Academic literature on the topic 'Potential hazardousness'
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Journal articles on the topic "Potential hazardousness"
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Emmer, A., and V. Vilímek. "New method for assessing the potential hazardousness of glacial lakes in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 2 (February 26, 2014): 2391–439. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-2391-2014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. This paper presents a new and easily repeatable objective method for assessing the potential hazardousness of glacial lakes within the Peruvian region of Cordillera Blanca (excluding ice-dammed lakes, which do not reach significant volumes in this region). The presented method was designed to meet four basic principles, which we considered as being crucial. These are: (a) principle of regional focus; (b) principle of objectivity; (c) principle of repeatability; and (d) principle of multiple results. Potential hazardousness is assessed based on a combination of decision trees for clarity and numerical calculation for objectivity. A total of seventeen assessed characteristics are used, of which seven have yet to be used in this context before. Also, several ratios and calculations are defined for the first time. We assume that it is not relevant to represent the overall potential hazardousness of a particular lake by one result (number), thus the potential hazardousness is described in the presented method by five separate results (representing five different glacial lake outburst flood scenarios). These are potentials for: (a) dam overtopping resulting from a dynamic slope movement into the lake; (b) dam overtopping following the flood wave originating in a lake situated upstream; (c) dam failure resulting from a dynamic slope movement into the lake; (d) dam failure following the flood wave originating in a lake situated upstream; and (e) dam failure following a heavy earthquake. All of these potentials theoretically range from 0 to 1. The presented method was verified on the basis of assessing the pre-flood conditions of seven lakes which have produced ten glacial lake outburst floods in the past and ten lakes which have not. A comparison of these results showed that the presented method successfully identifies the potentially hazardous lakes.
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Wogalter, Michael S., David R. Desaulniers, and John W. Brelsford. "Consumer Products: How are the Hazards Perceived?" Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 31, no. 5 (September 1987): 615–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128703100530.
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Two questionnaire studies were conducted examining potential components of perceptions of consumer product hazardousness. In Study 1 subjects rated 72 consumer products on perceived hazardousness, expected severity of injuries, and perceived likelihood of injury. The results indicate that severity relates more strongly than injury likelihood with perceived hazardousness. Several product knowledge variables were also examined; these results indicate that technological complexity and confidence in knowing the product's hazards add unique variance beyond severity in the prediction of hazard perception. In Study 2 subjects generated accident scenarios for each of 18 consumer products. Subjects rated each scenario according to the severity of the accident and the probability of its occurrence and also provided ratings of overall product hazardousness. Results supported the findings of Study 1. The severity of product injury scenarios were strongly and positively correlated with hazardousness. Probability of injury ratings added negligible hazard predictiveness beyond severity. Product hazardousness was highly correlated with the level of precaution subjects would reportedly take when using the product. For high hazard products the first scenario generated was most severe compared to the other two scenarios. For low hazard products, the first scenario was most probable and the least severe of the scenarios generated. Practical and theoretical implications of the results are discussed.
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Meingast, Melissa. "Increasing Attention and Retention of Warnings: Effects of Container Hazardousness, Warning Quality, and Severity of Injury." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 45, no. 20 (October 2001): 1482–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120104502009.
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The influence of warning quality, container hazardousness, and severity of the potential injury on attention to and retention of warning information were examined. Warning quality and container hazardousness were manipulated as within subjects variables, severity of injury as a between subjects variable. Two levels of each variable were used, high and low. Participants viewed the 4 possible combinations of warning quality and container hazardousness and then responded to various questions concerning their perceptions and retention of warning information. The results demonstrated the importance of warning quality. Enhanced features such as pictorials, signal words, safety icons, and color increase warning salience and recollection of warning information. The results also indicate that the hazardousness of containers influences whether people read warning labels and subsequent reports of cautious intent. However, its influence is modified by both severity of injury and warning quality.
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Chy-Dejoras, Evangeline A. "Effects of an Aversive Vicarious Experience and Modelling on Perceived Risk and Self-Protective Behavior." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 8 (October 1992): 603–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118192786751015.
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A 2 × 3 between-subjects design was used to determine the effects of modelling and aversiveness of a vicarious experience on perceived risk and self-protective behavior. Modelling and aversiveness of experience were manipulated using an instructional videotape. Unprotected model and protected model conditions were compared. Benign, slightly aversive, and highly aversive conditions were compared. The dependent variables were self-protective behavior and perceptions regarding the hazardousness of the product, severity of injury, likelihood of injury, likelihood of an accident, and familiarity with the product. More subjects in the protected model group exhibited self-protective behavior compared to the control group. There was no difference in levels of perceived risk between the two groups. Aversiveness had an effect on self-protective behavior. The slightly aversive group showed an incidence of self-protective behavior significantly greater than that of the control group and the highly aversive group. Examination of the nature of manipulation used in the slightly aversive condition suggests that an ambiguous portrayal of the consequences of a hazard while implying its potential to inflict harm causes people to behave cautiously. The incidence of self-protective behavior in the highly aversive group did not differ significantly from that of the control group despite a significant difference in perceived levels of hazardousness. This is explained as a manifestation of the so-called “self-protective attribution of responsibility.” Perceived hazardousness was found to be the primary predictor of self-protective behavior. Perceived severity and likelihood of injury were found to be the primary predictors of perceived hazardousness. A strong association was found between self-protective behavior and perceived personal susceptibility to injury.
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Braun, Curt C., Raymond E. C. Pickett, and Dylan D. Whitney. "Scaling the Severity of Potential Injuries and Illnesses." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 45, no. 20 (October 2001): 1511–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120104502015.
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Warning researchers have established a relationship between the explicitness of warnings and perceptions of product hazardousness and precautionary behavior. Earlier work demonstrated that two warning qualities, injury severity and length of injury, contributed to hazard perceptions. To understand further the hazard conveying qualities of warnings, it is necessary to scale potential injuries and illnesses that might result from product use. Fifty-eight different injuries and illnesses were paired with three different modifiers, mild, moderate, and severe. Severity ratings were obtained from 25 participants using a free-modulus magnitude estimation technique. The resulting ratings were then scaled to produce a continuum of illnesses and injury conditions.
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Vasudev, Akshya, and Richard Harrison. "Prescribing safely in elderly psychiatric wards: survey of possible drug interactions." Psychiatric Bulletin 32, no. 11 (November 2008): 417–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.107.019141.
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Aims and MethodA cross-sectional survey of patient drug prescriptions on two elderly psychiatric wards was carried out to estimate the potential of drug–drug interactions. Two standardised databases, British National Formulary (BNF; British Medical Association & Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, 2007) and Upto Date (www.uptodate.com/), were employed.ResultsA majority (96%) of drug prescriptions in our study could potentially cause drug–drug interactions. Most patients were on multiple drugs (on average eight drugs per patient). There was poor concordance between the two databases: BNF picked up fewer cases of potential drug–drug interactions than Upto Date (43 v. 152 instances) and they also estimated the potential for hazardousness differently.Clinical ImplicationsPolypharmacy is common in elderly psychiatric patients and this increases the possibility of a drug–drug interaction. Estimating the risk of interactions depends on a sound knowledge in therapeutics and/or referring to a standardised source of information. the results of this study question the concordance of two well-referenced databases.
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Zonta Neto, Alvaro João, Mariana Gomes Oliveira, Everton Skoronski, and Maurício Vicente Alves. "Characterization and evaluation of potential impacts in the environment of residual fiber from cellulose." Revista Eletrônica em Gestão, Educação e Tecnologia Ambiental 23 (June 27, 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2236117038529.
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The search for alternative final destinations for residue from industrial processes is a growing problem. Pulp and paper industries generate large amounts of residue, which are not always reused or do not receive adequate final destination. An alternative is its reuse, using the final disposal of the residue in the soil, for its potential to inactivate part of the chemical compounds, allowing its use as agricultural inputs of low cost. The purpose of this study was to analyze the final residue of the treatment plant of a pulp and paper industry using the kraft pulping method, which allows a high resistance and low lignin cellulose pulp with the advantage of recovering the chemicals used, reducing costs. In order to pre-evaluate this disposal possibility, this study carried out the classification of the waste classifying the hazardousness of the cellulose fiber, and its behavior under solubilization and leaching tests. The results of the analysis showed that the reactivity characteristics and solubilization of substances in water above the maximum permissible value (MPV), characterizing the residue as non-inert and Hazardous Class I due to the presence of S2- releasing H2S in concentrations above than those established by the regulations.
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Young, Stephen L. "Subject Differences in the Perception of Risk." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 40, no. 16 (October 1996): 805–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129604001602.
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Previous studies dealing with perceived risk have made the implicit assumption that all subjects view the product in roughly the same way. Since the risk literature suggests that different person-types exist (e.g., risk-takers, risk-avoiders, etc.), it seems as if subject characteristics would affect the way that people perceive products and their risks. The goal of the present study is to examine subject differences in perceived risk by (1) parsing subject into meaningful groups, and (2) examining the extent to which these groups access different information about products when evaluating the risks. Using cluster analysis, subjects were assigned to one of three groups. These groups differed from one another in terms of how they viewed the products as a whole. Group 1 perceived all products, in general, to be hazardous—they were labeled Fearful. Group 2 perceived the product as non-hazardous, while having a very low degree of personal knowledge of the risks or familiarity with the products—they were labeled Fearless. Group 3 perceived the products, as a whole, to be non-hazardous, but they had a high degree of personal knowledge of the risks and familiarity with the products—they were labeled Informed. These three groupings of subjects differed in the types of information they accessed when evaluating the products. Group 1 (Fearful) attended to information about the hazards, making fine distinctions between levels of hazardousness for different products. Group 2 (Fearless) and Group 3 (Informed) did not make such distinctions with regard to hazardousness. Rather, they perceived most products to be about the same, unless there was the potential for catastrophic consequences. In general, this study demonstrated that people could be assigned to meaningful and homogeneous groups, whose perception of products (and product risks) was determined, to some extent, by person-traits.
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Hernandez, Michael W. "A Multiple Natural Hazards Assessment Model Based on Geomorphic Terrain Units." International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research 5, no. 1 (January 2014): 16–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijagr.2014010102.
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A Multiple Natural Hazards Assessment (MNHA) procedural model was developed to provide stakeholders (e.g., community planners and decision makers) with a clear methodology that examines the landscape as a probabilistic-based composite measure of the natural hazards at a terrain mapping unit scale. The model consists of four phases: (1) data collection; (2) individual natural hazard assessment (INHA); (3) Geomorphic Terrain Unit (GTU) development; and (4) composite MNHA classification. The model was tested in a case study across southern Davis County, Utah. Six hazards were integrated within a GIS model, producing a nonweighted probabilistic-based multi-hazard classification across GTUs. Examination of the results by stakeholders showed great potential for the model. During the evaluation workshop, stakeholders concurred that normalizing the class values using a simple frequency-based scale makes it easier to discern the differences in composite hazardousness across the community. The model is easily expanded to include objective or subjective weighting factors.
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Huber, Amelie. "Hydropower in the Himalayan Hazardscape: Strategic Ignorance and the Production of Unequal Risk." Water 11, no. 3 (February 26, 2019): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11030414.
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Rapidly expanding hydropower development in areas prone to geological and hydro-climatic hazards poses multiple environmental and technological risks. Yet, so far these have received scant attention in hydropower planning processes, and even in the campaigns of most citizen initiatives contesting these dams. Based on qualitative empirical research in Northeast India, this paper explores the reasons why dam safety and hazard potential are often marginal topics in hydropower governance and its contestation. Using a political ecology framework analyzing the production of unequal risks, I argue that a blind-eye to environmental risks facilitates the appropriation of economic benefits by powerful interest groups, while increasing the hazardousness of hydropower infrastructure, accelerating processes of social marginalization. More specifically, this paper brings into analytical focus the role of strategic ignorance and manufactured uncertainty in the production of risk, and explores the challenges and opportunities such knowledge politics create for public resistance against hazardous technologies. I posit that influencing the production of knowledge about risk can create a fertile terrain for contesting hazardous hydropower projects, and for promoting alternative popular conceptions of risk. These findings contribute to an emerging body of research about the implications of hydropower expansionism in the Himalayan hazardscape.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Potential hazardousness"
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Emmer, Adam. "Potenciální nebezpečnost vybraných morénami hrazených jezer v pohoří Cordillera Blanca, Peru." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-330584.
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Adam Emmer: Potential hazardousness of selected moraine-dammed lakes in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru ABSTRACT: This work is devided into the two parts. Firs part reviews contemporary methods of assessment of potential hazardousness for moraine-dammed lakes (eight qualitative methods and three quantitative methods). Second part has two main aims: 1) Assessment of potential hazardousness of seven selected moraine-dammed lakes in the Cordillera Blanca, and 2) Analysis of suitability of these methods for use in this region. Required input data for potential hazardousness assessment were gained from analysis of remotely sensed photographs, research papers of INRENA/ANA institute (Huaráz), and from fieldwork realized in 2012. Ten methods of potential hazardousness assessment were applied on seven studied moraine-dammed lakes. There are no significant differences in results obtained in each method. These results showed, that potentially most hazardous lake is that of Arhueycocha, followed by Palcacocha. On the other hand potentially less hazardous lake is that of Rajucolta. Based on analysis of regional specific of causes and mechanisms of glacial lake outburst floods from moraine-dammed lakes in Cordillera Blanca, five groups of characteristics which reflect these regional specifics were merged: A) possibility of...
Book chapters on the topic "Potential hazardousness"
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Hernandez, Michael W. "A Multiple Natural Hazards Assessment Model Based on Geomorphic Terrain Units." In Geospatial Research, 435–58. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9845-1.ch018.
Full textAbstract:
A Multiple Natural Hazards Assessment (MNHA) procedural model was developed to provide stakeholders (e.g., community planners and decision makers) with a clear methodology that examines the landscape as a probabilistic-based composite measure of the natural hazards at a terrain mapping unit scale. The model consists of four phases: (1) data collection; (2) individual natural hazard assessment (INHA); (3) Geomorphic Terrain Unit (GTU) development; and (4) composite MNHA classification. The model was tested in a case study across southern Davis County, Utah. Six hazards were integrated within a GIS model, producing a nonweighted probabilistic-based multi-hazard classification across GTUs. Examination of the results by stakeholders showed great potential for the model. During the evaluation workshop, stakeholders concurred that normalizing the class values using a simple frequency-based scale makes it easier to discern the differences in composite hazardousness across the community. The model is easily expanded to include objective or subjective weighting factors.