Academic literature on the topic 'Potato famine'
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Journal articles on the topic "Potato famine"
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Rudin, Ronald, and James S. Donnelly,. "The Great Irish Potato Famine." Canadian Journal of Irish Studies 26/27 (2000): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25515356.
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Murphy, Maureen, and James S. Donnelly,. "The Great Irish Potato Famine." Béaloideas 69 (2001): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20520779.
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Portman, Penelope A. "Cause a Couch Potato Famine." Strategies 8, no. 3 (November 1994): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08924562.1994.10592022.
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Castelle, George. "The Newfoundland Potato Famine, 1846–48." Newfoundland and Labrador Studies 34, no. 2 (October 28, 2020): 297–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1072654ar.
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Abbot, NC. "Homoeopathy in the Irish potato famine." Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies 2, no. 2 (June 14, 2010): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7166.1997.tb00622.x.
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Kutschera, U. "Fungus did not cause potato famine." Nature 494, no. 7437 (February 2013): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/494314e.
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Biletz, Frank A. "The Great Irish Potato Famine (review)." New Hibernia Review 5, no. 3 (2001): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nhr.2001.0041.
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Fry, William E., and Stephen B. Goodwin. "Resurgence of the Irish Potato Famine Fungus." BioScience 47, no. 6 (June 1997): 363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1313151.
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LIDWELL-DURNIN, JOHN. "Cultivating famine: data, experimentation and food security, 1795–1848." British Journal for the History of Science 53, no. 2 (June 2020): 159–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087420000199.
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AbstractCollecting seeds and specimens was an integral aspect of botany and natural history in the eighteenth century. Historians have until recently paid less attention to the importance of collecting, trading and compiling knowledge of their cultivation, but knowing how to grow and maintain plants free from disease was crucial to agricultural and botanical projects. This is particularly true in the case of food security. At the close of the eighteenth century, European diets (particularly among the poor) began shifting from wheat- to potato-dependence. In Britain and Ireland during these decades, extensive crop damage was caused by diseases like ‘curl’ and ‘dry rot’ – leading many agriculturists and journal editors to begin collecting data on potato cultivation in order to answer practical questions about the causes of disease and methods that might mitigate or even eliminate their appearance. Citizens not only produced the bulk of these data, but also used agricultural print culture and participation in surveys to shape and direct the interpretation of these data. This article explores this forgotten scientific ambition to harness agricultural citizen science in order to bring stability and renewed vitality to the potato plant and its cultivation. I argue that while many agriculturists did recognize that reliance upon the potato brought with it unique threats to the food supplies of Britain and Ireland, their views on this threat were wholly determined by the belief that the diseases attacking potato plants in Europe had largely been produced or encouraged by erroneous cultivation methods.
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Kinealy, Christine. "The Great Irish Potato Famine, and: Famine, Land and Culture in Ireland (review)." Victorian Studies 44, no. 3 (2002): 527–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/vic.2002.0059.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Potato famine"
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Cook, Geoffrey Stephen. "The development of social security in Ireland (before and after independence) 1838-1990." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319908.
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Beaumont, Julia. "An isotopic and historical study of diet and migration during the great Irish Potato Famine (1845-1852) : high-resolution carbon and nitrogen isotope profiling of teeth to investigate migration and short-term dietary change at the Union workhouse, Kilkenny and Lukin street, London." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6315.
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Historical evidence from contemporary documents established that Irish migrants to London during the Great Irish Famine (1845-1852) were likely to come from low socio-economic groups in south-west Ireland, and has characterised mid-19th-century health status and living conditions in both locations. Using samples from 119 individuals from the Catholic cemetery at Lukin Street, London (1843-1854) and 20 from the Union Workhouse Famine cemetery, Kilkenny, Ireland (1847-51), mean bone collagen isotope values were established for the well-documented Irish pre-Famine potato-based diet (δ¹⁵N 10.6‰, δ¹³C -19.1‰), and the diet of contemporaneous Londoners (δ¹⁵N 12.6‰, δ¹³C -19.1‰). The introduction of maize as a short-term Famine relief food was identified in three Kilkenny juveniles with bone collagen δ¹³C above -17‰, and incremental dentine collagen demonstrating temporal changes in δ¹³C consistent with dietary change from C3 to C4 plants. Bone collagen values for two Lukin Street individuals were consistent with high marine protein consumption. Techniques developed in this study to sample increments of dentine representing nine months or less of life have improved temporal resolution not only for migration events but also short-term dietary changes and physiological status during childhood. Combining epigraphic, osteological and archaeological evidence, individual 'lifeways' have been constructed using isotope data and provide insights into the connection between health, diet and skeletal manifestations of deprivation during childhood and adolescence. New models are investigated for examining maternal and infant health using dentine collagen increments formed in utero and combining dentine and bone collagen values to explore the effects of nutritional stress on bone turnover.
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Chani, Eduard. "Molecular marker analysis of a segregating monoploid potato family." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29792.
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Anther culture experiments were conducted to construct a monoploid family. The donor plants used were hybrids between high leptine producing selections of Solanum chacoense Bitt. and anther culture responsive selections of Solanum phureja Juz. et Buk. Several steps of the anther culture process were studied. The results indicated that genotype remains the main factor affecting anther culture response. Growing anther-donor plants in higher greenhouse temperatures (30 degrees C day/20 degrees C night) increased the number of embryos per anther by 40 percent. A heat shock given to anthers in culture for 12h at 35 degrees C was also found to be beneficial resulting in an increase of the anther culture response by 40 percent. However the effect of the high temperature shock resulted in lower regeneration rates. In all experiments a highly significant "date" effect was observed with one or two days differing from the others by showing higher response rates in all hybrids tested. The majority of the regenerated plants was diploid, probably resulting from unreduced gametes. Simple sequence repeat analysis with eight polymorphic primer pairs was used successfully to identify the homozygous diploid plants that were added to the monoploids. In total 34 monoploid plants and 14 homozugous diploids were obtained. The degree of heterozygosity revealed by SSR analysis indicated that the diploid plants originated from unreduced gametes formed by first division restitution (FDR) mechanism. The SSR marker data were used to map the genes with respect to the centromeres by half tetrad analysis. SSR-containing sequences from the public databases, as well as sequences obtained from a genomic library enriched for SSRs, were used to generate 48 primer pairs. Only 12 of them were found to be polymorphic in the monoploid family. Ten primer pairs did not amplify any specific fragment. The monoploid population showed distorted segregation at four of the polymorphic loci, showing overrepresentation of the chacoense alleles in three of them. One of the loci showing distorted segregation (STSTP, amplified by primer pair RV 11+12) is most probably linked to lethal alleles, whereas another one (ST13ST, amplified by primer pair RV 21+22) could be linked to genes affecting anther-culture response. The location of the SSR loci on the potato chromosomes is not known except for one (waxy, primer pair 3+4), but statistical analysis on the segregation data obtained from 70 heterozygous anther-derived diploids showed no linkage between them. The SSR primer pairs developed in this study might be useful in studying genetic relationships among cultivars and accessions in breeding programs. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used in association with bulked segregant analysis to detect linkage with genes controlling leptine biosynthesis. With all the limitations imposed by the population size and contamination from foreign pollen, a band amplified by primer OPA-16 could differentiate the bulks contrasting for leptine content. It is possible that this band is linked to genes suppressing leptine biosynthesis, since it appears only in the plants that do not synthesize leptines. Further investigation with larger populations is needed to confirm this possibility.Ph. D.
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McDowell, Garrett Alexandrea. "Eating Potato Chips with Chopsticks: Nikkei Latin Americans Making Home, Shaping Family and Defining Selves." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2009. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/46251.
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AnthropologyPh.D.
This dissertation examines the effects of return migration on Nikkei (of Japanese descent) sending communities in the Soconusco Region (Acacoyagua), Chiapas, Mexico and Lima, Peru. Massive numbers of Nikkei Latin Americans have been returning to Japan in the last two decades filling a shortage in low-skill labor. The Nikkei mass exodus is indicative of the global economic pattern that has caught Latin American countries in a downward economic spiral resulting in joblessness and class polarization. For many, transnational migration is the only viable option for economic survival. This research illustrates how Nikkei are strategically making home, shaping family and defining selves through return migration. Nikkei Latin Americans (those who go and those who stay) approach return as Ganbatteando (doing one's best) embracing and making-their-own the Japanese concept of Ganbarimas. This study examines the local impacts of a global phenomenon broadening the traditional anthropological approach on spatially localized groups to address identity-formation as a discursive phenomenon situated in-between, across and outside, yet still connected to fixed or bounded locations or nations. I explore how Japanese in Latin America reconcile their Japanese roots with their embedded experience in their Latin American birthplace as well as their newest and current experiences in Japan to construct variable, changing and unique identities. Nikkei, situated in and creating a temporal and spatial borderzone are forming, reforming, and transforming home, family and identity as their local communities and marriage options, are depleted. By incorporating non-Nikkei-but-Nikkei-enthusiasts, Nikkei are sustaining and reinforcing endogamous marriage at a time when the emigration of large numbers of marriageable-aged Nikkei make that otherwise impossible. In this process, they are making intimate choices: reasserting ethnic strongholds in the homes of their choice, shifting and strategically broadening kinship and community boundaries, and at the same time more strictly regulating inclusion and exclusion. Nikkei are eating potato chips with chopsticks at the same time that non-Nikkei in Latin America are frying sushi.
Temple University--Theses
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Pottas, Sunette. "An exploratory study of family harmony in family businesses / Sunette Pottas." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4159.
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Family businesses are one of the driving forces behind economic growth in South
Africa. It is therefore very important to understand all the different aspects of family
businesses to ensure sustainability and continuity through different generations. The
reasons for their failure are often predictable and the fact that the 'family dynamics'
and family business issues is not well understood. Family harmony is a situation where
family members acknowledge each other's achievements, that they are emotionally
attached and close to each other, where they support and care for each other's
welfare and this gives them a competitive advantage and as a result are in a better
position to work together, trust each other, and react faster to the changing economic
environment. It also leads to better, wiser decisions being taken, leading to success in
business.
The research was conducted by means of a literature and empirical study. The
literature study entails literature on the key dynamics of family businesses and factors
that influence harmony in family businesses. A convenience sample, by means of a
snowball sample technique was used to identify family businesses. A total of 13 family
businesses and 91 respondents participated in the Lejweleputswa District in the Free
State province in South Africa.
Literature revealed that there are thirteen latent variables that could be used to assess
family harmony in family businesses. These determinants of family harmony are: open
communication, mutual t rust and respect, conflict between family members, family
commitment, personal needs alignment, division of labour, fairness, leadership,
governance, non-active family members, non-family members, senior generation of
family members and financial performance.
The reliability of the questionnaire was determined by calculating the Cronbach alpha
coefficient of the variables. The Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient normally ranges
between 0 and 1. The closer the Cronbach's alpha coefficient is to 1.0, the greater the
internal consistency of the items in the data.
The participating family members had the highest level of agreement with the following
variables concerning the statements in the questionnaire; Family Commitment
(x=5.877), Financial performance (x= 5.723) and Mutual trust and respect (x=
5.716). Mutual trust, respect and leadership are the more preferable variables for the
participating family members because they have the highest correlation to family
harmony in family businesses. In the relationships of, active and inactive family
members and the gender of the family members in regard with family harmony
(dependable variable) and the perceived future continuity ( independent variable) there
is never a practical significant difference.
Recommendations are made to improve family harmony in family businesses and
subsequently the sustainability and longevity of the businessesThesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.
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Gellatly, Kevin Scott. "Biochemical and molecular characterization of potato tuber acid phosphatase and other members of the plant acid phosphatase family." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ31926.pdf.
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Jupe, Florian. "The potato NB LRR gene family : determination, characterisation and utilisation for rapid identification of novel disease resistance genes." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2012. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/48158/.
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The potato genome sequence derived from a double-monoploid Solanum tuberosum Group Phureja clone provides unparalleled insight into the genome composition of this important crop, including its repertoire of disease resistance genes. The vast majority of plant resistance (R) genes contain a nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat domain, and are collectively known as NB-LRRs. The aim of this thesis is to aid the annotation of this gene family in potato and to use this information to accelerate the process of functional R gene isolation. The first part of this Thesis reports the identification and phylogenetic characterisation of 438 NB-LRR genes through an amino-acid motif based search of the 39,000 potato gene models. A full re-annotation of the singe sequences provided a blueprint for a sequence capture approach to enrich for NB-LRR specific sequences prior next-generation sequencing, as reported in the second part of this thesis. In a poof-of-concept study that was carried out on the sequenced potato clone, not only 424 of the previously identified genes were verified, but further 338 NB-LRR encoding sequences were identified, mainly from un-annotated regions of the genome. Physical map positions were established for 83% of the predicted NB-LRRs across all we potato chromosomes. The third part of this thesis reports on the characterisation of the genetic basis of the late blight resistance of the potato cultivar Sarpo Mira. Whole plant assays with two aggressive late blight isolates identified a differential segregation for resistance within a population derived from a cross with the susceptible cultivar Maris Piper. Transient expression of characterised late blight effector genes gave evidence for a novel resistance gene composition with Sarpo Mira. A sequencing based genotyping approach identified five loci on chromosomes 5, 11 and 12 with positive impact on the resistance. Analysis of NB-LRR enriched illumina reads of bulked resistant and susceptible plants was however inconclusive, due to difficulties arising from the tetraploid genetic background of Sarpo Mira.
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Reichert, Lírio José. "Avaliação de sistemas de produção de batata orgânica em propriedades familiares: uma aplicação da metodologia multicritério de apoio à decisão (MCDA)." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2012. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/2430.
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Previous issue date: 2012-03-02The farm production systems, in general, have a certain degree of complexity because it involves a set of variables that the farmer can not always control, and requires a decision-making. The farmer does it considering his rationality based on his objectives, perception, intuition, and information. Even with all these precautions, it s not always easy to make those decisions, and so they often need some support or some tool to assist them, even more when the production systems involve practices and/or organic production processes or with technological innovation. In these cases, the farmer needs to involve a number of internal and external elements to the rural property, interact with nature and know how to use it for the benefit of the production unit. A number of studies have been conducted to improve organic production processes, emphasizing its importance and its social, environmental and economic benefits, and the opportunities it brings. Potato organic production has evolved, but, being a system still in consolidation, it faces bottlenecks in production and in marketing, which should be studied deeper. Following this idea, the study aimed to construct models that aggregate different systems evaluation criteria of organic potato developed by family farmers from southern Rio Grande do Sul state. The study had the participation of a group that has been in the research project Rede de Referência (GRR) of Embrapa Clima Temperado, and another group out of the network (GFRR), associated with Cooperativas Sul Ecológica, Arpa-Sul and Coopar. To evaluate the organic potato system, the study used the decision aid multicriteria tool, which allows the inclusion of the subjective view of the actors involved in the decision-making context through formation of a mental frame of reference (QRM), composed of their personal beliefs, assumptions, values and preferences, through modeling criteria construction in a participatory manner. The study showed, in general, that the models constructed (1-GRR and 2-GFRR) do not differ much from the production practices adopted in each group. Nevertheless, the differences occurred in the levels of impact of actions, and in the establishment of different weights between the models, so the final result in order of preference of evaluation criteria was different. For GRR the criterion potato size was the most important, whereas for GFRR was the criterion production risks. When evaluated with four other organic potato production systems (A, B, C, and D), the two models performances were very close. In model 1 the scores were 72.6; 70.2; 4.1, and 10.9, and in model 2, 71.7; 71.3; 2.7, and 5.0, respectively. In the assessment of each group, the farmers agreed with the results obtained in the models, proving their validity and robustness against the models constructed.
Os sistemas de produção agrícola, de uma forma geral, se caracterizam por certo grau de complexidade, porque envolvem um conjunto de variáveis que nem sempre são controláveis pelo agricultor e que exigem a tomada de decisão, que o faz considerando sua racionalidade, baseado em seus objetivos, percepção, intuição e informação. Mesmo com todas estas precauções, nem sempre são decisões fáceis de serem tomadas e que, muitas vezes, necessitam de algum apoio ou alguma ferramenta que lhes auxilie, ainda mais quando os sistemas de produção envolvem práticas e/ou processos de produção orgânica ou com alguma inovação tecnológica. Nesses casos, o agricultor necessita envolver uma série de elementos internos e externos à propriedade, interagir com a natureza e saber usá-la em benefício da unidade de produção. Estudos vêm sendo realizados para aperfeiçoar os processos de produção orgânica, enfatizando sua importância e seus benefícios sociais, ambientais, econômicos e as oportunidades que ela traz. A produção orgânica de batatas tem evoluído, porém, por ser um sistema ainda em consolidação, enfrenta pontos de estrangulamento na produção e na comercialização, que devem ser estudados com maior profundidade. Neste sentido, o estudo teve por objetivo construir modelos que agreguem os diferentes critérios de avaliação de sistemas de batata orgânica, desenvolvido por agricultores familiares da região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Contou com um grupo que vem atuando no projeto de pesquisa Rede de Referência (GRR) da Embrapa Clima Temperado e outro fora da rede (GFRR), associados às Cooperativas Sul Ecológica, Arpa-Sul e Coopar. Para avaliar os sistemas de produção de batata orgânica o estudo utilizou a ferramenta Multicritério de Apoio à Decisão (MCDA), que permite a inserção da visão subjetiva dos atores envolvidos no contexto decisório por intermédio da formação de um quadro de referência mental (QRM), composto por suas crenças pessoais, hipóteses, valores e preferências, através da construção da modelagem criterial de uma forma participativa. O estudo mostrou de uma maneira geral, que os modelos construídos (1-GRR e 2-GFRR), não se diferenciam muito em relação às práticas de produção adotadas em cada um dos grupos. No entanto, as diferenças ocorreram nos níveis de impacto das ações e no estabelecimento de pesos diferentes entre os modelos, de modo que o resultado final, na ordem de preferência dos critérios de avaliação, foi diferente. Para o GRR o critério tamanho da batata foi o mais importante, enquanto que para o GFRR foi o critério riscos de produção. Os dois modelos quando avaliados com outros quatro sistemas de produção de batata orgânica (A,B,C e D), tiveram desempenho muito próximos na avaliação global. No modelo 1, as pontuações foram de 72,6; 70,2; 4,1 e 10,9 e no modelo 2, 71,7; 71,3; 2,7 e 5,0 respectivamente. Na avaliação em cada um dos grupos, os agricultores concordaram com os resultados obtidos nos modelos, comprovando sua validade e robustez frente aos modelos construídos.
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Fahy, Sandra Maoliasa. "Writing great hunger Ireland in 1845-50, the "Potato Famine", historiography and original poetry /." 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pMQ67720.
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Thesis (M.A.)--York University, 2000. Graduate Programme in Interdisciplinary Studies.Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-173). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pMQ67720.
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Chen, Ren Zhi, and 陳仁治. "Sporamin gene family of sweet potato." Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13404069005623260298.
Full textBooks on the topic "Potato famine"
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Gallagher, Carole S. The Irish potato famine. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2002.
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John, Percival. The great famine: Ireland's potato famine, 1845-51. New York: Viewer Books, 1995.
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Treuherz, Francis. Homoeopathy in the Irish potato famine. London: Samuel Press, 1995.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Potato famine"
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Kurin, Danielle Shawn. "Irish Potato Famine, 1845–1852." In The Bioarchaeology of Disaster, 82–88. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003229209-10.
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Gullino, Maria Lodovica. "Late Blight of Potato: The Great Irish Famine." In Spores, 15–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69995-6_3.
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Schoina, Charikleia, and Francine Govers. "The Oomycete Phytophthora infestans, the Irish Potato Famine Pathogen." In Principles of Plant-Microbe Interactions, 371–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08575-3_39.
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Devine, Tom M. "6. Why the Highlands did not starve. Ireland and Highland Scotland during the potato famine." In Comparative Rural History of the North Sea Area, 111–22. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.corn-eb.4.00022.
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Gráda, Cormac Ó. "Population and Potatoes: the Pre-Famine Context." In The Great Irish Famine, 12–38. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08269-8_2.
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Loebenstein, G. "Potato leafroll virus (PLRV;Genus Polerovirus; Family Luteoviridae)." In Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Potatoes and Production of Seed-Potatoes, 69–75. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0842-6_6.
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Nolte, Phillip. "Historical Epidemics (E.G., Irish Potato Famine)." In Encyclopedia of Pest Management (Print). CRC Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/noe0824706326.ch153.
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Moran, Gerard. "Achill and West of Ireland Seed Potato Fund 1." In The History of the Irish Famine, 363–77. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315513652-52.
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Richards, Eric. "The Irish case." In The genesis of international mass migration, 207–24. Manchester University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526131485.003.0014.
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This chapter deals with Ireland’s place in the more generic context of the origins of migration from the British Isles. The first crescendo of mass international migration came in the mid-1840s and was disproportionately Irish. Population growth, famine and emigration in the Irish case are commonly regarded as tied together inextricably. The spread of the potato facilitated economic expansion which included ‘a huge movement of population from east to west with new communities growing up in previously little populated areas’. The potato failure in 1846 produced catastrophic levels of mortality and then massive migration. The evacuation of rural Ireland eventually issued forth into a flood of emigrants across the Irish Sea and across the Atlantic. Whatever the ideological assumptions, the readjustment of agriculture in Ireland, especially in the decades of the Great Famine, was radical and ruthless.
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Kinealy, Christine, Gerard Moran, and Jason King. "Reports of the Mansion House Committee on the Potato Disease in 1845 (1846)." In The History of the Irish Famine, 149–59. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315513812-5.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Potato famine"
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Melnic, Maria. "Nematodofauna of potato tubers in the Republic of Moldova." In Xth International Conference of Zoologists. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/icz10.2021.39.
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According to the multiannual researches, it was observed that, in the conditions of the Republic of Moldova, the Nematodofauna of potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum) of different varieties, collected from deposits, is specific, with the dominance of saprophytes due to the spread of bacteriosis and fungal infections. In the potato tubers, sick with dithylenchosis (phases 4, 5), the presence of 30 spec8es of nematoodes was identified, belonging to 24 genera, 14 families, 5 orders, 2 classes: 1. Class Secernentea, Orders Aphelenchida, Rhabditida and Tylenchida; 2. Class Adenophorea, Orders Dorylaimida and Plectida. Most species (19 species) are saprophytes of the Class Secernentea, Order Rhabditida with the dominance of the Superfamilies Cephaloboidea and Diplogasteroidea. According to the trophic-ecological group, the species detected in the potatoes tubers are included in all 5 groups: plant feeding, hiphal feeding, bacterial feeding, animal predation, omnivorous. In all researched varieties, both in frequency (100%) and density (thousands of individuals/gram of infested tissue) distinguished species Ditylenchus destructor Thorne 1945, Order Tylenchida, Family Anguinidae, which is also the main parasite in the culture of Solanum tuberosum in the Republic of Moldova, capable of causing dithylenhosis, as well as epiphytotics – mass infestation of potatoes in deposits
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Myakushina, Yu A., S. N. Lomin, O. O. Kolachevskaya, I. A. Getman, and G. A. Romanov. "Structural and functional analysis of promoters of the potato cytokinin receptor gene family." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future. Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-301.
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Herndon, Marcus. "Effect of Thermal Depolymerization of Wasted Food Extracts on Alternate Fuel Production." In ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2016 Power Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2016-59535.
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Human activities like fossil fuel retrieval, biomass burning, waste disposal, and residential and commercial use of energy are continuing to effect the Earth’s energy budget by changing the emissions and resulting atmospheric concentrations of radioactively important gases, aerosols, and by changing land surface properties. These activities negatively contribute to Earth’s greenhouse gases including water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3). Approximately 82% of greenhouse gases are developed from the United States, Asia, and Europe alone. Food and their extraction processes, including transportation of those extracts, account for about 35% of those greenhouse gases. This includes wasted, rotten, and uneaten food. About 40% of food in the United States today goes uneaten, resulting in more than 20 pounds of food per person every month. Not only does this mean that Americans are throwing out upwards of $165 billion each year, amounting to $1,350 to more than $2,275 annually in waste per family of four, but also 25 percent of all freshwater and huge amounts of unnecessary chemicals, energy, and land. Moreover, almost all of that uneaten food ends up rotting in landfills. This number has increased, in regards to organic matter, from approximately 16 percent of U.S. methane emissions in 2010 upwards to 25 percent in 2012. With the increase in supply and demand of food, in addition to the lower consumer cost, the statistics of wasted feedstocks are rapidly increasing. The purpose of this research is to utilize wasted food to extract natural hydrocarbon oils through thermal depolymerization in order to develop an alternative fuel. Thermal depolymerization is a hydrous pyrolysis process that breaks down long chained polymers into simpler compounds and light hydrocarbons, much of which can be separated and used for fuel. Polymers include essentially all organic matter i.e. matter made of living or once-living things, which include petroleum products like plastic, styro-foam, and nylon, as well as plant and animal material, and manure. Potatoes and corn starch were used as feedstocks for this research and thermal depolymerization was conducted on the feedstocks for analysis and fuel collection. With optimum use and a mature thermal depolymerization technology, the Earth might comfortably support 10 times its current population at a high standard of living. There is enough biomass existing now accessible on the surface of the earth to provide 100 years of human energy use.
Reports on the topic "Potato famine"
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Veilleux, Richard E., Jossi Hillel, A. Raymond Miller, and David Levy. Molecular Analysis by SSR of Genes Associated with Alkaloid Synthesis in a Segregating Monoploid Potato Family. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570550.bard.
Full textAbstract:
More than 15,000 anthers of an interspecific hybrid (CP2) between two diploid (2n=2x=24) potato species, Solanum chacoense (weedy) and S. phureja (cultivated), were cultured to generate a family of monoploid (haploid, 2n-1x=12) plants. Of 260 regenerated plants, 34 were monoploid, 210 diploid and 16 tetraploid. SSR analysis revealed that six monoploids were genetically identical and 14 diploids were homozygous, thus limiting the population to 42 (28 monoploids and 14 homozygous diploids). New microsatellite loci were developed for potato from database sequences (15), a conventional genomic library (6), an enriched library (18) and tomato (11). Of these, 13 were polymorphic in the CP2 family and 11 were used to study genetic segregatin. Four of 11 exhibited skewed segregation in the monoploid family. Seven of 18 microsatellite markers were polymorphic and informative on a set of 12 tetraploid potato cultivars. Acetylleptinidine (ALD) is the aglycone of leptines, a natural defense against insects, especially the highly destructuve Colorado potato beetle. ALD is absend in S. phureja but highly expressed in the S. chacoense parent of CP2. A backcross population between CP2 and tis S. phureja parent was used to examine segregation for ALD. Bulks of 10 backcross individuals that expressed ALD and 10 that did not were used to identify putative RAPD markers associatd with the trait. Of 80 primers tested, one putative marker amplified by OPQ02 was present in eight of ten individuals comprising the high bulk and absent in all 10 individuals comprising the low bulk. This is a putative marker for ALD expression in potato.
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Ginzberg, Idit, Richard E. Veilleux, and James G. Tokuhisa. Identification and Allelic Variation of Genes Involved in the Potato Glycoalkaloid Biosynthetic Pathway. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7593386.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are secondary metabolites being part of the plant defense response. The two major SGAs in cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) are α-chaconine and α-solanine, which exhibit strong cellular lytic properties and inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity, and are poisonous at high concentrations for humans. As SGAs are not destroyed during cooking and frying commercial cultivars have been bred to contain low levels, and their content in tubers should not exceed 20 mg/100 g fresh weight. However, environmental factors can increase tuber SGA content above the safe level. The focus of the proposed research was to apply genomic approaches to identify candidate genes that control potato SGA content in order to develop tools for potato improvement by marker-assisted selection and/or transgenic approaches. To this end, the objectives of the proposal included identification of genes, metabolic intermediates and allelic variations in the potato SGAbiosynthetic pathway. The SGAs are biosynthesized by the sterol branch of the mevalonic acid/isoprenoid pathway. Transgenic potato plants that overexpress 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase 1 (HMG1) or squalene synthase 1 (SQS1), key enzymes of the mevalonic acid/isoprenoid pathway, exhibited elevated levels of solanine and chaconine as well as induced expression of genes downstream the pathway. These results suggest of coordinated regulation of isoprenoid (primary) metabolism and SGA secondary metabolism. The transgenic plants were further used to identify new SGA-related candidate genes by cDNA-AFLP approach and a novel glycosyltransferase was isolated. In addition, genes involved in phytosterol biosynthesis may have dual role and synthesize defense-related steroidal metabolites, such as SGAs, via lanosterol pathway. Potato lanosterol synthase sequence (LAS) was isolated and used to prepare transgenic plants with overexpressing and silencing constructs. Plants are currently being analyzed for SGA content. The dynamics of SGA accumulation in the various organs of a potato species with high SGA content gave insights into the general regulation of SGA abundance. Leaf SGA levels in S. chacoense were 10 to 20-fold greater than those of S. tuberosum. The leptines, SGAs with strong antifeedant properties against Colorado potato beetles, were present in all aerial tissues except for early and mid-developmental stages of above ground stolons, and accounted for the high SGA content of S. chacoense. These results indicate the presence of regulatory mechanisms in most tissues except in stolons that limit the levels of α-solanine and α-chaconine and confine leptine accumulation to the aerial tissues. The genomes of cultivated and wild potato contain a 4-member gene family coding for SQS. Three orthologs were cloned as cDNAs from S. chacoense and heterologously expressed in E. coli. Squalene accumulated in all E. coli lines transformed with each of the three gene constructs. Differential transcript abundance in various organs and amino acid sequence differences in the conserved domains of three isoenzymes indicate subfunctionalization of SQS activity and triterpene/sterol metabolism. Because S. chacoense and S. phureja differ so greatly for presence and accumulation of SGAs, we selected four candidate genes from different points along the biosynthetic pathway to determine if chcor phuspecific alleles were associated with SGA expression in a segregating interspecific diploid population. For two of the four genes (HMG2 and SGT2) F2 plants with chcalleles expressed significantly greater total SGAs compared with heterozygotes and those with phualleles. Although there are other determinants of SGA biosynthesis and composition in potato, the ability of allelic states at two genes to affect SGA levels confirms some of the above transgenic work where chcalleles at two other loci altered SGA expression in Desiree. Present results reveal new opportunities to manipulate triterpene/sterol biosynthesis in more targeted ways with the objective of altering SGA content for both human health concerns and natural pesticide content without disrupting the essential metabolism and function of the phytosterol component of the membranes and the growth regulating brassinosteroids.
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Steffens, John, Eithan Harel, and Alfred Mayer. Coding, Expression, Targeting, Import and Processing of Distinct Polyphenoloxidases in Tissues of Higher Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, November 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7613008.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) catalyzes the oxidation of phenols to quinones at the expense of O2. PPOs are ubiquitous in higer plants, and their role in oxidative browning of plant tissues causes large annual losses to food production. Despite the importance of PPOs to agriculture, the function(s) of PPOs in higher plants are not understood. Among other roles, PPOs have been proposed to participate in aspects of chloroplast metabolism, based on their occurrence in plastids and high Km for O2. Due to the ability of PPO to catalyze formation of highly reactive quinones, PPOs have also been proposed to be involved in a wide array of defensive interactions with insect, bacterial, and fungal pests. Physiological and biochemical studies of PPO have provided few answers to the major problems of PPO function, subcellular localization, and biochemical properties. This proposal achieved the following major objectives: cloning of PPO cDNAs in potato and tomato; characterization of the tomato PPO gene family; antisense downregulation of the tomato PPO gene family; and reduction in post-harvest enzymic browning of potato through expression of antisense PPO genes under the control of tuber-specific promoters. In addition, we established the lumenal localization of PPO, characterized and clarified the means by which PPOs are imported and processed by chloroplasts, and provided insight into the factors which control localization of PPOs. This proposal has thereby provided fundamental advances in the understanding of this enzyme and the control of its expression.
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Zilberstein, Aviah, Bo Liu, and Einat Sadot. Studying the Involvement of the Linker Protein CWLP and its Homologue in Cytoskeleton-plasma Membrane-cell Wall Continuum and in Drought Tolerance. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7593387.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The study has been focused on proline-rich proteins from the HyPRP family. Three proline-rich proteins have been characterized with the CWLP as the main objective. We showed that this unique protein is assembled in the plasma membrane (PM) and forms a continuum between the cell wall (CW) and cytosol via the PM. While spanning the PM, it is arranged in lipid rafts as CWLP-aquaporin complexes that recruit PP2A-β”, as a part of PP2A enzyme, close to the aquaporin moiety where it dephosphorylates two crucial Ser residues and induces closure of the aquaporin water channels. The closure of water channels renders cells more tolerant to plasmolysis and plants to dehydration. This unique effect was observed not only in Arabidopsis, but also in potato plants over expressing the CWLP, suggesting a possible usage in crop plants as a valve that reduces loss of water or/and elevates cold resistance. The CWLP is a member of the HyPRP protein family that all possess structurally similar 8CM domain, predicted to localize to PM lipid rafts. In this study, two additional highly homologous HyPRP proteins were also studied. The GPRP showed the same localization and it’s over expression increased tolerance to lack of water. However, the third one, PRP940, despite sharing high homology in the 8CM domain, is completely different and is assembled in parallel to cortical microtubules in the cell. Moreover, our data suggest that this protein is not involved in rendering plants resistant to lack of water. We suggest implying CWLP as a tool for better regulation of water maintenance in crop plants.
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Delmer, Deborah P., and Prem S. Chourey. The Importance of the Enzyme Sucrose Synthase for Cell Wall Synthesis in Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568771.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The goal of this work was to understand the role of the enzyme sucrose synthase (SuSy) in synthesis of cellulose and callose in plants. The work resulting from the this grant leads to a number of conclusions. SuSy clearly plays diverse roles in carbon metabolism. It can associate with the plasma membrane of cells undergoing rapid cellulose deposition, such as cotton fibers, developing maize endosperm, gravistimulated pulvini, and transfer cells of the cotton seed. It is also concentrated at sites of high callose deposition (tapetal cells; cell plates). When SuSy levels are lowered by mutation or by anti-sense technology, cell walls undergo degeneration (maize endosperm) and show reduced levels of cellulose (potato tubers). In sum, our evidence has very much strengthened the concept that SuSy does function in the plasma membrane to channel carbon from sucrose via UDP-glucose to glucan synthase complexes. Soluble SuSy also clearly plays a role in providing carbon for starch synthesis and respiration. Surprisingly, we found that the cotton seed is one unique case where SuSy apparently does not play a role in starch synthesis. Current evidence in sum suggests that no specific SuSy gene encodes the membrane-associated form, although in maize the SS 1 form of SuSy may be most important for cell wall synthesis in the early stages of endosperm development. Work is still in progress to determine what does control membrane localization - and the current evidence we have favors a role for Ca2+, and possibly also protein phosphorylation by differentially regulated protein kinases. Finally, we have discovered for the first time, a major new family of genes that encode the catalytic subunit of the cellulose synthase of plants - a result that has been widely cited and opens many new approaches for the study of this important plant function.
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Steffens, John C., and Eithan Harel. Polyphenol Oxidases- Expression, Assembly and Function. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7571358.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) participate in the preparation of many plant products on the one hand and cause considerable losses during processing of plant products on the other hand. However, the physiological functions of plant PPO were still a subject of controversy at the onset of the project. Preliminary observations that suggested involvement of PPOs in resistance to herbivores and pathogens held great promise for application in agriculture but required elucidation of PPO's function if modulation of PPO expression is to be considered for improving plant protection or storage and processing of plant products. Suggestions on a possible role of PPO in various aspects of chloroplast metabolism were also relevant in this context. The characterization of plant PPO genes opened a way for achieving these goals. We reasoned that "understanding PPO targeting and routing, designing ways to manipulate its expression and assessing the effects of such modifications will enable determination of the true properties of the enzyme and open the way for controlling its activity". The objective of the project was to "obtain an insight into the function and biological significance of PPOs" by examining possible function(s) of PPO in photosynthesis and plant-pest interactions using transgenic tomato plants; extending our understanding of PPO routing and assembly and the mechanism of its thylakoid translocation; preparing recombinant PPOs for use in import studies, determination of the genuine properties of PPOs and understanding its assembly and determining the effect of PPO's absence on chloroplast performance. Results obtained during work on the project made it necessary to abandon some minor objectives and devote the effort to more promising topics. Such changes are mentioned in the 'Body of the report' which is arranged according to the objectives of the original proposal. The complex expression pattern of tomato PPO gene family was determined. Individual members of the family are differentially expressed in various parts of the plant and subjected to developmentally regulated turnover. Some members are differentially regulated also by pathogens, wounding and chemical wound signals. Wounding systemically induces PPO activity and level in potato. Only tissues that are developmentally competent to express PPO are capable of responding to the systemic wounding signal by increased accumulation of PPO mRNA. Down regulation of PPO genes causes hyper susceptibility to leaf pathogens in tomato while over expression regulation of PPO expression in tomato plants is their apparent increased tolerance to drought. Both the enhanced disease resistance conferred by PPO over expression and the increased stress tolerance due to down regulation can be used in the engineering of improved crop plants. Photosynthesis rate and variable fluorescence measurements in wild type, and PPO-null and over expressing transgenic tomato lines suggest that PPO does not enable plants to cope better with stressful high light intensities or reactive oxygen species. Rather high levels of the enzyme aggravate the damage caused under such conditions. Our work suggests that PPO's primary role is in defending plants against pathogens and herbivores. Jasmonate and ethylene, and apparently also salicylate, signals involved in responses to wounding and defense against herbivores and pathogens, enhance markedly and specifically the competence of chloroplasts to import and process pPPO. The interaction of the precursor with thylakoid membranes is primarily affected. The routing of PPO shows other unusual properties: stromal processing occurs in two sites, resulting in intermediates that are translocated across thylakoids by two different mechanisms - a DpH- and a Sec-dependent one. It is suggested that the dual pattern of processing and routing constitutes a'fail safe' mechanism, reflecting the need for a rapid and flexible response to defense challenges. Many of the observations described above should be taken into consideration when manipulation of PPO expression is contemplated for use in crop improvement.