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Journal articles on the topic 'Potassium dichromate. eng'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Krejčí, R., and M. Palíková. "Potassium Dichromate as a Reference Substance for Embryonic Tests of Toxicity in the Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)." Acta Veterinaria Brno 75, no. 2 (2006): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200675020259.

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Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) has already been used as a reference substance in tests of toxicity with aquatic animals. The aim of this study was to determine and compare values of LC50 for potassium dichromate during the whole period of embryonic development (i.e., 120 h) and 48 h after hatching of embryos in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Fish eggs and embryos were exposed to 5 different concentrations of potassium dichromate (i.e., 372, 409, 450, 495, 545 mg l-1) during two experiments. Such characteristics as the cumulative mortality, the start and the end of hatching, the number of deformities, body length, and body mass of surviving individuals were studied during the tests. The highest mortality was found in the hatched embryos. Mortality and frequency of deformities increased with the growing concentration of potassium dichromate. The value of 120 LC50 for potassium dichromate was 464.91 ± 23.83 mg l-1 and the value of 48 LC50 was 458.94 ± 4.14 mg l-1 (mean ± SD). No statistically significant difference between values 120 LC50 a 48 LC50 was found. This is why reduction of the exposure period to only 48 h after hatching seems a reasonable method to study the control of susceptibility using potassium dichromate in embryonic tests of toxicity.
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2

Sánchez-Olivares, Marco Antonio, Juan Carlos Gaytán-Oyarzun, Alberto José Gordillo-Martinez, Francisco Prieto-García, and René Bernardo Elías Cabrera-Cruz. "Toxicity and teratogenicity in zebrafish Danio rerio embryos exposed to chromium." Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 49, no. 2 (May 3, 2021): 289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol49-issue2-fulltext-2561.

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Chromium (Cr) is an element present in nature in mineral form. It has a dual effect, both as an essential micronutrient and a carcinogenic agent depending on its chemical form and concentration. It is present in various environmental matrices such as water, soil, and air, coming from natural and anthropogenic sources, and causes harmful effects on biota, ecosystems, and even human beings. This study's objective was to evaluate chromium toxicity and teratogenicity in zebrafish embryos of Danio rerio exposed to chromium through the D. rerio teratology assay (DarTA) test by evaluating spine malformations. To this end, the chromium toxicity curve was calculated from zebrafish embryos exposed to potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), and the probit test was used to establish the mean lethal concentration (LC50) and three subtoxic concentrations LC25, LC12.5, and LC6.25 to evaluate the teratogenicity. The results showed that potassium dichromate was statistically positive for the teratogenic effect at the three highest concentrations evaluated. Potassium dichromate exposure causes abnormal embryonic development and teratogenic effects, including severe heart defects in zebrafish embryos. Therefore, we conclude that potassium dichromate is toxic to the zebrafish developmental stages. The finding that potassium dichromate is teratogenic in zebrafish embryos suggests that this metal should be tested and evaluate potential risk in mammalian systems.
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3

Yang, Jian She, Pei Li, and Ying Ding. "Comparison with Determing Methods of Organic Matter for Sludge Compost in Different Treatments." Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (May 2012): 1070–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.1070.

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the organic matter contents in deferent treatments of the sludge compost were determined by using Comparison the potassium dichromate with the burning method ,in order to understand changes of the organic matter contents for the Sewage sludge compost in adding different treatments of Fermentation accelerant and nutrient agents . The results showed as following: 1, the organic matter content for the sludge single composting at the end (53.36%) was lower 8.65% than at the beginning of composting(58.41%), the other corresponding treatment in composting all declined 12.37% -7.98%, indicating that the sludge compost would made The organic matter content are significantly reduced. 2, adding Fermentation accelerant into the sludge from 8% to 40%, the organic matter contents of their composting at the end increased more 2.94% ~ 19.73% than that of the single sludge compost. the highest organic matter content occurred in treatment 6 (sludge +40% Fermentation accelerant, 63.89 %). 3, at adding 24% Fermentation accelerant in the sludge ,as adding 8~32% of nutrient agents, the organic matter contents at the end of composting have been increased more 10.48%, 7.46%, 6.39% and 2.42% than the sludge single treatment , indicating that the sludge Adding 24% Fermentation accelerant and adding more nutrient agents can significantly improved the level of the organic content. 4, the organic matter contents for the sludge adding 30-50% nutrient agents have been declined 4.10% ~ 6.90% than the single-sludge compost treatment. 5, comparison of two measurement results showed that the potassium dichromate method is More advantages in measuring organic matter content of sludge compost than the burning method.
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4

Fan, Bin, Guo Wei He, Ling Hui Liu, and Jing Xin Wang. "Study on Clean Production Technologies of Electrolysis Manganese Passivation." Advanced Materials Research 308-310 (August 2011): 790–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.308-310.790.

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The passivator of potassium dichromate is one of the main electrolysis manganese passivation technologies in China. The biggest problem of hexavalent chromium passivation is chromium emission. The end-pipe treatment of Cr-containing effluents can be understood as detoxification and precipitation. Here the highly toxicity Cr(Ⅵ) is reduced to low toxicity Cr(Ⅲ) . In alkaline conditions, Cr (Ⅲ)is precipitated in the type of chromium hydroxide and produce chromium residue. The landfill of Chromium residue is a big problem to environment safety. The measures of clean process were reviewed around with emission reduction of Cr.
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5

Asakai, Toshiaki, and Akiharu Hioki. "Comparison of three electrochemical end-point detection methods to assay potassium dichromate by coulometric titration." Accreditation and Quality Assurance 17, no. 1 (October 14, 2011): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00769-011-0834-6.

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6

Leon, Julio, and Zulita Prieto. "Altered AgNOR parameters in peripheral blood erythrocytes of Oreochromis niloticus exposed to potassium dichromate." SCIÉNDO 19, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/sciendo.2016.001.

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7

Thapa, Sandeep, Rajani Shrestha, Anjali Tirewal, Arjun Sharma, and Yuvraj K.C. "Isolation of yeast from soil and different food samples and its characterization based on fermentation." Nepal Journal of Biotechnology 3, no. 1 (December 30, 2015): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njb.v3i1.14226.

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Yeasts are eukaryotic microorganisms which can also be used for bioethanol production. In this modern era of increasing demand for energy and fuel, the microbial biosynthesis of ethanol has gained importance. In this study, the potential yeasts for ethanol production from pentose and hexose sugars were identified. Yeasts were isolated from soil and different food samples. They were identified and characterized based on cell morphology (e.g., mode of cell division and spore shape) and physiology (e.g., sugar fermentation tests). Furthermore, quantification of ethanol and cell concentration was performed throughout the fermentation. Spot plate count method was followed to determine the viable yeast count whereas Potassium dichromate oxidation method was used for determining the ethanol concentration. Six different species of yeasts were cultured in three sets of broth for 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours for bioethanol production. The yeasts isolated from black and green grapes relatively synthesized higher concentration of ethanol.Nepal Journal of Biotechnology. Dec. 2015 Vol. 3, No. 1: 29-34
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8

Lehmusto, Juho, Patrik Yrjas, Bengt Johan Skrifvars, and Mikko Hupa. "Detailed Studies on the High Temperature Corrosion Reactions between Potassium Chloride and Metallic Chromium." Materials Science Forum 696 (September 2011): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.696.218.

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Recovery of energy from biomass and various waste–derived fuels by combustion has become important due to reduction of detrimental CO2 emissions. Biomass does, however, release significant amounts of chlorine and alkali metals, as e.g. HCl(g), KCl(g), KOH(g) and NaCl(g), into the gas phase during combustion. The alkali chlorides may cause deposits on superheater tubes, which interfere with operation and can lead to corrosion and/or blockage of the gas path. To prevent and diminish the problems mentioned above, better and more detailed knowledge of the reactions between potassium chloride and the tube materials during combustion is needed. These materials commonly contain, among other metals, chromium, which is thought to protect the rest of the material since it forms a very dense but thin oxide layer on the surface of the tube material. It has been suggested that the reaction between solid or partly molten KCl and chromium oxide is the one responsible for starting the complex series of corrosion reactions. In this work, the overall reaction between potassium chloride and chromium was studied through partial reactions with compounds known to participate to the overall reaction or to be formed during it. The reactions were studied in synthetic air by heating sample mixtures in a DTA/TGA (Differential Thermal Analysis/ Thermogravimetric Analysis) apparatus. Selected samples were also studied and analyzed with a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive x-ray analyzer (SEM/EDXA). Under the used conditions both potassium chloride and potassium chromate reacted with pure chromium and chromium oxide. In the case of chromium, chromium oxide was formed via the formation of potassium chromate. In reactions including chromium oxide as reactant also potassium dichromate was detected.
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9

ALMEIDA, AGOSTINHO A., M. ISABEL CARDOSO, and JOS� L. F. C. LIMA. "Improved Determination of Aluminium in Port Wine by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Using Potassium Dichromate Chemical Modification and End-capped Graphite Tubes." Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 12, no. 8 (1997): 837–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a701604b.

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10

Rahman, Md Motiar, Md Eaqub Ali, Mst Gulshan Ara, Sharifah Bee Abd Hamid, and Md Motalib Hossain. "Synthesis of Supported Gold Nanocatalysts for the Oxidation of Alkyl Benzenes." Advanced Materials Research 1109 (June 2015): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1109.60.

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Selective oxidation of alkyl benzene, to its corresponding oxygen containing products, is a crucial reaction in organic researches and industrial manufacturing. In particular, the direct oxidation of lavish and cheapest aromatics, having carbon-hydrogen bonds, into corresponding ketones are the key transformations as the oxidation products are very important platform compounds for the production of useful prime, special chemicals and high economic valued fine chemicals, agrochemicals, pharmaceutical and perfumes in large scale. However, the oxidations of aromatic hydrocarbons have been remaining a challenging task due to the limitations of a suitable catalyst and requirement of chemical treatments (potassium permanganate/dichromate and ammonium cerium nitrate) which have been proven to be corrosive, not reusable, hazardous, and environmentally unfriendly and, also, have no selectivity at all. Instead of, scientists are paying more attention to use heterogeneous green catalysts along with support as well as novel oxidants e.g. hydrogen peroxide, tert-butyl peroxide and so on, due to its ecofriendly nature and availability. Silica/carbon/metal oxide supported nanoporous gold is a favorable catalyst due to its three dimensional open pore network structures, high surface to volume ratio, high reusability, distinct optolectronic and physio-chemical properties. Mesoporous carbon/silica/metal oxide supports provide well scattering of metal nanocatalysts and facilitate the transportation of molecules through the nanopores/nanochannels, thus increase the product with lowest cost and time. This paper has reviewed various gold-skeleton green catalysts and their synthetic method and mechanistic schemes for the selective oxidation of alkyl substituted aromatics.
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11

Savici, Jelena, Diana Brezovan, and Florin Muselin. "Aronia Melanocarpa Antioxidant Potential against Chromium VI Induced Morphological Changes in Endocrine Pancreas." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Veterinary Medicine 73, no. 2 (November 30, 2016): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-vm:12178.

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AbstractHexavalent chromium is known as strong oxidizing agent, enters the cells easily and generates reactive oxygen species. It was demonstrated that Cr VI is toxic for liver, kidney, skin, nervous system, female and male reproductive systems. However, chromium effects on pancreas are less studied.Aronia melanocarpa fruits are rich in phenolic constituents: anthocyanins, procyanidins and phenolic acids, which demonstrated to have anti-oxidative, anti-viral, anti-mutagenic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory activities.Considering the aforesaid the present study was carried out in idea to see if Cr VI induces structural changes in pancreas, given it’s property of inducing ROS formation in cells, and if aronia extract can play a protective role.The study was carried out on white Wistar rats divided in 5 groups and exposed as follows: C – control –distilled water, Cr group – potassium dichromate, hexavalent chromium compound, in distilled water, 75 ppm for three months; CrA group - 75 ppm Cr VI + extract of A. melanocarpa for three months; Cr2 group - 75 ppm Cr VI for three months followed by one month of distilled water; CrA2 group 75 ppm Cr VI for three months followed by one month of extract of A. melanocarpa. At the end of exposure period pancreas was collected and prepared for histological analysis.Hexavalent chromium administration induced morphological and functional changes in endocrine pancreas cells. Microscopic examination of histological slides from pancreas revealed the size and number reduction of Langerhans islets and presence of degenerative lesions. Experimental group that received Cr VI combined with aqueous extract of Aronia presented almost normal architecture of endocrine cells, even more vascular changes occurred too, probably responsible for repairing phenomena.
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12

Burmas, N. I., and L. S. Fira. "Structure and function of the liver in conditions of chrome-isoniazid-rifampicin affection of rats after applying of sorbex." Visnyk of Dnipropetrovsk University. Biology, medicine 5, no. 2 (September 16, 2014): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021418.

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The aim of this research was to assess the activity of marker enzymes of the liver and its biliary formation function in conditions of the affection of animals by hexavalent chromium compounds, isoniazid and rifampicin, after applying of sorbex. The experimental affection of rats of different age was carried in the conditions of combined injection of hexavalent chromium compounds (solution of potassium dichromate, 3 mg/kg), isoniazid (0.05 g/kg) and rifampicin (0.25 g/kg) during the 7th and 14th days, and sorbex enterosorbent was introduced in quantity of 150 mg/kg. The activity of marker enzymes of the liver was evaluated by the activity of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases (ALT and AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The state of biliary formation function of the liver was evaluated by the content of total bilirubin (TB) and bile acids (BA) in blood. The most significant changes in ALT activity were observed in the liver of old animals by the combined effects of the abovementioned xenobiotics – the activity of ALT was decreased by the end of the experiment by 58% compared with the animals of intact control. Using of sorbex led to decreasing in blood serum and increasing in the liver of affected animals of the different age of ALT activity throughout the experiment. AST activity in blood serum increased, and it was the highest in old animals upon chrome-isoniazid-rifampicin affection on the 14th day of the research. With the use of sorbex, there was a tendency to normalization of this index in blood serum and liver of affected animals on the 7th day from the beginning of the experiment. It was found that the largest increase in ALP took place in blood serum of immature animals by the combined effects of toxicants. In the liver of affected animals the activity of ALP decreased throughout the experiment in all age groups of animals. Maximum corrective effect on the activity of ALP was shown by the enterosorbent in the liver of mature animals on 14th day of the experiment and this index was equal to 99% compared with intact animals. During the affection of animals by toxins, we observed the increase in the content of total bilirubin and bile acids, especially in rats of immature age and mature age. After the injection of sorbex enterosorbent in the organism of animals, normalization of its indicators on the 7th day from the beginning of the experiment was established. It is proved that sorbex has normalized the activity of marker enzymes of the liver and its biliary formation function in the organism of affected animals. Therefore, it can be used as an enterosorbent in the conditions of chemical affection on the background of drug-induced hepatitis.
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13

Husár, Branislav, Ivan Lukáč, Štefan Chmela, Jean-Louis Canet, and Yves Troin. "Synthesis of 1-phenylbut-3-ene-1,2-dione and its attempted radical polymerization." Chemical Papers 64, no. 4 (January 1, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11696-010-0023-9.

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Abstract1,2-Diketone moiety-bearing monomer 1-phenylbut-3-ene-1,2-dione, an analogue of phenyl vinyl ketone, was synthesized from 4-chlorobutyryl chloride in a 29 % overall yield in five steps. Following acylation of benzene with 4-chlorobutyryl chloride, the resulting α-methylene group was oxidized to 1,2-diketone in three steps: successive bromination, substitution with lithium hydroxide, and oxidation of α-hydroxyketone with potassium dichromate. The final step was dehydrochlorination of 4-chloro-1-phenyl-butane-1,2-dione. The attempted copolymerization of this monomer with styrene, using AIBN as the initiator, was unsuccessful.
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14

Mau, Trinh Dang, Le Vu Khanh Trang, Nguyen Nhung Thuy Trinh, Tran Ngoc Son, and Vo Van Minh. "Effects of potassium dichromate on the survival and reproduction of Moina micrura Kurz. 1875 (Cladocera: Moinidae)." TAP CHI SINH HOC 41, no. 1 (March 28, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7160/v41n1.12568.

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Today, heavy metal pollution is an urgent problem in the world including Vietnam. An analytical approach is very important to identify, assess and forecast environmental risks from toxic components, in which ecotoxicology is considered to be the optimal tool. We conducted a study on M. micrura in order to contribute the creation of a biological basis for the use of zooplankton as an early warning of the risk of water pollution. The results showed that M. micrura was isolated from 29/3 Park Lake, Da Nang City, central Vietnam. The acute toxicity test of potassium dichromate on M. micrura showed LC 50 at 12, 24 and 48 hr were 0.26, 0.15 and 0.08 mg.l-1 K2Cr2O7, respectively. EC 50 was 0.015 mg.l-1 K2Cr2O7 for egg parameter and 0.009 mg.l-1 K2Cr2O7for neonate parameter. The results of acute and chronic toxicity tests showed that M. micrura was more sensitive than D. magna, D. pulex and C. cornuta.
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15

Kotb, O. M., F. M. Abd El-Latif, A. R. Atawia, Sherif S. Saleh, and S. F. El-Gioushy. "Green Synthesis of Chromium Nanoparticles by Aqueous Extract of Melia azedarach, Artemisia herba-alba and Bacteria Fragments against Erwinia amylovora." Asian Journal of Biotechnology and Bioresource Technology, June 8, 2020, 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajb2t/2020/v6i230077.

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This study was carried out at the Tissue Culture and Germplasm Conservation Research Laboratory, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt. in cooperation with Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Egypt. from 2016 to 2020. Medicinal plants contain many reduction substances e.g. terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, and glycosides. Melia azedarach and Artemisia herba-alba are rich in these compounds that are able to reduce chromium metal (VI) to chromium nanoparticles (Cr2O3). Chromium oxide nanoparticles were green synthesized by the reduction of potassium dichromate solution with Melia azedarach and Artemisia herba-alba plant extract. In biological methods, Cr2O3 nanoparticles were synthesized by two biological agents of Erwinia amylovora dry matter and extraction. The resulting Cr2O3 nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy. The antibacterial effect of Cr2O3 nanoparticles against E. amylovora gave the highest inhibition zone for Cr2O3 nanoparticles reduction by Artemisia followed by Melia (31.0 and 25.0 mm respectively). These particles were shown to have an effective bactericide on contaminated callus pear cells by Erwinia bacteria which gave survival 75% and 50% and 0.0% contamination.
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