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Fernández de Palencia Espinosa, Ma Ángeles, Ma Sacramento Díaz Carrasco, Andrés Sánchez Salinas, Amelia de la Rubia Nieto, and Alberto Espuny Miró. "Potential drug–drug interactions in hospitalised haematological patients." Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice 23, no. 6 (2016): 443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078155216664201.
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Background Frequently, haematological patients undergo highly complex and intensive treatment protocols, so a high risk of drug–drug interactions could be expected. Objectives To determine prevalence of clinically relevant drug–drug interactions, to identify the most frequent drug–drug interactions and associated risk factors. Methods A prospective, observational and descriptive study was carried out from November 2012 to February 2013. Twice a week, every patient’s treatment sheet was collected. Each medication list was screened through two databases: Thomson MicromedexTM and Drug Interaction FactsTM. All identified potential drug–drug interactions with a moderate or higher severity rating were recorded. Summary statistics were used to describe patient and disease characteristics, most often prescribed drugs, and frequency, types and classification of drug–drug interactions. Multiple logistic regression models were used to identify risk factors associated with drug–drug interactions. Results A total of 2061 drug–drug interactions were detected in 317 treatment sheets from 58 patients. The prevalence of treatment sheets with drug–drug interactions by Micromedex and Drug Interaction Facts databases were 74.1% and 56.8%, respectively. Azole antifungals, immunosuppressive drugs, antiemetics, antidepressants, acid suppressants and corticosteroids were the most frequent involved drugs. In multivariate analysis, the main risk factor associated with increased odds for drug–drug interactions was a higher number of non-antineoplastic drugs. Conclusions The prevalence of drug–drug interactions was common, with immunosuppressant and azole antifungal agents being the most commonly involved drugs. The factor having the greatest influence on drug–drug interactions was a higher number of non-antineoplastic drugs.
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Isnenia, Isnenia. "Penggunaan Non-Steroid Antiinflamatory Drug dan Potensi Interaksi Obatnya Pada Pasien Muskuloskeletal." Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia 6, no. 1 (2020): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.pji.2020.006.01.8.
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The main therapy on musculoskeletal patients is the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) either as monotherapy or in combination with drugs of the same class or pain relievers from other groups. The use of more than one drugs have potentially caused drug-drug interactions that can affect to patient. This study was aimed to describe the patient's sociodemographic (sex, ages) and clinical (numbers of drugs, type of drugs and diagnose) characteristics, as well as to find the correlation between potential drug interactions with these variables. This research was a quantitative study with a cross sectional design. Data were taken from 100 medical records of patients who had diagnosed with top five musculoskeletal diseases. Data were analyzed descriptively for sex, ages, number of drugs, type of drugs, and potential drug interactions. Bivariate correlation with chi-square were conducted to find statistically significancy potential drug interactions with each variable consist of sex, ages, type of drugs and it’s diagnose. The result shows that the musculoskeletal patients were 44% male, 56% female. Most musculoskeletal patients were aged 18-65 years (78%). Patients who received drugs <5 were 68% and ≥ 5 were 32%. 54% of patients were taking the diclofenac and only 5% of patients were taking the two NSAIDs combination, diclofenac and ibuprofen. There was no significant correlation (p > 0,05) between potential drug interactions with age, sex, type of NSAID, and type of musculosceletal diseases.
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Ceylan, Cengizhan, Rashida Muhammad Umar, Büşra Nur Çattık, Fatih Bolel, Mert Şahna, and Emine Karataş Koçberber. "Potential Drug-Drug Interactions in Patients Using Warfarin, Heparin, and Enoxaparin." Avicenna Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2, no. 2 (2021): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ajpr.2021.12.
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Background: Drug-drug interactions can often lead to preventable adverse drug events and hospitalization. However, the clinical outcome of a potential drug-drug interaction that may range from minor alterations to major toxicity or loss of effect is often unknown. Drugs with narrow therapeutic index are more susceptible to the outcomes of interactions. Anticoagulants are one of the drug groups prone to drug-drug interactions and have important side effects. in this retrospective study, the frequency of drug-drug interactions involving warfarin, heparin and enoxaparin was investigated. Methods: Overall, 300 patients (including 55% males with an average age of 50.75 years) participated in this study, and for each anticoagulant, 100 patient orders were randomly selected from the hospital system. Drug-drug interactions were evaluated using the Micromedex drug interaction checker. Results: A total of 1691 drug-drug interactions (306 major, 253 moderate, and 89 minor interactions) were recorded of which only 648 (average 2.16) involved warfarin, heparin, or enoxaparin. Most interactions were recorded in patients admitted to the cardiovascular surgery (n=312) and cardiology (n=119) wards. There was a significant relationship between the number of drugs and the frequency of interaction. warfarin had the highest number of interactions (n=388). Conclusion: The frequency of drug interactions is high in patients on anticoagulant therapy. The efficacy and safety of these drugs can be affected by drug interactions. Accordingly, these interactions should always be considered, especially in patients with multiple drug use. Efficient monitoring strategies should be employed to optimize treatment while reducing adverse effects.
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&NA;. "Maraviroc potential drug-drug interactions." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1207 (2008): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200812070-00012.
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Božić-Cvijan, Bojana, Miljana Labović, Marija Kukurić, and Milica Bajčetić. "Drug-drug interactions of the reserve antibiotics: A narrative review." Medicinska istrazivanja 57, no. 2 (2024): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/medi57-49267.
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Drug interactions often cause side effects, especially in children, elderly and/or patients with chronic diseases. Antibiotics are among the most commonly used drugs, so potential impact of antibiotic-drug interactions on the ultimate outcome of therapy may be of great clinical value. Bearing in mind that antibiotic-drug interactions can lead to development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), their identification is specifically important for reserve antibiotics. The aim of this narrative review is to analyze the drug-drug interaction potential of reserve antibiotics. The highest potential for antibiotic-drug interactions was identified with linezolid, colistin, dalfopristin/quinupristin, lefamulin and oritavancin. Special caution should be paid to concomitant administration of ceftazidime-avibactam, telavancin, colistin, polymyxin B, plazomicin with drugs that have nephrotoxic potential due to possibility of more severe renal impairment. Exceptional wariness is required when combining drugs with reserve antibiotics with limited drug-drug interactions information such as plazomicin, carumonam, iclaprim. Having in mind that antibiotic-drug interaction can lead to the changed antimicrobial efficiency and/or safety of the therapy, the antibiotic choice has to be based on data regarding interaction potential. Continuous education of clinical staff regarding the choice of antibiotics based on their interaction potential and optimizing the antibiotic dose may significantly improve pharmacotherapy and decrease the risk for AMR.
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Vecchia, Stefano, Elena Orlandi, Corrado Confalonieri, et al. "Prevalence study on potential drug–drug interaction in cancer patients in Piacenza hospital’s Onco-Haematology department." Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice 24, no. 7 (2017): 490–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078155217717324.
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Background Cancer patients can be a human model of potential drug interactions. Usually they receive a large number of different medications, including antineoplastic agents, drugs for comorbid illness and medication for supportive care, however information about these interactions are fragmented and poor. Objective We assessed a prospective study to evaluate the prevalence of drug interaction among patients hospitalized in the Onco-Haematology department, Hospital of Piacenza. Methods Data on drugs administered for cancer, comorbidities, or supportive care were collected from different computerized prescription software in use in the department; we compared them with a database to focus on the co-administration of drugs. A literature review was performed to identify major potential drug interaction and to classify them by level of severity and by strengths of scientific evidence. Results In this study 284 cancer patients were enrolled; patients had taken an average of seven drugs on each day of therapy plus chemotherapeutic agents, we identified 67 potential drug interactions. At least 53 patients had one potential drug interaction. Of all potential drug interactions 63 were classified as moderate severity and only four as major. In 55 cases chemotherapeutic agents were involved in possible interactions with supportive care drugs, meanwhile in 12 cases the potential drug interactions were between supportive care drugs. Conclusions In our centre, thanks to a computerized prescription software, integrated with caution alarm in case of possible interaction, we had a lower rate of potential drug interactions than the one from literature. It is possible to improve the software integrating the alarm with the potential drug interactions between chemotherapy agents and supportive care drugs.
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Dickson, Michael, Thomas J. Bramley, Chris Kozma, Dilesh Doshi, and Marcia F. T. Rupnow. "Potential drug–drug interactions with antiepileptic drugs in Medicaid recipients." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 65, no. 18 (2008): 1720–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2146/ajhp070508.
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Sahasrabudhe, Vaishali, Tong Zhu, Alfin Vaz, and Susanna Tse. "Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions: Potential Application to Antituberculosis Drugs." Journal of Infectious Diseases 211, suppl 3 (2015): S107—S114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiv009.
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Thomas, L., S. J. Kurian, N. Mukherjee, et al. "Potential drug–drug interactions among hospitalised TB patients." International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 26, no. 12 (2022): 1137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.22.0107.
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BACKGROUND: Hospitalised TB patients are at heightened risk for developing drug–drug interactions (DDIs) due to overlapping CYP450 enzyme and/or drug transporter biotransformation of anti-TB drugs and co-medications given for treating TB-associated comorbidities. We aimed to compare the occurrence, characterisation and determinants of database identified potential DDIs (pDDIs) associated with first-line anti-TB drugs and other co-medications using a subscription and free access drug information database.METHOD: This was a single-centre retrospective study to assess pDDIs between first-line anti-TB drugs and other medications for comorbidities among hospitalised TB patients using IBM Micromedex® and Drugs.com.RESULTS: On multivariate regression analysis, hospitalised TB patients with comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, HIV infection and hypertension, longer hospitalisation, and patients administered with more than seven drugs during their hospital stay were associated with increased risk for the occurrence of pDDIs. Significant discrepancies were observed in the detection and severity of pDDIs between IBM Micromedex and Drugs.com.CONCLUSION: We recommend using free access drug information database to a subscription drug information database in drug interaction screening protocols in clinics for enhanced identification of pDDIs and reducing monetary burden in resource-limited settings.
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HamaSalih, Raz Muhammed, Rebwar Ghareeb Hama, Sabir Hamid, Pavel Jalal Hussein, and Sham Nawshirwan Salh. "Prevalence of Potential Drug-drug Interactions among Psychiatric Patients at Psychiatry Hospital in Sulaimani City." Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 24, no. 4 (2024): 422–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32947/ajps.v24i4.1090.
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Background: Clinically significant drug-drug interactions can be defined as events in which the pharmacodynamics or pharmacokinetic characteristics of a drug are modified by coadministration of a second drug to the patient’s medication protocol, which can often lead to in an increase of serious adverse reactions. The probability of interactions increases with higher number of drugs administered. Objective: The objective of this prospective study was to determine the prevalence of potential psychotropic drug-drug interactions among hospitalized patients at Psychiatry hospital in Sulaimani city, and to identify the clinical consequence of such combinations. Method: The current study was involved recruiting the data regarding prescribed psychotropic drugs of 60 newly hospitalized psychiatric patients. Data collection on each individual patient was performed on the specific patient dossier of to report any potential psychotropic drug-drug interactions utilizing Medscape drug interaction checker for identification of the different types of drug-drug interactions. Result: The prevalence of potential drug-drug interaction at Psychiatry Unit in Sulaimani city in 60 patients was 98%, of which 16.6% were major drug-drug interactions. The most frequently prescribed medications were antidepressant drugs, most of patients received more than four drugs. Conclusion: From the current study one can conclude that there was a high prevalence of potential drug-drug interactions among psychiatric patients, which was more frequent in patients taking more than one psychotropic medication.
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Kusumawardani, Larasati Arrum, Nisa Maria, and Yumna Nabila Fanani. "Potential drug interactions analysis of COVID-19 patients at a hospital in West Java." Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi 17, no. 2 (2021): 182–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/jif.vol17.iss2.art8.
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Background: Treatment guidelines of COVID-19 are changing continuously by involving many off-label and various symptomatic or supportive drugs. The use of these various drugs might increase the patient’s risk of developing drug interactions. Objective: The study aimed to analyze potential drug-drug interactions in COVID-19 inpatients and the correlated factors. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a hospital by using inpatients admitted from August-December 2020. Potential drug-drug interaction was analyzed by using Lex-Interact® software. Results: From 107 patients, the majority of them are in moderate severity-degree (98.1%), having comorbidities (93.5%), and polypharmacy (98.1%). The average of potential drug interactions was 8.47±8,04, with most of the interaction in risk rating C-monitor therapy. Major potential drug interactions found were prolongation of QT interval and disturbance of drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. A positive correlation occurred between drug interactions found and comorbidity (r=0.436), number of drugs per prescription (r=0.674), and length of stay (r=0.222) Conclusions: COVID-19 patient is at risk for developing potential drug interactions that can affect the patient's physiological condition and reduce drug effect. It is necessary to manage the medication schedule, therapy modification, administration route changing, dosage adjustment, and monitoring of effects that might occur because of the drug interactions. Keywords: drug interaction, COVID-19, inpatient, correlated factor
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Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, and Kalid Seid. "Prevalence of potenial drug-drug interactions among psychitric patients in Ayder referral hospital, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia." Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 4, no. 2 (2015): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2015.4205.
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Introduction: A clinically relevant drug-drug occurs when the effectiveness or toxicity of one medication is altered by the administration of another medicine. Potential Drug-drug interactions are an important cause of adverse drug reactions. Psychiatric patients are increasingly susceptible to drug interactions due to the polypharmacy, nature of the prescribed drugs and most of the drugs prescribed are either enzyme inhibitor or inducers. Objective: To determine the prevalence of the potential drug-drug interactions. Methodology: A retrospective cross sectional study was performed from to March to June, 2013. Medications on patients’ medical charts were reviewed and analyzed for potential drug-drug interactions based on Micromedex Online Drug Reference. Results: In our study, total of 463 potential drug-drug interactions were identified, with median number of one potential drug-drug interaction per patient. Overall 81.65 % of the patients had at least one potential drug-drug interaction; 49.5 % patients had at least one major; and 52.3 % had at least one moderate potential drug-drug interactions. The most frequent potential drug-drug interactions identified were Haloperidol-Trihexphenidyl 74 times and Chlorpromazine–Haloperidol 36 times. Conclusion: A high prevalence of potential drug-drug interaction is recorded in our study area. Most potential drug-drug interactions recorded in this stud may cause cardio toxicity and QT prolongation. Patients with the risk of cardiovascular comorbidities and those who are prescribed multiple medications need to be monitored more closely.
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Yanti, Erna, Erna Kristin, and Alfi Yasmina. "POTENTIAL DRUG INTERACTIONS IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS IN LIWA DISTRICT HOSPITAL, LAMPUNG BARAT, INDONESIA." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 6 (2017): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i6.18003.
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Objective: Patients with hypertension often suffer from other comorbidities, resulting in prescriptions of multiple drugs to treat the conditions. Multiple drug treatment is potentially associated with drug interactions. This aim of the study was to assess potential drug interactions in hypertensive patients in Liwa District Hospital.Methods: The design of the study was cross-sectional. The prescriptions for in-patients with essential hypertension in the Internal Medicine Unit in Liwa District Hospital during April-December 2012 were collected. Potential drug interactions were analyzed with the Drug Interaction Facts version 4.0, and classified into minor, significant, and serious.Results: A total of 60 hypertensive patients were included. They were prescribed 265 prescriptions, with a median total of 6 (range 1-21) drugs prescribed per prescription. There were 1616 potential drug interactions, with 6 (1-31) potential interactions per prescription. Most interactions (75.6%) were classified as significant. Serious potential interactions were most common in the combinations of diltiazem-amlodipine and spironolactone-potassium chloride, while significant potential interaction may occur most often with the combinations of calcium chloride-amlodipine and bisoprolol-amlodipine.Conclusion: Numerous potential drug interactions might occur in hypertensive patients, and most interactions were significant in severity. The largest proportion of the interactions occurred between antihypertensive agents and other drugs.
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Wahyuni, Sri, Kiki Rawitri, and Yayuk Putri Rahayu. "Potential Interactions of Hypertension Drug in Medan City Pharmacy." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 10, no. 4 (2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v10i4.1163.
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Background: Hypertension is a disease that can cause complications without the patient realizing it. Therapeutic management needed to control the patient's blood pressure is complex enough to potentially lead to drug interactions. The purpose of this study was to analyze the interaction of hypertension drugs that occurred in a pharmacy in the city of Medan.
 Method: The study was conducted retrospectively involving 101 patient data in February-May 2022. Patient data was processed descriptively and potential drug interactions were analyzed using the Medscape Drug Interactions Checker, Stockley's Drug Interaction, and the drugs.com database
 Result: Based on the study results, it was found that from 101 patients, 57 patients had no drug interactions (56.4%), but 45 cases of drug interactions were found in 44 patients (43.6%). Drug interactions found in 27 cases occurred pharmacokinetically (60%) and 18 cases occurred pharmacodynamically (40%). The most frequent drug interactions are Amlodipine and Simvastatin.
 Conclusion: Based on this study, it can be concluded that most patients who have drug interactions occur through pharmacokinetic mechanisms.
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Kirilochev, Oleg O., Inna P. Dorfman, Adelya R. Umerova, and Svetlana E. Bataeva. "Potential drug-drug interactions in the psychiatric hospital: Frequency analysis." Research Results in Pharmacology 5, no. 4 (2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/rrpharmacology.5.39681.
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Introduction: Drug-drug interactions are an important clinical problem in pharmacotherapy. This study is focused on different types of drugs used in a psychiatric hospital. Materials and methods: The pharmacoepidemiological study included the analysis of medical records of 500 psychiatric inpatients. The patients were divided into 2 groups: under 65 and over 65 years of age. All the drug prescriptions were analyzed to identify the combinations of drugs that can induce drug-drug interactions and determine their clinical significance. Results and discussion: Over 77% of hospitalized patients were administered drug combinations that could induce drug-drug interactions, most of which were of moderate clinical significance. A reliable association was found between the patient’s age, the clinical significance of drug-drug interactions, and the pharmacotherapy structure. The most common irrational drug combinations were identified. Conclusion: Timely analysis of drug prescriptions for potential drug-drug interactions can enhance the safety of pharmacotherapy and decrease the risk of adverse drug reactions in the psychiatric inpatient setting.
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Kirilochev, Oleg O., Inna P. Dorfman, Adelya R. Umerova, and Svetlana E. Bataeva. "Potential drug-drug interactions in the psychiatric hospital: Frequency analysis." Research Results in Pharmacology 5, no. (4) (2019): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3897/rrpharmacology.5.39681.
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Introduction: Drug-drug interactions are an important clinical problem in pharmacotherapy. This study is focused on different types of drugs used in a psychiatric hospital. Materials and methods: The pharmacoepidemiological study included the analysis of medical records of 500 psychiatric inpatients. The patients were divided into 2 groups: under 65 and over 65 years of age. All the drug prescriptions were analyzed to identify the combinations of drugs that can induce drug-drug interactions and determine their clinical significance. Results and discussion: Over 77% of hospitalized patients were administered drug combinations that could induce drug-drug interactions, most of which were of moderate clinical significance. A reliable association was found between the patient's age, the clinical significance of drug-drug interactions, and the pharmacotherapy structure. The most common irrational drug combinations were identified. Conclusion: Timely analysis of drug prescriptions for potential drug-drug interactions can enhance the safety of pharmacotherapy and decrease the risk of adverse drug reactions in the psychiatric inpatient setting.
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Dr. Neha Jacob, Dr Neha Jacob, Aswathy K. A. Aswathy K A, Dr Mohammed Asif M. Dr.Mohammed Asif M, and Tharuna Thejas Tharuna Thejas. "Potential Drug-Drug Interactions Associated With Nsaids in a Tertiary Care Hospital." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Applications 10, no. 2 (2025): 1041–53. https://doi.org/10.35629/4494-100210411053.
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NSAIDsare a class of drugs that are widely used in management of pain and inflammation in many conditions and are also easily available as over the counter of drugs which makes them more vulnerable to potential drug-drug interactions. The main aim of the study is to analyse the potential drug-drug interactions of NSAIDs. A prospective observational study was conducted in the Orthopedic and Surgery department of a 450 bedded tertiary care hospital for a period of 6 months. Adult patients of either sex admitted to these departments receiving NSAIDs where included. Patients below the age of 18 years,pregnant and lactating mothers receiving NSAIDs patients admitted to other departments receiving NSAIDs were excluded from the study. Out of 274 interactions 20 were major, 184 were moderate, and 70 were minor interactions. Classification of interactions based on their risk rating by Lexicomp 78 interactions were in category C, 14 in category D, 6 each in category X and category B. NSAIDs were found to interact mostly with other NSAIDs (95.00%). PPIs were the most commonly co-prescribed class of drugs along with NSAIDs considering their GI side effects. Keywords: Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, LEXICOMP, NSAID, proton pump inhibitors, drug interaction.
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Yu, D. Tony, Josh F. Peterson, Diane L. Seger, William C. Gerth, and David W. Bates. "Frequency of potential azole drug-drug interactions and consequences of potential fluconazole drug interactions." Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 14, no. 11 (2005): 755–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pds.1073.
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Lelly Winduhani Astuti, Fitria Wahyuning Wulan, and Nadya Bella Donna. "Pasien Infark Miokard Akut pada Studi Penggunaan Obat Anti Platelet di RSUD Gambiran Kota Kediri." Jurnal Medika Nusantara 2, no. 1 (2024): 238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.59680/medika.v2i1.923.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of drug use, potential interactions, and side effects of antiplatelet drugs in acute myocardial infarction patients in inpatient installations to reduce morbidity and mortality rates at Gambiran Hospital, Kediri City. This study is a non-experimental study with descriptive research design and retrospective data collection, data collection using purposive sampling method. Retrospective data collection based on medical record data of patients with acute myocardial infarction, this research was conducted from January to December 2020, so that the pattern of use of anti-platelet drugs in patients with acute myocardial infarction was a combination of aspirin 80 mg 1x1 with clopidogrel 75mg 1x1 (93%), with the route of drug administration orally. Analysis of potential drug interactions was carried out using the Drugs Interaction Checker and obtained 4 occurrences of major potential interactions and 10 occurrences of moderate potential interactions. The desired potential drug interaction was to prevent platelet aggregation. There was an undesirable potential drug interaction related to decreased antihypertensive effect of the drug, while potential drug interactions in the form of gastrointestinal bleeding and decreased renal function could not be determined.
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Hamidy, M. Yulis, and Dina Fauzia. "SIGNIFICANT DRUG INTERACTIONS AMONG INTENSIVE CARE UNIT PATIENTS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 14 (2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10s2.19482.
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Objective:Drug interaction is one factor that contributes to drug-related problems. The hospitalized patients in intensive care units (ICU) have a higher risk for developing drug interactions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potency of significantdrug interactions in ICU patients.Methods:Drug-drug interactions from patient's medical records from ICU of Arifin Achmad General Hospital in Pekanbaru, Province of Riau, Indonesia at period July to December 2015 wereassessed. Drug Interaction Checker (Medscape) software was used to identify potential drug interactions.Results: This study included 28 ICU patients (mean age, 48 years) who had potency to drug interactions based on the software. Of these, 29% were male and 71% were female patients. The number of drugs that were given to patients was 3 to 13 drugs (average 7 drugs per patient). There were 122 potential drug-drug interactions found in this study, consisting of 43% potency of minor or non-significant, 52% potency of significant, 3% potency of serious, and 2% potency of contraindicated drug interactions. A total of 67% were pharmacodynamics and 33% were pharmacokinetics interactions. Dexamethasone, ketoprofen, ketorolac, furosemide, nifedipine, and enoxaparin were among drugs with highest frequency of potential drug interactions. Conclusion:Significant drug-drug interactions were prevalent in the ICU patients. This may be due to the complexity of the pharmacotherapies administered. The health professionals who provide care to these patients must be aware in order to identify and prevent possible drug events.
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Chaudhary, Shrijana Kumari, Naresh Manadhar, and Laxman Adhikari. "Polypharmacy and potential drug-drug interactions among medications prescribed to chronic kidney disease patients." Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Science 9, no. 1 (2021): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmcjms.v9i1.38047.
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Background and Objectives: Chronic kidney disease is a major systemic condition. Presence of comorbid conditions with the deteriorating renal function, lead them to use multiple drugs. Polypharmacy is common among chronic kidney disease. The possibility of drug interaction rises when a patients concurrently receive more than one drug and the chances increase with the number of drugs taken, which may be associated with increased morbidity, mortality, length of hospital stay and health-care cost. The aim of this study was to assess the polypharmacy and pattern of drug- drug interactions in chronic kidney disease patients attending OPD and ward of nephrology unit in Kathmandu Medical College teaching hospital.
 Material and Methods: This was a prospective cross sectional study conducted among 143 chronic kidney disease diagnosed patients in Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital. The Lexi-comp database was used to evaluate patient’s medications for potential drug-drug interactions.
 Results: Chronic kidney disease was predominant among male (65.7%) than the female (34.3%). The most common age group was 41-60yrs followed by 61-80 yrs. The mean age of the patients was 54.38 ± 16.43 years. Chronic kidney disease was associated with multiple co-morbid conditions. The most common comorbid conditions were hypertension 52 (36. 4%) and hypertension and diabetes both in 42 (29.4%). A total of 143 prescriptions were included in this study. Average number of drugs per prescription was 6.1. Almost 5-8 medicines per prescription were observed among 95(65.73%) patients. A total of 837 medicines were prescribed. A total number of 206 potential drug-drug interactions were observed among 143 patients. Depending upon the risk rating categorize, the most common were, risk rating C 178( 86.4%) and the most frequent drug interaction was between amlodipine and calcium carbonate 65 (45.45%) .
 Conclusion: The prevalence of potential drug-drug interaction is high among chronic kidney disease patients. About 63% of interactions have moderate severity. The safest approach to avoid potentials drug-drug interaction is the implementation of appropriate guidelines, detailed and rationalize knowledge of drugs and to utilize available drug-drug interaction software to avoid harmful drug-drug interaction among chronic kidney disease patients.
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Marović, Iva, Ivana Marinović, Vesna Bačić Vrca, and Ivana Samardžić. "Assessment of Potential Drug–Drug Interactions of Psycholeptics and Antidepressants in Outpatient Settings." Pharmacy 12, no. 6 (2024): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy12060174.
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Mental health is an important segment in preserving overall health and represents a significant public health issue. In modern times, mental health disorders have risen, often requiring complex pharmacotherapy and chronic monitoring. The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence and clinical significance of potential psychotropic drug interactions in outpatient settings and compare the differences in potential drug–drug interaction (pDDIs) exposure with age. The psychotropic drugs included antipsychotics—N05A, anxiolytics—N05B, hypnotics and sedatives—N05C, and antidepressants—N06A. This retrospective study analyzed prescribed pharmacotherapy in 492 outpatients who were treated with at least one psychotropic drug. We determined 1.64 prescribed psychotropic drugs per patient and 2.2 pDDIs that involved psychotropic drugs. In total, 2285 pDDIs were recorded, of which almost half (47.6%) were pDDIs with psychotropic drugs. More prescribed psychotropic drugs were found in patients younger than 65 years, and equal exposure to pDDIs of psychotropic drugs (p = 0.5077) was found in both age groups. The most commonly identified psychotropics involved in pDDIs were benzodiazepines, promazine, and zolpidem. The results indicate that psychotropic drug interactions represent important drug-related problems for primary health care. The widespread use of psychotropic drugs and the determined clinical significance of their interactions require pharmacist interventions which can reduce the prevalence of pDDIs and increase patient safety.
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Diksis, Netsanet, Tsegaye Melaku, Desta Assefa, and Andualem Tesfaye. "Potential drug–drug interactions and associated factors among hospitalized cardiac patients at Jimma University Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia." SAGE Open Medicine 7 (January 2019): 205031211985735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312119857353.
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Background: Concomitant use of several drugs for a patient is often imposing increased risk of drug–drug interactions. Drug–drug interactions are a major cause for concern in patients with cardiovascular disorders due to multiple co-existing conditions and the wide class of drugs they receive. This study is aimed to assess the prevalence of potential drug–drug interactions and associated factors among hospitalized cardiac patients at medical wards of Jimma University Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia. Methods: A hospital-based prospective observational study was conducted among hospitalized cardiac adult patients based on the inclusion criteria. Patient-specific data were collected using structured data collection tool. Potential drug–drug interaction was analyzed using Micromedex 3.0 DRUG-REAX® System. Data were analyzed using statistical software package, version 20.0. To identify the independent predictors of potential drug–drug interaction, multiple stepwise backward logistic regression analysis was done. Statistical significance was considered at a p-value < 0.05. Written informed consent from patients was obtained and the patients were informed about confidentiality of the information obtained. Results: Of the total 200 patients, majority were male (52.50%) and with a mean(±standard deviation) age of 42.54(±7.89) years. Out of 673 patients’ prescriptions analyzed, 521 prescriptions comprised potential drug interactions and it was found that 967 drug interactions were present. The prevalence rate of potential drug–drug interactions among the study unit was 4.83 per patient and 1.44 per prescription regardless of the severity during their hospital stay. Overall the prevalence rate of potential drug interactions was 74.41%. Older age (adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.067 (2.33–27.12), p = 0.049), long hospital stay (⩾7 days) (adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 2.80 (1.71–4.61), p = 0.024), and polypharmacy (adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.64 (0.66–4.11), p = 0.041) were independent predictors for the occurrence of potential drug–drug interactions. Conclusion: This study demonstrated a high prevalence of potential DIs among hospitalized cardiac patients in medical wards due to the complexity of pharmacotherapy. The prevalence rate is directly related to age, number of prescribed drugs, and length of hospital stay. Pharmacodynamic drug–drug interaction was the common mechanism of drug–drug interactions. Therefore, close monitoring of hospitalized patients is highly recommended.
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Smith, Robert G. "An Appraisal of Potential Drug Interactions in Cigarette Smokers and Alcohol Drinkers." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 99, no. 1 (2009): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/0980081.
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Background: Many health-care providers may overlook or be unaware of most drug-to-drug interactions. Recognizing the existence of drug interactions with cigarette smoking and alcohol ingestion can empower a clinician with knowledge to avoid dangerous interactions that may result in hazardous, negative patient outcomes. Cigarette smoking and alcohol use can reduce the efficiency of certain drugs or make drug therapy more unpredictable. Methods: This review offers the physician information regarding prescription drug interactions with cigarette smoking and alcohol use. First, mechanisms found in the medical literature of potential drug interactions in cigarette smokers and alcohol drinkers are presented. Second, the 100 most frequently prescribed medications in 2006 are reviewed regarding cigarette smoking effects and alcohol effects as cited in the medical literature. Lastly, a table of these 100 medications and any reported effects of cigarette smoking or alcohol consumption on each drug is provided. Results: The actual number of different medications reviewed was 78. Drug interactions resulting from the effects of cigarette smoking occurred with 33.3% of the drugs (n = 26), and drug interactions resulting from the effects of alcohol consumption occurred with 76.9% of the drugs (n = 60). Finally, resource information regarding smoking cessation and alcohol abuse recovery is summarized so that physicians may empower their patients to avoid potential drug-interaction events. Conclusions: Cigarette smoke and alcohol may interact with medications through pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic mechanisms. Engaging in both of these social activities can reduce the efficiency of certain drugs or can make drug therapy unpredictable. This review offers the health-care provider information regarding potential prescription drug interactions. Empowered with this information, clinicians may assist their patients to maximize pharmacologic outcomes by avoiding these reported harmful interactions. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 99(1): 81–88, 2009)
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Stanković, Sanja, Nikola Stefanović, Maša Jović, and Radmila Veličković-Radovanović. "Comparative analysis of potential drug-drug interactions at the level of public pharmacy." Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis 41, no. 3 (2024): 320–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/afmnai41-49539.
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Introduction/Aim. Understanding the mechanisms and classification of drug interactions can significantly reduce the occurrence of adverse effects and improve compliance. The drug selection process is complex and involves the patient's individual condition, physiological status, use of other drugs, and co-existing illnesses. It is particularly challenging to choose adequate therapy for elderly individuals due to physiological changes and polypharmacy. The aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of an individualized approach to each patient when interpreting information provided by the existing drug databases. This approach involves considering the patient's age, comorbidities, and a proper assessment of the risk-benefit ratio. Methods. A comparative analysis of potential drug-drug interactions was conducted on a sample of 215 outpatients. The analysis was performed using Lexicomp®, Medscape® and Epocrates® databases. The frequency of certain types of interactions by drug databases, the number of patients, and the distribution of interaction types by databases were determined. The frequency of drug combinations that could potentially cause serious and contraindicated interactions by databases were also determined. Results. Based on the study, it can be concluded that there is a correlation between the number of prescribed drugs and potential interactions. According to frequency, the most common type of interaction requires therapy monitoring (type C interaction, Monitor). However, based on the severity categorization, the same drug combinations have different classifications of interactions in available databases. Conclusion. The obtained data can provide guidance in making decisions about drug therapy choices. Patient-specific characteristics, including comorbidities, require a personalized therapeutic approach from specialists, where pharmacists play a significant role.
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Bilek, Heval Can, Aydın Deveci, Levent Şensoy, and Esra Tanyel. "Concurrent use of drugs and potential drug interactions in HIV-infected patients in a tertiary healthcare facility in Turkey." Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 20, no. 8 (2022): 1691–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v20i8.20.
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Purpose: To investigate the frequency of concurrent drug use and drug interactions in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
 Methods: The medical records of HIV-infected patients followed up at Ondokuz Mayis University Hospital in the last six months were retrospectively reviewed to assess the antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens used, the prescribed concurrent drugs, and their interactions
 Results: The records of 268 patients were evaluated; of these, 43 (16 %) were women, and 225 (84 %) were men. The mean age of the patients was 43.8 ± 12.1 years. Concurrent drugs were prescribed to 210 (78.3 %) patients. Drug interactions were detected in 115 (42.9 %) patients. Of the 210 drug interactions detected, 168 (80 %) were potential interactions, 39 (18.6 %) were weak interactions, and 3 (1.4 %) were contraindicated. A statistically significant relationship was not observed in gender, age, and rate of concurrent drug prescription. Increased nephrotoxicity was the most common potential drug interaction. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were the most commonly prescribed class of drugs along with ART.
 Conclusion: Physicians treating HIV-infected patients should be conscious of, and careful about the concurrent use of drugs and their potential drug interactions.
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Zhou, Tie Hua, Tian Yu Jin, Xi Wei Wang, and Ling Wang. "Drug-Drug interactions prediction calculations between cardiovascular drugs and antidepressants for discovering the potential co-medication risks." PLOS ONE 20, no. 1 (2025): e0316021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0316021.
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Predicting Drug-Drug Interactions (DDIs) enables cost reduction and time savings in the drug discovery process, while effectively screening and optimizing drugs. The intensification of societal aging and the increase in life stress have led to a growing number of patients suffering from both heart disease and depression. These patients often need to use cardiovascular drugs and antidepressants for polypharmacy, but potential DDIs may compromise treatment effectiveness and patient safety. To predict interactions between drugs used to treat these two diseases, we propose a method named Multi-Drug Features Learning with Drug Relation Regularization (MDFLDRR). First, we map feature vectors representing drugs in different feature spaces to the same. Second, we propose drug relation regularization to determine drug pair relationships in the interaction space. Experimental results demonstrate that MDFLDRR can be effectively applied to two DDI prediction goals: predicting unobserved interactions among drugs within the drug network and predicting interactions between drugs inside and outside the network. Publicly available evidence confirms that MDFLDRR can accurately identify DDIs between cardiovascular drugs and antidepressants. Lastly, by utilizing drug structure calculations, we ascertained the severity of newly discovered DDIs to mine the potential co-medication risks and aid in the smart management of pharmaceuticals.
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MacCann, Rachel, Paul Hollywood, Samuel McConkey, and David Lorigan. "P171 Drug-drug interactions in hiv patients taking pharmacokinetic enhancers." Sexually Transmitted Infections 93, Suppl 1 (2017): A72.2—A73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053232.214.
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IntroductionAntiretroviral medications have the potential to produce serious drug interactions by interfering with the hepatic cytochrome P450 cascade. Ritonavir, a protease inhibitor, is a known CYP450 inhibitor that is commonly used in the treatment of HIV1. Iatrogenic Cushing’s syndrome is caused by exposure to glucocorticoids and may be promoted by interaction with additional drugs that result in hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis suppression2. It is well documented in HIV patients receiving inhaled steroids in combination with a ritonavir-containing antiretroviral regimen3. Following one such severe drug-drug interaction in a patient, a clinical audit was conducted to identify potential drug-drug interactions in a HIV clinic at Beaumont Hospital, Dublin.Methods200 patients receiving Ritonavir were interviewed and screened for harmful prescribed and non-prescribed co-medications. Patients receiving regular steroid doses and Ritonavir were identified and all drugs were cross-referenced to the Liverpool Drug Interactions website to highlight any dangerous drug interactions.Results86% of patients had concomitant prescribed medications, three-quarters of which were undocumented. Furthermore, 45% of patients used regular over the counter-medication and 2.7% used recreational drugs. 8% of patients were flagged for potentially dangerous drug-drug interactions and of these, 15% contained steroids.DiscussionThe interaction between corticosteroids and PIs is significant and deserves close attention and evaluation. Timely communication among all prescribing physicians for a given patient is indicated in order to proactively detect significant interactions before they manifest themselves clinically.
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Jimmy, Beena, Jimmy Jose, and Padma G. M. Rao. "Drug interaction related information sought from a hospital based drug information center." International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine 19, no. 3 (2007): 127–33. https://doi.org/10.3233/jrs-2007-413.
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Independent drug information (DI) centers provide health care professionals with information related to drugs for safe prescribing. Drug interaction is one among the various categories of DI queries received by DI centers. This study was aimed at assessing the nature of drug interaction related queries received by the DI center of a tertiary care hospital and evaluates the utility of the information provided. Drug interactions related queries received by the DI center for 18 months were evaluated. The DI forms were evaluated for various parameters such as the drug and drug class most commonly involved in the queries. Those DI queries in which there was a documented drug–drug interaction; the severity, documentation and onset of the drug interaction was also assessed. Out of the DI queries (n=980) received during the study period, 128 (13%) were related to drug interactions. Majority (97, 75.7%) of the queries were from the department of medicine and clinicians utilized the service to an enormous extend (108, 84.3%). A drug interaction which was documented in literature was observed only in 40 (32%) queries which constituted 59 potential drug interactions. Fifty two percent of these interactions had good documentation in literature and 57.8% of these were of moderate severity as per literature. Majority (51, 86.4%) of these drug interactions have a delayed onset as per literature. Warfarin (18, 4.6%) was the drug and antimycobacterials was the drugs class most commonly involved (48, 12.2%) in the queries. Our study data revealed that information on drug interactions is one amongst the frequently sought drug related aspect by the health care professionals. Queries are most frequently asked for agents with wider interaction potential, even those which are well established and widely used which and those for which prescribers are less familiar with interaction potential.
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Lindblad, Catherine I., Margaret B. Artz, Carl F. Pieper, et al. "Potential Drug—Disease Interactions in Frail, Hospitalized Elderly Veterans." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 39, no. 3 (2005): 412–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1e467.
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BACKGROUND: Drugs can improve quality of life for many older people, but they may cause adverse health outcomes (eg, drug—disease interactions) if used inappropriately. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of potential drug—disease interactions as defined by explicit criteria and examine associations between sociodemographic and health status variables and potential drug—disease interactions. METHODS: The study design was cross-sectional. We evaluated 397 frail elderly inpatients from the Geriatric Evaluation and Management trial conducted at 11 Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. Drug—disease interactions were defined using explicit criteria from consensus expert panels of geriatricians from the US and Canada. RESULTS: Overall, 159 (40.1%) patients had one or more potential drug—disease interaction. The most common potential interactions were calcium-channel blockers and heart failure (12.3%) and β-blockers and diabetes (6.8%). Multivariable logistic regression analyses revealed that age ⩾75 years (adjusted OR 2.43; 95% CI 1.52 to 3.88), being married (adjusted OR 1.77; 95% CI 1.11 to 2.82), comorbidity index defined by Charlson method (adjusted OR 1.19; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.34), and use of multiple prescription drugs (5–8: adjusted OR 4.17; 95% CI 1.96 to 8.88, ⩾9: adjusted OR 9.22; 95% CI 4.26 to 19.95), were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with having one or more potential drug—disease interaction. CONCLUSIONS: Potential drug—disease interactions are common in hospitalized elderly patients and are related to specific sociodemographic and health status factors. Further research is needed to examine the relationship between health outcomes and drug—disease interactions.
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N., Venkateswaramurthy, Krishnaveni K, Mercy Freeda R., and Sambath Kumar R. "ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL DRUG–DRUG INTERACTION IN STROKE PATIENTS." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 8, no. 12 (2016): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2016v8i12.13878.
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<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the incidence and pattern of potential drug-drug interaction (pDDI) in hospitalized stroke patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective study was carried out in a medical record from a tertiary care teaching hospital for a 4 mo period from November 2015-February 2016. The total of 200 prescriptions was analyzed during the study period.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant proportion of patients with pDDIs were males (61.5%) followed by females (38.5%). Among the 200 prescriptions, 179(89.5%) were confirmed with minimum one potential drug-drug interaction. Moreover, patients prescribed with more than 5 drugs developed a higher number of interactions. Based on severity scale, there were 125 major, 375 moderate and 128 minor interactions were observed. The pharmacodynamic interactions were 286 while the pharmacokinetic were 342.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study highlighted the pDDIs which were high in stroke patients greater than 40 y. pDDIs in prescriptions contained multi-drug therapy is a major concern as such interaction may lead to increased risk of hospitalization and higher health care cost. The majority of interactions were pharmacokinetic in nature, having moderate severity. In this study pDDIs mainly occurred between antihypertensive, anticoagulants and antiplatelet.</p>
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Saibi, Yardi, Delina Hasan, and Verona Shaqila. "Drug Interaction Potency on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patient in Hospital X in South Tangerang." JURNAL MANAJEMEN DAN PELAYANAN FARMASI (Journal of Management and Pharmacy Practice) 8, no. 3 (2018): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jmpf.34027.
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Drug interaction is an interaction among a drug with other ingredients that prevents the drug from giving certain or expected effect. Such interaction might happen between a drug and other drugs, drugs with food, as well as drugs and disease. Potential drug interaction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in some hospitals had been reported by several previous publications. This study aimed to identify the potential of drug interactions in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at Hospital X, South Tangerang. This paper is a descriptive research with retrospective retrieval data. Data were obtained in the form of patient medical records from July 2014 to June 2015. Data analysis was done by descriptive statistic analysis using SPSS version 16. The results showed that there were 90 medical records that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Of these, 57.7% was found to be potential drug interaction. There are 55 drug interactions that potentially cause hypoglycemia, and there are 21 times that potentially cause hyperglycemia. The severity of interaction in moderate category was 89.39% (total of 66), and the rest was in minor category. Major categories were not found. The potential for drug interactions in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients is quite common and these findings complement the findings of previous published studies. Physicians and pharmacists as health workers who are directly related to the treatment of patients need to increase awareness of the potency of interactions of these drugs.
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Butt, Hammad A., Ammara Khan, and Naveed Suleman. "Occurrence of possible drug related interactions in medical patients in out-patient departments of Pakistan." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 9, no. 10 (2020): 1503. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20204086.
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Background: Data regarding occurrence of drug-drug interactions in Pakistan is rare. In the current study, we have tried to find out the clinical adversity and frequency witnessed in prescriptions of a medical outpatient department.Methods: Patient prescriptions were analyzed for potential drug-drug interactions. A sample of 364 patients, visited outpatient department who were being prescribed at least two drugs simultaneously using a drug interaction program website.Results: The 364 patients (72.8% male, mean age 57.9±15.2 years) were prescribed a median of six drugs (range 2-13) at OPD visit. Three hundred forty nine patients (95.8%) had at least one potentially interacting drug combination. 2636 potential interactions were seen in the visiting patients. Out of these 124 (4.7%) were of major severity, 1730 (65.6%) moderate and 515 (19.5%). Out of 124 patients with a potential DDI with major severity, no patient was re-hospitalized within 2 months after discharge due to a probable drug-related problem associated with the potential DDI.Conclusions: A large percentage of patients were detected having one or more potential drug-drug interactions, using drug interaction detection program. However, the percentage of patients having clinically adverse consequences due to drug-drug interactions appears to be very low.
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Alsherbiny, Muhammad, and Chun Li. "Medicinal Cannabis—Potential Drug Interactions." Medicines 6, no. 1 (2018): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicines6010003.
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The endocannabinoids system (ECS) has garnered considerable interest as a potential therapeutic target in various carcinomas and cancer-related conditions alongside neurodegenerative diseases. Cannabinoids are implemented in several physiological processes such as appetite stimulation, energy balance, pain modulation and the control of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). However, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics interactions could be perceived in drug combinations, so in this short review we tried to shed light on the potential drug interactions of medicinal cannabis. Hitherto, few data have been provided to the healthcare practitioners about the drug–drug interactions of cannabinoids with other prescription medications. In general, cannabinoids are usually well tolerated, but bidirectional effects may be expected with concomitant administered agents via affected membrane transporters (Glycoprotein p, breast cancer resistance proteins, and multidrug resistance proteins) and metabolizing enzymes (Cytochrome P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases). Caution should be undertaken to closely monitor the responses of cannabis users with certain drugs to guard their safety, especially for the elderly and people with chronic diseases or kidney and liver conditions.
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Permadi, Yulian Wahyu, Akrom, Imam Riadi, and St Rahmatullah. "Analisis Polifarmasi Terhadap Interaksi Obat Di Rumah Sakit Umum Kota Pekalongan." Lambda Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan MIPA dan Aplikasinya 5, no. 1 (2025): 69–82. https://doi.org/10.58218/lambda.v5i1.1200.
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The use of drugo in large quantities is called polypharmacy. The number of drug interactions depends on the number of drugs consumed, the possibility of drug interactions increases as more drugs are used in the prescription. This study aims to analyze the incidence of polypharmacy and drug interactions in outpatient prescriptions at Pekalongan City General Hospital. This study is a retrospective descriptive study conducted by analyzing outpatient prescription data for the period March–May 2023 at the hospital pharmacy depot. Prescription sheets containing two or more drugs (R/) were identified through reliable literature sources, namely www.drugs.com and www.medscape.com. Data were grouped and analyzed using SPSS spearman test. The results showed that of the total incidence of drug interactions of 877 patients, the gender of the patients was mostly female (68%), the age of the most was 26-45 years (58%), the number of drugs in the prescription was the largest two drugs with potential interactions 44%, the level of polypharmacy was moderate (48%), minor (21%), major (13%) and no interaction (18%). The largest number of diagnoses in the prescription was two diagnoses at 44%. The highest drug interaction mechanisms are pharmacodynamics (57.3%), pharmacokinetics (13%), unknown (29.7%). The most interacting drug combinations are rifampicin isoniazid 6.9%, furosemide cefixime 4.5% and sertraline gabapentin 4.5%. The correlation between the number of drug use and diagnosis according to the results of this study is a significant, strong and unidirectional correlation. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that polypharmacy in prescriptions can be minimized and drug interaction monitoring be tightened to reduce the risk of dangerous side effects.
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Björkman, Ingeborg K., Johan Fastbom, Ingrid K. Schmidt, et al. "Drug—Drug Interactions in the Elderly." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 36, no. 11 (2002): 1675–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1a484.
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OBJECTIVE: To detect the frequency of potential drug—drug interactions (DDIs) in an outpatient group of elderly people in 6 European countries, as well as to describe differences among countries. DATA SOURCES AND METHODS: Drug use data were collected from 1601 elderly persons living in 6 European countries. The study population participated in a controlled intervention study over 18 months investigating the impact of pharmaceutical care. Potential DDIs were studied using a computerized detection program. RESULTS: The elderly population used on average 7.0 drugs per person; 46% had at least 1 drug combination possibly leading to a DDI. On average, there were 0.83 potential DDIs per person. Almost 10% of the potential DDIs were classified to be avoided according to the Swedish interaction classification system, but nearly one-third of them were to be avoided only for predisposed patients. The risk of subtherapeutic effect as a result of a potential DDI was as common as the risk of adverse reactions. Furthermore, we found differences in the frequency and type of potential DDIs among the countries. CONCLUSIONS: Potential DDIs are common in elderly people using many drugs and are part of a normal drug regimen. Some combinations are likely to have negative effects; more attention must be focused on detecting and monitoring patients using such combinations. As differences in potential DDIs among countries were found, the reasons for this variability need to be explored in further studies.
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Bhatt-Mehta, Varsha. "“Potential” Drug-Drug Interactions and the PICU." Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 17, no. 5 (2016): 470–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pcc.0000000000000694.
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ERESHEFSKY, LARRY. "Treating Depression: Potential Drug-Drug Interactions: Commentary." Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 16, SUPPLEMENT 2 (1996): 50S—53S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004714-199606002-00010.
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Pardo-Cabello, Alfredo Jose, Victoria Manzano-Gamero, Esperanza Del Pozo, Francisco Javier Gómez Jiménez, Juan de Dios Luna, and Emilio Puche Cañas. "Potential drug–drug interactions in deceased inpatients." Internal and Emergency Medicine 14, no. 2 (2018): 325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11739-018-1972-1.
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Zhang, L., F. Wu, S. C. Lee, H. Zhao, and L. Zhang. "pH-Dependent Drug–Drug Interactions for Weak Base Drugs: Potential Implications for New Drug Development." Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 96, no. 2 (2014): 266–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2014.87.
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Lee, Jonghwa, Jessica L. Beers, Raeanne M. Geffert, and Klarissa D. Jackson. "A Review of CYP-Mediated Drug Interactions: Mechanisms and In Vitro Drug-Drug Interaction Assessment." Biomolecules 14, no. 1 (2024): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom14010099.
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Drug metabolism is a major determinant of drug concentrations in the body. Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) caused by the co-administration of multiple drugs can lead to alteration in the exposure of the victim drug, raising safety or effectiveness concerns. Assessment of the DDI potential starts with in vitro experiments to determine kinetic parameters and identify risks associated with the use of comedication that can inform future clinical studies. The diverse range of experimental models and techniques has significantly contributed to the examination of potential DDIs. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are responsible for the biotransformation of many drugs on the market, making them frequently implicated in drug metabolism and DDIs. Consequently, there has been a growing focus on the assessment of DDI risk for CYPs. This review article provides mechanistic insights underlying CYP inhibition/induction and an overview of the in vitro assessment of CYP-mediated DDIs.
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Szkutnik-Fiedler, Danuta, Filip Kwiatkowski, Monika Chomej, et al. "Potential drug-drug interactions in hospitalized patients with COVID-19." Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research 80, no. 2 (2023): 277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.32383/appdr/162213.
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Most hospitalized patients with COVID-19 require complex pharmacotherapy due to underlying diseases, and polypharmacy may significantly increase the risk of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and, in consequence, trigger adverse effects. The aim of this study was to assess the risk of potential DDIs during hospitalization in COVID-19 patients. A retrospective analysis of pharmacotherapy in 75 patients (age, Mean±SD, 63.6±14.9) with a proven diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection was conducted. The analysis included drugs administered to treat comorbidities and the COVID-19 treatment. 524 moderate and 112 major interaction cases were revealed in the analyzed COVID-19 patients, and 84% of the patients were exposed to at least one major DDI. Drugs that caused the most frequently observed DDIs include macrolides, low molecular weight heparins, glucocorticosteroids, quinolones, and antihypertensive drugs. Most COVID-19 patients have comorbidities requiring polypharmacy, which increases the risk of DDIs. Therefore, additional monitoring should be considered due to potential adverse effects, drug conversion, and deprescription.
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Becker, Daniel E. "Adverse Drug Interactions." Anesthesia Progress 58, no. 1 (2011): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2344/0003-3006-58.1.31.
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The potential for interactions with current medications should always be considered when administering or prescribing any drug. Considering the staggering number of drugs patients may be taking, this task can be daunting. Fortunately, drug classes employed in dental practice are relatively few in number and therapy is generally brief in duration. While this reduces the volume of potential interactions, there are still a significant number to be considered. This article will review basic principles of drug interactions and highlight those of greatest concern in dental practice.
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Mahakalkar, Sunil M., Akhil Giradkar, Rahul Gholse, Umesh Rathod, and Divya Raj. "Evaluation of Potential Drug-drug Interactions in Prescription in Outpatient Department of Tertiary Care Hospital." Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International 35, no. 28 (2023): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2023/v35i287447.
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Aims: To evaluate potential drug- drug interactions (pDDIs) in prescriptions generated in outpatient department.
 Study Design: A cross sectional, observational study.
 Place and Duration of Study: Pharmacy store, Government Medical College & Hospital, Nagpur, between July 2022 to September 2022.
 Methodology: Cross Sectional study performed in outpatient department from July 2022 to September 2022 analysed 382 patient prescriptions (Male : Female 1.41 : 1.0 ; Mean Age 33.67 ± 23.18 ) to evaluate for potential DDIs. Precription with atleast 2 drugs were included in the analysis. Data was analysed for potential drug- drug interactions using Rx list drug interaction checker Online, an online software to check drug-drug interactions (https://www.rxlist.com/drug-interaction-checker.htm) available on the website. Descriptive statistics were performed using MS Excel 2019.
 Results: Of the 382 (Male: Female 1.41 : 1.0 ; Mean Age 33.67 ± 23.18 )prescriptions analysed for potential DDIs , 55 prescription were found to have potential DDIs. In those 55 prescriptions, 73 potential DDIs were identified.
 Conclusion: Incidence of potential drug- drug interactions was found to be 14.39% in these study.
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Billi, Martina, Sara Soloperto, Stefano Bonora, Antonio D’Avolio, and Amedeo De Nicolò. "Clinical Pharmacology of Bulevirtide: Focus on Known and Potential Drug–Drug Interactions." Pharmaceutics 17, no. 2 (2025): 250. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17020250.
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Background: Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a defective virus requiring co-infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) to replicate, occurring in 5% of HBV+ patients. Bulevirtide (BLV) is now the first-in-class specific anti-HDV agent, inhibiting HDV binding to NTCP, with good tolerability and good virological and biochemical response rates. Currently, little is known about its pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD), as well as potential drug-drug interaction (DDI) profile. In this work we provide a systematic review of the current knowledge on these aspects. Methods: A literature review of PK, PD and DDI profiles of BLV was conducted from Pubmed and EMA websites. Experimentally tested interactions and hypothetical mechanisms of interaction were evaluated, mostly focusing on usually co-administered anti-infective agents and other drugs interacting on NTCP. Results: BLV shows non-linear PK, due to target-mediated drug disposition, so its PK as well as PD is expected to be influenced by interactions of other drugs with NTCP, while it is not substrate of CYPs and ABC transporters. In-vivo investigated DDIs showed no clinically relevant interactions, but a weak inhibitory effect was suggested on CYP3A4 in a work when used at high doses (10 mg instead of 2 mg). In vitro, a weak inhibitory effect on OATP transporters was observed, but at much higher concentrations than the ones expected in vivo. Conclusions: The drug-drug interaction potential of BLV can be considered generally very low, particularly at the currently approved dose of 2 mg/day. Some attention should be paid to the coadministration of drugs with known binding and/or inhibition of NTCP.
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Monteith, Scott, Tasha Glenn, Michael Gitlin, and Michael Bauer. "Potential Drug interactions with Drugs used for Bipolar Disorder: A Comparison of 6 Drug Interaction Database Programs." Pharmacopsychiatry 53, no. 05 (2020): 220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1156-4193.
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Abstract Background Patients with bipolar disorder frequently experience polypharmacy, putting them at risk for clinically significant drug-drug interactions (DDI). Online drug interaction database programs are used to alert physicians, but there are no internationally recognized standards to define DDI. This study compared the category of potential DDI returned by 6 commercial drug interaction database programs for drug interaction pairs involving drugs commonly prescribed for bipolar disorder. Methods The category of potential DDI provided by 6 drug interaction database programs (3 subscription, 3 open access) was obtained for 125 drug interaction pairs. The pairs involved 103 drugs (38 psychiatric, 65 nonpsychiatric); 88 pairs included a psychiatric and nonpsychiatric drug; 37 pairs included 2 psychiatric drugs. Every pair contained at least 1 mood stabilizer or antidepressant. The category provided by 6 drug interaction database programs was compared using percent agreement and Fleiss kappa statistic of interrater reliability. Results For the 125 drug pairs, the overall percent agreement among the 6 drug interaction database programs was 60%; the Fleiss kappa agreement was slight. For drug interaction pairs with any category rating of severe (contraindicated), the kappa agreement was moderate. For drug interaction pairs with any category rating of major, the kappa agreement was slight. Conclusion There is poor agreement among drug interaction database programs for the category of potential DDI involving psychiatric drugs. Drug interaction database programs provide valuable information, but the lack of consistency should be recognized as a limitation. When assistance is needed, physicians should check more than 1 drug interaction database program.
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Qureshi, Ali, Muhammad Ali Ghoto, Abdullah Dayo, Mudassar Iqbal Arain, Rabia Parveen, and Altaf Mangi. "DRUG-DRUG INTERACTIONS (DDIs);." Professional Medical Journal 24, no. 02 (2017): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.02.513.
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Introduction: Drug-drug interaction refers to an altered or impaired responseof drug as a resultant of the other drug’s activity. However, recently advancement in field oftherapeutics has leaded the therapy toward more rational and logical trend in order to improvethe patients’ health with respect to cost effectiveness. Objective: To assess the various levels ofDDIs in Prescriptions at public sector teaching hospital of Hyderabad, Pakistan. Study Designand Settings/Methodology: A descriptive observational questionnaire based study has beenconducted by collecting initially 250 random prescriptions of various patients prescribed withmultiple drugs. Tertiary care hospital OPD and In-patient wards were visited for a period of06 months. The Prescriptions (℞) so collected were analyzed and assessed individually fordrug interactions using Standard drug interaction software i.e.. Lexi-comp’s Lexi-Interact, DrugInformation Handbook, Hansten and Horn’s drug interactions. Results: For this study, a total 250Prescriptions were collected. It was observed that 30 (12%) prescriptions contained with singlemedication, 10 (4%) prescriptions were unreadable, 210 (84%) prescriptions were containedmore than one medication. Moreover, 210 (84%) poly-pharmacy prescriptions focused keenly.Subsequently, 51 (24%) prescriptions ensured the prevalence of DDIs and 159 (76%) were Non-DDIs prescriptions. Similarly, 13 ℞ contained four or more than four drugs, 32 ℞ contained threedrugs and 06 prescriptions contained two drugs correspondingly. Conclusion: It was clearlyconcluded that the most potential reason of DDIs are Poly pharmacy. So it is of utmost needto enhance the health care policies in overall healthcare system in order to antagonize DDIsassociated morbidity and mortality among society.
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Toumi, Houari, Fatima Boudia, Fatima Zohra Nadjet Mekaouche, Habiba Fetati, Fatima Zohra Benabed, and Zahia Bouhedadja. "Management of drug interactions." Batna Journal of Medical Sciences (BJMS) 1, no. 2 (2014): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.48087/bjmstf.2014.1214.
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The risk of drug interactions in patients increases with the increasing number of drugs in the therapeutic regimens. To avoid or reduce them, management of these interactions is imperative. This management is to identify potential drug interactions by using the appropriate resources, to judge the clinical relevance, and to act accordingly with the prescriber. This article discusses the levels of severity of drug interactions and highlights the need for their management by presenting a part of the experience of the department of Pharmacovigilance EHU Oran. The intervention of the pharmacologist turns out beneficial by helping the clinician to manage risk associations in favor of better therapeutic efficacy and minimal side effects.
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Czigle, Szilvia, Milan Nagy, Přemysl Mladěnka, and Jaroslav Tóth. "Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic herb-drug interactions—part I. Herbal medicines of the central nervous system." PeerJ 11 (November 15, 2023): e16149. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16149.
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Unlike conventional drug substances, herbal medicines are composed of a complex of biologically active compounds. Therefore, the potential occurrence of herb-drug interactions is even more probable than for drug-drug interactions. Interactions can occur on both the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic level. Herbal medicines may affect the resulting efficacy of the concomitantly used (synthetic) drugs, mainly on the pharmacokinetic level, by changing their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Studies on the pharmacodynamic interactions of herbal medicines and conventional drugs are still very limited. This interaction level is related to the mechanism of action of different plant constituents. Herb-drug interactions can cause changes in drug levels and activities and lead to therapeutic failure and/or side effects (sometimes toxicities, even fatal). This review aims to provide a summary of recent information on the potential drug interactions involving commonly used herbal medicines that affect the central nervous system (Camellia, Valeriana, Ginkgo, Hypericum, Humulus, Cannabis) and conventional drugs. The survey databases were used to identify primary scientific publications, case reports, and secondary databases on interactions were used later on as well. Search keywords were based on plant names (botanical genera), officinal herbal drugs, herbal drug preparations, herbal drug extracts.
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Jayanthy, G., Arnab Majumdar, Supriya Kaloo, and Snehal Shah. "Enhancing patient safety: leveraging artificial intelligence-powered electronic medical records for effective drug-drug interaction nudge in real-world prescribing practices." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 13, no. 4 (2024): 520–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20241653.
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Background: Concurrent prescriptions of various medications may lead to unfavorable and unanticipated potential drug-drug interactions. Hence, the elimination of drug-drug interactions is a key aspect of delivering a coherent treatment regime. In response to this concern, HealthPlix, one of India's largest AI-powered electronic medical record providers, introduced a drug-drug interaction nudge feature in June 2022, providing a proactive solution for physicians to address potential interactions between incompatible drugs. This study aimed to elucidate the role of electronic medical records in identifying and managing drug interactions and the advantages of interaction nudges for doctors in prescribing appropriate medications. Methods: An observational retrospective study was conducted using data obtained from HealthPlix, containing two or more drugs, written for patients older than 18 years. Results: In an average of 1.9 million patient visits analyzed, the interaction visits were observed to be 1.2 million. An average of 185,745 interactions were observed during the study period. For all observed interactions, an average of 72,383 molecules were removed. These results provide insights into the efficiency of HealthPlix in abrogating interactions and illustrate the tangible benefits of nudges in modifying prescription practices. Conclusions: The above results illustrate the effectiveness of drug-drug interaction nudges as a clinical decision support tool integrated into HealthPlix, marking a significant advancement in Indian healthcare. This unique feature contributes to reducing the frequency of potent drug interactions, showcasing its potential to enhance patient safety and improve the quality of healthcare delivery.