood disorders has not been investigated. Objectives: The objectives were to determine whether there are differences in CSF CRH concentrations of pregnant and nonpregnant women and whether CSF CRH concentrations in late pregnancy are associated with the presence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy and in the early postpartum period. Design: This was a prospective cohort study conducted from January to April, 2011. Setting: The study was conducted in one public and two private hospitals in Brasilia, Brazil. Patients: Patients included 107 healthy pregnant women who underwent elective cesarean delivery and 22 nonpregnant healthy women who underwent spinal anesthesia for elective surgical sterilization. Intervention: CRH in CSF was measured in pregnant and nonpregnant women by ELISA. Main Outcome Measure: The association between CSF CRH concentration at delivery and maternal depression assessed before cesarean section and postpartum (4 to 8 wk) with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), with a cutoff of ≥ 13. Results: CRH concentration in the CSF was significantly higher in pregnant (4.1 ± 0.51 log CRH) than in nonpregnant women (3.6 ± 0.26 log CRH) (P < .001). Depressive symptoms starting after delivery occurred in 5.6% of women. CRH concentration in CSF was not different between women without depressive symptoms and women showing such symptoms during pregnancy or in the postpartum period. Conclusion: CRH concentration in the CSF was higher in pregnant women than in nonpregnant women. However, in this sample, CSF CRH in late pregnancy was not associated with new-onset depressive symptoms in the early postpartum period.
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Grossman, Tracy, and Jyoti S. Mathad. "808. Perinatal Depression Among HIV- and TB-Infected and Uninfected Women in an Urban Slum in India: Prevalence and Associated Birth Outcomes." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (November 2018): S289—S290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy210.815.
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Abstract Background In low- and middle-income countries, depression during pregnancy is three times more common than in the United States and is more common than postpartum depression. There have been few studies on the prevalence of antepartum and postpartum depression in India. The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of antepartum and postpartum depression among HIV-infected and uninfected pregnant women in an urban slum in India, and to evaluate associated pregnancy and birth outcomes. Methods This study was a longitudinal cohort study of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected pregnant women at Sassoon General Hospital in Pune, India. Enrolled women answer questions about sociodemographics and medical history, including obstetric history. The PHQ-9 depression scale is administered during pregnancy and at 6 months postpartum. Results Of the 189 pregnant women enrolled, 113 (60 %) exhibited at least one symptom of depression on the PHQ-9 scale with 23 (12%) women having moderate or severe depression. However, significantly fewer postpartum women had evidence of depression (60% antepartum vs. 26% postpartum, P < 0.001). Of the 77 women who had a postpartum visit, 20 (26%) also had symptoms of depression prior to delivery, but only 2 (10%) had more severe depression scores while 18 (90%) had improved scores. Thirty (39%) women with antepartum depression had resolution of symptoms postpartum and no women developed incident depression in the postpartum period. There was a trend toward increased rates of antenatal depression among HIV-infected vs. uninfected women (69% vs. 57%, P = 0.13). Both depressed and nondepressed pregnant women experienced low rates of intrauterine fetal demise, intrapartum hypertension, and preterm delivery. However, women with depression had 3-fold higher incidence of intrauterine growth restriction on prenatal ultrasound (4.4% vs. 1.5%). Conclusion We found that the majority of pregnant women in our population experience some form of depression during pregnancy. Most women with antepartum depression experienced improvement in their mood postpartum, which contrasts with patterns of perinatal depression in developed countries. We are planning qualitative studies to understand the social contributors for antepartum depression in India, and to identify potential solutions. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Armony-Sivan, Rinat, Jie Shao, Ming Li, Gengli Zhao, Zhengyan Zhao, Guobing Xu, Min Zhou, et al. "No Relationship between Maternal Iron Status and Postpartum Depression in Two Samples in China." Journal of Pregnancy 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/521431.
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Maternal iron status is thought to be related to postpartum depressive symptoms. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between pre- and postnatal maternal iron status and depressive symptoms in pilot (n=137) and confirmatory (n=567) samples of Chinese women. Iron status was evaluated at mid- and late pregnancy and 3 days postpartum. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to assess maternal postpartum depression 24–48 hours after delivery and 6 weeks later. In the pilot sample, correlations between early- and late-pregnancy maternal Hb and EPDS scores at 6 weeks werer=0.07and −0.01, respectively (nonsignificant). In the confirmatory sample, the correlations between maternal iron measures (Hb, MCV, ZPP, ferritin, sTfR, and sTfR Index) in mid- or late pregnancy or 3 days postpartum and EPDS scores shortly after delivery or at 6 weeks were also low (rvalues < 0.10). EPDS scores in anemic and nonanemic mothers did not differ, regardless of sample or timing of maternal iron status assessment. In addition, women with or without possible PPD were similar in iron status in both samples. Thus, there was no relationship between maternal iron status and postpartum depression in these samples.
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Inthaphatha, Souphalak, Eiko Yamamoto, Viengsakhone Louangpradith, Yuki Takahashi, Alongkone Phengsavanh, Tetsuyoshi Kariya, Yu Mon Saw, and Nobuyuki Hamajima. "Factors associated with postpartum depression among women in Vientiane Capital, Lao People’s Democratic Republic: A cross-sectional study." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 4, 2020): e0243463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243463.
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Postpartum depression is a worldwide public health concern. The prevalence of postpartum depression is reported to be greater in developing countries than in developed countries. However, to the best of our knowledge, no papers on postpartum depression in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic have been published. In order to strengthen maternal and child health, the current situation of postpartum depression should be understood. This study aims to determine the prevalence of postpartum depression and identify factors associated with postpartum depression in Vientiane Capital, Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Study participants were 428 women 6–8 weeks postpartum who visited four central hospitals in Vientiane Capital for postnatal care from July to August 2019. Structured questionnaires were used to collect socio-demographic, obstetrical and infant, and psychiatric data about the women and their partners. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to identify suspected cases of postpartum depression with the cut-off score of 9/10. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine independent factors that were associated with suspected postpartum depression (EPDS ≥10). The mean age of the 428 women was 28.1 years, and the prevalence of suspected postpartum depression was 31.8%. Multivariable logistic regression using variables that were statistically significant on bivariate analyses indicated that three variables were associated with suspected postpartum depression: unintended pregnancy (AOR = 1.66, 95% CI 1.00–2.73, P = 0.049), low birth satisfaction (AOR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.00–3.43, P = 0.049), and depression during pregnancy (AOR = 3.99, 95% CI 2.35–6.77, P <0.001). In this study, unintended pregnancy, low birth satisfaction, and depression during pregnancy were independent risk factors for postpartum depression. These results suggest that the mental health of pregnant women should be monitored, and that health care services, especially family planning and supportive birth care, should be strengthened to prevent postpartum depression.
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Zamalijeva, O., and R. Jusienė. "MOTERS DEPRESIŠKUMĄ LAIKOTARPIU PO GIMDYMO PROGNOZUOJANTYS VEIKSNIAI." Psichologija 42 (January 1, 2010): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/psichol.2010.0.2571.
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Vidutiniškai penktadalis moterų po gimdymo patiria įvairių psichologinių ir emocinių sunkumų, o tai savo ruožtu neigiamai veikia pačios moters savijautą, vaiko raidą bei santykius su vaiku ir šeima. Iki šiol nebuvo prieita prie vienodos nuomonės, kokie rizikos veiksniai reikšmingai nulemia moters depresiškumą laikotarpiu po gimdymo. Tyrėjų išvadose apie demografinių veiksnių, socialinės paramos, gimdymo ypatumų, patiriamo streso, emocinės ir fizinės būsenos bei kitų kintamųjų sąsajas su moters depresiškumu laikotarpiu po gimdymo yra prieštaravimų. Šio tyrimo tikslas – išsiaiškinti, kokie demografiniai, socialiniai, psichologiniai ir sveikatos veiksniai reikšmingai prognozuotų moters depresiškumą laikotarpiu po gimdymo. Tyrimas yra prospektyvus ir ilgalaikis – tiriamosios apklaustos nėštumo metu, pirmą mėnesį ir pusė metų po gimdymo. Tyrime analizuojami 66 savanoriškai sutikusių dalyvauti visuose trijuose tyrimo etapuose moterų duomenys. Tyrimo rezultatai, apskaičiuoti taikant struktūrinių lygčių modeliavimo metodą, leidžia teigti, kad vienintelis moters depresiškumą laikotarpiu po gimdymo prognozuojantis veiksnys, turintis tiesioginę reikšmę, yra moters depresiškumo vertinimas nėštumo metu. Taip pat daugiau depresijos simptomų laikotarpiu po gimdymo turi moterys, kurios prasčiau vertina savo pasiruošimą motinystei, jaučia stipresnį nerimą dėl gimdymo, mažiau patenkintos savo santykių su vyru kokybe, patyrė daugiau stresą keliančių gyvenimo įvykių ar laukiasi pirmo vaiko, tačiau prognostinis šių veiksnių ir moters depresiškumo laikotarpiu po gimdymo ryšys yra netiesioginis, o pasireiškia šių veiksnių įtaka depresiškumui nėštumo metu.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: depresiškumas po gimdymo, Edinburgo pogimdyminės depresijos skalė (EPDS), pasiruošimas motinystei.Predictors of women’s depression during postpartumperiod Zamalijeva O., Jusienė R. SummaryApproximately 20 percent of women suffer from postpartum depression after childbirth, which, in turn, negatively affects women’s well-being, child’s development and interactions with the child and family. Risk factors, which most significantly influence postpartum depression, have been analyzed by numerous researchers, seeking to make it possible to predict and identify women at risk before the onset of symptoms. Nevertheless, the data obtained is inconclusive and research results are contradictory. The most inconclusive results are those related to demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and their impact on depressive symptoms during postpartum period. Moreover, there are inconsistencies in conclusions concerning social support, pregnancy and delivery-related factors, stressful life events, emotional and physical health and their influence on postpartum depression. The goal of this research is to identify demographic, social, psychological and health related variables that could reliably predict women’s depression half year after delivery. This research is prospective and longitudinal, participants were interviewed at several assessment points – during pregnancy, the first month and half a year postpartum. The complete data about 66 women are analyzed in this article. The results of structural equation modeling (SEM), indicate that the only significant predictor of women’s depressive symptoms during postpartum period, having direct effect, is depression during pregnancy, i.e. women who report more depressive symptoms during pregnancy are significantly more likely to be depressed during postpartum period. Women who rated their subjective readiness for motherhood as lower, also with high anxiety concerning delivery, poor quality of relationship with a partner, and who reported more stressful life events, as well as primiparous women are at greater risk postpartum depression; however these variables and depressive symptoms during postpartum period are not directly related. The readiness for motherhood and anxiety concerning delivery predicts depression during pregnancy. The quality of relationships with partner, in turn, predicts both readiness for motherhood and anxiety concerning delivery. Finally, the readiness for motherhood could also be predicted by stressful life events and primiparity. The results of our study support the necessity of psychological interventions during the pregnancy in order to prevent postpartum depression.Keywords: perinatal depression, EPDS, readiness for motherhood.
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Okagbue, Hilary I., Patience I. Adamu, Sheila A. Bishop, Pelumi E. Oguntunde, Abiodun A. Opanuga, and Elvir M. Akhmetshin. "Systematic Review of Prevalence of Antepartum Depression during the Trimesters of Pregnancy." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, no. 9 (May 15, 2019): 1555–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.270.
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BACKGROUND: Depression is prevalent during antenatal and postnatal stages of pregnancy. The effect of depression can be seen in complications during and after pregnancy, fetal growth retardation, abortions and preterm births. The literature abounds on postpartum depression (PD) while few studies are on antepartum depression (AD).
AIM: The systematic review aims to compute the prevalence of AD from published articles.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: The published articles (26) used in this review were obtained from the search of the search keywords “Depressive conditions in pregnancy AND trimesters”. All the articles were considered irrespective of language and their citation status as of the time of the query. Only articles that presented the prevalence mean and sample size were included. Articles on questionnaires filled by nonpregnant women and men were excluded. Articles that presented the prevalence of depression for the postpartum period only were excluded but were included if they addressed depression at both postpartum and trimester(s) of pregnancy. P-value of less than or equal to 0.05 was considered significant.
RESULTS: Analysis of the 26 articles showed that 4,303 subjects tested positive for depression in a sample of 28,248 pregnant mothers, giving the prevalence rate as 15%. Confounding was removed, and the sample size was adjusted to be 25,771 and 4,223 were screened to have depressive symptoms, thereby giving a new prevalence rate as 16.4%. It was also revealed that AD is most prevalent in the last trimester of pregnancy and least in the second trimester. Pregnancy duration and PD are not correlated with AD. This implies that AD can be observed in any period of the pregnancy and cannot predict the incidence of PD.
CONCLUSION: Efforts must be intensified to monitor pregnant women during the third trimester to reduce the incidence of maternal depression during pregnancy, thereby reducing the prevalence.
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Altemus, Margaret. "Anxiety During Pregnancy and Postpartum." CNS Spectrums 9, no. 9 (September 2004): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900002017.
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Perinatal depression is widely considered to be a major public health problem. Anxiety disorders are also common among women of childbearing years, but the course and consequences of anxiety during pregnancy have not yet been established.Almost all studies of the prevalence and consequences of perinatal anxiety have used questionnaire measures of anxiety. Unlike the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, questionnaire measures of anxiety symptoms have not been validated for pregnant or postpartum patients, thus it is unclear to what degree these measures are detecting anxiety versus typical physical symptoms associated with pregnancy and infant care. For example, many items on the Beck Anxiety Inventory, including difficulty breathing, facial flushing, unsteadiness, light headedness, sweating, and indigestion, commonly occur during pregnancy. In a study of >8,000 women, more women scored above a cut-off score on the anxiety subscale of the Crown-Crisp Index during weeks 18 and 32 of pregnancy compared to 8 weeks and 8 months postpartum. Three studies have administered selected modules from the Structured Clinical Interview to postpartum women. All three studies found that >50% of women with postpartum anxiety disorders were not depressed and that anxiety disorders were at least as common postpartum as major depression. Antenatal anxiety was associated with an increased risk of postpartum depression, even after controlling for antenatal depression.
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Wdowiak, Artur, Marta Makara-Studzińska, Dorota Raczkiewicz, Paula Janczyk, Aneta Słabuszewska-Jóźwiak, Anita Wdowiak-Filip, and Noemi Studzińska. "Effect of Excessive Body Weight and Emotional Disorders on the Course of Pregnancy and Well-Being of a Newborn before and during COVID-19 Pandemic." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 4 (February 9, 2021): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10040656.
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This study aimed to evaluate whether excessive body weight and the COVID-19 pandemic affect depression, and subsequently whether depression, excessive body weight, and the COVID-19 pandemic affect the course of pregnancy, as well as the well-being of a newborn. The research material included data retrieved from the medical records of 280 pregnant women who were provided with care by medical facilities in Lublin (100 women with normal weight, 100 overweight women, 50 with Class I and 30 with Class II obesity). They completed a Beck depression inventory (BDI) in pregnancy twice, in order to assess the risk of occurrence of postpartum depression. Pre-pregnancy BMI positively correlated with the severity of depression, both at 10–13 weeks of pregnancy (p < 0.001), and at 32 weeks of pregnancy (p < 0.001). The higher the pre-pregnancy BMI, on average the higher the severity of depression. The severity of depression was significantly higher during the pandemic than before it in women with normal body weight before pregnancy (p < 0.001), as well as in those overweight (p < 0.001) and with Class II obesity (p = 0.015). Excessive body weight before pregnancy leads to depressive disorders during pregnancy, increases the risk of preterm delivery, and exerts a negative effect on the state of a newborn. Depressive symptoms among pregnant, overweight and obese women intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Husada, Abdillah. "Breastfeeding and Depression." Open Access Indonesian Journal of Medical Reviews 1, no. 1 (August 28, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/oaijmr.v1i1.547.
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Pregnancy and postpartum depression frequently occurances, and that depressed women at pregnancy are usually depressed at the postpartum period. A literature review was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed and Google Scholar using the index terms “breast feeding” and “pregnancy depression” and “postpartum depression”, and “hormones”. Two investigators independently evaluated the titles and abstracts in a first stage and the full text in a second stage review. All types of studies were included for this study, such as randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, literature reviews, and pilot studies published between 2010 and 2021. This search resulted in 12 papers. The literature consistently shows that breastfeeding provides a wide range of benefits for both the child and the mother. The psychological benefits for the mother are still in need of further research. Breastfeeding can promote hormonal processes that protect mothers against postpartum depression by attenuating cortisol response to stress. However, the mother whom giving birth then directly breastfeeding their child, will reduce the mothers stress.
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Koutra, K., M. Vassilaki, V. Georgiou, A. Koutis, P. Bitsios, M. Kogevinas, and L. Chatzi. "Pregnancy, perinatal and postpartum complications as determinants of postpartum depression: the Rhea mother–child cohort in Crete, Greece." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 27, no. 3 (December 22, 2016): 244–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796016001062.
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Aims.Few epidemiological studies evaluated associations between perinatal complications and maternal mood at the early postpartum period and the findings are inconsistent. We aimed at investigating a wide range of complications during pregnancy, at delivery, and at the early postpartum period as determinants of postpartum depression (PPD) at 8 weeks postpartum.Methods.A total of 1037 women who enrolled in the Rhea mother–child cohort in Crete, Greece participated in the present study. Information on pregnancy, perinatal and postpartum complications was obtained from clinical records or by questionnaires. Postpartum depressive symptoms were assessed at 8 weeks postpartum using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were fit to estimate the association between pregnancy, perinatal and postpartum complications and maternal depressive symptoms, adjusting also for potential confounders.Results.The prevalence of women with probable depression (EPDS score ≥ 13) was 13.6% at 8 weeks postpartum. Gestational hypertension and/or preeclampsia (β coefficient 1.86, 95% CI: 0.32, 3.41) and breastfeeding difficulties (β coefficient 0.77, 95% CI: 0.02, 1.53) were significantly associated with higher PPD symptoms. Sleep patterns during pregnancy, such as sleep deprivation (OR = 3.57, 95% CI: 1.91, 6.67) and snoring (OR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.11, 2.93), and breastfeeding duration less than 2 months (OR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.19, 2.64) were significantly associated with increase in the odds for PPD. Some other complications, such as unplanned pregnancy and hospitalisation during pregnancy were also associated with EPDS score, but these associations were explained by socio-demographic characteristics of the mother.Conclusions.We found that several pregnancy, perinatal and postpartum complications may have an adverse effect on maternal mood at the early postpartum period. These findings have considerable implications for developing effective prevention and early psychoeducational intervention strategies for women at risk of developing PPD.
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Bowen, A., R. Bowen, and N. Muhajarine. "FC11-04 - Patterns of depression and trajectories of treatment over the perinatal period." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73577-5.
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IntroductionPerinatal depression is an important problem with potentially deleterious health outcomes; however, we know little about the trajectories of depression and treatment.PurposeWe report the patterns of maternal depression and trajectories of treatment response in early and late pregnancy and during postpartum in 649 women recruited from the general population of pregnant women in Western Canada. Women who scored ≥ 12 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale were classified as depressed.FindingsFifty-two percent of participants were primiparas, 90% were partnered, 83.3% Caucasian, 67% earn more than $40,000 per year, 90% completed high school, and 77% had planned pregnancy. The unadjusted prevalence of depression in early pregnancy (17 weeks) was 14%, late pregnancy (30 weeks) 11.5%, and postpartum (4.1 weeks) was 9.8%. All of the psychosocial factors measured - history of depression, mood instability, lack of social support, relationship problems, worry, and stressors heighten depression symptoms throughout parturition. Our practice of referring women who screened positive for depression changed prevalence rates of women who were depressed and in treatment. The number of women in treatment increased from 12.2% in early pregnancy to 24.8% at postpartum. Women were significantly more likely to get symptom relief counselling in pregnancy compared to psychotropic medication use in postpartum, with the exception of those women with history of depression and treatment engagement.SummaryIncreased understanding of the patterns and nature of maternal depression and treatment response is essential to early identification of women who are depressed and lead to treatment that is more effective.
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Kołomańska-Bogucka and Mazur-Bialy. "Physical Activity and the Occurrence of Postnatal Depression—A Systematic Review." Medicina 55, no. 9 (September 2, 2019): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina55090560.
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Background and Objectives: During pregnancy and the postnatal period many changes occur in a woman’s body, both in mental and physical spheres. The birth of a child and a new role—of a mother—can sometimes be associated with numerous negative emotions, uncertainty, fear, anxiety, disgust, depression, or sadness. In the puerperium period, the development of baby blues or postpartum depression may occur. Postpartum depression develops within one month of childbirth and may last up to one year. Depressive disorders that may develop in a young mother affect both her and the newborn’s health. That is why it is so important to try to search for factors that could significantly reduce the likelihood of developing depression in this period. The study aims at assessing the relationship between physical activity during pregnancy and puerperium or in the postpartum and the development of postnatal depression. Materials and Methods: A review of the literature was carried out in the Medline-PubMed database. The search terms were “pregnancy” AND “physical activity AND postpartum depression”. The study included only English-language publications published in the period 2000–2018. Results: A total of 216 references were found. After establishing the inclusion and exclusion criteria based on the analysis of titles and abstracts, 173 articles were excluded from the review. A total of 43 publications were read in full. Finally, 16 articles were included in the review. It was shown that regular physical activity during pregnancy, pregnancy, and puerperium, or in the postnatal period itself as compared to inactivity, reduces the risk of developing depression in pregnant women and after the birth of a child. Conclusions: Physical activity can be an essential factor in the prevention of depressive disorders of women in the postnatal period.
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Kusuma, Ratu. "Karakteristik Ibu Yangmengalami Depresi Postpartum." Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi 19, no. 1 (January 22, 2019): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v19i1.571.
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In a condition, pregnancy is defined as a crisis condition so that the women experience various psychological disorder, one of that is depression. Depression during pregnancy can continue in the postpartum period. Postpartum depression is characterized by feeling of sadness, crying, anxiety, fear, feeling lonely, suspicious, decreased appetite, sleep disorder, difficulty concentrating, feeling of worthlessness, loss of hope, lack of interest in the baby, and feeling of being unable to become mother, even in some cases of hallucinations so that there is an attempt by mothers to divorce babies, themselves or others These symptoms appear after the second week postpartum and can even continue for up to 2 years. The incidence of postpartum depression in the world reaches 20%, Asia is 15-20%, Indonesia is 15-20% and Riau Province is 20%. The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristic of mother who experience postpartum depression. This research is a descriptive study, with consecutive sampling technique, carried out on 24 postpartum women in Kecamatan Bangkinang Kota and 30 postpartum women in Kecamatan Kuok. Using demographic instrument and Edinburgh postpartum depression scale (EPDS). The result showed, some postpartum women were at the age of not risk (88.89%), primary-secondary (72.22%), not working (61.11%), parity is multipara (72.22%), number of children 0-4, never abortion (87.04%), wanted pregnancy (81.48%), gestational age is mature (79.63%), normal labor (87.04%) and 7 (12.96%) postpartum women experience postpartum depression. Depression experienced by postpartum women in Kecamatan Bangkinang Kota and Kecamatan Kuok is quite high, this is thought to be caused by factors of employment, educational degree, number of children and unwanted pregnancy.
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Figueiredo, B., C. Canário, and T. Field. "Breastfeeding is negatively affected by prenatal depression and reduces postpartum depression." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 5 (July 3, 2013): 927–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713001530.
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BackgroundThis prospective cohort study explored the effects of prenatal and postpartum depression on breastfeeding and the effect of breastfeeding on postpartum depression.MethodThe Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) was administered to 145 women at the first, second and third trimester, and at the neonatal period and 3 months postpartum. Self-report exclusive breastfeeding since birth was collected at birth and at 3, 6 and 12 months postpartum. Data analyses were performed using repeated-measures ANOVAs and logistic and multiple linear regressions.ResultsDepression scores at the third trimester, but not at 3 months postpartum, were the best predictors of exclusive breastfeeding duration (β = −0.30,t = −2.08,p < 0.05). A significant decrease in depression scores was seen from childbirth to 3 months postpartum in women who maintained exclusive breastfeeding for ⩾3 months (F1,65 = 3.73,p < 0.10,ηp2 = 0.05).ConclusionsThese findings suggest that screening for depression symptoms during pregnancy can help to identify women at risk for early cessation of exclusive breastfeeding, and that exclusive breastfeeding may help to reduce symptoms of depression from childbirth to 3 months postpartum.
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Bowen, A., R. Bowen, and N. Muhajarine. "Exploring mood variability in pregnancy and postpartum women." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72795-x.
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IntroductionEmotional and moody behaviour is often normalized in childbearing women. However, increased mood variability is associated with psychiatric problems (anxiety, depression, personality disorder), which are potentially deleterious to the health of the developing fetus and mother.PurposeTo increase understanding about mood variability in childbearing women.MethodDepression was measured using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS). Mood variability was calculated from twice-daily diary ratings of “depressed”, “fear”, and “irritable” mood for one week each in early pregnancy, late pregnancy, and postpartum.FindingsWe recruited 47 women. Depression, as measured by the EPDS, and fear mood variability decreased from early pregnancy to postpartum. Depressed and irritable mood variability also declined during pregnancy, but increased in post-partum. Increases in mood variability (depressed, irritable) from late pregnancy to postpartum predicted higher postpartum EPDS. Mood diaries were available from 30 non-parturient women for comparison. Pregnant and postpartum women had higher irritable but not depressed or fear mood variability.ConclusionMood, particularly anxiety, is variable over the course of pregnancy into early postpartum. This may be related to diminishing concerns about the pregnancy and baby's health after birth, sleep disruptions, or hormonal changes. Depressed mood variability is correlated with, but is distinct from depression as measured by the EPDS. We present results counter to the notion that all mood is amplified in childbearing women.
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Tripathi, Pratikshya, Ganesh Devkota, and Prithi Bahadur Rai. "Postpartum Depression and its Associated Factors among Postpartum Mothers Attending a Teaching Hospital in Eastern Nepal." Journal of Nobel Medical College 9, no. 2 (December 14, 2020): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jonmc.v9i2.33395.
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Background: Postnatal depression is an important and burning public health issue in modern civilization with the strongest connection to adverse outcome for children and also maternal morbidity. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with postpartum depression among postpartum mothers attending Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital.
Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in Immunization Clinic of Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital. A total of 178 postpartum mothers with a period of six to fourteen weeks after delivery were selected by using non- probability consecutive sampling technique. Data was collected by using Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale. Association between variables was measured by Chi-square test and binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with postpartum depression among postpartum mothers
Results: The prevalence of postpartum depression among postpartum mothers was 30.3%.Amongst various variables, age of the women, religion, educational level, occupation, monthly income, type of pregnancy, parity, problem during pregnancy and delivery, infant health problem, marital satisfaction and stressful life events in previous year were significantly associated with postpartum depression.
Conclusion: The number of postpartum mothers experiencing postpartum depression was high. Early screening of depressive symptoms and counseling of postpartum mother should be included in routine antenatal and postnatal care services; so that, maternal morbidity and adverse child outcomes can be prevented.
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Eid, Karine, Øivind Fredvik Torkildsen, Jan Aarseth, Heidi Øyen Flemmen, Trygve Holmøy, Åslaug Rudjord Lorentzen, Kjell-Morten Myhr, et al. "Perinatal Depression and Anxiety in Women With Multiple Sclerosis." Neurology 96, no. 23 (April 21, 2021): e2789-e2800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000012062.
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ObjectiveTo assess the occurrence of perinatal depression and anxiety in women before and after diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS).MethodsA total of 114,629 pregnant women were included in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort study (1999–2008). We assessed depression and anxiety by questionnaires during and after pregnancy. Women with MS were identified from national health registries and hospital records and grouped into (1) MS diagnosed before pregnancy (n = 140) or MS diagnosed after pregnancy with (2) symptom onset before pregnancy (n = 98) or (3) symptom onset after pregnancy (n = 308). Thirty-five women were diagnosed with MS in the postpartum period. The reference group (n = 111,627) consisted of women without MS.ResultsWomen with MS diagnosed before pregnancy had an adjusted odds ratio of 2.0 (95% confidence interval, 1.2–3.1) for depression in the third trimester. Risk factors were adverse socioeconomic factors and history of psychiatric disease and physical/sexual abuse. The risk of anxiety was not increased. Women diagnosed with MS in the postpartum period had especially high risk of postpartum depression. Women with MS symptom onset within 5 years after pregnancy had increased risk of both depression and anxiety during pregnancy, whereas women with more than 5 years until symptom onset did not.ConclusionWomen diagnosed with MS have increased risk of perinatal depression. Women with MS symptom onset within 5 years after pregnancy have increased risk of both depression and anxiety during pregnancy.
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Shrestha, N., P. Hazrah, and R. Sagar. "Incidence and prevalence of postpartum depression in a rural community of India." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 5, no. 2 (August 14, 2015): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v5i2.13149.
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Postpartum depression (PPD) is defined as presence of depressive symptoms in the postpartum period. A seemingly innocuous disorder, if untreated can lead to foeticide or maternal suicide. Unfortunately there are very few studies which have looked into the burden of the disease. The prevalence and incidence of postpartum depression vary across culture, region and communities, with very few studies having addressed the issue, thereby making it difficult to estimate the actual burden of the disease. The present study was undertaken to estimate the incidence and prevalence of postpartum depression in a rural community of India. A cohort of 200 pregnant women were interviewed in the third trimester of pregnancy and subsequently at 6 weeks postpartum to screen for presence and severity of depressive symptoms using BDI, ICD10 and EPDS scores. A cutoff score > 13 was considered as positive for depression in EPDS. The prevalence of PPD was 12% and incidence of PPD 4.4%.
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Enatescu, V. R., M. Craina, I. Papava, R. S. Romosan, O. Balazs, and I. Enatescu. "Study on Dimensional Facets of Personality as Putative Mediating Factors for Perinatal Depression and Anxiety in Women who Gave Birth in Timis County." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1981.
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IntroductionAntepartum depression has garnered wide recognition from the scientific community in recent years. This has led to the replacement of the term postpartum with perinatal in the 5th edition of the DSM with regards to pregnancy associated depression. Personality may play a significant role in the susceptibility for developing perinatal depression.ObjectivesThe current research aimed to analyze the role of different facets of personality in mediating the occurrence of both, perinatal depression and perinatal anxiety, in women who gave birth in our region.MethodsA prospective survey was conducted at “Bega” Clinic Timisoara in 118 women being monitored during their antepartum period. Of these, 80 women attended to the second assessment between 6 to 8 weeks of their postpartum period. Postnatal depression was assessed by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale using a cut-off > 13. Personality was assessed by using the NEO-FFI Inventory that is five-factor model based.ResultsThe presence of antepartum depression was identified in 28 (23.7%) of pregnant women while postpartum depression was detected in 7 new mothers (8.8%). Among the NEO-FFI Inventory factors only Neuroticism had significant higher mean scores in both antepartum and postpartum depressive women (P = 0.003 and P = 0.016 respectively). There were also significant correlations between Neuroticism and antepartum and postpartum levels of both trait and state anxiety.ConclusionsIn the psychological management and approach of delivering women Neuroticism should be taken into account as a possible mediating factor for both depression and anxiety during their perinatal period.
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Signal, T. Leigh, Sarah-Jane Paine, Bronwyn Sweeney, Diane Muller, Monique Priston, Kathryn Lee, Philippa Gander, and Mark Huthwaite. "The prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety, and the level of life stress and worry in New Zealand Māori and non-Māori women in late pregnancy." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 51, no. 2 (July 11, 2016): 168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867415622406.
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Objective: To describe the prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety, and the level of life stress and worry in late pregnancy for Māori and non-Māori women. Methods: In late pregnancy, women completed a questionnaire recording their prior history of mood disorders; self-reported current depressive symptoms (⩾13 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale), current anxiety symptoms (⩾6 on the anxiety items from the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale), significant life stress (⩾2 items on life stress scale) and dysfunctional worry (>12 on the Brief Measure of Worry Scale). Results: Data were obtained from 406 Māori women (mean age = 27.6 years, standard deviation=6.3 years) and 738 non-Māori women (mean age = 31.6 years, standard deviation=5.3 years). Depressive symptoms (22% vs 15%), anxiety symptoms (25% vs 20%), significant life stress (55% vs 30%) and a period of poor mood during the current pregnancy (18% vs 14%) were more prevalent for Māori than non-Maori women. Less than 50% of women who had experienced ⩾2 weeks of poor mood during the current pregnancy had sought help. Being young was an independent risk factor for depressive symptoms, significant life stress and dysfunctional worry. A prior history of depression was also consistently associated with a greater risk of negative affect in pregnancy. Conclusion: Antenatal mental health requires at least as much attention and resourcing as mental health in the postpartum period. Services need to specifically target Māori women, young women and women with a prior history of depression.
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Wilson, Claire A., Paul Seed, Angela C. Flynn, Louise M. Howard, Emma Molyneaux, Julie Sigurdardottir, and Lucilla Poston. "Is There an Association Between Diet, Physical Activity and Depressive Symptoms in the Perinatal Period? An Analysis of the UPBEAT Cohort of Obese Pregnant Women." Maternal and Child Health Journal 24, no. 12 (April 30, 2020): 1482–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-020-02933-3.
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Abstract Introduction Depression is a common morbidity of the perinatal period (during pregnancy and up to one year postpartum). There is evidence for an association between diet and physical activity, and depression in the non-pregnant population but this association has been relatively less explored during the perinatal period; particularly poorly understood is the relationship between specific dietary components and depression. The aim of this study was to explore the association between glycaemic load, saturated fat intake and physical activity and depressive symptoms in a high-risk population of obese pregnant women. Methods In a cohort of 1522 women participating in the UPBEAT trial, physical activity, glycaemic load and saturated fat intake were used as predictors of depressive symptoms measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Measures taken in early pregnancy were used in linear and logistic regression models. Repeated measures at three points during pregnancy and at six months postpartum were utilised in multilevel mixed effects models. Multiple imputation was used to account for missing data. Results Increased glycaemic load was associated with small increases in levels of depressive symptoms across the perinatal period (adjusted beta coefficient 0.01; 95% CI 0.01,0.02). There was no evidence for an association between reduced physical activity and increased saturated fat intake and increased levels of depressive symptoms. Conclusions Glycaemic load may be a useful focus for interventions aiming to optimise the mental health of obese women in the perinatal period.
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Le Thi, Thuy, and Hang Tran Nhu Minh. "PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION AMONG WOMEN IN HUE CITY, IN 2016." Volume 8 Issue 3 8, no. 3 (June 2018): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.34071/jmp.2018.3.2.
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Brackground: Prevalence of postpartum depression after giving birth 3 months and within 12 months are about 15% and 15-25%, respectively. This disorder leads to severe consequences to both mother and the child. Aims: 1) To examine prevalence of depression among women aged 18 and oder after giving birth within 12 months by Vietnamese Edinburgh Postanatal Depression Scale (EPDS). 2) To analyse several factors related to postpartum depression. Methods: This was a descriptive cross – sectional study. Total of 226 women aged 18 and older after giving birth within 12 months living in Thuan Hoa và Thuy Bieu districts, Hue city were assessed by EPDS - Vietnamese version to investigate the rate of postpartum depression. A Semi – structure questionaire was used to examine related factors to postpartum depression. Multivariables logistic regression method was used to analyse factors affects to postpartum depression in participants. Results: The postpartum depression prevalence in women aged 18 and older after giving birth within 12 months by EPDS – Vietnamese version was 15.9%. Multivariables logistic regression analysis indicated several factors associated with postnatal depression in particippants including unstable job, poor economic status, being sick in pregnancy, uexpected pregnancy, unsatisfied with gender of the baby, poor relationship with her husband, helplessness from others in caring the babies and selfcare, suffering from severe insomnia, thinking sexual relationship not so important after childbirth, decreasing sexsual desire, children often crying at night. Conclusions: prevalence of postpartum depression was quite hight therefore women after childbirth need to be supported both emotional and physical dimention to prevent developing postpartum depression. Key words: Postpartum depression, Edinburgh Postanatal Depression Scale, (EPDS)
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Türk, Rukiye, and Reyhan Erkaya. "DETERMINING THE STATUS OF ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION IN WOMEN DURING PREGNANCY AND IN THE POSTPARTUM PERIOD." CBU International Conference Proceedings 6 (September 25, 2018): 971–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v6.1280.
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Problem Statement: The anxiety and depression experienced during pregnancy and in the postpartum period is of considerable importance in terms of the health of the mother and her infant.Purpose of the Study: The aim of this study was to determine the status of anxiety and depression during pregnancy and in the postpartum period.Methods: The research sample consisted of 100 primiparae and 100 multiparae who had consented to participate in the study. Data was collected with a questionnaire, the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS).Findings and Results: It was found that during pregnancy and in the postpartum period, primiparae experienced a higher level of state and trait anxiety compared to multiparae and that the rate of depression was higher in multiparae compared to primiparae.Conclusions and Recommendations: It was determined that primiparae experienced more anxiety than multiparae (p<0.05) during pregnancy and in the postpartum period and that multiparae experienced depression at a higher rate. Therefore, our recommendation is that healthcare personnel provide women with a regular program of education and consulting services to meet their needs during pregnancy and in the postpartum period.
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Serrano, Elka, and Julia “Jill” K. Warnock. "Depressive Disorders Related to Female Reproductive Transitions." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 20, no. 5 (October 2007): 385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190007304984.
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Depression is rapidly becoming a major health concern. Recent estimates rank it as the fourth leading cause of disease burden worldwide, and its incidence is steadily increasing. Women have a risk of experiencing depressive illnesses that is twice that of men. Women with depression also typically experience greater functional impairment. The incidence of depression dramatically increases during the reproductive years, which correspond to ages 25 to 44 years. During this time frame, women may experience several reproductive milestones or transitional events such as menarche, the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, infertility, miscarriage, and perimenopause/menopause. These transitions evoke neuroendocrinologic changes that appear to influence the risk for depressive episodes. Common disorders associated with these hormonal fluctuations include premenstrual dysphoric disorder, postpartum depression, and depression in the perimenopausal transition. Although the specific pathophysiologic association is still unclear, evidence supports that these reproductive transitions influence the risk of depression in women.
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Navarrete, Laura, Lourdes Nieto, Ma Asunción Lara, and Ma del Carmen Lara. "Sensitivity and specificity of the three Whooley and Arroll questions for detecting perinatal depression in Mexican women." Salud Pública de México 61, no. 1, ene-feb (December 19, 2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21149/9083.
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Objective. To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the Two Whooley questions and the Arroll question, using the SCID, The Structured Clinical Interview (SCID-I) as the gold standard for detecting perinatal depression. Materials and methods. We interviewed 210 women during pregnancy and 6 months postpartum. Results. The criterion with the greatest sensitivity was responding positively to either Whooley question (pregnancy= 94.7 %; postpartum=100.0%), while the most specific criterion was responding positively to the two Whooley questions plus the Arroll question (Pregnancy=90.0% Postpartum = 85.7%). Conclusion. The Whooley and Arroll questions have adequate psychometric properties to detect possible cases of depression during the perinatal period. They can be applied during prenatal check-ups and postpartum consultations. Timely detection of women at risk of perinatal depression can contribute to their treatment for reducing their adverse consequences in mothers and infants.
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Tho Nhi, Tran, Nguyen Thi Thuy Hanh, Nguyen Duc Hinh, Ngo Van Toan, Tine Gammeltoft, Vibeke Rasch, and Dan W. Meyrowitsch. "Intimate Partner Violence among Pregnant Women and Postpartum Depression in Vietnam: A Longitudinal Study." BioMed Research International 2019 (April 24, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4717485.
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Background. Exposure to intimate partner violence during pregnancy is associated with a wide range of adverse reproductive health outcomes. However, detailed knowledge on the association between specific types of exposure to partner violence and postpartum depression is limited. Purpose. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between exposure to emotional violence, physical violence, and sexual violence during pregnancy and postpartum depression among women in northern Vietnam. Methods. The study was designed as a longitudinal study, which included a total of 1,337 women. The study participants were recruited from 24 communes in Dong Anh District, Hanoi, Vietnam, and interviewed four times: (a) at enrolment (which took place no later than week 24 of the pregnancy); (b) at a gestational age of 30-34 weeks; (c) at delivery; and d) 4-12 weeks after delivery. Emotional, physical, and sexual violence exerted by the intimate partner were measured using a modified version of the questionnaire initially developed by the World Health Organization, and signs of depression were measured by the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale. Results. More than one-third of the women (35.3%) experienced at least one type of violence during their pregnancy and 8.2% of the women reported postpartum depression. The results of multivariate analyses showed that both physical and sexual violence were statistically significantly associated with postpartum depression (AOR=2.75, 95%CI: 1.19-6.35 and AOR=1.93, 95%CI: 1.01-3.73, respectively). Conclusions. The results showed strong and statistically significant associations between partner violence and postpartum depression. These findings clearly demonstrate a crucial need for relevant health professionals to identify women who are exposed to partner violence and screen for postpartum depression in order to mitigate the negative mental health outcomes among Vietnamese women.
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van der Waerden, J., C. Galéra, M. J. Saurel-Cubizolles, A. L. Sutter-Dallay, and M. Melchior. "Predictors of persistent maternal depression trajectories in early childhood: results from the EDEN mother–child cohort study in France." Psychological Medicine 45, no. 9 (February 13, 2015): 1999–2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329171500015x.
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BackgroundMaternal depression in the pre- and postpartum period may set women on a course of chronic depressive symptoms. Little is known about predictors of persistently elevated depressive symptoms in mothers from pregnancy onwards. The aims of this study are to determine maternal depression trajectories from pregnancy to the child's fifth birthday and identify associated risk factors.MethodMothers (N = 1807) from the EDEN mother–child birth cohort study based in France (2003–2011) were followed from 24–28 weeks of pregnancy to their child's fifth birthday. Maternal depression trajectories were determined with a semi-parametric group-based modelling strategy. Sociodemographic, psychosocial and psychiatric predictors were explored for their association with trajectory class membership.ResultsFive trajectories of maternal symptoms of depression from pregnancy onwards were identified: no symptoms (60.2%); persistent intermediate-level depressive symptoms (25.2%); persistent high depressive symptoms (5.0%); high symptoms in pregnancy only (4.7%); high symptoms in the child's preschool period only (4.9%).Socio-demographic predictorsassociated with persistent depression were non-French origin;psychosocial predictorswere childhood adversities, life events during pregnancy and work overinvestment;psychiatric predictorswere previous mental health problems, psychological help, and high anxiety during pregnancy.ConclusionsPersistent depression in mothers of young children is associated to several risk factors present prior to or during pregnancy, notably anxiety. These characteristics precede depression trajectories and offer a possible entry point to enhance mother's mental health and reduce its burden on children.