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1

Wiegel, M., G. Blasse, and M. Ouwerkerk. "Luminescence of potassium lithium niobate compositions." Materials Research Bulletin 27, no. 5 (May 1992): 617–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-5408(92)90150-x.

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2

M Rust, David. "New Materials Applications in Solar Spectral Analysis." Australian Journal of Physics 38, no. 6 (1985): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph850781.

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The use of lithium niobate and liquid crystals in solar instrumentation designed for automatic measurement of spectral line shifts is described. A solid Fabry-Perot etalon of lithium niobate has an acceptance angle 5�3 times greater than an air-spaced Fabry-Perot filter for the same allowed passband broadening, and the lithium niobate device has no moving parts. The use of liquid crystals in Zeeman-effect analysers is also described. For a given phase retardation, liquid crystals require -1/1000 the voltage of solid crystals. They hold promise as reliable, long-lived variable retarders because they are free of the high-voltage breakdown problems of crystals such as potassium dideuterium phosphate (KDP). Progress toward implementation of devices with lithium niobate and liquid crystals in a solar telescope is described.
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3

Yang, Changxi, Youting Song, Daofan Zhang, Xiaomin Wang, Tang Zhou, Feidi Fan, and Xing Wu. "Photorefractive properties of potassium lithium niobate crystals." Applied Physics Letters 74, no. 10 (March 8, 1999): 1385–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.123558.

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4

Zhang, H. X., C. H. Kam, Y. Zhou, X. Q. Han, S. D. Cheng, Y. C. Chan, K. Pita, and Y. L. Lam. "Optical properties of potassium lithium niobate films." Integrated Ferroelectrics 33, no. 1-4 (January 2001): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584580108222289.

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5

Juang, Y. D. "Phase transition of lithium potassium niobate ceramics." Solid State Communications 120, no. 1 (September 2001): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-1098(01)00322-2.

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6

Dubey, Ashutosh Kumar, Ryota Kinoshita, and Ken-ichi Kakimoto. "Piezoelectric sodium potassium niobate mediated improved polarization and in vitro bioactivity of hydroxyapatite." RSC Advances 5, no. 25 (2015): 19638–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra00771b.

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The present work reports the effect of lamination of biocompatible lithium sodium potassium niobate multilayered tapes between hydroxyapatite (HA) layers on the dielectric and electrical properties of HA.
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7

Nurgazizov N. I., Bizyaev D. A., Bukharaev A. A., Chuklanov A. P., Shur V. Ya., and Akhmatkhanov A. R. "Influence of thermoinduced magnetoelastic effect on domain structure of planar Ni microparticles." Physics of the Solid State 64, no. 9 (2022): 1305. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pss.2022.09.54171.29hh.

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Results of studying the domain structure of planar Ni microparticles formed on single-crystal substrates from the lithium niobate and from the potassium titanyl phosphate at different temperatures are presented. The dependence of domain sizes on the sample temperature was studied. It is shown the observed change of the domain structure is caused by the magnetoelastic effect, which arises due to the difference in the thermal expansion coefficients of the substrate and microparticles as the sample temperature changes. It is shown, the sizes of magnetic domains, up to the creation of a state with a quasi-homogeneous magnetization may be set by the substrate temperature during the microparticles formation. Keywords: magnetoelastic effect, magnetic force microscopy, remagnetization, lithium niobate, potassium titanyl phosphate, temperature.
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8

Ashino, Tetsuya, Kan-ichi Makabe, and Kunio Takada. "Determination of elements in lithium potassium niobate and lithium niobate containing vanadium by ICP-AES." Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry 349, no. 10-11 (1994): 772–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00325656.

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9

ONO, Satomi, and Shin-ichi HIRANO. "Processing of Lithium Niobate and Potassium Lithium Niobate Films Using Environmentally-Friendly Aqueous Precursor Solutions." Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 115, no. 1348 (2007): 801–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj2.115.801.

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10

Adachi, Masatoshi, Mayumi Nakatsuji, and Tomoaki Karaki. "Piezoelectric properties of potassium lithium niobate single crystals." Ferroelectrics 262, no. 1 (January 2001): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150190108225159.

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11

Jun, Byeong-Eog, Yoon-Hwae Hwang, Hyung-Kook Kim, Byung Chun Choi, Byung Kee Moon, Jung Hyun Jeong, and Jae-Hyeon Ko. "Characterizations of Sodium Modified Potassium Lithium Niobate Crystal." Ferroelectrics 382, no. 1 (June 30, 2009): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150190902877577.

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12

Agranat, A. J., C. E. M. de Oliveira, and G. Orr. "Dielectric electrooptic gratings in potassium lithium tantalate niobate." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 353, no. 47-51 (December 2007): 4405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2007.02.074.

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13

Péter, Ágnes, I. Hajdara, K. Lengyel, G. Dravecz, L. Kovács, and M. Tóth. "Characterization of potassium lithium niobate (KLN) ceramic system." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 463, no. 1-2 (September 2008): 398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.09.038.

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14

Wan, Youbao, Xuguang Guo, Jing Chen, Xianzhang Yuan, Junhao Chu, and Jing Li. "Optical properties of nonlinear potassium lithium niobate crystals." Journal of Crystal Growth 235, no. 1-4 (February 2002): 248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0248(01)01781-x.

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15

Kuznetsova, Iren, Andrey Smirnov, and Alyona Gorbunova. "Influence of IDT’s aperture on the excitation of piezoelectric acoustic waves in LiNbO3 and KNbO3 plates." ITM Web of Conferences 30 (2019): 06011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20193006011.

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The results of a study of the influence of the geometric parameters of interdigital transducers (IDT) on their resonance characteristics for YX plates of lithium niobate and potassium niobate are presented in the paper. It is shown that a decrease in the IDT aperture from 6 mm to 2 mm leads to a twofold increase in the intensity of the acoustic signal. The obtained results can be useful in miniaturization of the developed acoustoelectronic sensors.
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16

Suyama, Yoko, Tetsuya Yamada, Yosuke Hirano, Kazuo Takamura, and Kenjiro Takahashi. "New Synthesis Process of Li, Na and K Niobates from Metal Alkoxides." Advances in Science and Technology 63 (October 2010): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.63.7.

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New synthesis process to prepare nano-particles of lithium niobate, sodium niobate and potassium niobate by thermal decomposition of the constituent double metal alkoxides was developed. Single crystals of such double-metal alkoxides as Na-Nb, Li-Nb and K-Nb ethoxides were newly synthesized from a mixed solution of the constituent metal ethoxides. The doublemetal alkoxides of the Li-Nb, Na-Nb and K-Nb systems decomposed at low temperatures below 673 K to form nano-particles of LiNbO3, NaNbO3 and LiNbO3. The lattice constants and crystallite size of the obtained LiNbO3, NaNbO3 and LiNbO3 particles were elucidated. It was shown that this new synthesis process was useful for preparation of niobate nano-particles at low temperatures.
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17

Soo Kim, Jin, and Jung-Nam Kim. "Diffuse Phase Transition in Potassium Lithium Niobate Ferroelectric Crystals." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 69, no. 6 (June 15, 2000): 1880–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.69.1880.

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18

Wan, Youbao, Biao Li, and Junhao Chu. "Second harmonic generation of ferroelectric potassium lithium niobate crystals." Integrated Ferroelectrics 35, no. 1-4 (February 2001): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584580108016891.

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19

Balberg, Michal, Meir Razvag, Shimon Vidro, Eli Refaeli, and Aharon J. Agranat. "Electroholographic neurons implemented on potassium lithium tantalate niobate crystals." Optics Letters 21, no. 19 (October 1, 1996): 1544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.21.001544.

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20

Cheng, Zhenxiang, Shujun Zhang, Guangyong Zhou, Jianru Han, and Huanchu Chen. "Magnesium-doped potassium lithium niobate crystal and its properties." Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials 40, no. 1-4 (January 2000): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-8974(00)00026-7.

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21

Ono, Satomi, Noriaki Yamada, and Shin-ichi Hirano. "Potassium Lithium Niobate Films Derived from Aqueous Precursor Solution." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 84, no. 7 (December 20, 2004): 1415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2001.tb00853.x.

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22

Huang, Xinming, Yaqin Zhao, Yangyang Ji, Xing Wu, and Kunquan Lu. "Time dependence of density of molten potassium lithium niobate." Journal of Crystal Growth 179, no. 1-2 (August 1997): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0248(97)00125-5.

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23

Kim, Jin Soo, and Tae Kwon Song. "Modulus Spectroscopy of Potassium Lithium Niobate (K3Li2Nb5O15) Single Crystal." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 70, no. 11 (November 2001): 3419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.70.3419.

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24

Xu, Xue-Wu, Tow-Chong Chong, Guang-Yu Zhang, and Hirohiko Kumagai. "Second-Harmonic Generation of Ferroelectric Potassium Lithium Niobate Crystals." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 40, Part 1, No. 7 (July 15, 2001): 4540–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.40.4540.

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25

Xu, Yuheng, Wusheng Xu, Shiwen Xu, R. u. i. Wang, and Xiaojun Chen. "Photorefractive properties of potassium lithium niobate doped with copper." Optik 114, no. 2 (2003): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/0030-4026-00225.

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26

Zhang, Daofan, Youting Song, Tang Zhou, Xing Wu, and Yong Zhu. "Dielectric Properties and Poling of Potassium Lithium Niobate Crystals." physica status solidi (a) 171, no. 2 (February 1999): 605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-396x(199902)171:2<605::aid-pssa605>3.0.co;2-w.

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27

ONO, Satomi, and Shin-ichi HIRANO. "Synthesis of Potassium Lithium Niobate Films through Aqueous Precursor Solution." Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 106, no. 1237 (1998): 850–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj.106.850.

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28

Jiayue, Xu, Fan Shiji, Lin Yafang, and Xu Xuewut. "Bridgman growth and properties of potassium lithium niobate single crystals." Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials 40, no. 1-4 (January 2000): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-8974(00)00010-3.

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29

Chu, Sheng-Yuan, Walter Water, Yung-Der Juang, Jih-Tsang Liaw, and S. B. Dai. "Piezoelectric and Dielectric Characteristics of Lithium Potassium Niobate Ceramic System." Ferroelectrics 297, no. 1 (January 2003): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713642469.

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30

Chen, Caifeng, Yuan Zhu, Jun Ji, Feixiang Cai, Youming Zhang, Ningyi Zhang, and Andong Wang. "Fabrication and performance of porous lithium sodium potassium niobate ceramic." Materials Research Express 5, no. 2 (February 15, 2018): 025404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aaabe2.

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31

Agranat, Aharon J., Lavi Secundo, Noam Golshani, and Meir Razvag. "Wavelength-selective photonic switching in paraelectric potassium lithium tantalate niobate." Optical Materials 18, no. 1 (October 2001): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-3467(01)00166-5.

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32

Massey, M. J., R. S. Katiyar, B. M. Jin, and A. S. Bhalla. "High pressure Raman spectroscopy of stoichiometric ferroelectric potassium lithium niobate." Ferroelectrics 189, no. 1 (December 1996): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199608213418.

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33

Li, Lian, Tow Chong Chong, Quan Zhong Jiang, Xue Wu Xu, Hirohiko Kumagai, and Masahiro Hirano. "Growth and properties of potassium lithium niobate (KLN) single crystals." Ferroelectrics 230, no. 1 (May 1999): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199908214924.

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34

Hoon Kim, Tae, Young Moon Yu, Kwanghee Lee, and Ji Hyun Ro. "Infrared OH? Absorption Bands in Potassium Lithium Niobate Single Crystals." physica status solidi (b) 227, no. 2 (October 2001): 485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3951(200110)227:2<485::aid-pssb485>3.0.co;2-4.

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35

Berksoy, Ayse, and Ebru Mensur Alkoy. "Preperation of Lead-Free Potassium Sodium Niobate Based Piezoelectrics and their Electromechanical Characteristics." Advanced Materials Research 445 (January 2012): 492–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.445.492.

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In this study, %7 Li modified and 0.67 % copper oxide added potassium sodium niobate (KNN) ceramics were investigated. Copper oxide was used as a sintering aid. The ceramics were prepared with conventional solid state calcination technique. All samples were crystallized in pure perovskite phase with no additional peak. The density of the samples increased with copper addition and lithium modification. The Curie temperature of KNN ceramics was found to shift to lower temperatures by CuO addition. The Curie temperature was measured as 414°C and 504°C for copper oxide added and lithium modified KNN samples, respectively. The maximum strain of copper oxide added sample was 0.12%, whereas Li modified KL ceramics yielded up to 0.10 %.
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36

Zhang, H. X., C. H. Kam, Y. Zhou, X. Q. Han, S. D. Cheng, C. Y. Chan, and Y. L. Lam. "Preparation and characterization of nanocrystalline potassium lithium niobate powders and films." Journal of Materials Research 16, no. 12 (December 2001): 3609–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2001.0494.

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Potassium lithium niobate (KLN) powders and thin films were prepared from metalorganic compounds through the sol-gel process. A homogeneous and stable KLN precursor was synthesized by mixing the metal ethoxides. Powder gels were obtained through the hydrolysis of the solution by exposing it to the ambient atmosphere. Thin films were deposited on Si, SiO2/Si, and fused quartz by a spin coating technique. The pyrolysis and crystallization of KLN powders and films were investigated through the methods of differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, x-ray diffraction, and Raman scattering spectroscopy. The results revealed that both KLN powders and films could crystallize into a tetragonal tungsten–bronze-type phase with appropriate annealing. Optical studies indicated that the films were highly transparent in the visible–near-infrared wavelength range and could support optical modes.
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37

Jun, Byeong-Eog, Jung Hyun Jeong, Byung Chun Choi, and Yoon-Hwae Hwang. "Relaxation and phase-transition characteristics of relaxor ferroelectric potassium lithium niobate." Journal of the Korean Physical Society 66, no. 11 (June 2015): 1736–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/jkps.66.1736.

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38

Tong, Xiaolin, Amnon Yariv, Min Zhang, Aharon J. Agranat, Rudolf Hofmeister, and Victor Leyva. "Ferroelectric domain gratings and Barkhausen spikes in potassium lithium tantalate niobate." Applied Physics Letters 70, no. 17 (April 28, 1997): 2241–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.118827.

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39

Xu, J. Y., S. J. Fan, and X. W. Xu. "Ferroelectric potassium lithium niobate crystals grown by the vertical Bridgman method." Materials Science and Engineering: B 85, no. 1 (August 2001): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5107(01)00642-0.

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40

Zhang, Hongxi, Yan Zhou, Chan Hin Kam, Shide Cheng, Xueqin Han, Yee Loy Lam, and Yuen Chuen Chan. "Preparation and characterization of sol–gel derived potassium lithium niobate films." Journal of Crystal Growth 211, no. 1-4 (April 2000): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0248(99)00799-x.

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41

Bo, Liu, Bi Jiancong, Liu Zhenhong, and Sun Liang. "Photorefractive Properties of Potassium Lithium Niobate Crystals with CeO2 and Nd2O3." Journal of Rare Earths 25, no. 5 (October 2007): 643–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1002-0721(07)60578-x.

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42

Kang, G. Y., and J. K. Yoon. "The growth of potassium lithium niobate (KLN) with low Nb2O5 content." Journal of Crystal Growth 193, no. 4 (October 1998): 615–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0248(98)00546-6.

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43

Cheng, Zhenxiang, Shujun Zhang, Guangyong Zhou, Jianru Han, and Huanchu Chen. "The growth and properties of magnesium-doped potassium lithium niobate crystal." Journal of Crystal Growth 204, no. 3 (July 1999): 405–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0248(99)00189-x.

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44

Maxwell, Gisele, Alan Petersen, Dylan Dalton, and Bennett Ponting. "Laser heated pedestal growth of potassium lithium niobate for UV generation." Journal of Crystal Growth 352, no. 1 (August 2012): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2012.01.022.

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45

Xia, H. R., H. Yu, H. Yang, K. X. Wang, B. Y. Zhao, J. Q. Wei, J. Y. Wang, and Y. G. Liu. "Raman and infrared reflectivity spectra of potassium lithium niobate single crystals." Physical Review B 55, no. 22 (June 1, 1997): 14892–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.55.14892.

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46

Podlojenov, S., J. Stade, M. Burianek, and M. Mühlberg. "Study on the ferroelectric phase transition in potassium lithium niobate (KLN)." Crystal Research and Technology 41, no. 4 (April 2006): 344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crat.200510585.

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47

Ouwerkerk, Martin. "Potassium lithium niobate: A frequency doubler for (Al,Ga)As lasers." Advanced Materials 3, no. 7-8 (July 1991): 399–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19910030716.

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48

Hwang, Chuan Chou, Chen Chia Chou, Jyh Liang Wang, Tsang Yen Hsieh, and Jui Te Tseng. "The Lithium Doping Effect on (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3 Lead-Free Piezo-Ceramics Structure Stability and Ferroelectric Characteristics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 217-219 (November 2012): 682–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.217-219.682.

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The structure stability、micro-structure and electrical properties of lithium doping on potassium sodium niobate ceramics (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3 (NKN) were investigated in this study. Solid oxide mixing method with post calcination and sintering was employed to fabricate(Na0.5K0.5)(1-x) LixNbO3 ceramic. Lithium oxide was adopted as the sintering aids. For Li doping x=6 mol% in (Na0.5K0.5)(1-x) LixNbO3 ceramic a optimal crystallization and electrical properties could be achieved after 650°C calcination and 1060°C sintering. Ferroelectric properties of the lead-free ceramic behaved a coercive field of 12.5kV/cm and remanent polarization as high as 30uC/cm2.
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49

Tuttle, B. A., and R. W. Schwartz. "Solution Deposition of Ferroelectric Thin Films." MRS Bulletin 21, no. 6 (June 1996): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s088376940004608x.

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Solution deposition has been used by almost every electroceramic research-and-development organization throughout the world to evaluate thin films. Ferrite, high-temperature-superconductor, dielectric, and antireflection coatings are among the electroceramics for which solution deposition has had a significant impact. Lithium niobate, lithium tantalate, potassium niobate, lead scandium tantalate, lead magnesium niobate, and bismuth strontium tantalate are among the ferroelectric thin films processed by solution deposition. However, lead zir-conate titanate (PZT) thin films have received the most intensive study and will be emphasized in this article.Solution deposition facilitates stoichiometric control of complex mixed oxides better than other techniques such as sputter deposition and metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Solution deposition is a fast, cost-efficient method to survey extensive ranges of film composition. Further it is a process compatible with many semiconductor-fabrication technologies, and it may be the deposition method of choice for applications that do not require conformal depositions and that have device dimensions of 2 μm or greater. Specific applications for which solution deposition is commercially viable include decoupling capacitors, uncooled pyroelectric infrared detectors, piezoelectric micromotors, and chemical microsensors based on surface-acoustic-wave technology. Reviews of some of the more fundamental aspects of solution-deposition processing may be found in the scientific literature.
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50

Kaur, Gurjit, Neha Rani, Yaman Parasher, and Prabhjot Singh. "Design and Implementation of Electro-Optic 2×2 Switch and Optical Gates using MZI." Journal of Optical Communications 41, no. 3 (April 28, 2020): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0198.

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AbstractMZI switches are well-known devices for high speed communication applications. A lot of researchers have designed MZI switches by using lithium niobate and potassium niobate material. But the major problem of using these type of material includes high insertion losses and required high switching voltage. So, in this research paper we have designed a 2×2 electro-optic switch using optical waveguide designed with Titanium (Ti) diffused in Strontium barium niobate (SBNO3) material which can operate at wavelength of 1.3 um. Results show that the proposed structure gives better output in terms of extinction ratio (=29.9 db) as well as for insertion losses (≤0.018). Further, we have designed various optical gates i. e. XNOR, XOR and AND optical gates and their performance is also evaluated by varying electrode voltages. It is inferred from the results that the proposed model gives better results even in terms of output power which can be used for commercial purpose.
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