Academic literature on the topic 'Potential of life support of the population in a region'

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Journal articles on the topic "Potential of life support of the population in a region"

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Sharov, Sergey Yu, and Inna M. Schneiderman. "Features of the post-industrial development of agglomerations as the core of economy." POPULATION 23, no. 1 (2020): 76–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.1.7.

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The dominance of agglomerations in post-industrial economic development is a global trend due to the transition to a knowledge economy and the formation of consumer, compact cities. Production as such — agriculture, industry — goes to the periphery both in terms of their role in economy and in geographical terms. The main place is occupied by services: entertainment and ensuring high-quality reproduction of the population — healthcare and education. An essential condition for the successful development of peripheral locations is attainability of the core of agglomeration by a daily trip. Agglomerations are becoming virtually uncontested for ensuring relatively high general levels of labor productivity and quality of life for large masses of population. However, agglomerations also give rise to problems, the complex solution of which requires understanding of the new historic content of the traditional economic and geographical categories, such as central places, connectivity, geographical framework, relations between the center and the periphery. From a practical point of view, this should be reflected in federal programs for development of the largest agglomerations, which now present the only opportunity to quickly solve their most acute problems and realize their development potential, which will also be transferred to development of the regions adjacent to them. Federal support for development of agglomerations — the central places of regions, on the one hand is realistic in the prevailing conditions of centralized state finances and lack of local resources. On the other hand, unlike federal programs that disperse funds throughout the region, such support will contribute to the self-development of regions in accordance with the nature of their participation in the national and global economies, since the organic development of cities and territories within economic influence of the agglomeration is latter's natural function.
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Katkova, Irina, and Sergey Rybalchenko. "Premature mortality and healthy life expectancy in the context of the national development objectives of Russia." Population 23, no. 4 (2020): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.4.8.

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The article shows the relevance of implementing a new intersectoral system of indicators necessary for monitoring progress in achieving the target indicators at the Federal and regional levels by 2030 to ensure the achievement of the country's national development goals to strengthen the health potential and well-being of the population, which is the most important basis for demographic development and growth of life expectancy (LE). It is emphasized that the lack of correlation between indicators of life expectancy in Russian regions and the rates of gross regional products (GRP) reflects the inconsistency of social, economic and health policies, when the achievement of economic growth is actually poorly focused on improving the standards and quality of life of the population. The article highlights the prospects for including integrative assessments of differences in the state of sanitary and epidemiological well-being and quality of life of the population of Russian regions, the level of deficit of the financial support for territorial state programs of providing free medical care to citizens, economic damage associated with the burden of diseases, in the system of effective intersectoral strategies and evaluating their effectiveness in achieving target monitoring indicators. It is noted that implementation of such integrated strategies must be focused on overcoming regional disparities in population health, when the place of birth and life for most residents of the regions actually determine the risks and prospects of survival, reaching the most favorable levels of life expectancy typical of the most successful and prosperous regions of Russia.
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Ryumina, Elena. "Indicators of environmental behavior of the population." Population 25, no. 4 (2022): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.4.9.

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Ecological behavior of the population in everyday life is considered as one of the main characteristics of human potential. Therefore, were identified indicators separating the use of natural resources and environmental protection in production and in everyday life. The condition for selection of indicators was the possibility of their statistical support. As a result, the indicators of solid household waste generation and household water consumption per capita were selected to formalize the ecological behavior of the population. The issues of waste management, which have recently been raised to the forefront in environmental issues, are mainly studied in technical, technological, organizational, and economic aspects. At the same time, much less attention is paid to the process of formation and volume of household waste among the population. A strong differentiation of solid household waste generation per person by Russian regions is shown. Another indicator of the ecological behavior of the population considered in the article is the volume of water consumption in everyday life per capita. A number of indicators have been found reflecting the volume of water consumption in everyday life, which vary greatly in quantity, since they have different contents and are calculated according to different methods. The choice of the indicator of the use of fresh water for household needs per person is based on the availability of information about it in statistical collections by Russian regions. Multiple discrepancies in the values of this indicator are found out not only in the regions of different Federal districts, but also often in neighboring regions of the same district.
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Artemova, Olga V., and Svetlana A. Melenkina. "The level of the population well-being in the regions of the Russian Federation: institutional and infrastructural support." Herald of Omsk University. Series: Economics 21, no. 4 (2023): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/1812-3988.2023.21(4).87-97.

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The article examines the level of population well-being in the regions of the Russian Federation from the standpoint of their institutional and infrastructural support. It is a high-quality institutional environment and developed infrastructure that are the most important conditions for ensuring the population well-being in Russian regions. The authors note a significant differentiation in income levels and their polarization (by fund ratio, decile ratio), which is reflected in the poverty level of the population of the regions. The article presents the results of a study on two regions of the Russian Federation: one leading region and one outsider region, identified by the results of an earlier study conducted by the authors. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District is represented as the leader in terms of well-being, while the Republic of Ingushetia is an outsider. The authors proved that the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, being in an unfavorable climatic zone, forms institutional and infrastructural conditions conducive to systematic work on social development and support of the population. At the same time, there is an increase in indicators of social inequality in the region, which may contribute to the development of social tension. Regarding the outsider, the Republic of Ingushetia, it was shown that, having conditions favorable for life and work, and forming an adequate institutional environment and social infrastructure, the region is characterized by an unfavorable social situation: low incomes of the population, high unemployment. The authors believe that it is possible to solve problems in the social sphere with the effective realization of the potential of the region and significant support from the federal center.
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Zhilina, Nadezhda N., and Vladislav A. Goncharov. "STATE SUPPORT OF AGRICULTURE IN THE REGION." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 12/10, no. 153 (2024): 45–56. https://doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2024.12.10.007.

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From a strategic perspective, the development of tourism in Russia is a promising component for the development of the country in the field of innovation, improving the standard and quality of life of the population, reducing unemployment, increasing budget revenues, attracting capital investments, and is also a lever of the mechanism for the reproduction of labor resources and the rational use of land resources. Tourism is a new innovative way of development of our country. Against the background of growing demand for domestic tourism, this industry will be modernized, will go through the path of infrastructural development and will take on a “look” that meets all the needs of tourists. In the new conditions, the development of this area requires the creation of integration structures and a cluster approach. Each tourist and recreational cluster in our country has its own characteristics, has unique and inimitable features that are not peculiar to other clusters. At the moment, the Krasnodar Territory is actively developing a tourism cluster, but in the context of the global crisis and unstable macroeconomics, the development of a resort and tourism cluster is accompanied by a number of problems: underutilization of tourist and recreational potential by regions, lack of service facilities, low quality of services, high degree of depreciation of fixed assets, low allocation of resources to reduce risks, low growth rates domestic and inbound tourism, environmental problems, low level of government cooperation with the population, etc. All these problems of the resort and tourism cluster hinder the effectiveness of the progress of this direction and contribute to the growth of risks, therefore tourism needs to improve its development strategy and form an adequate mechanism for managing the development of regions.
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Myronenko, M., S. Nesterenko, A. Rai, and O. Frolov. "GEOINFORMATION SUPPORT FOR DEMINING THE TERRITORIES OF THE KHARKIV REGION." Municipal economy of cities 3, no. 184 (2024): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2024-3-184-157-161.

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Modern conflicts and military actions result in massive landmine laying, making them dangerous for civilians. After the completion of hostilities, there is an urgent need to clear these areas to restore human life and infrastructure. The article presents the application of geographic information systems (GIS) and databases for the inventory and management of explosive ordnance data in post-conflict areas using the example of the Kharkiv region. The paper explains the structure and functioning of the explosive ordnance database, designed to optimise the demining process and increase its efficiency and safety. The explosive object database receives information from various sources, including mobile groups of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine, the National Police, and other units. The primary tool for fixing the coordinates of explosive objects is GPS devices. The database contains information about the coordinates of unexploded ordnance, their type, condition, date of discovery, the group that discovered it, and other information. The database allows searching and filtering of explosive objects by various criteria, generating reports on the number and types of explosives found in different areas of the region. Also, it is possible to visualise the data from the database on maps to enhance understanding of the distribution of explosive objects. Using the database can significantly improve the planning and coordination of demining work, track the progress of demining, assess the resources required for demining, warn the civilian population about the danger, analyse risks, conduct statistical analysis, report to the authorities, and train sappers. Implementing such a database will allow optimising demining planning, increasing the safety of sappers, and accelerating the restoration of a safe life for the population. The technology’s adaptability also means it can be utilised in other post-conflict regions, highlighting its potential for broader application. This system underscores the importance of integrating modern technological solutions in addressing the challenges of post-conflict reconstruction and safety. Keywords: geographic information systems, database, explosive ordnance, demining, security, recovery.
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Nataliia, Kuzmynchuk, Mardus Nataliia, Davydov Oleksandr, Yevtushenko Viktoriia, Melen Olena, and Kharchenko Alla. "Devising the policy of funds allocation in the decision-making process under the budget and tax management." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 1, no. 13 (115) (2022): 69–79. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2022.253072.

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This paper reports a seminal study whose relevance and significance are related to strengthening the importance of improving the distribution policy by introducing a model for optimizing the allocation of budget funds in the decision-making process. It has been determined that the potential of life support of the population in a region (PLSP in a region) acts as a tool for examining the resources in the region in terms of their capability to meet the needs of the population of the region in the current period and in the future. Based on the anthropocentric approach, it was determined that the main strategic resource is human potential that possesses a set of characteristics (components), which reflect its physical potential, the potential abilities and knowledge, as well as property potential. The implementation of the PLSP concept in the region has caused an urgent desire to study modern problems related to the budget and tax management of regional development, specifically, the management of budget expenditures at the stage of their allocation using modern means for supporting these processes. The expediency of using models of mathematical programming to determine the effective structure of the budget, taking into consideration the rate of inflation and the use of the methodology for calculating real wages, has been established. The following values for most priority areas of budget financing were calculated: the level of development of social infrastructure (11 %), the level of vocational training (29 %), the level of remuneration and entrepreneurial income (21 %), and the level of social payments to the population (14 %). It has been found that when a new allocation of budget funds is implemented, the value of the achieved level of PLSP development in a region could increase by 9 % compared to 2021. The proposed approach is a permanently important prerequisite for the formation of priority areas of budget financing for the components of PLSP in a region in the process of producing and implementing universal and specific solutions in the field of budget and tax management.
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Gricishen, D. O., V. O. Kuchmenko, and D. V. Zablodska. "ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE REGION IN THE CONTEXT OF ITS POSITIONING." Economics and Law, no. 4 (December 6, 2021): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econlaw.2021.04.094.

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The article summarizes scientific approaches to the economic security of the region in the context of its positioning. The key risks of economic security of the Ukrainian regions have been identified as well as the most important criteria for regions positioning: the gross regional product (GRP) structure, the volume and rates of industrial development, the volume and dynamics of investments; natural resource production and scientific and technical potential; resource efficiency; competitiveness of the region's economy; unemployment rate; the quality of life, the degree of income differentiation, the provision of the population with material benefits and services; energy dependence; integration into the national economy etc. It is noted that the main problem of economic security is to ensure effective management of regional policy, as well as the evaluation of the regions positioning in the context of economic security can be carried out in the main directions: the level of poverty and unemployment in the region; the quality of life of the population; demographic component of the socio-economic security of the region; the ability of the region's economy to sustainably grow; stability of the region's financial system; support of the scientific potential of the region; dependence of the region's economy on imports of the most important types of products; relations of the region with the countries of the European Union. The modern positioning of some security sectors and the consequences of such positioning have been characterized. A system of main indicators has been formed that allows to quantify the level of economic security of the region in the context of its positioning. The methodical approach to evaluating the economic security of a region in the context of its positioning is highlighted. It is noted that despite the goals that are taken into account when positioning the region, the whole process can be structured into the following blocks: organizational and analytical support; methodical and informational support; conceptual software. The article presents the functional components of the mechanism for ensuring the economic security of regions in the context of their positioning. It has been proved that the effective functioning of the mechanism for ensuring the economic security of regions in the context of their positioning requires the effective functioning of all subjects synchronously, which made it possible to formulate a synergistic effect in a formalized form.
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DOVGAL, Olena. "THE SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE IMPORTANCE IN THE DEMOGRAPHIC POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics, no. 2 (2019): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2019-2-7.

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Abstract Introduction. Dependence of the rural areas condition on the level of social infrastructure determines necessitates its definition as a priority direction of support from the state. Analysis of the current state of scientific research allows to substantiate the relevance of determining the social infrastructure role in shaping the demographic potential of region rural areas. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the social infrastructure role in shaping the demographic potential of rural areas in the region. Results. The implementation effectiveness of the Law of Ukraine «On the priority of social development of the village and agro-industrial complex in the national economy» is considered. The similarity of the motives between the rural population and the state is determined regarding the invariability of the way of life in the countryside. The social infrastructure development in rural areas makes the transition of the agricultural segment to market conditions cheaper. The ineffectiveness of the normative support for the Ukrainian village development is proved, which is confirmed by the lack of its proper institutional form or inadequate implementation. Measures to provide rural settlements with the necessary infrastructure are presented developed by experts of the National Institute for Strategic Studies. It is argued that improving the village's social infrastructure efficiency will inevitably affect the living standards of the rural population and will help to bring the living conditions in the countryside closer to urban standards. Conclusions. A full and highly organized social infrastructure, along with the availability of high-paying jobs, is an indispensable condition for the formation and development of demographic potential. Due to the current critical state of the social sphere of the village, and beyond it, and other aspects of rural life, it is necessary to implement measures for the development of social infrastructure with appropriate institutional support. Key words: regional policy, social infrastructure, resource potential, demographic potential, rural areas.
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Messkoub, Mahmood. "Population ageing and inter-generational relations in the MENA: what role for social policy?" Population Horizons 14, no. 2 (2017): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pophzn-2017-0005.

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Abstract Declining fertility and rising life expectancy combined with migration are changing the demographic landscape of the MENA. Earlier high fertility will ensure a growing population in the next 20-30 years. Family structure is also changing: families are becoming smaller and increasingly nuclear, rather than extended. The region has to manage a young age structure and a gradual ageing of the population but with a potential weakening of the traditional inter-generational support based on family, it also faces a widely varying and heterogeneous resource base and socio-economic structure across the different countries. To maintain and improve inter-generational support within family and society in the MENA countries with large populations (such as Iran and Egypt) the most important challenges are poverty and vulnerability, unemployment, and development of long-term plans for an ageing population. These are inter-connected objectives since reducing poverty and increasing current employment could provide individuals and families with some resources to save and accumulate for old age. States in the region should put redistributive social policies in the areas of health, education and housing at the heart of a strategy of supporting family budgets and resources to assist them in their inter-generational care, but should also set up care and pension schemes to provide societal intergenerational support.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Potential of life support of the population in a region"

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PILLAI, Vinoshene. "Intravital two photon clcium imaging of glioblastoma mouse models." Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/109211.

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Books on the topic "Potential of life support of the population in a region"

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Len'kov, Roman. Higher education as a resource management socio-cultural modernization of regions. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1084388.

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The monograph examines the actual theoretical and applied aspects of institutional and regulatory support for social and cultural modernization of regions, including the specification of higher education as a resource and the conditions of modernization, periodization and content of practice of management reform of higher education, the evolution of the role of forecasting in public administration the graduate school. The analysis of resource and policy support socio-cultural modernization of the regions population with higher education through the explication of the problem of the "Assembly" of the future intelligentsia as a socio-cultural potential of modernization, the role of the Institute of higher education in the solution of problems of modernization. The empirical study support a highly skilled regional population policy of modernization in four regions: Moscow region, Bashkortostan, Belgorod region and the Republic of Kalmykia. Proposals for processing of the array data of the respondents with higher education, complemented by social and cultural portraits and information card regions.
 For professionals and experts on issues of science, higher education and public administration. Will be sought after by post-graduate students, teachers and scientific employees of educational and academic institutions.
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Jiménez, Catalina, Julen Requejo, Miguel Foces, Masato Okumura, Marco Stampini, and Ana Castillo. Silver Economy: A Mapping of Actors and Trends in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003237.

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Latin America and the Caribbean, unlike other regions, is still quite young demographically: people over age 60 make up around 11% of the total population. However, the region is expected to experience the fastest rate of population aging in the world over the coming decades. This projected growth of the elderly population raises challenges related to pensions, health, and long-term care. At the same time, it opens up numerous business opportunities in different sectorshousing, tourism, care, and transportation, for examplethat could generate millions of new jobs. These opportunities are termed the “silver economy,” which has the potential to be one of the drivers of post-pandemic economic recovery. Importantly, women play key roles in many areas of this market, as noted in the first report published by the IDB on this subject (Okumura et al., 2020). This report maps the actors whose products or services are intended for older people and examines silver economy trends in the region by sector: health, long-term care, finance, housing, transportation, job market, education, entertainment, and digitization. The mapping identified 245 actors whose products or services are intended for older people, and it yielded three main findings. The first is that the majority of the actors (40%) operate in the health and care sectors. The prevalence of these sectors could be due to the fact that they are made up of many small players, and it could also suggest a still limited role of older people in active consumption, investment, and the job market in the region. The second finding is that 90% of the silver economy actors identified by the study operate exclusively in their countries of origin, and that Mexico has the most actors (47), followed by the Southern Cone countriesBrazil, Chile, and Argentinawhich have the regions highest rates of population aging. The third finding is that private investment dominates the silver economy ecosystem, as nearly 3 out of every 4 actors offering services to the elderly population are for-profit enterprises. The sectors and markets of the silver economy differ in size and degree of maturity. For example, the long-term care sector, which includes residential care settings, is the oldest and has the largest number of actors, while sectors like digital, home automation, and cohousing are still emerging. Across all sectors, however, there are innovative initiatives that hold great potential for growth. This report examines the main development trends of the silver economy in the region and presents examples of initiatives that are already underway. The health sector has a wealth of initiatives designed to make managing chronic diseases easier and to prevent and reduce the impact of functional limitations through practices that encourage active aging. In the area of long term careone of the most powerful drivers of job creationinitiatives to train human resources and offer home care services are flourishing. The financial sector is beginning to meet a wide range of demands from older people by offering unique services such as remittances or property management, in addition to more traditional pensions, savings, and investment services. The housing sector is adapting rapidly to the changes resulting from population aging. This shift can be seen, for example, in developments in the area of cohousing or collaborative housing, and in the rise of smart homes, which are emerging as potential solutions. In the area of transportation, specific solutions are being developed to meet the unique mobility needs of older people, whose economic and social participation is on the rise. The job market offers older people opportunities to continue contributing to society, either by sharing their experience or by earning income. The education sector is developing solutions that promote active aging and the ongoing participation of older people in the regions economic and social life. Entertainment services for older people are expanding, with the emergence of multiple online services. Lastly, digitization is a cross-cutting and fundamental challenge for the silver economy, and various initiatives in the region that directly address this issue were identified. Additionally, in several sectors we identified actors with a clear focus on gender, and these primarily provide support to women. Of a total of 245 actors identified by the mapping exercise, we take a closer look at 11 different stories of the development of the silver economy in the region. The featured organizations are RAFAM Internacional (Argentina), TeleDx (Chile), Bonanza Asistencia (Costa Rica), NudaProp (Uruguay), Contraticos (Costa Rica), Maturi (Brazil), Someone Somewhere (Mexico), CONAPE (Dominican Republic), Fundación Saldarriaga Concha (Colombia), Plan Ibirapitá (Uruguay), and Canitas (Mexico). These organizations were chosen based on criteria such as how innovative their business models are, the current size and growth potential of their initiatives, and their impact on society. This study is a first step towards mapping the silver economy in Latin America and the Caribbean, and the hope is to broaden the scope of this mapping exercise through future research and through the creation of a community of actors to promote the regional integration of initiatives in this field.
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Sasaev, N. I., G. V. Zadorozhnaya, T. A. Alabina, et al. Strategizing of Kuzbass Region water resources. Kemerovo State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/978-5-8353-2725-6.

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The collective monograph "Strategizing of Kuzbass Region water resources" proposes strategic directions for the efficient use of water resources and ensuring the strategic security of the region's most important life support system in the long term,
 primarily through the development of water supply and sanitation systems aimed at achieving the key goal of improving the level and quality of life of the population Kuzbass Region.
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Shipley, Peggy Z. ALS caregiver quality of life and psychological implications. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757726.003.0016.

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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) impacts greatly not only those who have the disease, but also family caregivers who provide the majority of care for their loved ones throughout the ALS disease trajectory. In the provision of this care, these family caregivers frequently experience significant threats to their own physical and mental health, and thus to their quality of life. The burden of caregiving can be high, distress is not uncommon, and support is needed to best address these issues. Despite the physical and emotional challenges faced by family caregivers, limited research has been directed at this caregiving phenomenon. The more health care providers understand the key elements of the ALS caregiving experience, the better equipped they will be to recognize the caregivers as not only co-providers of care, but as potential recipients of care to meet the unique physical and mental challenges of this caregiving population.
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Dodds, Chris, Chandra M. Kumar, and Frédérique Servin. Intensive care and the elderly. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198735571.003.0012.

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Age is not an independent predictor for poor outcome from intensive care. This chapter reviews admission criteria for the elderly and the assessment of likely outcome including the differences between traumatic or surgical admissions against medical ones. Pre-existing comorbidities all limit functional recovery, and only about 60% of elderly patients get back to their preadmission level of activity, although this may not detract from their perceived quality of life. Potential bias in the use of quality-of-life measures by clinical staff is discussed. Information on the identification of futility and the move to either palliation or withdrawal of support is discussed. Complications are common in the intensive-care patient population, and the reasons that they may be irreversible in the elderly are reviewed. The limitation of care, the use of advanced directives, and the assessment of legal capacity are reviewed.
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Somsen, Han. From Improvement Towards Enhancement. Edited by Roger Brownsword, Eloise Scotford, and Karen Yeung. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199680832.013.42.

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This chapter discusses a host of what mostly are still isolated ad hoc technology-driven initiatives, usually in support of human (rights) imperatives, which effectively endeavour to engineer and re-engineer living and non-living environments in ways that have no natural, legal, or historical precedent. The umbrella term I propose to capture such initiatives is ‘environmental enhancement’. Potential examples that fit this definition include genetic modification of disease-transmitting mosquitoes to protect human health, solar radiation-management initiatives and other forms of climate engineering to sustain human life on earth, the creation of new life forms to secure food supplies and absorb population growth, and de-extinction efforts that help restore the integrity of ecosystems. The question this paper asks, in the words of Brownsword, is whether conventional environmental law ‘connects’ with environmental enhancement, focusing on EU environmental law, and whether states may be duty-bound to enhance environments in pursuit of human rights imperatives.
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Klor, Ellin, and Sarah Lapin. Serving Teen Parents. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216013099.

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A comprehensive guide to working with teen parents and their children that provides practical program ideas for successful school and public library program development, implementation, and evaluation. Teen parents and their children represent an underserved, high-need population in many communities. Libraries have the potential to significantly influence the quality of life for teen parent families by providing free access to information and resources, developing specific programs, and serving as a safe, public learning environment. Serving Teen Parents: From Literacy to Life Skills helps library staff support teen parents as their children’s first teachers, positively affecting two generations at once. The authors explain how to successfully communicate with this group and build upon their competencies and strengths. They offer best practices, professional anecdotes, and step-by-step direction on connecting with teen parents, collaborating with community partners, locating funding options, and implementing successful programs. This invaluable guide is the most comprehensive resource currently available that directly addresses the needs of librarians serving the teen-parent demographic.
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Wajdzik, Marek. Zmienność cech fenotypowych samców sarny europejskiej (Capreolus capreolus L.) na tle gospodarowania jej populacją w północno-zachodniej Małopolsce. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-45-8.

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The objective of the present work was to evaluate the individual quality of male European roe deer by statistical analysis of antler traits, craniometric characters, and age of hunter-harvested bucks. Those measurements enabled a reliable assessment of antler quality, changes in carcass weight with age and between hunting seasons, as well as phenotypic traits depending on habitat (percentage forest cover, geographic mesoregion). The work also aimed to assess the effectiveness of deer population management in the Cracow Region of the Polish Hunting Association and determine the potential of that population based on analysis of medal-quality roebucks harvested there over the past 10 years. The study involved data concerning roe deer in the 60 hunting districts comprising the Cracow Region for the 2008/2009-2017/2018 hunting seasons. The study material consisted of data concerning antlers from 8132 roebucks taken over that decade, such as the age of hunted roebucks, hunting district, hunt date, carcass weight, as well as the gross weight and form of antlers. A detailed evaluation of antler quality was conducted using records for 2874 individuals, including 284 medal-quality antlers, harvested in the 2014/2015-2016/2017 seasons. The trophies were evaluated in accordance with the criteria of the International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation (CIC) and were subjected to craniometric analysis. For a comprehensive examination of roe deer quality in the Cracow Region, the study analyzed gamekeeping data, that is, annual hunting plans of the Polish Hunting Association, for the period 2008/2009-2017/2018. Several gamekeeping indicators were calculated based on those data to evaluate the effects of roe deer management and gamekeeping practices. The studied antler traits (mean beam length, antler weight and volume, CIC scores) as well as carcass weight culminated in 6-year-old individuals. In turn cra-niometric traits (skull length and width) increased significantly until the 4th year of life, while the width of pedicles increased throughout the life of the individual. The development of antlers over time was characterized by a declining rate of growth for all the analyzed parameters. The highest growth rate (more than 100%) was found between the second and third years of life in terms of antler weight and volume, as well as front tine length. Antler quality in terms of overall CIC scores was to the greatest extent affected by weight and volume. The combined contribution of these factors increased with age, and ranged from 63.9% in the youngest individuals to 74.6% in the oldest ones. Within the study area, the individual quality of roe deer varied depending on the forest cover and mesoregion. Roebucks with the lowest carcass and antler weight occurred in hunting districts with a forest cover exceeding 40%, while the highest values of those parameters were found in districts with 5% forest cover or less. In open-land areas, the share of medal-quality roebucks in the total number of harvested males was higher, at approx. 5%, as compared to 1.29% in the woodlands. The carcass and antler weight of roebucks taken in the Cracow Region was higher than that of roebucks harvested in western Poland, similar to the Kielce Region, and lower than that for the Lublin and Krosno Regions, which is in keeping with Bergmann's ecogeographical rule. Analysis of carcass weight throughout the hunting season showed that the most pronounced rutting activity was observed for individuals 6 years of age and older, which lost as much as 6% of their weight. Over the ten-year period of study, the roebucks harvested using a uniform set of selection criteria revealed an increase in mean carcass weight as well as antler weight and form, which indicates appropriate management of the roe deer population in the examined hunting region.
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Communicating about Vaccine Safety: Guidelines to help health workers communicate with parents, caregivers, and patients. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275122822.

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Vaccines save between 2 million and 3 million lives each year and protect the entire population from more than a dozen life-threatening diseases. Thanks to vaccination, smallpox was eradicated in 1980, and we are on track to eradicate polio. However, despite great strides in the control of measles, one of the most contagious diseases known, the last few years have unfortunately seen an increase in cases. This is why high vaccination coverage—95% or more—is needed, posing a major technical and communication challenge for health workers. Studies show that telling people about the quality, safety, effectiveness and availability of vaccines is not enough to influence behavior change related to immunization, and in general, doesn´t increase coverage. For this reason, it´s necessary to understand the reasons why people choose not to get vaccinated or not get their children vaccinated, in order to begin a two-way respectful dialogue using the best, most effective messages. Given this context, the main objective of these guidelines is to provide tools for staff working in the field of immunization to support effective communication between health personnel and the general population, with the aim of strengthening, maintaining or recovering trust in vaccines and the immunization programs in the Region of the Americas.
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Nikol'skaya, Mayya, Lora Chkoniya, and Vyacheslav Pobedennyy. Made in Africa: from decolonization to the innovation of African capital. MGIMO University Publishing House, 2025. https://doi.org/10.63861/3027-0.

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The great prospects of Africa as a macro-region have become commonplace in both academic and mainstream discourse. In the next 50-60 years, it will see increased participation in the life of the global community due to its unprecedented resource potential, and, with a high degree of probability, the strengthening of its international legal capacity. The contours of the continent's economic development are somewhat less obvious. In retrospect, it is often understood as a side effect of a series of coups and conflicts, or as the consequences of the activities of international organizations and TNCs, which supposedly saved the continent's states from poverty, hunger and backwardness. Meanwhile, in the post-colonial period, opportunities opened up for the development of large state-owned companies, and then local private entrepreneurship. Some African companies emerged with the support of foreign capital, including former metropolises; others were entirely national in origin. But they had one thing in common: all their founders were absolute passionaries. The task facing the new African entrepreneur seemed almost impossible: to build a company in the absence of a developed regulatory framework, to protect it from both domestic political storms and abrupt changes in the macroeconomic situation that shook the continent every time; finally, to modernize it so that each new sharp turn of history would be as safe as possible for it and would motivate it to grow and develop in accordance with the demands of the times. Experimenting with different types of internal organization, approaches to integration into national, regional and international value chains, by the end of the 2010s, However, in recent decades, the so-called "African lions" - Nigeria, Kenya, Algeria, Ghana and other rapidly growing countries - have increasingly become new springboards for local entrepreneurs.
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Book chapters on the topic "Potential of life support of the population in a region"

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Calbay, Ayca. "Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Hypothermi." In Special Circumstances in Resuscitation. Nobel Tip Kitabevleri, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053358923.2.

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Hypothermic arrest cases often occur as a result of long-term cold exposure or accident. Although it is observed primarily in centers where the weather is cold, these cases can be found all over the world. Unexpectedly, hypothermic arrest cases may also be encountered in summer months and in hospitalized patients under observation. With the use of advanced assisted resuscitation methods such as extracorporeal life support and cardiopulmonary bypass, neurological survival in this population has reached 47-63%. Hypothermia is defined as a core body temperature below 35°C (95°F) and can be life-threatening if not addressed promptly. This condition can arise from prolonged exposure to cold environments, immersion in cold water, inadequate clothing, or underlying medical conditions that affect body temperature regulation. The primary goal of hypothermic resuscitation is to safely and effectively return the patient’s body temperature to normal levels. The treatment approach varies based on the severity of hypothermia, categorized into mild, moderate, and severe stages. In cases of mild hypothermia, passive rewarming methods are typically sufficient. Passive rewarming relies on the patient’s own metabolic heat production to gradually raise the body temperature. For moderate to severe hypothermia, active rewarming techniques are necessary. Active rewarming methods include administering warmed intravenous fluids to increase core body temperature from the inside, using external heating devices such as heating blankets or forced-air warming systems, and in extreme cases, employing extracorporeal rewarming techniques. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and cardiopulmonary bypass are advanced medical procedures that circulate the patient’s blood through an external warming device before returning it to the body, providing rapid and controlled rewarming. In summary, hypothermic resuscitation is a life-saving procedure that requires a methodical and patient-specific approach. The success of this intervention depends on the timely and appropriate application of rewarming techniques and the vigilant management of potential complications. Healthcare professionals’ expertise and prompt action are pivotal in ensuring the best outcomes for patients suffering from hypothermia.
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Stein, Veronika, and Christian Pentzold. "Perspectives for Digital Participation in Rural Areas: Evidence from German Regions." In The Future of Europe. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29793-9_18.

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AbstractThe shortcomings of top-down policies for rural development underscore the importance of local potentials and the role of citizens who are perceived as taking a more active role in shaping the future of rural areas. The engagement of the local population is facilitated by digitally-supported forms of civic participation. These technological services, in particular, should reach younger target groups. This shift toward citizen-centred approaches in rural development is manifested on the EU level in programs like LEADER, as well as in country-specific or regional initiatives. In our contribution, we draw on three case studies from Germany in order to make suggestions for local actors on how to foster citizen participation in a ‘smart’ way.
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Mønsted, Troels. "A Matter of Distance? A Qualitative Study of Data-Driven Early Lifestyle Assessment in Preventive Healthcare." In Quantifying Quality of Life. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94212-0_19.

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AbstractAn essential objective of preventive healthcare is to assess the lifestyle of citizens and identify those with health risk behaviors long time before they develop a lifestyle-related disease. In spite of lasting attempts to support preventive healthcare services in reaching individuals at risk through information campaigns, systematic health check programs, and more recently, data-driven approaches, citizens remain at a distance to the preventive healthcare services. The purpose of this chapter is to investigate the reasons for this distance between citizens and preventive care offers and the potential of quantified-self technologies for decreasing this. The analysis shows that while data-driven approaches to lifestyle assessment do assist preventive care services in screening a large population, they do not solve the fundamental challenge; that citizens are often challenged in relating to the risk assessment and in the consequences of their current behaviors on a long timescale. Based on these findings, two design implications are elicited to guide design of systems based on quantified-self to support early assessment and improvement of potentially unhealthy lifestyle, potentially improving health and quality of life in the long term.
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Yitbarek, Sileshi, Yohannes Wogasso, Margaret Meagher, and Lucy Strickland. "Life Skills Education in Ethiopia: Afar Pastoralists’ Perspectives." In Life Skills Education for Youth. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85214-6_11.

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AbstractPastoralists constitute a large proportion of the population of Ethiopia, representing an estimated 14–18% of the population (MoE, A standard and manual for upgrading Alternative Basic Education (ABE) Centers, Level 1–4 to Level 1–6. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2018a). The provision of formal education through a school-based delivery model has failed to deliver the desired outcomes for Afar children and youth in terms of inclusion and participation, and quality of and relevance of education in support of building pastoralists’ skills for life and thriving. Formal education for pastoralists should be concerned with curricular relevance as experienced from the perspective of the pastoralists’ daily reality and extant knowledge that is well-adapted to environmental conditions and emphasizes collective community wellbeing (Krätli & Dyer, Mobile pastoralists and education: strategic options. International Institute for Environment and Development, 2009). This chapter explores the ways in which the current curriculum in the Afar region addresses Krätli and Dyer’s (Mobile pastoralists and education: strategic options. International Institute for Environment and Development, 2009) four dimensions of curricula necessary for pastoralist education to be considered relevant. It also explores key stakeholders’ perspectives about which life skills matter most to the Afar pastoralist community and the extent to which the current curriculum reflects and incorporates these skills. This chapter offers a new perspective on how to reconceptualize and teach these skills through the education system, highlighting recommended adaptations to the curriculum aligned with national and international development goals and notions of quality and relevance. These adaptations respond to the knowledge, attitudes, values, skills, mobility patterns, and calendars grounded in pastoralist populations’ values to maintain a complex and sustainable equilibrium among pastures, livestock, and people.
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Bish, Joseph J. "Positively Life-Changing Stories Today, Intergenerational Climate Benefits Tomorrow." In Storytelling to Accelerate Climate Solutions. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54790-4_4.

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AbstractToday, popular entertainment is purposefully creating a more sustainable world. Locally produced radio and video series, created from applied theories of social learning and social cognition, feature relatable characters, familiar communities, and dramatically unfolding plots. Constructed to improve human health and human rights, these stories also offer audiences liberating information, alternative perspectives, and confidence to enact meaningful change in their own lives. Unrestricted access to family planning and universal girls’ education is instrumental in realizing the full human rights of women and girls around the world. Moreover, by destigmatizing voluntary family planning, correcting misinformation about the safety and efficacy of modern contraception, and strengthening social acceptance and support of girls’ education, the long arc of human population size is influenced toward a smaller, more sustainably scaled civilization in the future. This relatively smaller human presence on the planet offers many potential alleviations of human-induced environmental stress, including scaling down the basic human need for, and propensity to emit, greenhouse gas emissions in the future.
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Al-Ghanim, Kaltham, Juhaina Sultan Al-Easa, and Fatima Al-Kubaisi. "Consanguineous Marriage: A Continued Tradition in Contemporary Qatar." In Gulf Studies. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-3412-5_6.

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Abstract Despite the rapid development seen in Qatar and other Gulf States, many aspects of social life remain grounded in the longstanding practices of the region. Consanguineous marriage is one such practice, which remains the norm not only in Qatar but throughout the Gulf States. This research explores consanguineous marriage as a social and cultural practice. The ethnographic methods that we employ to answer our study questions help to examine and understand the variables that support the continuity of such marriages. We found that the ongoing adherence of some portion of the Qatari population to the practice of arranged consanguineous marriage is sociologically sensible. Variables such as gender, education level, age, and additional socioeconomic variables help to explain the perseverance of this practice. Endogamous marriage practices remain the norm in Qatar and in all the Gulf States.
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Hoffman, Jaco. "“Leapfrog Technology”: Locating Older (South) Africans at the ICT Interface." In Age-Inclusive ICT Innovation for Service Delivery in South Africa. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94606-7_1.

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AbstractThis chapter positions itself between the demographic and epidemiological transitioning of the youngest world region in terms of population with its leapfrogging of ICT, specifically cell phone technology. Against the background of poverty and the continuing HIV and AIDS epidemic in (South) Africa, this contribution examines the deep penetration and agentic uptake of cell phones by older persons. It situates these users within their physical and family environments, and within the broader dynamics of intergenerational encounters with younger people. Whereas cell phones are often associated with youth culture, this chapter argues that older persons are very much part of the presence, circulation, and use of information and communication technologies (ICT), albeit for most of them on a basic level. Key cross-cutting strategic considerations for their ICT uptake involve intergenerational investment; harnessing the potential of new technologies for older persons; and inclusion of their input in ICT responses to their needs. To further the aim of achieving a society for all ages, ICT responses are proposed in the domains of social and health care, service delivery, and later-life learning.
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"Early Life History of Fishes in the San Francisco Estuary and Watershed." In Early Life History of Fishes in the San Francisco Estuary and Watershed, edited by Heather M. Brown, Frederick J. Griffin, Eric J. Larson, and Gary N. Cherr. American Fisheries Society, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569599.ch1.

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<em>Abstract.</em>—San Francisco Bay provides spawning and rearing habitat for California’s largest population of Pacific herring <em>Clupea pallasi</em>. This population provides a food source for other species and supports a valuable fishery for Pacific herring roe. Since the inception of the roe fishery in 1973, the California Department of Fish and Game has conducted annual surveys of spawning in San Francisco Bay as part of an ongoing assessment of population status and management of the fishery. The purpose of this paper is to document (1) regions of San Francisco Bay used by Pacific herring as spawning grounds over time, and (2) time periods in which spawning took place. Spawn data were analyzed by geographic region in the bay and by month for the period 1973–2000. During this period, we documented 269 spawning events from Point San Pablo south to Redwood City. Estimates of spawning adult biomass (fish that were not harvested by the fishery) ranged from 80,813 metric tons in 1981–1982 to 3,199 metric tons in 1997– 1998 (mean = 34,688 ± 19,325 SD). January was the peak spawning month, followed by December and February; small variations in this pattern occurred during some years. Overall, the majority of spawning took place in the north-central bay region (Point Bonita to Richmond-San Rafael Bridge, Angel Island, Point San Pablo, Berkeley flats; 55%) and the San Francisco region (Golden Gate Bridge to Candlestick Point; 34%), although it alternated between these two regions over time. In some years, considerable spawning took place in the Oakland–Alameda region (San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge to Bay Farm Island). The largest spawns and peak periods of spawning may not contribute most toward the next generation of Pacific herring, due to differential mortality within the season. For this reason, all regions documented in this study are important spawning grounds for Pacific herring from November through March each year. A number of recent studies have furthered our understanding of Pacific herring early life history and the forces that drive year-class formation in San Francisco Bay. However, studies are especially needed that will improve our ability to adequately address the potential impacts of human activities on Pacific herring in this highly urbanized estuary.
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"Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations." In Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations, edited by Gregory T. Ruggerone and Jennifer L. Nielsen. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874110.ch13.

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<em>Abstract.</em>—Studies have documented density-dependent growth of salmon in the ocean during early and late marine stages in response to competition between species. However, key questions remain as to whether competition and reduced growth at sea translate to lower survival of salmon, and whether changes in ocean regimes can alter this relationship. Few studies have tested these questions, in part, because the capacity of the ocean to support salmon is dynamic and smaller adult size has been associated with high abundance, which infers high overall survival. In support of salmon management activities in the Arctic-Yukon-Kuskokwim (AYK) region, we review evidence from recent studies suggesting that competition at sea can lead to reduced salmon growth and survival and to potentially lower reproductive potential of survivors. Climate change may, however, also affect prey availability and therefore influence the magnitude of competition. Salmon growth (and survival) responses to competition and climate shifts can vary with season and life stage of salmon. We conclude that growth of salmon is key to their survival and that competition at sea is an important, yet often elusive mechanism affecting salmon population dynamics.
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Sachot, SÉbastien, and Nicolas Perrin. "Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) in Western Switzerland: Viability and Management of an Endangered Grouse Metapopulation." In Species Conservation and Management. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195166460.003.0034.

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Abstract Capercaillie, the largest European grouse, is listed as Threatened in western, central, and southeastern Europe (IUCN 1996). Though the species still occupies most of its original range throughout northern Europe and Asia, western and central European populations have experienced important declines and local extinctions over the past decades (Storch 2000), owing to habitat losses and human disturbance (Ménoni et al. 1994, Storch 1994). Rainy conditions during egg incubation and young rearing, as well as predation (Storch 1991), can locally amplify population decline. Remnant populations are restricted to mountain regions where habitats are often isolated and fragmented (Blair et al. 1997). In Switzerland, concerns raised by capercaillie’s rapid decline resulted in financial support for silvicultural practices that would improve its habitat conditions. Political pressure to invest money in a cost-effective way called for a comprehensive approach aimed at identifying crucial life history stages, key populations parameters, and potential effects of habitat improvements.
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Conference papers on the topic "Potential of life support of the population in a region"

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Walter, Matthew, Shengjun Yin, Gary L. Stevens, Daniel Sommerville, Nathan Palm, and Carol Heinecke. "Supplemental Stress and Fracture Mechanics Analyses of Pressurized Water Reactor Pressure Vessel Nozzles." In ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2012-78119.

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In past years, the authors have undertaken various studies of nozzles in both boiling water reactors (BWRs) and pressurized water reactors (PWRs) located in the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) adjacent to the core beltline region. Those studies described stress and fracture mechanics analyses performed to assess various RPV nozzle geometries, which were selected based on their proximity to the core beltline region, i.e., those nozzle configurations that are located close enough to the core region such that they may receive sufficient fluence prior to end-of-life (EOL) to require evaluation of embrittlement as part of the RPV analyses associated with pressure-temperature (P-T) limits. In this paper, additional stress and fracture analyses are summarized that were performed for additional PWR nozzles with the following objectives: • To expand the population of PWR nozzle configurations evaluated, which was limited in the previous work to just two nozzles (one inlet and one outlet nozzle). • To model and understand differences in stress results obtained for an internal pressure load case using a two-dimensional (2-D) axi-symmetric finite element model (FEM) vs. a three-dimensional (3-D) FEM for these PWR nozzles. In particular, the ovalization (stress concentration) effect of two intersecting cylinders, which is typical of RPV nozzle configurations, was investigated. • To investigate the applicability of previously recommended linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) hand solutions for calculating the Mode I stress intensity factor for a postulated nozzle corner crack for pressure loading for these PWR nozzles. These analyses were performed to further expand earlier work completed to support potential revision and refinement of Title 10 to the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 50, Appendix G, “Fracture Toughness Requirements,” and are intended to supplement similar evaluation of nozzles presented at the 2008, 2009, and 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping (PVP) Conferences. This work is also relevant to the ongoing efforts of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel (B&PV) Code, Section XI, Working Group on Operating Plant Criteria (WGOPC) efforts to incorporate nozzle fracture mechanics solutions into a revision to ASME B&PV Code, Section XI, Nonmandatory Appendix G.
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Sharma, Akash, and Selvendran Sudar. "Improved Workflow for Production Modeling in Unconventionals Using Gaussian Mixtures and Principal Components." In SPE Western Regional Meeting. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/213050-ms.

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Abstract The current industry-wide practice of generating asset production curves is over-simplified and does not account for a lot of factors. This may lead to reporting errors and challenges in accurately and quickly quantifying well performance and asset potential. The present paper leverages Gaussian Mixture models and principal components to propose a new workflow for production modeling that incorporates all contributory factors while improving accuracy as well as speed. We began by selecting ~2600 gas wells with at least 2 years of production history. Exploratory data analysis was conducted on the geology, petrophysics, well design and completion characteristics of the wells. Gaussian Mixtures were selected as the clustering model due to their performance and synergies with factor distributions. Singular Vector Decomposition was then used to extract the most predictive Eigenvectors (principal components) for each cluster. Cluster-level production profiles are created from these eigenvectors. Thus, this process leverages the predicting factors as well as heterogeneity in each of the well’s production profiles while creating a representative type curve. RMSE values were calculated between the cluster-level predicted production profile and the individual well production curves. GMM-based models performed strongly with an RMSE of 0.146 for the training data and 0.746 for the test data. Additionally, type curves were calculated using more traditional means by taking monthly averages over the region as well as on an operator level. These type curves were then compared to the monthly production values for the populations they represent and the RMSE’s were calculated. The regional type curve had an RMSE of 9.3 and the company-level had an RMSE of 5.9, quantifying the marked improvement from our process. The proposed approach simplifies forecasting by providing rapid, reliable production heuristics for early-life wells without the need for complex, models that may need to be built individually from well to well. The proposed workflow builds upon existing literature on clustering and principal components, to create a novel workflow for reliable and more comprehensive type curve generation. Additionally, it adds to the existing knowledge-based by showcasing how multiple statistical techniques can benefit our modeling work within the industry as well as provide valuable support on early life production forecasting, which is a key challenge.
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Dorofeeva, L. V., and N. A. Roslyakova. "Efficiency of using the economic potential of the Leningrad region." In REGIONAL ECONOMY AND TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT. INSTITUTE OF PROBLEMS OF REGIONAL ECONOMICS OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52897/978-5-7310-5861-2-2022-16-1-52-56.

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The strategic development of the Russian Federation and its subjects is one of the priority directions of state policy, contributing to the improvement of the standard and quality of life of the population and bal-anced economic development of the whole country. The current economic situation forces us to concentrate on the main areas of development that can give maximum effect. A successful direction of economic im-provement of the Leningrad region is a concept focused on the transport and logistics complex, agricultural cluster, forestry complex, cultural, historical and tourist-health resource, communication and informatiza-tion. Therefore, in order to determine the most effective ways to use the economic potential, an analysis of strategic initiatives until 2030 should be carried out.
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Ade-olusile, Binta, Zainb Dawod, and Saeed Sharif. "Early Detection of Arthritis Using Convolutional Neural Networks and Explainable AI." In Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies (IHIET-FS 2025): Future Systems and Artificial Intelligence Applications. AHFE International, 2025. https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1005960.

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Arthritis is a prevalent and debilitating musculoskeletal disorder that significantly impairs mobility, joint function, and overall quality of life for millions of individuals across the globe. The condition is characterized by chronic joint inflammation, cartilage degradation, stiffness, and persistent pain, often leading to long-term disability and increased healthcare dependency. As the global population continues to age, the healthcare impact and economic burden of arthritis are expected to rise substantially. Early detection and precise classification of arthritis are therefore essential for initiating effective treatment, slowing disease progression, improving long-term prognosis, and reducing healthcare system strain. However, traditional diagnostic approaches such as physical examination and manual interpretation of radiographic images by clinicians are often subjective, time-consuming, and prone to inter-observer variability. These limitations emphasize the urgent need for intelligent, reproducible, and scalable computer-aided diagnostic systems. This study proposes a novel deep learning-based framework that incorporates Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques to automatically classify the severity of arthritis using X-ray imaging data. Specifically, the research investigates and compares the performance of six widely recognized convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures: EfficientNetB5, ResNet50, InceptionV3, DenseNet121, VGG16, and MobileNetV2. These architectures were systematically trained and validated on a curated dataset of arthritis X-ray images, with the aim of identifying the most robust and efficient model for classifying different stages of arthritis severity with high diagnostic precision and generalizability. Among the evaluated models, the VGG16 architecture demonstrated the highest classification accuracy, achieving a performance of 96.17%, making it a strong candidate for clinical integration. DenseNet121 followed with an accuracy of 91.35%, while EfficientNetB5, InceptionV3, and ResNet50 each delivered competitive results within the range of 88% to 89%. MobileNetV2, although computationally lighter and more efficient in terms of processing speed, exhibited the lowest performance with an accuracy of 85.43%. These findings reveal that deeper and well-optimized CNN architectures tend to offer superior results for medical image classification tasks, particularly when image features are subtle and require high-level abstraction. To enhance the transparency and interpretability of the classification outcomes, the study integrates Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) into the system pipeline. Grad-CAM generates visual heatmaps that identify and highlight the most influential regions within the X-ray images that guided the model’s predictions. This visual interpretability is essential for clinical adoption, as it allows healthcare professionals to validate and understand the AI’s decision-making process, thereby fostering trust, transparency, and accountability. The outcomes of this study illustrate the transformative potential of AI-powered tools in medical diagnostics. By automating the identification and classification of arthritis severity, the proposed framework can significantly reduce diagnostic delays, improve diagnostic consistency, and support more timely and informed treatment decisions. Future research directions include expanding the dataset to incorporate more diverse imaging samples, refining model architectures for enhanced real-time deployment, and integrating multimodal clinical data such as MRI scans, blood biomarkers, and patient history to further elevate diagnostic accuracy and support holistic arthritis management strategies.
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Ade-olusile, Binta, Zainb Dawod, and Saeed Sharif. "Early Detection of Arthritis Using Convolutional Neural Networks and Explainable AI." In Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies (IHIET-FS 2025): Future Systems and Artificial Intelligence Applications. AHFE International, 2025. https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe10059725960.

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Arthritis is a prevalent and debilitating musculoskeletal disorder that significantly impairs mobility, joint function, and overall quality of life for millions of individuals across the globe. The condition is characterized by chronic joint inflammation, cartilage degradation, stiffness, and persistent pain, often leading to long-term disability and increased healthcare dependency. As the global population continues to age, the healthcare impact and economic burden of arthritis are expected to rise substantially. Early detection and precise classification of arthritis are therefore essential for initiating effective treatment, slowing disease progression, improving long-term prognosis, and reducing healthcare system strain. However, traditional diagnostic approaches such as physical examination and manual interpretation of radiographic images by clinicians are often subjective, time-consuming, and prone to inter-observer variability. These limitations emphasize the urgent need for intelligent, reproducible, and scalable computer-aided diagnostic systems. This study proposes a novel deep learning-based framework that incorporates Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques to automatically classify the severity of arthritis using X-ray imaging data. Specifically, the research investigates and compares the performance of six widely recognized convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures: EfficientNetB5, ResNet50, InceptionV3, DenseNet121, VGG16, and MobileNetV2. These architectures were systematically trained and validated on a curated dataset of arthritis X-ray images, with the aim of identifying the most robust and efficient model for classifying different stages of arthritis severity with high diagnostic precision and generalizability. Among the evaluated models, the VGG16 architecture demonstrated the highest classification accuracy, achieving a performance of 96.17%, making it a strong candidate for clinical integration. DenseNet121 followed with an accuracy of 91.35%, while EfficientNetB5, InceptionV3, and ResNet50 each delivered competitive results within the range of 88% to 89%. MobileNetV2, although computationally lighter and more efficient in terms of processing speed, exhibited the lowest performance with an accuracy of 85.43%. These findings reveal that deeper and well-optimized CNN architectures tend to offer superior results for medical image classification tasks, particularly when image features are subtle and require high-level abstraction. To enhance the transparency and interpretability of the classification outcomes, the study integrates Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) into the system pipeline. Grad-CAM generates visual heatmaps that identify and highlight the most influential regions within the X-ray images that guided the model’s predictions. This visual interpretability is essential for clinical adoption, as it allows healthcare professionals to validate and understand the AI’s decision-making process, thereby fostering trust, transparency, and accountability. The outcomes of this study illustrate the transformative potential of AI-powered tools in medical diagnostics. By automating the identification and classification of arthritis severity, the proposed framework can significantly reduce diagnostic delays, improve diagnostic consistency, and support more timely and informed treatment decisions. Future research directions include expanding the dataset to incorporate more diverse imaging samples, refining model architectures for enhanced real-time deployment, and integrating multimodal clinical data such as MRI scans, blood biomarkers, and patient history to further elevate diagnostic accuracy and support holistic arthritis management strategies.
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Rašević, Mirjana. "Reflections on the Past and Future of the ICPD Programme of Action in the UNECE Region." In Population in Post-Yugoslav Countries: (Dis)Similarities and Perspectives. Institute of Social Sciences, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.59954/ppycdsp2024.7.

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In 1994, the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo In 1994, the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo produced the groundbreaking Programme of Action, adopted by 179 nations. This pivotal document highlighted the interconnectedness of population, development, and individual well-being. Emphasizing environmental sustainability, women's empowerment, and gender equality, it expanded the scope of family planning to encompass sexual and reproductive health and rights. Additionally, the Programme of Action went beyond a limited economic understanding of development, extending its scope to include the well-being and quality of life for both current and future generations. The United Nations subsequently incorporated many Programme of Action goals into the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The United Nations Commission on Population and Development is now reviewing the five-year implementation of the Programme of Action, with a new assessment slated for its thirtieth anniversary next year. The recent UNECE Regional Conference in Geneva, titled Population and Development: Ensuring Rights and Choices, played a crucial role in this process, providing insights into the Programme of Action's implementation in the broader European region. While overall improvements were noted, challenges persist, particularly in education, health, and the protection of vulnerable groups. Progress is still uneven across and within countries, adding complexity to the implementation landscape. Concerningly, multiple forms of inequality and discrimination continue to hinder individuals from realizing their full potential. The Regional Conference Report not only identifies these challenges but also offers proactive recommendations. Addressing declining fertility rates, an aging population, and demographic shifts in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, the report stresses the need for innovative approaches to bolster societies’ demographic resilience. Investing in human capital, dismantling barriers to unleash individual potential, and fostering inclusive societies are key strategies. The report emphasizes the importance of listening to people's needs and desires, presenting various good practices as examples. These recommendations hold significant relevance for policymakers in post-Yugoslav countries and beyond.
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Soldan, Elena. "The economic life cycle and the demographic dividend under the NTA approach, evidence from European countries." In International Scientific-Practical Conference "Economic growth in the conditions of globalization". National Institute for Economic Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36004/nier.cdr.v.2023.17.30.

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This article aims to realize a comparative analysis of the potential demographic dividend and the economic life cycle profiles for several European countries. The demographic dividend is a concept that denotes the positive demographic impact on economic development resulting from the changes in population age structure. Countries where the working-age population predominates have the opportunity to accelerate economic development, thus obtaining the demographic dividend. In estimating the potential demographic dividend, the NTA methodology found its applicability through the economic support ratio indicator, a composite indicator that includes the characteristics of the population structure by age group, and also the production and consumption profiles for each of the age groups. The difference between consumption and income constitutes, the deficit or surplus of the economic life cycle. The comparative analysis of the consumption and income profiles, the surplus and deficits of the economic life cycle, the economic support ratio indicator, and the demographic dividends in the selected countries were carried out. The research results show that, although some countries register a population structure beneficial to economic development, the profiles of the economic life cycle are heterogeneous, reflecting the different situations in the labor market and individual productive behavior. Identifying the drivers needed to improve life cycle surplus would provide the necessary support for identifying country-specific methods for achieving the demographic dividend. The article was elaborated within the State Program Project (2020-2023) 20.80009.0807.21 „Migration, demographic changes, and situation stabilization policies”.
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Şengül, Ümran, Sibel Tan, Şermin Atak, and Ahmet Bilal Şengül. "Potential of Renewable Energy Sources in Gökçeada Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01021.

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Energy is the ability to do work and life is the source of life. In parallel to the increase of population increase in the production of goods and services are increasingly in demand for energy. Evaluation of all sources of energy that can be produced now it has become very necessary. Widely used in meeting the energy demand of fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal) are limited energy resources and emissions are more harmful emissions. Spread of harmful emissions lessened even the most important problems is that they will end done day. From this perspective, the assessment of renewable energy sources in the world is an important issue. Gökçeada, Turkey is the largest island and the hills and plains lined one after the other, with a rugged structure consists of volcanic mass. Gökçeada consists of 77% mountainous, 12 % hilly and 11% plains and in terms of wind energy, which is the region with the greatest potential in Turkey. However, in terms of Gökçeada development index the least developed regions in the sixth regions, which is located in class. From this perspective, in this study, which will provide an important contribution to the region development of renewable energy sources wind, solar, tidal and renewable, biofuels and Hydraulics energy potential and capacity were investigated. Based on the data obtained, recommendations are made to invest in the renewable energy sector.
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Dorofeeva, L. V. "BUDGETARY SUPPORT FOR THE STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT OF ST. PETERSBURG BASED ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF REGIONAL PROGRAMS." In Regional economy and territorial development. INSTITUTE OF PROBLEMS OF REGIONAL ECONOMICS OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52897/978-5-8088-1636-7-2021-15-1-41-47.

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The strategic development of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities is one of the priority directions of state policy, contributing to an increase in the level and quality of life of the population and a balanced economic development of the entire country. At the same time, an important component for the country's progress is its budgetary support system. The quality of budget planning plays a key role in achieving strategic goals in each region. The relevance of the chosen topic is due to the fact that the budgetary provision of strategic development ultimately contributes to the implementation of national and regional projects in St. Petersburg, as well as government programs.
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Hachi, Mihai. "Particularități geodemografice ale Regiunii de Dezvoltare Nord." In Provocări şi tendinţe actuale în cercetarea componentelor naturale şi socio-economice ale ecosistemelor urbane şi rurale. Institute of Ecology and Geography, Republic of Moldova, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53380/9789975891608.03.

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Population as a component of territorial systems is of great importance both at theoretical and practical level. Actuality of the study is determined by from the fact that the knowledge of human potential should support the development of demographic, social and economic policies. The population of the Northern Development Region as a complex and systemic structure requires efficient monitoring and management based on current and prospective geodemographic trends.
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Reports on the topic "Potential of life support of the population in a region"

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Gómez, José Ramon, Ana R. Rios, Leandro Alves, Walter Vergara, and Paul Isbell. Societal Benefits from Renewable Energy in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009155.

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Population growth and advances in quality of life in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) will require the region to rapidly increase its energy supply, even if major improvements in energy efficiency are attained. The region is characterized by a low-carbon power matrix and a potential to produce over 78 PWh from non-traditional renewable energy technologies (NRETs). However, bias toward fossil fuels and the perceived cost disadvantages prevent further market entry of renewable energy. Additional (societal) benefits of employing renewables are considerable but typically left out of cost comparisons. A consideration of these benefits may offer a rationale to promote investment and support regulations that would contribute to the deployment of these NRET technologies. We quantify societal benefits in terms of avoided costs (climate change avoided costs, avoided pollution control costs, avoided energy security costs) and economic benefits (improvements in the balance of payments and job creation). Results indicate that societal benefits are sufficiently large enough to compensate the cost disadvantage of solar and wind energy against fossil alternatives, justifying the eventual wholesale entry of these options.
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Hughes, Ceri, Miguel Martinez Lucio, Stephen Mustchin, and Miriam Tenquist. Understanding whether local employment charters could support fairer employment practices: Research Briefing Note. University of Manchester Work and Equalities Institute, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3927/uom.5176698.

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Employment charters are voluntary initiatives that attempt to describe ‘good’ employment practices and to engage and recognise those employers that meet or aspire to meet these practices. They can operate at different spatial scales, ranging from international and national accreditation schemes to local charters that focus on engaging employers in specific regions or cities. The latter are the focus of this briefing paper. At least six city-regions in England had local employment charters at the time of our research. These areas alone account for over a fifth (21 per cent) of the resident working-age population (based on ONS 2022 population estimates), highlighting the potential reach and significance of these voluntary initiatives in terms of setting employment standards, although the number of employers directly accredited with local schemes is still relatively small. Despite their popularity with policymakers, there is only limited research on local employment charters. A few studies have explored issues relating to the design, implementation and evaluation of charters, reflecting demand from policymakers for toolkits and support to develop local policy initiatives (e.g. Crozier, 2022). But several years into the implementation of some of these charter initiatives, and as more areas look to develop their own, we argue that it is time to revisit some more foundational questions around what local charters are for, and how far they can support ‘good work’ agendas. It remains to be seen which employers can and will engage substantively with these initiatives, how employer commitments might be validated and the good employment criteria enforced, and how local charters will be integrated with local authority commissioning and procurement practices (TUC, 2022). The local charters that have emerged so far within the UK have been conceived predominantly as employer engagement tools, adopting language and approaches designed to appeal to employer interests and priorities and emphasising the value that employers can derive from being part of the initiative. This contrasts with approaches emphasising the engagement of other constituents, like citizens and employees, as a route to influencing employer engagement (Scott, Baylor and Spaulding, 2016; Johnson, Herman and Hughes, 2022). This briefing paper shares findings from a scoping study involving key informants in the North West of England (2022-2023) which explored how local charter initiatives could influence employers to improve their employment practices. Participants in the study shared their views on: 1) How voluntary local employment charters could influence employers to change their employment practices? 2) What types of employers local charters could engage and influence? Alongside this study, we have also developed a series of case studies of the charters that have been introduced across six city regions in England. These encompass the Fair Work Standard (London); Good Employment Charter (West of England); Good Work Pledge (North of Tyne Combined Authority); Fair Employment Charter (Liverpool City Region Combined Authority); Good Employment Charter (Greater Manchester) and the Fair Work Charter (West Yorkshire Combined Authority). The case studies are published separately. Our conversations with policymakers, union representatives and campaigners indicate that while there are some potential ‘win-win’ outcomes from promoting good employment practices, there are also some key tensions that should be more clearly acknowledged. In particular, one point of divergence relates to what would be the most effective and meaningful way to engage with employers in order to secure improvements in employment practices. On the one hand, employment charter initiatives could set consistent, clear and relatively high standards of practice that employers could be required to meet from the outset, creating a clear dividing line between those employers who were engaged in some way with the initiative and those who are not. On the other, these initiatives could prioritise engaging as many employers as possible with few or no specific red lines (e.g. around paying the living wage) so that the charter provides an opportunity to work with employers to secure hopefully more substantive commitments down the road. There are challenges and trade-offs associated with both of these viewpoints. One problem with the former strategy of setting a consistent standard is that the principles of employment that the charter promotes may not be particularly stretching in some sectors, or indeed may only describe a minimum set of commitments for certain types of work; whilst in other sectors they may be viewed as being too stringent. A more incremental, flexible strategy of engaging with employers and working with them to change their employment practices, in contrast, relies on sustained commitment from both policymakers and employers. Whether charters can simultaneously offer a ‘safe space’ to employers to share information and change their practices whilst also operating in a more regulatory way appears as a fundamental tension in existing visions for these initiatives. We return to these different views on how to engage employers and secure change in the conclusion to this paper.
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Cahaner, Avigdor, Susan J. Lamont, E. Dan Heller, and Jossi Hillel. Molecular Genetic Dissection of Complex Immunocompetence Traits in Broilers. United States Department of Agriculture, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586461.bard.

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Objectives: (1) Evaluate Immunocompetence-OTL-containing Chromosomal Regions (ICRs), marked by microsatellites or candidate genes, for magnitude of direct effect and for contribution to relationships among multiple immunocompetence, disease-resistance, and growth traits, in order to estimate epistatic and pleiotropic effects and to predict the potential breeding applications of such markers. (2) Evaluate the interaction of the ICRs with genetic backgrounds from multiple sources and of multiple levels of genetic variation, in order to predict the general applicability of molecular genetic markers across widely varied populations. Background: Diseases cause substantial economic losses to animal producers. Emerging pathogens, vaccine failures and intense management systems increase the impact of diseases on animal production. Moreover, zoonotic pathogens are a threat to human food safety when microbiological contamination of animal products occurs. Consumers are increasingly concerned about drug residues and antibiotic- resistant pathogens derived from animal products. The project used contemporary scientific technologies to investigate the genetics of chicken resistance to infectious disease. Genetic enhancement of the innate resistance of chicken populations provides a sustainable and ecologically sound approach to reduce microbial loads in agricultural populations. In turn, animals will be produced more efficiently with less need for drug treatment and will pose less of a potential food-safety hazard. Major achievements, conclusions and implications:. The PI and co-PIs had developed a refined research plan, aiming at the original but more focused objectives, that could be well-accomplished with the reduced awarded support. The successful conduct of that research over the past four years has yielded substantial new information about the genes and genetic markers that are associated with response to two important poultry pathogens, Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and Escherichia coli (EC), about variation of immunocompetence genes in poultry, about relationships of traits of immune response and production, and about interaction of genes with environment and with other genes and genetic background. The current BARD work has generated a base of knowledge and expertise regarding the genetic variation underlying the traits of immunocompetence and disease resistance. In addition, unique genetic resource populations of chickens have been established in the course of the current project, and they are essential for continued projects. The US laboratory has made considerable progress in studies of the genetics of resistance to SE. Microsatellite-marked chromosomal regions and several specific genes were linked to SE vaccine response or bacterial burden and the important phenomenon of gene interaction was identified in this system. In total, these studies demonstrate the role of genetics in SE response, the utility of the existing resource population, and the expertise of the research group in conducting such experiments. The Israeli laboratories had showed that the lines developed by selection for high or low level of antibody (Ab) response to EC differ similarly in Ab response to several other viral and bacterial pathogens, indicating the existence of a genetic control of general capacity of Ab response in young broilers. It was also found that the 10w-Ab line has developed, possibly via compensatory "natural" selection, higher cellular immune response. At the DNA levels, markers supposedly linked to immune response were identified, as well as SNP in the MHC, a candidate gene responsible for genetic differences in immunocompetence of chickens.
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Motel-Klingebiel, Andreas, and Gerhard Naegele. Exclusion and inequality in late working life in the political context of the EU. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/9789179293215.

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European societies need to increase the participation in work over the life course to support the provision of qualified labour and to meet the challenges for social security systems under the condition of their ageing populations. One of the key ambitions is to extend people’s working lives and to postpone labour market exit and retirement where possible. This requires informed policies, and the research programme EIWO – ‘Exclusion and Inequality in Late Working Life: Evidence for Policy Innovation towards Inclusive Extended Work and Sustainable Working Conditions in Sweden and Europe’ – aims to push the boundaries of knowledge about late working life and the potential of its inclusive and equal prolongation via a theoretically driven, gender-sensitive combination of multi-level perspectives. EIWO takes a life course approach on exclusion and inequality by security of tenure, quality of work, workplaces, and their consequences. It identifies life course policies, promoting lifelong learning processes and flexible adaptation to prolong working lives and to avoid increased exclusion and inequality. Moreover, it provides evidence for policies to ensure both individual, company and societal benefits from longer lives. To do so, EIWO orientates its analyses systematically to the macro-political contexts at the European Union level and to the policy goals expressed in the respective official statements, reports and plans. This report systematizes this ambitious approach. Relevant documents such as reports, green books and other publications of the European Commission (EC), the European Parliament (EP), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), as well as those of social partners and research institutions, have been systematically scanned and evaluated. In addition, relevant decisions of European summits have been considered. The selection of documents claims completeness regarding relevant and generally available publication, while relevance is defined from the point of view of EIWO’s interests. It is the aim of this report to provide a sound knowledge base for EIWO’s analyses and impact strategies and to contribute to the emerging research on the connection between population ageing and the European policies towards productivity, inclusiveness, equity, resilience and sustainability. This report aims to answer the following questions: How are EIWO’s conceptual classification and programme objectives reflected in the European Union’s policy programming? How can EIWO’s analyses and impact benefit from a reference to current EU policy considerations, and how does this focus support the outline of policy options and the formulating of possible proposals to Swedish and European stakeholders? The present report was written during early 2022; analyses were finalized in February 2022 and represent the status until this date.
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Fang, Mei Lan, Judith Sixsmith, Jacqui Morris, et al. AgeTech, Ethics and Equity: Towards a Cultural Shift in AgeTech Ethical Responsibility. University of Dundee, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001292.

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Population ageing is a global phenomenon which presents major challenges for the provision of care at home and in the community (ONS, 2018). Challenges include the human and economic costs associated with increasing numbers of older people with poor physical and mental health, loneliness, and isolation challenges (Mihalopoulos et al., 2020). The global ageing population has led to a growth in the development of technology designed to improve the health, well-being, independence, and quality of life of older people across various settings (Fang, 2022). This emerging field, known as “AgeTech,” refers to “the use of advanced technologies such as information and communications technologies (ICT’s), technologies related to e-health, robotics, mobile technologies, artificial intelligence (AI), ambient systems, and pervasive computing to drive technology-based innovation to benefit older adults” (Sixsmith, et al., 2020 p1; see also Pruchno, 2019; Sixsmith, Sixsmith, Fang, and Horst, 2020). AgeTech has the potential to contribute in positive ways to the everyday life and care of older people by improving access to services and social supports, increasing safety and community inclusion; increasing independence and health, as well as reducing the impact of disability and cognitive decline for older people (Sixsmith et al, 2020). At a societal level, AgeTech can provide opportunities for entrepreneurs and businesses (where funding and appropriate models exist) (Akpan, Udoh and Adebisi, 2022), reduce the human and financial cost of care (Mihalopoulos et al., 2020), and support ageing well in the right place (Golant, 2015).
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Eberle, Caitlyn, Oscar Higuera Roa, Amy Newsom, and Samara Polwatta. Technical Report: Wandering elephants. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/iemf6334.

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From March 2020 to September 2021, a herd of approximately 15 Asian elephants left their home in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve. Along their journey, the herd broke into homes, damaged buildings and infrastructure, and destroyed crops, totaling estimated damage of over $1 million. The migration coincided with a severe drought in the region, indicating that the elephant’s habitat was likely unable to support them. As elephant populations have grown in southern China, habitat size and suitability has been reduced, increasing the likelihood of human-elephant conflict. As pressures such as climate change and population growth further push people and wildlife into shared spaces, management approaches must be tailored to the concept of coexistence. This technical background report for the 2021/2022 edition of the Interconnected Disaster Risks report analyses the root causes, drivers, impacts and potential solutions for the wandering elephants through a forensic analysis of academic literature, media articles and expert interviews.
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Zarate, Sebastian, Ilaria Cimadori, Maria Mercedes Roca, Michael S. Jones, and Katie Barnhill-Dilling. Assessment of the Regulatory and Institutional Framework for Agricultural Gene Editing via CRISPR-based Technologies in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004904.

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Genome editing tools have promised tremendous opportunities in agriculture for breeding crops and livestock across the food supply chain. Potentially addressing issues associated with a growing global population, sustainability concerns, and possibly helping address the effects of climate change (Kuiken, Barrangou, and Grieger 2021). These promises come alongside environmental, cultural, and socio-economic risks. Including concerns that governance systems are not keeping pace with technological developments and are ill-equipped, or not well suited to evaluate risks new genome editing tools may introduce. Understanding these complex, dynamic interactions across the LAC region is important to inform appropriate and acceptable regional governance and investment strategies. The power and promise of gene editing, CRISPR specifically, were first realized with the discovery of CRISPR loci in the 1980s (Anzalone, Koblan, and Liu 2020). Since that time, CRISPR-Cas systems have been further developed enabling genome editing in virtually all organisms across the tree of life (Anzalone, Koblan, and Liu 2020). Gene editing is not a singular technology or technique; it refers most often to a set of techniques that enable the manipulation of a genome with greater precision than previous iterations of genetic engineering (Shukla-Jones, Friedrichs, and Winickoff 2018b). The Inter-American Development Bank partnered with North Carolina State Universitys Genetic Engineering and Society (GES) Center to assess the regulatory and institutional frameworks surrounding gene-editing via CRISPR-based technologies in the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) regions. The project studied the following core components: Current Policy Evaluation: Understanding what the future may hold requires a critical examination of the current status of the regulatory landscape. Analysis of the existing regulatory systems for agricultural biotechnologies throughout Latin America and how they included considerations for novel biotechnology strategies such as gene editing through CRISPR technologies were done. Forecasting and Future Policy Scenario Analysis: Potential products created through gene editing may face very different situations on the ground, depending on countries diverse regulations and market structures. To clarify the potential impacts of regulatory reforms, we included concrete case studies in our analysis. Identifying investment priorities: The diversity of the region naturally means that countries will have unique priorities and needs with respect to investment in agricultural biotechnology development and regulatory infrastructure. The document evaluates the accomplishments of the region in the development of gene edited products, highlighting both private and public sector innovations.
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Kuiken, Todd, and Jennifer Kuzma. Genome Editing in Latin America: Regional Regulatory Overview. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003410.

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The power and promise of genome editing, CRISPR specifically, was first realized with the discovery of CRISPR loci in the 1980s.3 Since that time, CRISPR-Cas systems have been further developed enabling genome editing in virtually all organisms across the tree of life.3 In the last few years, we have seen the development of a diverse set of CRISPR-based technologies that has revolutionized genome manipulation.4 Enabling a more diverse set of actors than has been seen with other emerging technologies to redefine research and development for biotechnology products encompassing food, agriculture, and medicine.4 Currently, the CRISPR community encompasses over 40,000 authors at 20,000 institutions that have documented their research in over 20,000 published and peer-reviewed studies.5 These CRISPR-based genome editing tools have promised tremendous opportunities in agriculture for the breeding of crops and livestock across the food supply chain. Potentially addressing issues associated with a growing global population, sustainability concerns, and possibly help address the effects of climate change.4 These promises however, come along-side concerns of environmental and socio-economic risks associated with CRISPR-based genome editing, and concerns that governance systems are not keeping pace with the technological development and are ill-equipped, or not well suited, to evaluate these risks. The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) launched an initiative in 2020 to understand the complexities of these new tools, their potential impacts on the LAC region, and how IDB may best invest in its potential adoption and governance strategies. This first series of discussion documents: “Genome Editing in Latin America: Regulatory Overview,” and “CRISPR Patent and Licensing Policy” are part of this larger initiative to examine the regulatory and institutional frameworks surrounding gene editing via CRISPR-based technologies in the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) regions. Focusing on Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay, they set the stage for a deeper analysis of the issues they present which will be studied over the course of the next year through expert solicitations in the region, the development of a series of crop-specific case studies, and a final comprehensive regional analysis of the issues discovered.
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Rezaie, Shogofa, Fedra Vanhuyse, Karin André, and Maryna Henrysson. Governing the circular economy: how urban policymakers can accelerate the agenda. Stockholm Environment Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2022.027.

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We believe the climate crisis will be resolved in cities. Today, while cities occupy only 2% of the Earth's surface, 57% of the world's population lives in cities, and by 2050, it will jump to 68% (UN, 2018). Currently, cities consume over 75% of natural resources, accumulate 50% of the global waste and emit up to 80% of greenhouse gases (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2017). Cities generate 70% of the global gross domestic product and are significant drivers of economic growth (UN-Habitat III, 2016). At the same time, cities sit on the frontline of natural disasters such as floods, storms and droughts (De Sherbinin et al., 2007; Major et al., 2011; Rockström et al., 2021). One of the sustainability pathways to reduce the environmental consequences of the current extract-make-dispose model (or the "linear economy") is a circular economy (CE) model. A CE is defined as "an economic system that is based on business models which replace the 'end-of-life' concept with reducing, alternatively reusing, recycling and recovering materials in production/distribution and consumption processes" (Kirchherr et al., 2017, p. 224). By redesigning production processes and thereby extending the lifespan of goods and materials, researchers suggest that CE approaches reduce waste and increase employment and resource security while sustaining business competitiveness (Korhonen et al., 2018; Niskanen et al., 2020; Stahel, 2012; Winans et al., 2017). Organizations such as the Ellen MacArthur Foundation and Circle Economy help steer businesses toward CE strategies. The CE is also a political priority in countries and municipalities globally. For instance, the CE Action Plan, launched by the European Commission in 2015 and reconfirmed in 2020, is a central pillar of the European Green Deal (European Commission, 2015, 2020). Additionally, more governments are implementing national CE strategies in China (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2018), Colombia (Government of the Republic of Colombia, 2019), Finland (Sitra, 2016), Sweden (Government Offices of Sweden, 2020) and the US (Metabolic, 2018, 2019), to name a few. Meanwhile, more cities worldwide are adopting CE models to achieve more resource-efficient urban management systems, thereby advancing their environmental ambitions (Petit-Boix & Leipold, 2018; Turcu & Gillie, 2020; Vanhuyse, Haddaway, et al., 2021). Cities with CE ambitions include, Amsterdam, Barcelona, Paris, Toronto, Peterborough (England) and Umeå (Sweden) (OECD, 2020a). In Europe, over 60 cities signed the European Circular Cities Declaration (2020) to harmonize the transition towards a CE in the region. In this policy brief, we provide insights into common challenges local governments face in implementing their CE plans and suggest recommendations for overcoming these. It aims to answer the question: How can the CE agenda be governed in cities? It is based on the results of the Urban Circularity Assessment Framework (UCAF) project, building on findings from 25 interviews, focus group discussions and workshops held with different stakeholder groups in Umeå, as well as research on Stockholm's urban circularity potential, including findings from 11 expert interviews (Rezaie, 2021). Our findings were complemented by the Circular Economy Lab project (Rezaie et al., 2022) and experiences from working with municipal governments in Sweden, Belgium, France and the UK, on CE and environmental and social sustainability.
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Botulinum Neurotoxin-Producing Clostridia, Working Group on. Report on Botulinum Neurotoxin-Producing Clostridia. Food Standards Agency, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ozk974.

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In 1992 a working group of the UK Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food presented a report on Vacuum Packaging and Associated Processes regarding the microbiological safety of chilled foods. The report supported subsequent guidance provided by the UK Food Standards Agency for the safe manufacture of vacuum packed and modified atmosphere packed chilled foods. In 2021 the ACMSF requested that a new subgroup should update and build on the 1992 report as well as considering, in addition to chilled foods, some foods that are intended to be stored at ambient temperatures. The new subgroup agreed a scope that includes the conditions that support growth and/or neurotoxin formation by C. botulinum, and other clostridia, as well as identification of limiting conditions that provide control. Other foodborne pathogens that need to be considered separately and some foods including raw beef, pork and lamb were explicitly excluded. The subgroup considered the taxonomy, detection, epidemiology, occurrence, growth, survival and risks associated with C. botulinum and other neurotoxin-forming clostridia. There has been no significant change in the nature of foodborne botulism in recent decades except for the identification of rare cases caused by neurotoxigenic C. butyricum, C. baratii and C. sporogenes. Currently evidence indicates that non-clostridia do not pose a risk in relation to foodborne botulism. The subgroup has compiled lists of incidents and outbreaks of botulism, reported in the UK and worldwide, and have reviewed published information concerning growth parameters and control factors in relation to proteolytic C. botulinum, non-proteolytic C. botulinum and the other neurotoxigenic clostridia. The subgroup concluded that the frequency of occurrence of foodborne botulism is very low (very rare but cannot be excluded) with high severity (severe illness: causing life threatening or substantial sequelae or long-term illness). Uncertainty associated with the assessment of the frequency of occurrence, and with the assessment of severity, of foodborne botulism is low (solid and complete data; strong evidence in multiple sources). The vast majority of reported botulism outbreaks, for chilled or ambient stored foods, are identified with proteolytic C. botulinum and temperature abuse is the single most common cause. In the last 30 years, in the UK and worldwide where a cause can be identified, there is evidence that known controls, combined with the correct storage, would have prevented the reported incidents of foodborne botulism. The subgroup recommends that foods should continue to be formulated to control C. botulinum, and other botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridia, in accordance with the known factors. With regard to these controls, the subgroup recommends some changes to the FSA guidelines that reflect improved information about using combinations of controls, the z-value used to establish equivalent thermal processes and the variable efficacy associated with some controls such as herbs and spices. Current information does not facilitate revision of the current reference process, heating at 90°C for 10 minutes, but there is strong evidence that this provides a lethality that exceeds the target 6 order of magnitude reduction in population size that is widely attributed to the process and the subgroup includes a recommendation that the FSA considers this issue. Early detection and connection of cases and rapid, effective coordinated responses to very rare incidents are identified as crucial elements for reducing risks from foodborne botulism. The subgroup recommends that the FSA works closely with other agencies to establish clear and validated preparedness in relation to potential major incidents of foodborne botulism in the UK.
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