Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Potentiel de la plaque motrice'
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Boudier, Jean-Louis. "Localisation des canaux sodium potentiel-dépendants à la jonction neuromusculaire par radioautographie des sites recepteurs aux toxines de scorpion." Aix-Marseille 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX20652.
Full textMusarella, Magali. "Physiopathologie de la jonction neuromusculaire : étude de la souris med(motor endplate disease), un mutant pour le canal sodium potentiel-dépendant de type Nav1.6." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX20672.
Full textAhidouch, Ahmed. "Dynamique des jonctions neuromusculaires et de la composition du muscle sternocéphalique après dénervation et suture croisée hétérogène, nerf vague sensitif-nerf spinal accessoire, chez le lapin." Lille 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LIL10110.
Full textMéjat, Alexandre. "Répression transcriptionnelle de l'expression des gènes musculaires par l'innervation motrice." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENSL0318.
Full textBen, Ammar Asma. "Les mutations de gènes clés de la jonction neuromusculaire induisent des pertubations des fonctions biologiques de la voie agrine/MuSK/Dok-7 responsables de syndromes myasthéniques congénitaux." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066609.
Full textGarçon, Fabien [Jacques Claude]. "La régulation de la protéine tyrosine kinase Tec lors de l'activation lymphocytaire T." Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX22077.
Full textQurashi, Abrar Ahmad. "Neuronal remodeling in Drosophila melanogaster with WAVE/SCAR complex and its implication in cognitive functions." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006STR13112.
Full textNeuronal morphogenesis and plasticity during development as well as in cognitive functions rely on actin cytoskeleton remodeling in response to extra-cellular signals that are interpreted by Rho family of small GTPases. The key subject of my thesis is to understand how signaling pathways downstream of Rac proteins, members of the Rho GTPase family, are utilized to orchestrate distinct aspects of neuronal morphogenesis and structural plasticity. WAVE/SCAR complex, an evolutionarily-conserved assembly of five proteins: WAVE (SCAR), PIR121 (CYFIP), Hem-2 (Kette), Abi and HSPC300 has emerged as a critical link between Rac1 and Arp2/3, molecular complex triggering actin nucleation. During my thesis I have used Drosophila melanogaster as a model system to understand the physiological significance of WAVE/SCAR complex. We have elucidated its role in neuronal actin remodeling underlying axon as well synapse development. Specifically, I have isolated mutations in the HSPC300 gene, and present its detailed characterization both at genetic and biochemical level. My thesis work provides evidence that in Drosophila melanogater SCAR, CYFIP, Kette and HSPC300 associate together to form a complex. All these proteins are highly expressed in the embryonic nervous system and show strong accumulation in central and motor neurons. Interestingly, in many processes examined, there are striking similarities between the phenotypes resulting from the mutations in any member of the complex, for example defects in axon path-finding, axon growth and Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) morphology, thus demonstrating their pivotal roles for precise neuronal development. By biochemical and genetic experiments, we demonstrated that loss of any of the complex components leads to instability in other components. Therefore, the results provide an unequivocal reason for the common pathological condition noticed in single mutation of the WAVE/SCAR complex. Interestingly, mutation in individual components of the complex not only affects the stability of other complex components but also affects the multiple downstream pathways associated with them. For example, mutation in any component of the complex has an impact on CYFIP signaling to the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) implicated in learning and memory in humans. Thus, our results identify the Drosophila WAVE/SCAR complex as a multifunctional unit orchestrating different pathways and aspects of neuronal connectivity and support an emerging theme: different aspects of xv morphogenesis may involve the regulation of common core signaling pathways. Additionally, my thesis also demonstrates the interaction of all three Racs (Rac1, Rac2 and Mtl) with CYFIP and suggests their requirement during NMJ growth and plasticity
Ravel-Chapuis, Aymeric. "Etude du contrôle des modifications de la chromatine musculaire par les facteurs neuraux." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENSL0379.
Full textVautrin, Jean. "Déterminismes de la transmission synaptique à la jonction neuromusculaire de vertébré." Paris 12, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA120027.
Full textHadj, Saïd Wahiba. "Physiopathologie du muscle strié squelettique : caractérisation des répercussions musculaires des atteintes des motoneurones et de la jonction neuromusculaire chez la souris." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066616.
Full textMany diseases affect motoneurons and neuromuscular junction without their impact on skeletal muscle is well known. Different murine models are studied in the first part: 1) deficient mice AChE, enzyme hydrolysing acetylcholine (AChE KO), 2) mice with a mutation in the gene Perlecan, Perlecan is essential to anchor the AChE to the synaptic membrane, 3) mice with a mutation in the gene MuSK, MuSK plays a central role in the formation and maintenance of the neuromuscular junction and 4) mutant SOD1 mice with a progressive loss of motor neurons. Our results show that different murine models studied do not induce the same alterations in neuromuscular function (muscle weakness, fatigue) and the models the most severely affected are AChE KO mice and SOD1 mutant mice and Musk mutant mice. Our results also show that the impact of motoneurons and neuromuscular junction studied varies by model. Model with the most pronounced changes of intrinsic properties (maximum production force, size and type of fibres) is SOD1 mutant mice, in addition to the model of surgical denervation control. Various degrees of weakness, muscle fatigue, muscle atrophy, and change the composition of different types of fibres, depending on the model indicate distinct physiopathological mechanisms that cannot be reduced to a simple communication-impaired nerve-muscle and motor control. In a second part, we studied the effects of locomotor training in pathological situations, as suggested by the effects of muscular inactivity or various studies that dealt with nerve regeneration and muscle reinnervation. Our results show that a month of locomotor training increased fatigue resistance in the muscles innervated mutant mice Perlecan and muscles reinnervated of mice undergoing DEns but it had no effect when the muscle is partially denervated. Therefore, increased physical activity could be beneficial to muscle performance of patients with neuromuscular diseases affecting nerve–muscle communication, and that inactivity should be avoided. In conclusion, our studies may help to a better understanding of the neuromuscular function, and of how the skeletal muscle is affected by diseases affecting motoneurons and neuromuscular junction. They can also help clarify the objectives of therapeutic approaches (improved muscle weakness or fatigue). Finally, they suggest that physical activity is beneficial for neuromuscular function in the context of disease affecting the nerve-muscle communication, unlike inactivity
Richard, Magali. "Analyse de la jonction neuromusculaire cholinergique par une approche génétique chez Caenorhabditis elegans." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066336.
Full textNicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) belong to a widely conserved family of transmembrane protein implicated in numerous physiological and pathological processes in human. Control of AChR expression and localisation is essential for the synapse formation, stability and plasticity. I used a genetic approach in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to identify novel genes required for biosynthesis and synaptic localization of AChRs. First, I performed a visual screen for genes required for proper localization of AChRs at neuromuscular junction (NMJ). After inactivation of more than 1000 evolutionarily conserved genes by RNA interference, I validated 18 candidates required for cholinergic NMJ function. Second, I realized the functional and molecular characterization of the novel gene emc-6. Emc-6 mutant was identified in a screen for mutants partially resistant to levamisole, a cholinergic agonist. EMC-6 is a small protein widely conserved from plant to human and localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). When EMC-6 is absent, AChR subunits are targeted to degradation. EMC-6 belongs to the conserved ER Membrane protein Complex (EMC). In C. Elegans, RNAi against EMC members causes developmental defects, decreased AChR expression and activation of ER stress reporters. These results suggest that EMC protects AChR subunit from degradation and is required for ER homeostasis in metazoans in physiological conditions
Rossignol, Benoit. "Rôle du sepsis chronique dans la neuromyopathie acquise en réanimation." Brest, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BRES3202.
Full textCritical illness neuromyopathy is frequently observed in ICU after prolonged ventilation, corticoids therapy and sepsis and inflammatory responses. Clinical description are numerous but physiopathology of this neuromuscular syndrome remains unknown. The sepsis remains one of the principal causes in occured of this syndrome. We propose to study the impact of a chronic sepsis per puncture caecale ligature on muscular function, and to explore the muscular contractility , fatigability by tetanus stimulation and the neuromuscular junction by curarisation and characteristic sodium channel by the electrophysiological study using the patch-clamp technique, and immunohistochemistry. The sepsis chronic induced modifications of contractility, fatigability muscle and a resistance to curarization. A reduction in the sodium current with the reexpression of the sodium channel nNav 1. 5. The chronic sepsis induced modification in neuromuscular junction reproducing clinical syndrome of denervation like
Sahin, Hatice Bahar. "Drosophila fragile X mental retardation protein and WAVE/SCAR complex interaction, its role in synapse growth and actin modifying pathways." Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6260.
Full textFragile X syndrome is the most common inherited cause of mental retardation affecting approximately 1 in 4000 males and 1 in 7000 females. Average IQ score of the patients is under 75 as a result of neural wiring and synaptic plasticity defects due to loss of functional Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP). FMRP is an RNA binding protein and a translational regulator highly abundant in the nervous system. We intend to explore underlying mechanisms of these defects using Drosophila (fruit fly) model organism. Several studies point out the role of actin cytoskeleton remodeling in synapse architecture and function. WAVE (/SCAR) complex stimulates the Arp2/3 complex actin nucleator and thereby promote cytoskeleton remodeling. Current data suggest that the crosstalk between actin cytoskeleton remodeling and local protein synthesis is essential for development and modulation of synapses. During my thesis, I have focused onto this topic and have the tackled three aspects of it: Characterization of the A) WAVE complex and its role in synaptic plasticity, B) the interaction between FMRP and WAVE complex, C) the actin cytoskeleton remodeling during morphogenesis. WAVE protein directly interacts with HSPC300, the smallest subunit of WAVE complex. Using targeted expression we characterize Drosophila HSPC300 and define its role in neural wiring. HSPC300 is highly enriched in the nervous system. Its mutation causes severe axonal/synaptic defects that are rescued by specific HSPC300 expression in the neural tissue. We conclude HSPC300 is an indispensable component of WAVE complex and an essential protein for nervous system development. We have previously shown that FMRP biochemically and genetically interacts with CYFIP, another member of the WAVE complex. To further characterize these interactions FMRP point mutations were generated in collaboration with two different labs. Particular mutants lose CYFIP binding. Using the intragenic mutants we point crucial FMRP residues for CYFIP interaction in vivo. FMRP is a negative regulator of neural growth. Here we describe nature of the FMRP-CYFIP genetic interaction in the context of neuromuscular synapses. We further assess CYFIP role on actin cytoskeleton in neatly organized fly eye and mostly actin-based photoreceptors. Making use of Drosophila genetics we define the spatiotemporal requirement of CYFIP for nervous system development. In all the projects I have been involved so far; I aimed at shedding light on FMRP and WAVE complex interaction. We intend to decipher these proteins and how their interactions regulate actin cytoskeleton remodeling, local protein synthesis and consequently neural connectivity using fly nervous system. I discuss these issues in the presented thesis
Jokic, Natasa. "Etude du rôle de nogo dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique : Validation d'un marqueur moléculaire." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR13052.
Full textAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord, brain stem and motor cortex. The objective of my PhD was to analyse the cellular and molecular mechanisms implicated in the loss of motor neurons. In this context, we carried out the studies conducted in our laboratory on the neurite outgrowth inhibitor Nogo identified as potential marker of ALS disease. Different isoforms of Nogo exhibit a specific pattern of expression in the muscle biopsies of ALS patients. Our studies showed that the protein levels of Nogo-A and Nogo-B correlated with the severity of clinical disability and with the mean area of oxidative fibres. In addition, the Nogo-A immunoreactivity was observed selectively in atrophic oxidative muscle fibres of ALS patients. These results suggest that Nogo-A and Nogo-B are the markers of disease severity. In order to characterise the function of Nogo-A in the pathology we crossbred the G86R ALS transgenic mice with the Nogo-A (Nogo-A-/-) knock-out mice. The life span G86R/ Nogo-A-/-was significantly increased. In order to determine if the muscular expression of Nogo-A as we observed in the muscle biopsies of ALS patients and in the muscle of G86R mice was sufficient to provoke destabilisation of neuromuscular junction (NMJ), we performed electrotransfer of a plasmid carrying Nogo-A gene into the soleus muscle of wild type mice. We observed that the morphology of the NMJ was affected by ectopic expression of Nogo-A. In conclusion, our results suggest that the muscle participates to the development of ALS
Marteyn, Antoine. "Etude des mécanismes moléculaires et cellulaires impliqués dans le développement de la dystrophie myotonique de type 1 à l'aide de cellules souches embryonnaires humaines porteuses de la mutation causale." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EVRY0018/document.
Full textHuman pluripotent stem cells present far reaching implication not only for their therapeutic potential but also for the understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of monogenic diseases. This application became at first possible by using human embryonic stem cells lines (hES) carrying the causal mutation of the monogenic disease, obtained during pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, thereafter through the development of somatic cells reprogramming into pluripotent stem cells (iPS). In line with this concept, we provided evidence that hES lines carrying the causal mutation of myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), as well as their neural and mesodermal progenitors, expressed characteristic molecular defects of the pathology. Through a comparative study of their transcriptome profile, we identified a list of biomarkers which can be considered as new molecular signature of DM1. Among these genes, we showed that abnormal expression of some genes of the SLITRK family was responsible for the defective neuritic outgrowth observed in motor neuron cells derived from mutated hES, but that these cells could nonetheless interact with their muscular target. In parallel, we identified a Krab domain transcription factor which expression is strongly altered in DM1 and which seems to be involved in muscular regeneration defects associated with DM1. In conclusion, the aim of this work was to extend the spectrum of hES cells use for therapeutic purposes by accurately defining their capacity to model a genetic disease, enabling the elaboration of biotherapies targeted to disease specific molecular mechanisms
Gruet, Mathieu. "Fonction neuromusculaire et cardiopulmonaire des patients atteints de mucoviscidose : évaluation et effets d’un programme de réhabilitation combinant entraînement aérobie et électrostimulation musculaire." Toulon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOUL0019.
Full textCystic Fibrosis (CF) is the most common genetic lethal disease in white populations. In these patients, exercise tolerance is associated with prognosis and survival. Exercise limitation is often considered as a consequence of ventilatory dysfunction. However, it is now acknowledged that nonrespiratory factors contribute to exercise performance in CF. Among systemic parameters, peripheral muscular dysfunction is probably one of the main factor of the CF physiopathology. Within this framework, regular physical activity is now recognized as an important modality in the management of CF. Although the combination of aerobic and strength training is potentially one of the best rehabilitative strategy, no studies to date have evaluated the physiological effects of such program. Moreover, the lack of validation of neuromuscular and cardiorespiratory measures of fitness makes harder the appreciation of a rehabilitative strategy in this population. We first evaluated the neuromuscular function and its role in the exercise limitation of CF patients. Accordingly, we verified the hypothesis that despite their ventilatory limitations, patients with CF would develop neuromuscular fatigue of exercising muscles after a maximal exercise test. Furthermore, we evaluated the validity of surface electromyographic (EMGs) measurements recorded from the quadriceps muscle during isometric contractions. We especially demonstrated that EMGs measurements in the time domain were not reliable in CF patients. Moreover, we validated different submaximal parameters in order to evaluate the cardiorespiratory fitness of CF patients unable to perform a maximal exercise. Thereafter, we evaluated the effects of a new home based rehabilitative strategy combining electrical stimulation and aerobic training in CF patients. Our results demonstrated that electrostimulation of the quadriceps muscle was feasible and well-tolerated by these patients. This program has been shown to improve some markers of skeletal muscle function and exercise tolerance but failed to improve other important parameters such as peak oxygen uptake or quality of life. We think that the low duration of the program and the poor supervision of the training sessions have contributed to reduce the beneficial effects of this rehabilitative strategy. Finally, cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular parameters are clearly implicated in the exercise limitation of CF patients. A rehabilitative strategy combining electrical stimulation for muscle dysfunction and aerobic training for cardiorespiratory limitation is promising in these patients. However, these preliminary findings need to be confirmed by larger randomised controlled trials
Bazin, Jean-Étienne. "Etude de la curarisation par le vécuronium chez l' enfant : Influence de l' âge et de l' association à l' isoflurane." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF11022.
Full textPlaud, Benoît. "Pharmacologie des curares sur différents groupes musculaires chez l'homme anesthésié." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA114829.
Full textHalin, Renaud. "Incidence de l'entraînement en gymnastique sur le système neuromusculaire de l'enfant : étude comparative de paramètres mécaniques et électromyographiques chez l'enfant et l'adulte." Orléans, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ORLE2051.
Full textParratte, Bernard. "Anatomie de la systématisation nerveuse du triceps sural : applications aux injections de toxine botulique." Besançon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BESA3014.
Full textChasseraud, Maud. "Rôle potentiel du TRAIL dans le processus de calcification vasculaire et dans la déstabilisation de la plaque d'athérosclérose." Amiens, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AMIED007.
Full textCardiovascular disease constitutes the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in France. Atherosclerosis is a key contributor to cardiovascular disease. During the development of atherosclerosis, two major events signify that complications may arise, first of which is the destabilization of the atherosclerotic plaque, leading to plaque disruption and secondly, vascular calcifications leading to vascular rigidity. In order to improve our knowledge of molecular mechanism involved in both atherosclerosis and vascular calcification, we studied the potential implication of TRAIL and OPG. Through immuno-histochemical analysis of aortic valves taken from ApoE-/- mice, a model of chronic kidney disease (CKD), we were able to show that the occurrence of CKD correlates with an increase in the expression of TRAIL and OPG at the arterial level. In vitro, we alsio demonstrated that TRAIL dramatically increase the capacity of smooth muscle cells to mineralize. To extend these experimental observations, we carried out two clinical studies in which we have measured the concentrations of TRAIL and OPG in the serum of patients on haemodialysis presenting with calcifications and in patients presenting with an acute coronary syndrome. Our results clearly demonstrated in both populations studied, a significant decrease of seric TRAIL level, while OPG level were notably increased. In patients on haemodialysis, by contrast to OPG, TRAIL did not correlate with calcification score. A significant inverse relationship was found between TRAIL and CRP in both populations. Moreover, in patients with an acute coronary syndrome, we also demonstrated an inverse relationship between TRAIL and MMP-9 levels. Taken together, our data clearly suggest that TRAIL and OPG are involved in pathophysiological mechanism of atherosclerosis and vascular calcification
Wagner, Stéphanie. "Développement et caractérisation d'un nouveau système de coculture nerf-muscle permettant la différenciation tardive du muscle de Souris : étude morphologique, biochimique, fonctionnelle, enzymologique et électrophysiologique." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR13138.
Full textMery-Bories, Julie. "Utilisation des cellules souches pluripotentes humaines pour avancer dans la compréhension des atteintes neuromusculaires associées à la Dystrophie Myotonique de type 1 Building neuromuscular junctions invitro." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. https://www.biblio.univ-evry.fr/theses/2021/interne/2021UPASL012.pdf.
Full textMyotonic Dystrophy type I (DM1) is a rare neuromuscular disease that is mainly characterized by myotonia, progressive muscle weakness and wasting. DM1 is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by an expanded CTG repeat in the 3' UTR of DMPK gene. This abnormal expansion leads to a toxic gain-of-function of the mutated mRNAs which aggregate within the nucleus in association with different RNA binding proteins such as the MBNL family proteins. Several studies suggest the involvement of motoneurons and the neuromuscular junction in the muscular defects observed in DM1 patients. However, the mechanisms by which this intercellular system might be affected in DM1 is still poorly understood. The aim of this project was to decipher the direct and indirect consequences of the DMPK mutation and the impact of MBNL sequestration in the pre-synaptic compartment and determine the pathological contribution of motorneurons in DM1 physiopathology. Thanks to the recent development by the team of a protocol allowing the efficient conversion of human pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), our results demonstrated that DM1 hiPSC-derived motoneurons exhibit a defective neuritic arborization that can be mimicked by the depletion of MBNL proteins. To further evaluate the functional consequences of these findings, we developed a humanized cellular model based on the coculture of hiPSC-derived motoneurons and micropatterned human primary skeletal muscle cells. Our results demonstrated that expression of DM1 mutation only in the pre-synaptic compartment led to functional defects at the post-synaptic level. Interestingly, similar results were obtained with the specific depletion of MBNL proteins in the pre-synaptic compartment.Thanks to a transcriptomic approach, we identified a panel of deregulated genes involved in synaptic plasticity which may affect function or stability of the neuromuscular junction. Altogether, these findings hold several new implications for DM pathogenesis
Eustache, Isabelle. "Le développement morphologique et fonctionnel des motoneurones craniens d'embryons de rat en culture organotypique avec co-culture musculaire : interactions morphologiques et fonctionnelles." Aix-Marseille 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX30084.
Full textChevessier, Frédéric. "De la jonction neuromusculaire au reticulum sarcoplasmique : contribution à l'étude physiopathologique de deux affections neuromusculaires, les syndromes myasthéniques congénitaux et les myopathies à agrégats tubulaires." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05S007.
Full textThis thesis contributes to the knowledge of the neuromuscular transmission by investigations on two rare human neuromuscular diseases, Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes (CMSs) and Tubular Aggregate Myopathies (TAMs). In this thesis we demonstrated that : 1/ a specific muscle tyrosine kinase receptor, MuSK, which is activated by the neuronal agrin and involved in neuromuscular junction (NMJ) differentiation, can be the target of mutations inducing a CMS ; 2/ one of the three main phenotypes of TAMs which involves additional myasthenic features is associated with morphologic and molecular alterations of the NMJ leading to consider this phenotype as a CMS ; 3/ the molecular composition of tubular aggregates involve the panel of proteins dedicated to the uptake, storage and release of calcium in the different parts of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Baron, Sandrine. "Dynamique de population, diversité génétique et potentiel pathogène de Vibrio cholerae en milieu aquatique anthropisé (estuaire de la Rance en amont de l’usine électrique marée-motrice)." Rennes 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005REN1S190.
Full textViehweger, Heide Elke. "Optimisation de l'évaluation globale de l'enfant atteint de paralysie cérébrale à potentiel de marche : intégration de la qualité de vie liée à la santé et des capacités et performances dans le domaine de la vie quotidienne." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20704.
Full textTreatment in cerebral palsy (CP) children is now multidisciplinary. Outcome objectives for orthopaedic surgeons changed and are now to improve the patient’s functional status. But how to evaluate the outcome ? Was patient’s daily life improved ? In a first theoretical part the components of a global outcome assessment in CP patients were reviewed, existing methods identified and detected tools and knowledge were supplemented. In a second part two projects were presented based on the principles of global assessment : - the first project to apply the acquired knowledge in terms of conceptualisation, realisation and analysis of a multicenter project, - the second to create and study preliminarily a new tool to evaluate daily life capacities and performances in CP patients
Bloch-Gallego, Evelyne. "Développement du motoneurone embryonnaire spinal : étude de sa survie et de sa différenciation "in vitro"." Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20008.
Full textRiondet, Christophe. "Effet du potentiel d'oxydoréduction et du ph sur le métabolisme de Escherichia coli : rôle de ces paramètres sur la force proton motrice, sur la survie au choc thermique et sur l'orientation des flux de carbone." Dijon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999DIJOS036.
Full textPéron, Sophie. "Évaluation du potentiel thérapeutique des stratégies de remplacement cellulairedans un modèle de lésion corticale chez la souris : transplantation neuronale etmobilisation des cellules souches endogènes." Thesis, Poitiers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013POIT2254/document.
Full textDamage to the adult motor cortex can lead to severe deficits in motor function. One strategy for overcoming the generally limited capacity of the mature central nervous system to regenerate axons in response to cell loss is cell replacement based therapies. We studied brain repair strategies in a mouse model of motor cortex aspiration lesion by using transplantation of embryonic neurons or stem cells-derived neurons and by evaluating the potential of endogenous stem cells found in the subventricular zone. Neuronal transplantation efficacy depends on the capacity of the transplanted cells to developp into appropriate neuronal phenotype and establishment of specific connections. We have shown that embryonic cells grafted immediately after lesion into the lesioned motor cortex develop into mature neurons with appropriate phenotype and establish projections towards appropriate targets. We have shown that introducing a delay of one week between motor cortex lesion and transplantation enhances graft vascularization, grafted cells proliferation and the density of transplant-to-host projections. Besides, we have studied the possibility to generate cortical neurons from human stem cells as an alternative source of neurons for transplantation. Finally, recruitment of endogenous stem cells found in the SVZ was examined in a mouse model of cortical lesion. We have shown that motor cortex injury increases cellular proliferation and neurogenesis in the SVZ and the migration of neuroblasts near the lesion site via blood vessels and astrocytes assisted migration
Girard, Emmanuelle. "Altérations génétiques des cholinestérases chez des souris : conséquences morphologiques et fonctionnelles à la jonction neuromusculaire." Phd thesis, Museum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00160337.
Full textNous avons choisi une approche génétique pour analyser le rôle des cholinestérases dans la transmission neuromusculaire. Nous disposons de plusieurs lignées de souris qui présentent un déficit dans l'hydrolyse de l'ACh à la jonction neuromusculaire. Certaines de ces souris génétiquement modifiées n'ont plus d'activité enzymatique AChE (souris AChE KO) dans tous les tissus, d'autres ne possèdent que la forme moléculaire soluble de l'AChE (souris AChE Del E5,6), d'autres sont dépourvues de la forme ancrée à la membrane par un glycophospholipide (souris AChE Del E5/neo) ou des formes ancrées à la membrane par PRiMA (souris PRiMA KO) ou totalement de BChE (souris BChE KO). La caractérisation des JNM de ces souris par des approches électrophysiologiques et de microscopie confocale nous a permis d'appréhender les rôles des différentes formes moléculaires des cholinestérases dans la transmission neuromusculaire ainsi que les éventuelles adaptations pré- et postsynaptiques qui conditionnent l'efficacité synaptique.
Malgré l'absence totale ou partielle d'AChE, les souris développent des contractions tétaniques dans une gamme de fréquences physiologiques (10 à 100 Hz) mais ne peuvent pas les maintenir constantes à des fréquences supérieures à 30 Hz. Chez ces souris, l'inhibition de la BChE entraîne une accentuation de la dépression de ces réponses, ce qui suggère que la BChE joue un rôle de modulateur dans la transmission synaptique. De plus, les cours temporels des réponses synaptiques enregistrées au niveau des JNM sont augmentés de par l'activation répétitive des récepteurs nicotiniques de l'ACh (RnACh) par l'ACh. Enfin, des remodelages pré- et postsynaptiques post-nataux ont été mis en évidence au niveau des JNM. Ces remodelages synaptiques sont probablement dus à l'adaptation des RnACh et des terminaisons nerveuses motrices face à l'absence d'activité enzymatique de l'AChE.
Nous proposons que, chez ces souris génétiquement modifiées, la petite taille des aires de distribution des RnACh ainsi que la discontinuité des amas de ces récepteurs et de celle des terminaisons nerveuses permettent à l'ACh de diffuser facilement et rapidement hors de la fente synaptique.
Franco, Bénédicte. "Régulation de la stabilité du cytosquelette microtubulaire : conséquences sur la croissance de la jonction neuromusculaire chez la Drosophile." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00195343.
Full textSigoillot, Séverine. "Rôle du collagène spécifique ColQ dans la formation de la jonction neuromusculaire." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00596679.
Full textKemlin, Claire. "Évaluation de l’excitabilité cortico-spinale dans le déficit moteur du membre supérieur après AVC : l’apport de la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS155.
Full textUpper limb motor deficits resulting from a stroke can limit certain activities of daily living, notably grasping movements. The goal of this thesis is to determine which parameters acquired with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) best unravel the mechanisms implicated in upper limb (UL) motor deficits after stroke. The two studies presented in this doctoral work are based on a cohort of 40 patients suffering from UL motor deficits following ischemic stroke in the subacute and chronic phases. The first study aims to determine the correlations between different electrophysiological variables extracted from input-output curves and other parameters reflecting the function of the corticospinal tract (CST). The amplitude of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) measured at a single intensity seem sufficient to capture the function of the CST both in healthy subjects and stroke patients. The second study aims to identify factors capable of explaining the severity of UL deficits following stroke using a multimodal evaluation comprising clinical and TMS data as well as structural and functional neuroimaging data. The results show that the resting motor threshold (rMT) independently explains around 50% of the variance in motor function. This thesis highlights the importance of two parameters commonly acquired in TMS: the amplitude of MEPs and the rMT. An important result of this work is the rMT’s ability to independently explain residual UL motor function beyond the structural integrity of the CST. The rMT may therefore be used as a stratification factor or as a secondary efficacy outcome marker in interventional studies aiming to optimize post-stroke motor recovery
Bercier, Valérie. "Dynactin1 mutations associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and their effect on axonal transport and neuromuscular junction formation." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066176/document.
Full textAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disease, which is mainly sporadic in nature. This progressive pathology has an estimated incidence of 1:1000 and generally leads to death within 2-5 years of diagnosis due to muscle wasting and severe motor neuron loss. Over the last years, mutations have been identified in both sporadic and familial ALS patients, interfering with the function of many genes, including DCTN1, which encodes for a subunit of the motor protein complex subunit dynactin. The dynactin complex serves as an adaptor for the dynein motor complex, responsible for retrograde axonal transport, and it is believed to regulate dynein activity and the binding capacity for cargos. We set out to characterize a mutant zebrafish line for dynactn1a (named mikre okom632, mokm632), looking specifically at caudal primary motor neurons (CaPs), with regard to axonal development, formation and stability of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and the behavioral phenotype produced in embryos, as well as axonal transport metrics. We suggest a role for dynactin1 in synapse stability, where the loss-of-function of this gene leads to growth defects, electrophysiological abnormalities and behavioral deficits. This role appears to be independent of its known function as a regulator of dynein, its implication in axonal transport, or its regulation of microtubule dynamics. With this study, we hope to elucidate key molecular mechanisms in ALS etiology by revealing the role of dynactin1 in NMJ development and maintenance
Cussac, Paul. "Influence d’imperfections surfaciques sur la tenue en fatigue de composants nucléaires." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ESMA0001.
Full textGiven the stringent requirements of high levels of safety in nuclear components, stakeholders of the French nuclear industry must anticipate the presence of residual surface imperfections in these components. Such imperfections could be introduced during manufacturing or maintenance operations. The incidence of surface irregularities on the fatigue strength of metallic components has tobe considered. Meanwhile, nuclear components can be loaded under low-cycle fatigue and large-scale plasticity conditions. The first objective of this work isthento assess to what extent the fatigue life of typical nuclear materials may be affected by the presence of such surface irregularities. In parallel, thisstudy aims at describing, qualitativelyand quantitatively, the crack initiation and propagation from these imperfections. In order to meet these objectives, a uni-axial fatigue test campaign, conducted under fully-reversed total axial strain control, in the air at room temperature, has been carried out on the cylindrical specimens (Φ 9 mm). Surface imperfections were artificially introduced onto the specimens. The electric potential trackingmethod has been mainly usedto monitor the crack initiation, micro and macro propagation phases from surface imperfections. Additional experimental and numerical actions have been carried out to calibrate the potential monitoring. The results of thetest campaigndemonstrate a significant influence of the presence of imperfections on the9 mm specimensfatigue strength. The useof electrical methodhas allowedto determine crackinitiation and growth ratesfrom surface imperfections. The identification of a representative parameter of the propagation driving force,in the context of generalized plasticity associated with the tests carried out,has also allowed to analysedata relating to propagation kinetics in a predictive perspective
Lepicard, Simon. "Rôle des protéines associées aux microtubules MAP1/Futsch dans l’organisation et le fonctionnement des synapses à la jonction neuromusculaire de drosophile." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON1T026.
Full textStructural microtubule associated proteins like those belonging to the MAP1 family are known to control the stability and dynamics of microtubules (MTs). They are also known to interact with postsynaptic proteins like GABA or glutamate receptors. However, their presynaptic role in neurotransmitter release was barely studied. Here, we took advantage of the Drosophila model in which there is only one MAP1 homologue, called Futsch. We studied the function of Futsch at the larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ), where this protein is found presynaptically only. Here, we show that, in addition to its known function on NMJ morphology (Roos et al., 2000; Gogel et al., 2006), Futsch is also important for NMJ physiology, by controlling neurotransmitter release as well as active zone density. We show that this physiological effect of Futsch is not the consequence of disrupted microtubule bundle and disrupted axonal transport, but must be the consequence of a local effect of Futsch at the synaptic terminal. We used 3D-Structured Illumination Microscopy (3D-SIM) to further study the localization of Futsch and MTs with respect to active zones. Both Futsch and MTs are almost systematically present in close proximity active zones, with Futsch being localized in-between MTs and active zones. Using proximity ligation assays, we further demonstrated the functional proximity of Futsch, but not MTs, with the active zone component Bruchpilot. Altogether our data are in favor of a model by which Futsch locally stabilizes active zones, by reinforcing their link with the underlying MT cytoskeleton
Messéant, Julien. "Rôle des protéines Wnt et de leurs voies de signalisation associées dans la formation de la jonction neuromusculaire." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05T068.
Full textFormation of the vertebrate neuromuscular junction (NMJ), a peripheral cholinergic synapse between motoneurons and skeletal muscle fibers relies on the accurate recognition and apposition of presynaptic motoneurons on postsynaptic muscle target. Recently, a growing body of evidence indicates that Wnt morphogens act as key regulators of NMJ formation. Yet, the specific Wnts identity, their collaborative function and the downstream molecular mechanisms of Wnt signaling regulating NMJ formation still remain elusive. At the NMJ, Wnt ligands transduce their signal through interaction of either the receptor complex formed by the muscle specific tyrosine kinase MuSK and the low density lipoprotein (Lrp) Lrp4 or the classical frizzled receptors. In this thesis, we have investigated the molecular mechanisms of Wnt-induced NMJ formation. We found that both Wnt4 and Wn11 are required for the nerve-independent muscle prepatterning step, characterized by acetylcholine receptor (AChR) aggregation in discrete domains of the muscle surface where the synapse will form, via differential activation of either canonical and/or planar cell polarity (PCP) pathways. Moreover, Fzd3 and Vangl2, two core components of the PCP pathway, are accumulated at the developing NMJ and play distinct roles in NMJ formation, with Fz3 required for motor axon growth and Vangl2 involved in AChR clustering and motor axon growth restriction within the target field. To further study the functional role of Wnt/MuSK interaction, we generated a transgenic mice deleted from MuSK Wnt binding domain (CRD, cysteine rich domain). We demonstrated that the absence of MuSK CRD affected NMJ formation from the prepatterning step to NMJ maintenance in adult leading to a pathogenic phenotype. Moreover, we found that lithium, a reversible inhibitor of the glycogen synthase kinase-3 fully rescued NMJ defects in mutant embryos and therefore may constitutes a novel therapeutic reagent for the treatment of neuromuscular disorders linked to Wnt/MuSK signaling pathway deficiency
Maldonado, Rojas Paloma P. "Communication synaptique et non-synaptique entre neurones et cellules précurseurs d’oligodendrocytes dans le cortex somatosensoriel." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05T064/document.
Full textOligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are the main source of myelinating oligodendrocytes during postnatal development. These progenitors, identified by the expression of the proteoglycan NG2, are extremely abundant before myelination, but also persist in the mature brain. Similarly to other non-neuronal cells they express a wide range of ionic and ligand-gated ion channels. However, they are unique by their ability to receive truly glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic contacts from neurons. During this thesis, we characterized the electrophysiological properties of OPCs during the postnatal development of the mouse somatosensory cortex (post postnatal month). By performing patch-clamp recordings, single-cell RT-PCR analyses and pharmacological approaches, we found that outwardly rectifying I-V curves become linear during development, as the result of an upregulation of Kir4.1 potassium channels. Endowed with these channels, adult OPCs are able to sense local extracellular potassium increases generated by neuronal activity. This developmental upregulation of Kir4.1 channels in OPCs revealed that these cells gain physiological properties during development, conferring them the capacity to communicate with neurons, via a non-synaptic potassium-mediated mechanism. This developmental change also supports the view that OPCs are probably more than simple progenitors. In the second part of this thesis, we were interested in study the connectivity patterns underlying the GABAergic interneuron-OPC network in the young somatosensory cortex (second postnatal week). First, we took advantage of the high lateral and axial precision of one-photon holographic photolysis to stimulate GABAergic interneurons at a single cell resolution in order to evoke an action potential. We then used this technique to map the connectivity between interneurons and OPCs. We found that the connectivity probability of OPCs was around half less than that of pyramidal cells and involved more local microcircuits. In addition, by performing paired-recordings, OPCs showed to be transiently contacted by fast-spiking (FSI) and non-fast-spiking (NFSI) interneurons, through single or double release sites. Interestingly, postsynaptic sites containing GABAA receptors with the γ2 subunit were predominantly connected by FSI, indicating that these cells provide a specific input to OPCs. Here we described for the first time the emergence of specific cortical network between neurons and non-neuronal cells. In conclusion, this thesis contributed to get a better understanding of the different modes of communication between neurons and OPCs and the establishment of new signaling mechanisms used by neurons to control the activity of these precursors
Weinreb, Alexis. "Impact de l’activité postsynaptique sur le développement et le maintien de la jonction neuromusculaire de C. elegans." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1137.
Full textThroughout nervous system development, activity of the post-synaptic targets can regulate the connectivity of neural networks, affecting both the number and strength of synapses. Using the neuromuscular junction of Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system, we studied two processes displaying such plasticity. First, we show that the number of receptors present at the neuromuscular synapse is regulated by muscle activity: an increase in synaptic activity can lead to a differential regulation of the three types of receptors present at the neuromuscular junction. Second, we studied the activity-dependent morphological changes of one type of motor neurons in the worm’s head, called the SAB neurons. A decrease of muscle activity during a critical developmental phase leads to SAB axonal overgrowth. Using several approaches, we were able to observe suppression of SAB axonal overgrowth in mutants with a disruption of neuropeptides biosynthesis. Finally, we give evidence that axonal overgrowth also occurs following more general disruptions of cell physiology, such as a heat-shock or transgene overexpression, which suggest that the SAB system is plastic and sensitive during development
Karmouch, Jennifer. "Deciphering ColQ induced mechanisms in the control of AChR mRNA levels." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05T007/document.
Full textColQ is a specific collagen that anchors acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the synaptic cleft of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). The importance of AChE-ColQ complex in the physiology of this synapse has been highlighted by the identification of COLQ mutations in the human gene, leading to a congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS) with AChE deficiency. The lack of AChE has been incriminated for the symptoms observed in patients along with NMJ defects in the CMS mouse model (ColQ-deficient). However, symptoms observed in the patients and mouse model of CMS with AChE deficiency are complex and AChE deficiency cannot account for all of them. We have demonstrated that ColQ could play a role per se in synapse formation which would explain some of the defects observed in patients and model mice. Indeed, we have shown that ColQ controls the clustering of Acetylcholine Receptors (AChR) and the expression of a number of specific synaptic genes. The most striking effect of the absence of ColQ is an upregulation of all AChR subunit mRNAs correlated by an increase in their protein levels. Preliminary results indicate that AChR mRNA upregulation is not transcriptional. This thesis deciphers the mechanisms that drive AChR mRNA upregulation in the absence of ColQ and the pathways that connect ColQ to the AChR RNA metabolism. Accordingly, we hypothesize that the absence of ColQ induces an upregulation of the stabilization of AChR subunit mRNAs, a post-transcriptional mechanism mediated by HuR. HuR is an RNA binding protein which stabilizes its target transcript by binding AU-rich elements (AREs) in their 3’UTR. HuR is critical during skeletal myogenesis and post-synaptic NMJ formation due to its stabilization of such transcripts as myogenin, MyoD and AChE. In this study, we show for the first time that a post-transcriptional mechanism of AChR mRNA stabilization is responsible for the ColQ mediated increase of AChR mRNAs. In support of these findings, the absence of ColQ also increased HuR mRNA and protein levels. We demonstrate that HuR is capable of binding to conserved ARE elements in the 3’UTR of AChR subunit mRNA. HuR’s interaction with AChR mRNA increased the stability of the transcripts, resulting in an increase in mRNA levels. Three major conclusions emerge from my thesis: we provide evidence that (1) in addition to transcriptional and assembly regulation of AChR, post-transcriptional mechanisms of AChR mRNA exist (2) ColQ regulates HuR mediated AChR stability through MuSK and (3) the p38 signalling pathway controls the levels of HuR in a ColQ dependent manner. Collectively, our data provides insight into the muscle signaling pathways which are affected by ColQ mutations leading to CMS with AChE deficiency. Thus, we have identified specific new molecular targets that may become important for the development of therapeutic interventions for patients with CMS
Gueydan, Marine. "Identification de nouveaux régulateurs de la synaptogénèse GABAergique à la jonction neuromusculaire du nématode Caenorhabditis elegans." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1202.
Full textTo identify novel genes and mechanisms involved in the formation and regulation of inhibitory synapses, we used the inhibitory GABAergic neuromuscular junction of the nematode C. elegans as a genetically tractable model. After random mutagenesis of a knock-in strain expressing fluorescently tagged GABAA receptors (GABAAR), we screened for mutants with abnormal fluorescence pattern in vivo. We analyzed 36 mutant strains using a novel whole-genome sequencing strategy to simultaneously map and identify causative mutation without any prior time-consuming genetic mapping. We undertook the functional characterization of a non-characterized gene, tentatively named nsp-3, which encodes an evolutionarily conserved transmembrane protein. nsp-3 deletion using CRISPR technology causes ectopic localization of GABAAR in intracellular compartments of the muscle cell. We found partial colocalization of these ectopic receptors with endosomal markers. Interestingly, we observed a 50 % decrease of GABAAR at synapses while we saw no change in GABA neurotransmission by electrophysiology. These and additional data predict the presence of a subsynaptic pool of GABAARs, which is depleted in the absence of NSP-3. Additional pharmacological data set suggests that this pool of receptors is recruited for GABAergic synaptic plasticity upon acute aldicarb (acetylcholine esterase inhibitor) treatment. A transcriptional reporter of endogenous nsp-3 expression detected expression in most tissues of the worm. Tissue-specific rescue experiments and colocalization data show that NSP-3 functions in muscles at ER-Golgi interface to regulate GABAARs trafficking to cell surface. Our data identified a novel function of the nonaspanins in the traffic of neurotransmitter receptors in the nervous system
Alcami, Ayerbe José. "Interactions synaptiques entre les interneurones de la couche moléculaire du cervelet." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05T021.
Full textMolecular layer interneurons of the cerebellum (MLIs: basket cells and stellate cells) are connected by frequent and strong electrical synapses in young rats and mice around the end of the second postnatal week. Capacitive currents of MLIs show a slow component that reflects the charge of electrically-coupled MLIs. The analysis of capacitive currents makes it possible to quantify the number of directly connected cells and the equivalent number of coupled cells (Alcami and Marty, submitted). They were used to show a difference in coupling between basket and stellate cells and propose a model of the basket cell coupled network. Electrical coupling strength can be modulated by intrinsic currents, like the h current in the hyperpolarizing range. Electrical synapses modify the propagation and the patterns of activity in the MLI network, when the network is excited.The study of connectivity of MLIs by chemical GABAergic synapses led us to reevaluate the sources of error of cell-attached recordings (Alcami et al., 2012). Cell-attached measurements can modify cellular electrical activity of MLIs, by introducing a conductif coupling between the recording pipette and the cell interior, resulting from a combination of passive and active coupling
Argaw, Anteneh. "Étude de l'effet de la surcharge compensatoire du plantaire sur la dynamique de la transmission synaptique, in situ." Thèse, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/14686.
Full textLandry, Marie-Lou. "Effet d'un appareil d'avancement mandibulaire sur la genèse du bruxisme lors du sommeil." Thèse, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15791.
Full textDesaulniers, Patrice. "Les effets de l'activité physique à la jonction neuromusculaire chez le rat." Thèse, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15443.
Full textFlorestal, Joël Ricardo. "Décomposition automatique de signaux EMG intramusculaires." Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15727.
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