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Books on the topic 'Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 26 January 2023

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1

CopShock: Surviving posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Tucson, Ariz: Holbrook Street Press, 1999.

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2

Kates, Allen R. CopShock: Surviving posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). 2nd ed. Tucson, Ariz: Holbrook Street Press, 2008.

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3

Giarratano, Leah. Clinical skills for managing PTSD: Proven practical techniques for treating posttraumatic stress disorder. New South Wales, Australia: Talomin Books, 2004.

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4

D, Norrholm Seth, Jovanovic Tanja, and Rothbaum Barbara Olasov, eds. Optimization of research and clinical applications for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Progress through modern translational methodologies. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science, 2010.

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5

Zayfert, Claudia. When someone you love suffers from posttraumatic stress: What to expect and what you can do. New York: Guilford Press, 2011.

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6

Rosen, Gerald M., ed. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470713570.

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7

Bremner, J. Douglas, ed. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118356142.

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8

Posttraumatic stress disorder--additional perspectives. Springfield, Ill., U.S.A: C.C. Thomas, 1994.

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9

Morel, Kenneth R. Malingering versus posttraumatic stress disorder. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science, 2010.

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10

O’Shea Brown, Gillian. Healing Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61416-4.

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11

Kates, Allen R. Copshock, Surviving Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Surviving Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Ptsd). Holbrook Street Pr, 1999.

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12

Benedek, David M., and Gary H. Wynn. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190205959.003.0002.

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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may develop after exposure to a traumatic event (or events) such as interpersonal violence, disasters, war, or terrorism. PTSD is characterized by specific symptoms organized into core clusters, including reexperience, hyperarousal, avoidance, and negative alterations in mood and cognition. Although these symptoms may resolve without any intervention, they may also progress to a chronic, debilitating state. The characteristics of the disorder as described, as are the incidence and prevalence of PTSD and subgroups that may be at greater risk. The fact that many persons exposed to traumatic events do not develop lasting symptoms of PTSD (or PTSD at all) is explained through a discussion of risk and protective factors. Last, brief reviews of diagnostic assessments and current noncomplementary/nonalternative treatments supported by practice guidelines and clinical consensus are described.
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13

Stoddard Jr, Frederick J., David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0003.

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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects people of all ages and backgrounds and causes persistent suffering and impaired function, but its diagnosis offers the opportunity for early intervention. It is the subject of intensive developmental, epidemiological, genetic/genomic, translational, neurobiological, neuropsychological, and psychological research, and emerging computational methods with “big data,” statistical modeling, and machine learning are likely to accelerate this research. The findings from research on PTSD are changing education and the ways clinicians practice, offering the hope for improved care of those experiencing traumatic stress. Those at particular risk for PTSD include children and adolescents, women, soldiers, refugees and survivors of genocide, sexual orientation minorities, racial and ethnic minorities, patients with burns, injuries and medical trauma, and victims of rape, violence, accidents, and disasters. This chapter provides an overview of PTSD, covering Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fifth edition) diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, neurochemistry and neurobiology, biological and psychological models, assessment, and treatment.
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14

1935-, Ritter G., and Kramer J, eds. Unfallneurose, Rentenneurose =: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Erlangen: Perimed Fachbuch-Verlagsgesellschaft, 1991.

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15

Church, Dawson. EFT for PTSD: (Posttraumatic stress disorder). 2017.

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16

Long, Laura J., and Matthew W. Gallagher. Hope and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Edited by Matthew W. Gallagher and Shane J. Lopez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399314.013.24.

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Traumatic events can have a debilitating effect on mental health, and may lead to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, most people can adjust after adversity, and some even experience posttraumatic growth (PTG). Hope theory suggests that hope provides a psychological resource that can help individuals to respond to trauma with resilience. This chapter explores the role of hope as a protective factor preventing the development of PTSD, the relationship between hope and coping in the context of PTSD, and how hope may facilitate PTG. It also discusses how hope may act as a common factor across psychotherapies for the treatment of PTSD. Future research directions include investigating hope as a mechanism of change in psychotherapy for PTSD and the degree to which hope can incrementally predict PTSD and PTG beyond related types of positive thinking.
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17

Khusid, Marina. Meditation Techniques for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190205959.003.0004.

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Although there is currently insufficient evidence to support meditation as a first-line treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the evidence base for meditation used adjunctively in the management of PTSD and related psychiatric comorbidities is rapidly expanding. The 2010 Veterans Administration/Department of Defense (VA/DoD) clinical practice guideline (CPG) for management of PTSD states that mind–body approaches may be considered adjunctive treatment for hyperarousal symptoms. Although several reviews support the conclusions reflected in the CPG, others suggest meditation interventions may be more useful in managing PTSD than originally speculated. Meditation may help reduce intrusive memories, avoidance, and anger; and increase self-esteem, pain tolerance, energy, and ability to relax and cope with stress. One comparative effectiveness review concluded that mindfulness meditation is beneficial in reducing psychological stress consequences, such as depression, pain, and mental health-related quality of life.
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18

Markowitz, John C. Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780190465599.001.0001.

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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent, debilitating public health problem. It is a treatable condition, but the predominant approach to treatment has involved exposing patients to their worst fears, the reminders of their traumas. Many patients and therapists find this process unpleasant, and exposure-based treatment does not help everyone. We recently studied Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT), a non-exposure treatment that focuses on restoring the numbed emotions of patients with PTSD and helping patients use them to reconstruct a sense of safety in their environment. IPT focuses on patients’ feelings as helpful signals in current interpersonal encounters, not on reconstructing past traumatic events. IPT worked as well as Prolonged Exposure, the best-tested exposure-based treatment, in a randomized controlled trial for patients with chronic PTSD. Moreover, IPT had advantages for the half of patients who suffered both from PTSD and from major depression. This book describes for clinicians the use of IPT and its emotion- and attachment-based approach.
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19

Golier, Julia A., Andreas C. Michaelides, Maya Genovesi, Emily Chapman, and Rachel Yehuda. Pharmacological Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199342211.003.0019.

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Although psychotherapy is considered first-line treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), advances have been made in pharmacological treatment. Based on controlled clinical trials, antidepressants remain the first-line pharmacological treatment. Studies suggest that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors reduce PTSD-specific symptoms and improve global outcome. Emerging evidence suggests efficacy for venlafaxine. Other individual agents found to be efficacious include imipramine and phenelzine. Prazosin is emerging as a beneficial adjunct for PTSD-related sleep disturbances and nightmares. Some evidence suggests that atypical antipsychotics may be efficacious against a broad range of symptoms, although the risk of metabolic side effects may limit widespread use. Trials are needed to assess whether anticonvulsants, cortisol-based treatments, sympatholytics, or other novel approaches are efficacious, and how pharmacotherapy can enhance psychotherapy outcomes. These studies should consider the goals of pharmacotherapy in PTSD and the subgroups of patients or clinical presentations most likely to benefit from pharmacological interventions.
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20

Najavits, Lisa M., and Nicole M. Capezza. Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comorbidity. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.029.

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Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are highly comorbid diagnoses following a traumatic event. In this chapter, we explore a range of topics related to comorbid depression and PTSD, including impact, prevalence, shared risk factors, temporal priority, key research areas, intervention strategies, and future research directions. Given the overlap in symptoms and shared risk factors, some researchers have suggested that the comorbidity between depression and PTSD following a traumatic event may be better understood as a single general mood disorder rather than two separate disorders. We examine evidence supporting both possibilities. We briefly review the two research areas that have received the most attention, namely comorbidity related to military traumas and interpersonal abuse. Practical implications, assessments, interventions, and treatment recommendations are also discussed.
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21

M, Violanti John, and Paton Douglas, eds. Who gets PTSD?: Issues of posttraumatic stress vulnerability. Springfield, IL L: Charles C Thomas, 2005.

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22

(Editor), John M. Violanti, and Douglas Paton (Editor), eds. Who Gets PTSD?: Issues of Posttraumatic Stress Vulnerability. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 2006.

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23

Who Gets Ptsd?: Issues of Posttraumatic Stress Vulnerability. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 2006.

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24

Zachar, Peter, and Richard J. McNally. Vagueness, the sorites paradox, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722373.003.0009.

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This chapter explores the vagueness inherent in the conceptual structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although psychopathologists have developed precise diagnostic criteria for PTSD, concepts such as traumatic, severe, and impaired generate borderline cases. As in the sorites paradox, where difficult to distinguish but successively smaller piles of sand may be called heaps, in PTSD similar but successively milder traumatic events may produce PTSD symptoms. The vagueness that bedevils PTSD is of two sorts: the degree vagueness manifested in gradual transitions between subtraumatic and traumatic stressors; and vagueness between normal and abnormal reactions. Also discussed here is an alternative causal systems approach in which the symptoms of PTSD are causally related parts of PTSD. Such mereological structures produce combinatorial vagueness in which there are borderline cases between PTSD and other psychiatric syndromes.
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25

Scarlet, Janina, Ariel J. Lang, and Robyn D. Walser. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190205959.003.0003.

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This chapter examines evidence for the effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There is high demand for CAM among both military and civilian consumers and thus CAM for PTSD warrants thorough analysis. The CAM interventions reviewed herein include mindfulness and other meditative practices, acupuncture, yoga, relaxation, breathing training, and physical exercise. Although there are few rigorous studies of CAM for PTSD, available evidence suggests that these approaches are moderately effective. They would generally not be considered a first line intervention for PTSD at this point, but rather would be recommended as an adjunct to established approaches. The limited number of studies available, however, precludes drawing firm conclusions. Thus, future work should focus on better understanding the optimal uses of CAM for PTSD.
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26

Najavits, Lisa M., and Melissa L. Anderson. Psychosocial Treatments for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199342211.003.0018.

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Treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) work better than treatment as usual; average effect sizes are in the moderate to high range. A variety of treatments have been established as effective, with no one treatment having superiority. Both present-focused and past-focused treatment models work (neither consistently outperforms the other). Areas of future development include training, dissemination, client access to care, optimal delivery modes, and mechanisms of action. Methodological issues include improving research reporting, broadening study samples, and greater use of active comparison conditions.
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27

Grant, Sean, Benjamin Colaiaco, Aneesa Motala, Roberta Shanman, Melony Sorbero, and Susanne Hempel. Needle Acupuncture for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Systematic Review. RAND Corporation, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7249/rr1433.

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28

Sleep Management in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Systematic Review. RAND Corporation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7249/rr4471.

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29

Clark, Caroline, Jeffrey Cole, Christine Winter, and Geoffrey Grammer. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190205959.003.0005.

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Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often fail to resolve with psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, or integrative medicine treatments. Given these limitations, there is a continued push to discover treatment methods utilizing novel mechanisms of action. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) offers a non-invasive and safe method of brain stimulation that modulates neuronal activity in a focal area to achieve excitation or inhibition, and may have utility for patients suffering from PTSD, although, to date, evidence of efficacy is limited. The TMS treatment can be varied to suit the needs of the patient by altering the selection of the specific treatment parameters, such as pulse frequency or stimulation intensity. The weight of evidence to date supports treatment of either the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex or the medical prefrontal cortex. Coupling treatment with script based exposure therapies may also assist with potentiation of the extinction response. Ultimately, stimulation parameters may be related to secondary downstream effects, and thus current targets may indirectly reverse the underlying neuronal pathophysiology. Given that PTSD is a complex illness with a poorly understood pathophysiology, it often exists with other psychiatric comorbidities or TBI. As such, TMS could be an effective part of a comprehensive treatment program.
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30

Douaihy, Antoine, Melanie Grubisha, Maureen Lyon, and Mary Ann Cohen. Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder—The Special Role in HIV Transmission. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0017.

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The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in persons with HIV is higher than in the general population. Adults with HIV are likely to have experienced traumatic events that place them at risk for developing PTSD. Among women with HIV, PTSD may be more common than depression, suicidality, and substance use. The high prevalence of PTSD is related to increased exposure to traumatic experiences such as physical violence and sexual assault, including intimate partner violence and childhood sexual abuse. The co-occurrence of PTSD and HIV creates complex challenges for both the management of HIV and treatment of PTSD. Individuals with PTSD and HIV experience more rapid illness progression and poorer health-related quality of life, with health-compromising behaviors such as substance use, high-risk sexual behavior, poor utilization of services, and low adherence to antiretroviral therapy. This chapter addresses the complexities of HIV, trauma, and PTSD and recommends trauma-informed care in the treatment of people living with HIV and AIDS.
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31

Koen, N., T. Amos, J. Ipser, and D. Stein. Antidepressants in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0034.

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This chapter discusses the use of antidepressants in treating symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Tricyclic antidepressants were the first psychotropic agents to be studied systematically and rigorously for the treatment of PTSD. While early studies focused both on the tricyclics and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), more recent work has centered on the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs); and paroxetine and sertraline are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in this disorder. However, given the relatively small effect sizes in SSRI trials of PTSD, there is a need for ongoing psychopharmacological research to understand underlying mechanisms of antidepressant efficacy and to optimize response to pharmacotherapy. Further data on pediatric PTSD and on medication prophylaxis are needed before routine antidepressant treatment can be endorsed in these contexts.
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32

Ayers, Susan, and Elizabeth Ford. Posttraumatic Stress During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. Edited by Amy Wenzel. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199778072.013.18.

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Research on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in pregnancy and postpartum is relatively new but clearly demonstrates the importance of recognizing and treating women with PTSD at this time. Women with PTSD in pregnancy are at greater risk of pregnancy complications and health behaviors that have a negative impact on the woman and fetus. Approximately –3% of women develop PTSD after giving birth, and rates increase for women who have preterm or stillborn infants or life-threatening complications during pregnancy or labor. Models of the etiology of postpartum PTSD focus on the interaction among individual vulnerability, risk, and protective factors during and after birth. Research shows evidence for the role of previous psychiatric problems, depression in pregnancy, severe complications during birth, support, and women’s subjective experience of birth in postpartum PTSD. Very little research has examined screening or intervention. The chapter highlights key research topics that need addressing.
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33

Rothbaum, Barbara O., and Sheila A. M. Rauch. PTSD. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190930370.001.0001.

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What is posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and who experiences it? Why do some people develop PTSD after a traumatic event, while others do not? What are the unique impacts of trauma on children? Are there effective treatments for traumatic stress disorders? PTSD: What Everyone Needs to Know is a scientifically-supported yet accessible resource on a disorder that affects up to 7% of adults during their lifetime. Utilizing a reader-friendly Q&A format, the book demystifies and defines PTSD, explaining that, despite popular opinion and countless media portrayals, this is not simply a disorder for combat veterans. Instead, survivors of any life-threatening event can experience PTSD. Beginning with an overview of common types of trauma, internationally-renowned experts on traumatic stress Barbara Rothbaum and Sheila Rauch then go on to describe the effects of PTSD, what can trigger the disorder, and who is likely to experience it. They explain how the most effective treatments work, and guide readers on how to be a source of support and understanding for those who have experienced trauma. Drawing attention to the pervasiveness of traumatic experiences in our lives and in culture and society, PTSD: What Everyone Needs to Know is a must-read for anyone seeking authoritative and current information about this often misunderstood disorder.
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34

Pilecki, Brian, Megan Olden, Melissa Peskin, Lucy Finkelstein-Fox, and JoAnn Difede. The Use of Yoga-Based Interventions for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190205959.003.0011.

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This chapter discusses the use of yoga-based interventions for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It will first provide an overview of the empirical research on yoga and other mindfulness-based interventions for individuals with anxiety, depression, and PTSD. Potential mechanisms of action in yoga interventions will be discussed, including mindfulness, breathing, positive emotions and social cohesion, meaning-making, spirituality, and cognitive restructuring. Although effective evidence-based interventions for PTSD such as exposure-based therapies are available, some individuals are reticent to engage in exposure therapy, have limited access to health care, or continue to experience symptoms after receiving treatment. Thus, yoga-based interventions have potential as an affordable, easily accessible alternative or complement to existing treatments. Although there is preliminary evidence supporting the use of yoga-based interventions, further research with sufficient sample sizes and rigorous research designs is needed.
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35

De Young, Alexandra C., and Michael S. Scheeringa. PTSD in Children 6 Years and Younger. Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0008.

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This chapter is an overview of the new Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fifth edition; DSM-5) subtype “posttraumatic stress disorder for children 6 years and younger” and what is known about posttraumatic stress disorder during early childhood. It outlines issues that complicate the accurate assessment of trauma-related problems in young children and reviews the new DSM-5 category, instruments currently available, and evidence for different treatment options. Young children are a high-risk population for exposure to traumatic events and are likewise at risk of developing trauma- and stressor-related disorders following trauma exposure. Early childhood is associated with unique vulnerabilities that may put young children at risk of poor outcomes and rapid maturational growth that may enhance resilience. Early and accurate assessment and treatment of posttrauma reactions in very young children can be challenging, but, because of these factors, it is critical.
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36

Hoffman, Julia E., Eric Kuhn, Jason E. Owen, and Josef I. Ruzek. Mobile Apps to Improve Outreach, Engagement, Self-Management, and Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190205959.003.0015.

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Within the past decade, the emergence and pervasiveness of mobile technology across all socioeconomic groups in most parts of the world has enabled myriad opportunities to engage trauma survivors in novel approaches to treatment, self-management, and symptom monitoring. While the World Wide Web has continued its explosive growth, the availability of mobile phones has kept pace. These sophisticated devices are always on and always accessible, enabling previously unheard-of opportunities for patient engagement, connection with providers and systems, objective measures of functioning and change, and innovative enhancements to evidence-based treatment tools. The potential for mobile technology to ease delivery of medical care has led to the release of hundreds of thousands of software and hardware applications (“apps”). The National Center for PTSD has been at the forefront of app development for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including PTSD Coach. Various publicly available, free apps are described.
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37

Pace-Schott, Edward F., and Samuel Gazecki. The Role of Stress in the Etiology of PTSD. Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0012.

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This chapter reviews the biological features of stress and their correlation to symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Over the past 15 years, advances in understanding the neurobiology of stress and anxiety have revealed underlying neural abnormalities that might help explain why posttraumatic symptoms—intrusive memories or nightmares, avoidance of situations or stimuli associated with the event, persistent negativity of mood and cognition, and hyperarousal—persist in patients with PTSD. This chapter focuses on research that has discovered how abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, abnormalities of the catecholamingergic/autonomic system, and atypical physiologic and neural circuit responses during fear extinction recall may be important biological factors in the etiology and maintenance of PTSD symptoms.
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38

Weathers, Frank W. DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for PTSD. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0002.

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The diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have evolved substantially since the disorder was introduced in DSM-III. The latest revision for DSM-5 involved several notable changes, including moving PTSD to a new chapter of trauma- and stressor-related disorders, reconceptualizing the stressor criterion, expanding from three to four symptom clusters, adding three new symptoms and revising others, adding a dissociative subtype, and creating separate criteria for children six years and younger. This chapter traces the evolution of the PTSD criteria and describes the DSM-5 criteria in detail. Since PTSD has been a controversial diagnosis since its inception, this chapter also provides an overview of the conceptual issues and empirical findings that influenced its development over time and motivated its current iteration.
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39

Milad, Mohammed R., and Kylie N. Moore. Neurobiology and Neuroimaging of PTSD. Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0015.

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This chapter provides a broad overview of the fear circuitry implicated in the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder. It begins by reviewing evidence from animal models of fear conditioning and extinction that unveiled the neural structures incorporated in the fear circuitry. Then it explores the translation of these findings to healthy human models of fear conditioning and finally examines the neural dysfunctions highlighted by neuroimaging studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in order to conceptualize mechanisms of fear extinction and the role of impaired fear extinction in contributing to the pathology of PTSD. The chapter ends with the potential therapeutic interventions for the treatment of PTSD in the scope of this model but with a note of caution regarding some of its limitations.
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40

Lo, Meng-chen, Marie-France Marin, Alik S. Widge, and Mohammed R. Milad. Device-Based Treatment for PTSD. Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0025.

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Device-based neuromodulation is an emerging tool with great potential for significant scientific and clinical implications for a number of mental disorders. Neuromodulation techniques deliver electro-magnetic pulses into the brain via invasive or noninvasive electrodes, with various timing and stimulation parameters. The stimulation is thought to work as a “brain pacemaker” that either activates or inactivates targeted brain regions to restore normal homeostasis. There have been significant recent efforts to explore the clinical utility of device-based approaches for the treatment of mood, anxiety disorders, and to a limited extent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This chapter outlines the scientific underpinnings and rationale for various device-based treatments of PTSD, highlights positive results of studies in other mental disorders, and summarizes the limited clinical data related specifically to the treatment of PTSD and other trauma- and stressor-related disorders to date.
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41

Heim, Christine, Katharina Schultebraucks, Charles R. Marmar, and Charles B. Nemeroff. Neurobiological Pathways Involved in Fear, Stress, and PTSD. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0019.

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This chapter examines current findings relating to the molecular neuropharmacology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Studies consistently show that neurochemical alterations after trauma exposure are associated with the development of PTSD and reflect in part stress sensitization in PTSD. We also review neuroendocrine, neurotransmitter, neuropeptide, and related molecular features that reflect preexisting vulnerability factors for the development of PTSD. In this chapter, we provide an overview of recent neuroendocrine findings mainly with regard to the influence of the hypothalamic-pituitary-axis. We also review recent neurochemical findings including the influence of different neurotransmitters such as catecholamines, serotonin, amino acids, neuropeptides, neurotrophins, and lipids. We incorporate these new and established neurobiological findings into a proposed integrative model of the neurobiology of PTSD.
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42

Maeng, Lisa Y., and Mohammed R. Milad. PTSD in Women. Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0016.

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This chapter focuses primarily on the influence of female sex as a risk factor for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Prevalence rates suggest that women are especially vulnerable to developing PTSD. Despite changes in diagnostic criteria and examination across varied populations, the prevalence of PTSD remains consistently twice as high in women as men. This chapter examines sex differences in both incidence and presentation of PTSD. It then moves to a discussion of the neurobiological factors of PTSD in women, further examining stress and fear regulation mechanisms and the circuitry that may underlie the disproportionate vulnerability to PTSD development in women. The influence of gonadal hormones on PTSD symptomology is also explored in this chapter with a focus on estrogen and progesterone.
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43

Benedek, David M., and Gary H. Wynn, eds. Complementary and Alternative Medicine for PTSD. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190205959.001.0001.

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Posttraumatic stress disorder may result from exposure to a myriad of traumatic events including war, natural disaster, and interpersonal violence. Traditional methods of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy have provided relief to many but have also failed to address the suffering of large numbers of others. This suboptimal response to traditional care leaves many both patients and providers frustrated that tools necessary to alleviate the social, occupational and interpersonal dysfunction resulting from PTSD seem lacking. Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, compiles the most recent understanding of many of the complementary and alternative modalities used to fill this therapeutic void. In 16 well-organized, accessible chapters, leaders in their respective fields review the latest research and the best clinical approaches for treatments including yoga, acupuncture, meditation, alternative pharmacology, and virtual reality. While chapters vary to reflect the varying degrees of present clinical experience and knowledge for these modalities, each chapter provides the most up to date understanding of neurobiology, best practices, and key points for clinicians and patients considering inclusion of these treatments in patient care. Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder provides an excellent overview of the field and starting point for clinicians and patients interested in learning more about these treatments. For everyone from student to senior clinician this text can serve as a thoughtful reference and practical guide to everyday clinical interactions. This book can begin the journey into understanding complementary and alternative medicine for PTSD and the potential benefit for patients and clinicians.
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44

Parker-Guilbert, Kelly S., Samantha J. Moshier, Brian P. Marx, and Terence M. Keane. Measures of PTSD Symptom Severity. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0003.

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Assessment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity serves a variety of important clinical and research purposes and may be able to more accurately represent the nature of posttraumatic stress when compared with traditional categorical diagnosis. Numerous measures that assess PTSD symptom severity are available and choosing measures with strong psychometric properties that meet one’s clinical or research needs is essential to accurate assessment. This task is made more complex by the recent update to the PTSD symptom criteria from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. This chapter discusses available clinician-rated and self-report methods for evaluating PTSD symptom severity and makes recommendations for clinicians and researchers across a range of contexts and patient populations.
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45

Carrión, Victor G., and Carl F. Weems. Neuroscience of Pediatric PTSD. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190201968.001.0001.

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The overarching goal of Neuroscience of Pediatric PTSD is to provide mental health professionals and students with a review of the broad array of research related to the neurobiology of developmental traumatic stress. In doing so, it attempts to provide a synthesis of how this body of work has built a foundation from which we can launch new ways of studying the impact of trauma in children and adolescents. It uses posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as an anchor to inform on these advancements. The past 20 years have seen an increased interest in how traumatic stress impacts development. Neuroscience of Pediatric PTSD summarizes key work done in areas pertinent to function and development. It discusses advances in the neuroscience of executive function, memory, emotional processing, and associated features such as dissociation, self-injurious behaviors, and sleep regulation. Each chapter is divided in three parts: animal studies, adult studies, and child studies. Issues such as comorbidity and treatment, and their relationship to these neuroscience findings, are presented.
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46

Post, Robert M. The Neurochemistry and Epigenetics of PTSD. Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0014.

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This chapter reviews the neurochemistry and epigenetics of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Traditional views of the neurochemistry of PTSD focus on alterations in classical central nervous system neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine and pathological reactivity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and these are only briefly noted here. Instead, the chapter emphasizes a series of new conceptualizations and neurochemical data that have recently been elucidated. One is the recognition of the symptoms and neurobiology of PTSD as a moving target, being very different in different stages of illness evolution. Differences are apparent in the neurochemistry involved in early life stressor-related vulnerabilities to PTSD, the acute stress reaction, compensation and resolution phases, or ongoing chronicity with sleep disturbance, nightmares, flashbacks, hyperarousal, and dulling and depression. The neurochemical abnormalities vary as a function of this temporal unfolding and the common acquisition and progression of comorbid syndromes of alcohol and substance abuse.
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47

McCarty-Gould, Colleen. Crisis and Chaos: Life with the Combat Veteran. The Stories of Families Living and Coping with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Nova Science Publishers, 1999.

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48

Back, Sudie E., Edna B. Foa, Therese K. Killeen, Katherine L. Mills, Maree Teesson, Bonnie Dansky Cotton, Kathleen M. Carroll, and Kathleen T. Brady. Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure (COPE). Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199334513.001.0001.

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Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure (COPE) is a an integrated treatment cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy program designed for patients who have posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and a co-occurring alcohol or drug use disorder. COPE represents an integration of two evidence-based treatments: Prolonged Exposure (PE) therapy for PTSD and Relapse Prevention for substance use disorders, where both the PTSD and substance use disorder are addressed concurrently in therapy by the same clinician, and patients can experience substantial reductions in both PTSD symptoms and substance use severity. The program includes information about how PTSD symptoms and substance use interact with one another; information about the most common reactions to trauma; techniques to help the patient manage cravings and thoughts about using alcohol or drugs; coping skills to help the patient prevent relapse to substances; a breathing retraining relaxation exercise; and in vivo (real life) and imaginal exposures to target the patient's PTSD symptoms.
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49

Back, Sudie E., Edna B. Foa, Therese K. Killeen, Katherine L. Mills, Maree Teesson, Bonnie Dansky Cotton, Kathleen M. Carroll, and Kathleen T. Brady. Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure (COPE). Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199334537.001.0001.

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Abstract:
Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure (COPE) is a an integrated treatment cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy program designed for patients who have posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and a co-occurring alcohol or drug use disorder. COPE represents an integration of two evidence-based treatments: Prolonged Exposure (PE) therapy for PTSD and Relapse Prevention for substance use disorders, where both the PTSD and substance use disorder are addressed concurrently in therapy by the same clinician, and patients can experience substantial reductions in both PTSD symptoms and substance use severity. The program includes information about how PTSD symptoms and substance use interact with one another; information about the most common reactions to trauma; techniques to help the patient manage cravings and thoughts about using alcohol or drugs; coping skills to help the patient prevent relapse to substances; a breathing retraining relaxation exercise; and in vivo (real life) and imaginal exposures to target the patient's PTSD symptoms.
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50

DeViva, Jason C., and Claudia Zayfert. When Someone You Love Suffers from Posttraumatic Stress: What to Expect and What You Can Do. Guilford Publications, 2017.

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