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Journal articles on the topic 'Potassium Bromate'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Falahul Alam, Riesma Azhar, Hilda Aprilia Wisnuwardhani, and Rusnadi Rusnadi. "Optimasi Pereaksi Warna Carik Uji untuk Analisis Kualitatif Kalium Bromat pada Makanan." Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi Farmasyifa 1, no. 1 (October 30, 2017): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/jiff.v1i1.3077.

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ABSTRAK Bahan tambahan pangan biasanya ditambahkan untuk meningkatkan mutu makanan. Namun, sering pula dijumpai penambahan zat yang dilarang penggunaannya dalam makanan. Salah satunya adalah kalium bromat. Untuk itu diperlukan suatu pereaksi untuk pendeteksian kalium bromat yang dapat dijadikan carik uji agar pendeteksian kalium bromat menjadi lebih mudah. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan optimasi volume nanopartikel Ag dan konsentrasi acid red 14 sebagai pereaksi untuk carik uji kalium bromat. Acid red 14 ini akan teroksidasi menjadi tidak berwarna dengan adanya kalium bromat. Dari hasil penelitian ini, setiap 25 mL pereaksi terdiri dari 10 mL nanopartikel Ag; 0,002 mM acid red 14; dan 1 mL H2SO4 0,2 M.Kata kunci: Kalium bromat, nanopartikel Ag, acid red 14.ABSTRACT Food additives are usually added to improve food quality. But banned substance are often found e.g potassium bromate. Therefore we need a reagent to analyze the presence of potassium bromate and the reagent will be used to make a strip test for practical uses in detection potassium bromate. In this study, optimization of Ag nanoparticles volume and acid red 14 concentration has been done. Acid Red 14 was oxidized to colorless in the presence of potassium bromate. Result showed that each 25 mL reagent consist of 10 mL Ag nanopaticles; 0,002 mM acid red 14; and 1 mL 0,2 M H2SO4.Key words: Potassium bromate, Ag nanopaticles, acid red 14.

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2

Dong, Wen Yi, Zi Jun Dong, Feng Ouyang, and Yang Dong. "Potassium Permanganate/ Ozone Combined Oxidation for Minimizing Bromate in Drinking Water." Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (June 2010): 1490–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.1490.

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In this study, experiments were conducted to make a comparison in bromate formation between KMnO4/O3 combined oxidation and single ozonation. The effect of KMnO4 dosage, temperature, pH and NOM on bromate formation during KMnO4/O3 combined oxidation was investigated. Result shows that, bromate formation is 26% lower during the process of KMnO4/O3 combined oxidation. The optimal KMnO4 dosage is suggested to be 1mg/L considering balance between bromate inhibition and the residual manganese concentration. When KMnO4 dosage was 1.0mg/L, initial bromide concentration was lower than 80 μg/L, and temperature was below 25°C, combined oxidation can make the formation of bromate under the maximum contaminant level of 10 μg/L. Finally, the probable mechanism of the better behavior of KMnO4/O3 combined oxidation was discussed.

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3

Mohammed, M. J., M. S. Mahdi, A. H. Jameel, and K. M. Thalj. "THE ROLE OF LACTOBACILLUS CASEI AND LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILLUS TO DECREASE THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF POTASSIUM BROMATE IN RATS." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 52, no. 1 (February 24, 2021): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v52i1.1237.

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This study was conducted to investigate the ameliorative effect of lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus against Potassium bromate (25, 50) mg / kg toxicity by some physiological indicators in 35 of female rats after 21 days. The animals were divided into 7 groups within each group 5 animals weighted 140 – 155 g. The results showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in value of Red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), White blood cells (WBC), Lymphocyte (LYM) and Platelets (PLT), While increasing the values of Granules (GRN). Also found that the addition of Potassium bromate Potassium bromate led to increase in cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and blood glucose, while decreased the values of High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) for rats groups with increasing the concentration of Potassium bromate compared with control group. The addition of two types of lactic acid bacteria L. casei and L. acidophilus with Potassium bromate showed a positive effect to reducing the negative effect of Potassium bromate on blood and lipid profile parameters compared with the control group and Potassium bromate group. It is concluded that the lactic acid bacteria has protective effects and reduces the effects that Potassium bromate.

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4

Buhse, Thomas, and Wolfram Thiemann. "Chiral Intermediates and the Oscillatory Effect of Circular Dichroism in the Belousov – Zhabotinskii Type Reaction of L-Ascorbic Acid." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 46, no. 10 (October 1, 1991): 1406–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1991-1019.

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Investigating the Belousov—Zhabotinskii (BZ) type reaction of an acidic L-ascorbic acid (AA) / potassium bromate / cerous sulfate system, an oscillatory effect of circular dichroism is detectable at λ = 300 nm. HPLC analysis of the oscillatory mixture and spectroscopic experiments indicate that this effect is caused by 3,4,5-trihydroxy-2-oxo-L-valeraldehyde (TVA) — a C 5 oxidation fragment of AA. Because of the bromide ion production occurring before the metal catalyst addition the AA system shows no preoscillatory phase and a rather short entire length of oscillation up to a maximum of 20 min. Since AA is not brominated but oxidized by bromine which is formed by the Landolt typ “clock reaction” of AA with acidic bromate, partially bromine-hydrolysis-controlled (BHC) oscillations are discussed for the overall mechanism of this BZ system.

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5

Osborne, Brian G., Kenneth H. Willis, and Gillian M. Barrett. "Survival of bromate and bromide in bread baked from white flour containing potassium bromate." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 42, no. 3 (1988): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740420308.

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6

Starek, Andrzej. "Potassium bromate – inhalable fraction. Documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)." Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy 34, no. 2(96) (June 20, 2018): 35–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.0753.

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Potassium bromate (V), (KBrO3) exists as white crystals, crystalline powder or granules. It is highly soluble in water, tasteless and odourless. Potassium bromate is a strong oxidizing agent. In the past it has been used as food additive in flour milling, as an ingredient in fish-paste in Japan, in cheese making, in beer malting, as a component of cold hair wave liquid and an oxidizing compound. Moreover, bromate is formed as a by-product of water disinfection by ozonation and is frequently detected in tap and bottled water. In fact bromate is one of the most prevalent disinfection by-product of surface water. Occupational exposure to potassium bromate occurs mainly in production plants during packaging processes. In Poland, about 1 160 persons were exposed to this compound in 2016. Bromate caused many acute poisonings by accidental ingestion, mainly among children, and more often ingested for tentative suicide by young women, especially hairdressers. In the acute phase of poisoning, gastrointestinal disturbances, irreversible hearing loss, and acute renal failure were observed. Acute renal failure was associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome. There are no data on chronic intoxication of humans by potassium bromate and epidemiological studies on this subject. On the basis of the value of median lethal dose (LD50) per os in rat, potassium bromate has been classified as a compound belonging to the category „Toxic”. Major toxic signs and symptoms in animals after a single intragastric administration of potassium bromate were tachypnea, hypothermia, diarrhea, lacrimation, suppression of locomotor movement, ataxic gait, and animals lying in a prone position. At autopsy the major findings were strong hyperemia of glandular stomach mucosa and congestion of lungs. Microscopically, necrosis and degenerative changes of the proximal tubular epithelium and hearing cells of internal ear were found. It was stated that the compound is not irritating, corrosive or sensitizing. In subchronic and chronic exposure of rodents, potassium bromate led to liver and kidney dysfunction and tubular epithelial damage. Potassium bromate had mutagenic and clastogenic effects. It induced point mutations, structural chromosome aberrations, micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes in male mice, DNA oxidative damage by modification of deoxyguanosine to 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, and DNA double-strand breakage. Potassium bromate induced neoplasms in rodents and exerted promotion effect in comparison with well-known carcinogens. Besides from preneoplastic changes, expressed by high incidences of renal cell tumors and dysplastic foci, bromate induced solid neoplasms, such as adenomas and adenocarcinomas in a rat kidney and thyroid, and mesotheliomas of peritoneum and tunica vaginalis testis. The European Union classified potassium bromate as a substance that can cause cancer (Group 1.B), whereas IARC classified it as a presumably carcinogenic agent for human (Group 2.B). In principle, effects of bromate on reproduction and ontogenetic development of offspring were not observed. Animal studies suggest that a kidney is a critical organ in the exposure to potassium bromate. The results of subchronic exposure of male rats to potassium bromate administered with drinking water were used to calculate the value of MAC-NDS. The critical effects in kidney were: an increase of organ weight and dose-dependent histopathological alterations defined as epithelium urinary tract hypertrophy. The NOAEL value is 1.5 mg/kg b.w./day. For the calculation of the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) value, 5 uncertainty factors with total value of 24 were used. Based on this estimation it is proposed to accept the MAC-TWA value for potassium bromate at 0.44 mg/m3. The risks of kidney and thyroid cancer in condition of occupational exposure are 2.2 · 10-3 and 0.6 · 10-3, respectively. There is no reason to determine the value of short-term exposure limit (STEL) and the biological exposure index (BEI). „Carc.1.B” notation (carcinogenic substance) was proposed

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7

Oseni, Oatunde Abass, Sulaiman Adeoye Olagboye, Olusegun Timothy Adams, and Bamaiyi Sunday Maikasuwa. "THE PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF AFRICAN NUTMEG (Myristica fragrans) IN BROMATE-INDUCED SPLEEN AND CARDIAC TISSUE TOXICITIES USING MALE WISTAR ALBINO RATS." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 8, no. 5 (September 10, 2018): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i5.1831.

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This study was aimed at investigating the toxic effects of potassium bromate on the spleen and heart of Wistar albino rat and to evaluate the protective effects of aqueous extract of African nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) against potassium bromate induced toxicity in the two organs. Twenty-four (24) male wistar albino rats weighing between 180g and 200g were divided into four groups of six animals each. Group I animals were served with rat feed and water as the control group, group II were administered daily with 30mg/kg bw potassium bromate while groups III and IV animals were administered with 0.5mL of 20% and 40% aqueous extracts of nutmeg seed in addition with 30mg/kg body weight potassium bromate respectively for two weeks. The animals were kept at optimum temperature within a 12 hours light/dark cycle while the experiment lasted. Enzyme biomarkers such as Aspartate Transaminase, Alanine Transaminase, Alkaline Phosphatase; antioxidant enzymes such as, Superoxide dismutase, Catalase; reduced Glutathione; some lipid profiles like Cholesterol, Triglyceride and malondialdehyde were measured in the spleen and heart homogenates of the animals in all the groups. Results of this study showed that potassium bromate exerted significant (P < 0.05) toxic effects on the spleen and heart homogenates while the administration of aqueous extracts of African nutmeg seed caused a marked reversal in the toxicity in a dose dependent manner. However, the results of this study showed that aqueous extract of the seed of African nutmeg is a potential antioxidant against potassium bromate toxicity in the two organs. Keywords: Toxicity, Potassium bromate, Myristica fragrans, Cardiac tissue, Antioxidant

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8

Mohanty, S. R., and D. Patnaik. "Effects of admixtures of potassium bromide on the thermal decomposition of potassium bromate." Journal of Thermal Analysis 35, no. 7 (November 1989): 2153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01911880.

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9

Haleem, Azhar M. "Cytogenetic Effects of Potassium Bromate KBrO3 Associated with Iraqi Baking Industry." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 6 (October 1, 2011): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/june2014/190.

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10

Ekop, A. S., I. B. Obot, and E. N. Ikpatt. "Anti-Nutritional Factors and Potassium Bromate Content in Bread and Flour Samples in Uyo Metropolis, Nigeria." E-Journal of Chemistry 5, no. 4 (2008): 736–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/530596.

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The aim of the study is to evaluate the anti-nutritional composition factors and potassium bromate content of some selected bread and flour samples in Uyo Metropolis. The result of the analysis shows that, though the concentration of phytic acid and tannins was high in both the bread and flour samples their concentrations did not exceed lethal doses. The potassium bromate content was minimal in all the bread and flour samples and within safe limits of residual bromide found in flour as specified by the US Food and Drug Administration. The concentrations of the anti-nutritional factors in the bread and flour samples were partially different from each other when subjected to the studentst-test statistics.

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11

Balogun, Sheriff A., and Omolola E. Fayemi. "Electrochemical Sensors for Determination of Bromate in Water and Food Samples—Review." Biosensors 11, no. 6 (May 27, 2021): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11060172.

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The application of potassium bromate in the baking industry is used in most parts of the world to avert the human health compromise that characterizes bromates carcinogenic effect. Herein, various methods of its analysis, especially the electrochemical methods of bromate detection, were extensively discussed. Amperometry (AP), cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), electrochemiluminescence (ECL), differential pulse voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are the techniques that have been deployed for bromate detection in the last two decades, with 50%, 23%, 7.7%, 7.7%, 7.7% and 3.9% application, respectively. Despite the unique electrocatalytic activity of metal phthalocyanine (MP) and carbon quantum dots (CQDs), only few sensors based on MP and CQDs are available compared to the conducting polymers, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), metal (oxide) and graphene-based sensors. This review emboldens the underutilization of CQDs and metal phthalocyanines as sensing materials and briefly discusses the future perspective on MP and CQDs application in bromate detection via EIS.

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12

KAWANA, KIYOKO, TADAYOSHI NAKAOKA, YOSHIYA HORIGUCHI, SATOSHI WATANABE, and SAJU KAWAUCHI. "Toxicological Study of Potassium Bromate. III. Effects of Vitamin E on the Potassium Bromate Administered to Rats." Eisei kagaku 39, no. 6 (1993): 514–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/jhs1956.39.6_514.

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13

Wang, Hsiaoling, Charles K. Mann, and Thomas J. Vickers. "Effect of Powder Properties on the Intensity of Raman Scattering by Crystalline Solids." Applied Spectroscopy 56, no. 12 (December 2002): 1538–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370202321115779.

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The effect of particle size on Raman intensity has been measured for a number of crystalline solids with a fiber-optic-based Raman spectrometer. Particle sizes ranged from 76 to 605 μm. Materials examined were sodium nitrate, sodium chlorate, sodium bromate, potassium ferrocyanide, potassium ferricyanide, and copper(II) sulfate. Raman intensity was found to decrease with increasing particle size. The factors responsible for this trend are discussed. We conclude that the major factor is diffuse reflectance that enhances the overlap between the excitation and collection beams. The depth of sample contributing to the Raman signal has been examined for both powders and tablets as a function of powder particle size. Materials examined in this study were sodium nitrate, sodium sulfate, sodium chlorate, sodium bromate, potassium ferrocyanide, potassium ferricyanide, and copper(II) sulfate. For nonabsorbing powders, the depth of sample contributing to the signal exceeded 15 mm. The effect of the pressure used in forming tablets on the Raman signal strength and reproducibility has been examined for sodium nitrate. The Raman intensity was found to decrease with increasing pressure until a tablet of constant density was formed. The effect of particle size and particle size mismatch on the sodium nitrate Raman signal in binary mixtures with potassium chloride, potassium bromide, and potassium iodide has been examined. Good reproducibility was found to require matching of component particle sizes.

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14

Preston, K. R., and J. E. Dexter. "Canadian short process bread: Potassium bromate response of flour streams and divide flours milled from Canadian red spring wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-013.

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Mill streams and divide flours from a pilot-scale milling of commercially grown No. 1 Canada Western Red Spring wheat were baked by a short (no bulk fermentation) baking procedure at various levels of potassium bromate. The quality of bread produced, measured in terms of loaf volume, loaf volume per unit protein and overall bread score showed a wide range of response to potassium bromate level. Household patent flour and the highly refined reduction flours exhibited relatively little baking response to increasing bromate levels, achieving optimum baking performance between 0 and 50 ppm. The least refined reduction flours required higher bromate levels (80–120 ppm) to achieve maximum response, and also demonstrated a greater relative response than the more refined reduction flours. Baker's patent flour and the most refined break flours responded very strongly to bromate, and required higher levels (100–150 ppm) to attain full response. Poorly refined break flours exhibited the highest bromate requirement (225 ppm). Straight-grade flours of 62, 75 and 79% extraction exhibited very little difference in bromate requirements. It appears that stream selection has limited potential as a means of reducing the bromate requirement of bakery flour prepared from Canada Western Red Spring wheat. Key words: Red spring wheat, milling, baking quality, bread, mill streams, bromate response

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15

Santamaría-Pérez, David, Raquel Chulia-Jordan, Placida Rodríguez-Hernández, and Alfonso Muñoz. "Crystal behavior of potassium bromate under compression." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 71, no. 6 (December 1, 2015): 798–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520615018156.

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We report on high-pressure angle-dispersive X-ray diffraction data up to 15 GPa and ab initio total-energy calculations up to 242 GPa for KBrO3. No phase transition was found below 15 Pa in contrast to previously reported data. Its experimental bulk modulus in the quasi-hydrostatic regime is B 0 = 18.8 (9) GPa with a bulk modulus pressure derivative B′0 = 8.2 (4). However, according to our ab initio calculations, KBrO3 significantly reduces its rhombohedral distortion via small cooperative movements of the atoms and the structure progressively approaches the cubic symmetry, where the KBr subarray would adopt a topology similar to that of the corresponding B2-type bromide. This rearrangement of atoms is directly related to the Buerger's mechanism of the B1–B2 phase transition for halides, confirming that cations (second neighbors) do not arrange in an arbitrary way. The O atoms forming the [BrO3] pyramidal units move smoothly with pressure to the center of the [K8] cube faces, where electron localization function calculations present their maxima in other B2-type compounds, eventually adopting the perovskite-type structure at P ≃ 152 GPa. Our data on KBrO3 has been compared with chemically substituted isostructural halates, providing new insights on the compressibility of this family of compounds.

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16

KAWANA, KIYOKO, TADAYOSHI NAKAOKA, YOSHIYA HORIGUCHI, SHIGENOBU WATANABE, SATOSHI WATANABE, and SAJU KAWAUCHI. "Toxicological Study of Potassium Bromate. I. Absorption, Metabolism and Excretion of Potassium Bromate after Oral Administration in Rats." Eisei kagaku 37, no. 4 (1991): 258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/jhs1956.37.258.

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17

Phattarapattamawong, Songkeart, Andreas Marius Kaiser, Ernis Saracevic, Heidemarie Paula Schaar, and Jörg Krampe. "Optimization of ozonation and peroxone process for simultaneous control of micropollutants and bromate in wastewater." Water Science and Technology 2017, no. 2 (April 12, 2018): 404–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.170.

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Abstract The study aims to simultaneously control micropollutants and bromate formations by using ozonation and peroxone process. The batch experiments were run with variations in specific ozone dose (SOD) and hydrogen peroxide-to-ozone (H2O2/O3) ratio. Based on the removal by ozonation and peroxone, micropollutants were categorized into three groups: non-reactive compounds (i.e. amidotrizoate), moderately reactive compounds (i.e. metoprolol, acesulfame potassium, bezafibrate, and benzotriazole), and highly reactive compounds (i.e. carbamazepine and diclofenac). For ozonation and peroxone process, the removals for highly reactive compounds and moderately reactive compounds were 82–99% and 29–99%, respectively. The removal of amidotrizoate was not observed in this study. The effect of ozonation on micropollutant removals was similar to the peroxone process. However, differences in bromate formation were observed. Bromate formation depended on the SOD, while addition of hydrogen peroxide suppressed the bromate formation. The peroxone process at the H2O2/O3 ratio of 0.3 was recommended to bromide-containing water below 100 µg·L−1 for simultaneous control of micropollutants and bromate. Enhancement in micropollutant removals, except for the non-reactive groups, was achieved with either higher SOD or the addition of hydrogen peroxide to ozonation. The micropollutant removal predicted from the second-order kinetic reaction with ozone and •OH exposures was higher than the observed data.

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18

Wilderjans, Edith, Bert Lagrain, Kristof Brijs, and Jan A. Delcour. "Impact of Potassium Bromate and Potassium Iodate in a Pound Cake System." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58, no. 10 (May 26, 2010): 6465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf100340j.

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19

Vasudevan, Subramanyan. "Studies Relating to Electrolytic Preparation of Potassium Bromate." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 47, no. 5 (March 2008): 1743–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie071554e.

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20

KAWANA, KIYOKO, TADAYOSHI NAKAOKA, YOSHIYA HORIGUCHI, SHIGENOBU WATANABE, SATOSHI WATANABE, and SAJU KAWAUCHI. "Toxicological Study of Potassium Bromate. II. Hepatotoxic Effects of the Potassium Bromate and Benzo(a)pyrene Simultaneous Administration in Mice." Eisei kagaku 37, no. 4 (1991): 266–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/jhs1956.37.266.

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21

Sharma, G. V. R., and Alice R. Robert. "Oxidation of aromatic aldehydes with potassium bromate–bromide reagent and an acidic catalyst." Research on Chemical Intermediates 39, no. 7 (October 11, 2012): 3251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11164-012-0836-y.

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22

Tojima, Ichiro, Mikio Suzuki, Masakazu Hanamitsu, Jun Fukui, Hironori Sakurai, and Takeshi Shimizu. "A Case of Hearing Loss Due to Potassium Bromate." Practica Oto-Rhino-Laryngologica 101, no. 4 (2008): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5631/jibirin.101.257.

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23

Mathew, Asha. "Kinetics of Oxidation of Substituted Phenols by Potassium Bromate." International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry 2, no. 3 (January 10, 2012): 196–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2012/1242.

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24

Smeller, J. M., and S. D. Leigh. "Potassium bromate assay by redox titrimetry using arsenic trioxide." Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology 108, no. 1 (January 2003): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/jres.108.005.

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25

Abuelgasim, Afaf I., Rehab Omer, and B. Elmahdi. "Serrobiochemical Effects of Potassium Bromate on Wistar Albino Rats." American Journal of Food Technology 3, no. 5 (August 15, 2008): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajft.2008.303.309.

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26

Ahmad, Mir Kaisar, Aijaz Ahmed Khan, and Riaz Mahmood. "Taurine ameliorates potassium bromate-induced kidney damage in rats." Amino Acids 45, no. 5 (August 3, 2013): 1109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00726-013-1563-4.

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27

Zav'yalov, S. I., I. V. Sitkareva, and G. I. Ezhova. "Chlorinating properties of the trimethylchlorosilane-potassium bromate-DMF system." Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences Division of Chemical Science 41, no. 2 (February 1992): 356–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00869533.

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T.N, Nnama, Anibueze C.I.P, Okwara B.O, and Okafor M.C. "Ameliorative Efficacy of Ethanolic Extracts of Curcuma longa (turmeric) Roots and Cassia occidentalis Leaves on Potassium Induced Kidney Damage in Albino Rats." Volume 5 - 2020, Issue 9 - September 5, no. 9 (October 9, 2020): 1189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20sep746.

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The emphasis of harmful health challenges caused by preserved food or processed food is a global problem and the need to reduce its effect on the vital organs in the body has been the subject of great concern to researchers. The present study seeks to evaluate the efficacy of ethanolic extracts of Curcuma longa (turmeric) roots and Cassia occidentalis leaves on potassium induced kidney damage in albino rats. Fifty adult male rats weighing about 100g-200g classified into ten groups (I-X) were used in the study. Group1 served as control and were administered only with distilled water and rat feeds ad libitum all throughout the experiment. Group II served as negative (-ve) control and were administered 50mg/kg bodyweight of potassium bromate orally. Groups III, IV, VII and VIII received 50mg/kg bodyweight of potassium bromate for two weeks thereafter received 50mg/kg bodyweight with 500mg and 1000mg/kg body weight of ethanolic root extract of Curcuma longa and leaves extract Cassia occidentalis respectively for two weeks. Groups V, VI, and IX and X received 500mg and 1000mg/kg bodyweight of ethanolic root extract of Curcuma longa and leaves extract Cassia occidentalis for two weeks thereafter received 50mg/kg bodyweight of potassium bromate withethanolic root extract of Curcuma longa and leaves extract Cassia occidentalis respectively for two weeks. The rats at the end of 28 days were anaesthetised, blood samples were collected and the kidneys were harvested. The result of biochemical analysis revealed significant decrease in the level of biochemical parameters following administration of 500mg/ kg and 1000mg/kg body weight of Curcuma longa and Cassia occidentalis ethanolic leaf extract for curative and protective purpose when compared with group II (+ve control) that received 50mg/kg body weight of potassium bromate. Histological findings revealed restoration and protection of the extracts on the kidney architecture of male albino rats. Results obtained thus showed that oral administration of ethanolic root extracts of Curcuma longa and leaf extract of Cassia occidentalis may possess preventive and therapeutic purpose against kidney damage

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29

Samir, Dr Shereen M., and Dr Abeer F. Mostafa. "Role of Antioxidants in Protection Against Potassium Bromate Induced Lipid Peroxidation in the Rat Thyroid Gland." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 2 (October 1, 2011): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/feb2014/194.

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30

Perez, Roberto Daniel, and Alberto Edel Leon. "Bromate Determination by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) to Identify Pre-Baking Potassium Bromate Addition in Bread." International Journal of Food Properties 13, no. 1 (January 2010): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10942910802256636.

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31

Abdel-Wadood, Hanaa. "SPECTROFLUORIMETRIC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF SOME OXICAMS USING POTASSIUM BROMATE." Bulletin of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Assiut 31, no. 2 (December 31, 2008): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/bfsa.2008.64222.

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32

Kurokawa, Yuji, Akihiko Maekawa, Michihito Takahashi, and Yuzo Hayashi. "Toxicity and Carcinogenicity of Potassium Bromate: A New Renal Carcinogen." Environmental Health Perspectives 87 (July 1990): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3431039.

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33

Osborne, Brian G. "Determination of potassium bromate in flour by flow injection analysis." Analyst 112, no. 2 (1987): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/an9871200137.

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Kurokawa, Y., A. Maekawa, M. Takahashi, and Y. Hayashi. "Toxicity and carcinogenicity of potassium bromate--a new renal carcinogen." Environmental Health Perspectives 87 (July 1990): 309–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9087309.

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35

KIKUCHI, Shuhei. "Behavior of potassium bromate in the process of making bread." journal of the japanese society for cold preservation of food 14, no. 1 (1988): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5891/jafps1987.14.15.

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36

Narayanan, Subbaraya, and Vangalur S. Srinivasan. "Facile regeneration of carbonyl compounds from semicarbazones by potassium bromate." Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 2, no. 10 (1986): 1557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/p29860001557.

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37

Asakai, Toshiaki, and Akiharu Hioki. "Potassium bromate assay by primary methods through iodine liberation reaction." Analytical Methods 5, no. 21 (2013): 6240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ay40854j.

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38

Nair, S. M. K., and C. James. "Thermal decomposition of gamma-irradiated potassium bromate by dynamic thermogravimetry." Thermochimica Acta 96, no. 1 (November 1985): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(85)80004-6.

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39

Dodd, Darol E., Debra K. Layko, Katherine E. Cantwell, Gabrielle A. Willson, and Russell S. Thomas. "Subchronic toxicity evaluation of potassium bromate in Fischer 344 rats." Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 36, no. 3 (November 2013): 1227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2013.10.005.

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40

Kalorbobir, Hanna, and Theopilus Watuguly. "EKSTRAK ETANOL TERIPANG PASIR (Holothuria scabra) DALAM MEMPERBAIKI KERUSAKAN USUS HALUS MENCIT (Mus Musculus) YANG TERPAPAR KALIUM BROMAT MELALUI PENGAMATAN GAMBARAN HISTOPATOLOGI MENCIT." BIOPENDIX: Jurnal Biologi, Pendidikan dan Terapan 3, no. 2 (March 20, 2017): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/biopendixvol3issue2page115-123.

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Abstract:

Background: In Indonesia, traditionally sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra) is often used as a drug for uric acid. A study has been conducted on the effect of giving sandy cucumber extract (Holothuria scabra) to microscopic images of the small intestine of mice (Mus muculus) induced by potassium bromate. Method: This study used a small intestine sample of 2-3 months old male mice weighing + 20-30gr for 15 mice used in the study, divided by 5 groups, ie group I was given allopurinol as a positive control, group II was given aquades as control group negative, group III, IV and V were given extract of sea cucumber sand and potassium bromate as treatment group with concentration of 5%, 10%, and 15%. Result: The result of the research was analyzed quantitatively, showed that the extract of sea cucumber with 10% concentration was not significantly different with the extract of sea cucumber with concentration of 15%, when compared with the giving of sea cucumber extract with 5% concentration gave significantly different result with the giving of extract sea cucumbers with concentrations of 10% and 15%. This shows the provision of sea cucumber extract with a concentration of 5% can give microscopic changes in the small intestine of mice due to exposure to potassium bromate. Conclusion: Sand cucumber extract (Holothuria scabra) with 5% concentration can give a change of histology picture of small intestine of mice (Mus muculus).

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41

Patai, S., H. Cross, and M. Albeck. "Reactions between solids. IV. Reaction of sodium perchlorate, potassium bromate and potassium iodate with polydivinylbenzene." Journal of Applied Chemistry 12, no. 5 (May 4, 2007): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5010120503.

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42

Awogi, T., K. Murata, M. Uejima, T. Kuwahara, S. Asanami, K. Shimono, and T. Monta. "Induction of micronucleated reticulocytes by potassium bromate and potassium chromate in CD-1 male mice." Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology 278, no. 2-3 (February 1992): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1218(92)90231-n.

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Adewale, O. O., K. H. Aremu, and A. T. Adeyemo. "Assessment of combined toxic effects of potassium bromateand sodium nitrite in some key renal markers in male Wistar rats." Research Journal of Health Sciences 8, no. 1 (April 7, 2020): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rejhs.v8i1.2.

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Objective: Potential combined nephrotoxic effect following simultaneous administration of two food additives: potassium bromate (PBR) (20 mg/kg of body weight, twice weekly) and sodium nitrite (SNT) (60mg/kg of body weight as a single dose) orally was investigated. Methods: Nephrotoxicity was assessed by determining urea, creatinine and electrolyte concentrations in the serum. In addition, concentrations of nitric oxide, reduced glutathione, total thiol, malondialdehyde and activities of arginase, adenosine deaminase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione perioxidase in the kidney were investigated. Results: The results revealed that individual exposure to PBR or SNT significantly induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats however, this was enhanced by co-exposure as evidenced by significant alteration in these kidney markers when compared with the control. Conclusion: This study accentuates the risk of enhanced nephrotoxicity in food containing both additives. Key words: Potassium bromate, sodium nitrite, renal markers.

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Ebhohimen, I. E., J. O. Ebhomielen, L. Edemhanria, A. O. Osagie, and J. I. Omoruyi. "Effect of ethanol extract of Aframomum angustifolium seeds on potassium bromate induced liver and kidney damage in Wistar rats." Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 26, no. 1 (May 31, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjpas.v26i1.1.

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The continued use of potassium bromate in some food and cosmetic products in Nigeria against regulatory provision has continually exposed Nigerians to its deleterious effect. The mechanism of bromate induced damage in the liver and kidney is through oxidative stress. Phytochemicals have antioxidant capacity and have gained research interest in the management of oxidative stress. In this study, the effect of the ethanol extract of Aframomum angustifolium seed on kidney and liver damage induced by exposure to an acute dose of potassium bromate was measured using appropriate biomarkers. Eighteen male Wistar rats, randomly divided into 3 groups were used for the study. Group I (normal control) received distilled H2O; Group II (positive control) received 400 mg/kgbw bromate once while Group III (test) received same acute dose as Group II but thereafter treated with an oral dose of ethanol extract (750 mg/kgbw) for 10days. Half the populations of each group were sacrificed on day 3 while the remaining was sacrificed on day 10 of treatment. Liver and kidney tissues as well as blood samples were collected for analysis. Biochemical parameters; malondialdehyde, creatinine, electrolytes (Na+ and K+) concentration as well as catalase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities were measured using standard spectrophotometric procedures. In the kidney tissue, malondialdehyde concentration increased significantly in all groups from day 3 to day 10 but was highest in Group II. A similar trend was observed in the liver tissue but only group III increased significantly. Catalase activity was inhibited in Group II in both kidney and liver tissues and was significantly lower than test group. Serum Na+ decreased and K+ increased respectively but Group III were comparable to the Group I. Creatinine concentration increased in all groups but was highest in Group II though it was not significant. ALP activity was significantly higher (p<0.05) in Group III on day 3 compared to Group I but was not significantly different (p>0.05) on day 10. The results of this study suggests that ethanol extract of Aframomum angustifolium seeds can accelerate the in vivo repair of bromate induced hepato- and reno- toxicity in Wistar rats. Keywords: Aframomum angustifolium, bromate toxicity, malondialdehyde, antioxidant, phytochemicals.

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Biswas, Sudeshna, Kallol Mukherjee, Dulal Chandra Mukherjee, and Satya Priya Moulik. "Thermal oscillations in the bromate oxalic acid MnSO4 H2SO4 acetone system: A calorimetric study." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 80, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 1204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v02-146.

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The oscillatory reaction of potassium bromate, oxalic acid, and MnSO4 in the presence of acetone in aq H2SO4 solutions has been studied calorimetrically at different concentrations of substrates. Acetone and oxalic acid have been found to accelerate the reaction by increasing the oscillation frequency. On the other hand, MnSO4 has a retarding effect; the frequency of oscillation decreases systematically with increasing concentration of MnSO4. Potassium bromate shows mixed behavior in this respect. The total heat evolved during the reaction per mol of oxalic acid consumed has been evaluated, which can be used to calculate the concentrations of the various reactants at different stages of the reaction. The effects of different electrolytes (KCl, NaCl, BaCl2, CaCl2, SrCl2, NaBr, NaI, KNO3, NaNO3, and Ca(NO3)2) and solvents (dimethylformamide, 1,4-dioxane, acetonitrile, and tetrahydrofuran) on the extents of oscillation and the enthalpy change for the process have been also examined.Key words: BelousovZhabotinsky reaction, oscillatory reaction, oxalic acid, calorimetry, acetone.

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46

Gadir, E. H. Abdel, W. S. Abdel Gadir ., and S. E. I. Adam . "Effects of Various Levels of Dietary Potassium Bromate on Wistar Rats." Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 2, no. 7 (September 15, 2007): 672–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jpt.2007.672.676.

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47

MORI, Takaaki, Chizuru NISHIOKA, Hideki ISHIKAWA, and Hiroyuki KURODA. "Determination of Potassium Bromate in Foods by High Performance Liquid Chromatography." Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 26, no. 3 (1985): 260–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3358/shokueishi.26.260.

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48

Kaya, Fatma Funda, and Mehmet Topaktaş. "Genotoxic effects of potassium bromate on human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro." Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 626, no. 1-2 (January 2007): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.08.006.

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49

Watanabe, Satoshi, Yukie Tajima, Tomoko Yamaguchi, and Tetsuya Fukui. "Potassium Bromate-Induced Hyperuricemia Stimulates Acute Kidney Damage and Oxidative Stress." JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE 50, no. 6 (2004): 647–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/jhs.50.647.

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PACHECO-AGUILAR, R., and D. L. CRAWFORD. "Potassium Bromate Effects on Gel-forming Ability of Pacific Whiting Surimi." Journal of Food Science 59, no. 4 (July 1994): 786–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1994.tb08128.x.

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