Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Potentiel électrode'
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Monte-Rojas, Antonio. "Etude par électrogravimétrie des dépôts en sous potentiel de thallium, de plomb et de cadmium sur électrode d'or." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10214.
Full textNanini-Maury, Elise. "Formulation d'électrolytes haut potentiel pour la caractérisation d'électrodes positives innovantes : batteries lithium-ion pour le véhicule électrique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066417/document.
Full textImplementation of new electrolyte formulations adapted to high potential positive electrodes for lithium-ion battery is a key challenge for high energy density systems. In order to obtain stability in oxidation greater than 5 V vs. Li+/Li, various solvents (dinitriles, lactones, phosphates) were analyzed. We have shown by cyclic voltammetry that electrolytes containing sebaconitrile are stable up to 5.3 V vs. Li+/Li on LiCoPO4. Nonetheless, the results obtained by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the presence of a new interface onto the positive electrode due to electrolyte degradation. Even though this degradation limits the cycle ability, optimization of the formed interface could be an asset in view of the system safety through the protection of the positive electrode
Demeaux, Julien. "Impact des phénomènes aux interfaces électrode/électrolyte sur les performances des batteries Li-ion haute tension : faiblesses et atouts des électrolytes à base de carbonates d'alkyles et de sulfones face aux électrodes LiNi0,4Mn1,6 O4 et Li4Ti5O12." Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR4032/document.
Full textLiNi0.4Mn1.6O4 (LNMO)/Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) accumulators should theoretically achieve the power and energy densities that provide sufficient autonomy to electric vehicles. However, two major issues related to the use of LNMO limit their performances: the pronounced oxidation of the alkylcarbonate-based electrolytes and the transition metal ion (Mn2+, Ni2+) dissolution. The ethylene carbonate (EC)-based formulations get an ability to form polymer-covering films onto the active material. The galvanostatic cycling tests, after storage or not, confirm the superiority of these electrolytes, leading to reduced capacity losses of the LNMO electrode. Furthermore, sulfones are promising compounds to be applied to LNMO/LTO batteries. The use of symmetric and asymmetric cells demonstrates that sulfones are non-reactive towards the LNMO/electrolyte and LTO/electrolyte interfaces. However, this non-reactivity does not allow the deposition of polymer films, which would have enabled to stop the Mn2+ and Ni2+ dissolution from the positive electrode. This results in degraded performances of batteries at 30°C compared to those using EC in electrolytes
Dumaz, Philippe. "Comportement électrochimique de matériaux à haut potentiel : LiCoPO4 et LiNi1/3Mn3/2O4, en électrodes couches minces ou composites." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI095/document.
Full textThe use of unlimited natural sources such as solar, wind or hydraulic power is booming. However, their energy production is dependant of climatic conditions and is therefore intermittent. These systems are usually associated with energy storage, in order to smooth the production before injection on the network. For all these reasons, Li-ion batteries need to incorporate new electrode materials to achieve high power and high energy density while maintaining a long life and safe use.In this context, our work consisted in preparing high potential materials, LiCoPO4 (LCP) and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO). The latter are perfectly integered in the context of development of materials with high energy density since they have an oxidation potential of 4.8 and 4.7 V vs Li + / Li and theoretical mass energy densities of 802 and 691 Wh.kg-1 over lithium, respectively.These materials were first synthesized in the form of thin thin films to obtain model electrodes to study the kinetics and thermodynamics properties of materials transport and interactions with the presence of a liquid electrolyte including phenomena at the electrode interface / electrolyte. The understanding acquired during this first axis allowed us to transpose and adapt these characterization techniques to more complex systems : composite electrodes.The properties of these materials with respect to lithium insertion and desinsertion have been tested and characterized in electrochemicals cells. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters have been extracted using several electrochemical techniques such as intermittent titration (GITT), impedance spectroscopy (PEIS and GEIS), galvano-static cycling and power tests. We propose a simple method, based on power tests, to determine the diffusion coefficient of lithium. Finally, we attempt to answer several questions that remain unsolved about the capacity loss of high potential materials during long cycling, and we propose a very simple technique for improving the cycling of composites electrodes of LNMO
Ankhili, Amale. "Développement des textiles instrumentés intégrant des électrodes organiques de mesure de bio-potentiel." Thesis, Lille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1I053.
Full textCardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. The most effective way to combat these diseases is the real-time monitoring of the electrocardiogram (ECG) that reflect the electrical signals generated by the heart cells. The ECG signal provides to cardiologists all the information needed to diagnose heart diseases. So far, the electrocardiogram is recorded by using the cutaneous conventional medical electrodes (Ag/AgCl) based on silver and silver chloride. These electrodes are not destined for long-term use and can provoke skin irritation because of the ionic gel that serves to reduce the impedance of the electrode / skin interface. In this thesis, flexible textile electrodes operating without any ionic gel have been developed as alternatives to medical electrodes (Ag/AgCl). Our approach is based on the modification of conductive inks based on the intrinsically conductive polymer, poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) compatible with selected textile substrates. The realization of the electrodes uses manufacturing techniques that can be easily transferred to the textile industry. Characterizations were set up to evaluate the reliability of these systems before and after 50 washes in laboratory and domestic machines. In this case, the surface resistivity of the electrodes-sensors, the modeling of the electrode/skin interface, the analysis of the ECG signal in static and dynamic, the spectral power density of the ECG signal, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were analyzed and compared to commercial silver-based electrodes. As our developed sensor electrodes have a real clinical and industrial potential, we have also studied the feasibility of the connection and its durability. The chosen solution consists of two silver-plated polyamide threads, which are available on the market, embroidered to make the connections between the textile sensor electrodes and a flexible electronic module based on a composite film (polyester-aluminum). In addition, two encapsulation methods have also been developed to protect systems during washing and to make them ready for the market
Longchamp, Sylvie. "Oxydation électrochimique en milieu organique d'une série d'indoles aryl et alkyl substitués." Rouen, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ROUES027.
Full textTallon-Baudry, Catherine. "Rôle des oscillations 40 Hz dans l'intégration de l'information visuelle : étude électro- et magnéto-encéphalographique." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO1T061.
Full textHéduit, Alain. "Potentiel d'électrode de platine en épuration biologique." Paris 12, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA120014.
Full textBouhmaida, Nouzha. "Modélisation du potentiel électrostatique calcule a partir de la densité électronique de déformation X-X dans les cristaux moléculaires : application aux composés peptidiques." Nancy 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NAN10288.
Full textGodey, Benoit. "Contribution de la Magnétoencéphalographie et des enregistrements unitaires par mico-électrodes à l'étude de la physiologie du cortex auditif." Paris 13, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA132006.
Full textOlowe, A. Abiodun. "Corrosion aqueuse du fer en milieux sulfates : Mécanisme, cinétique et structures." Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10297.
Full textGendron, Benjamin. "Modélisation et optimisation d’un système de récupération de l’énergie des vagues électro-actif déformable." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ECDN0024.
Full textWave energy converters have greatly improved since the first generation in the 1970s. At first rigid with articulated sections, new wave energy converters are now entirely flexible like the S3 developped by the company SBM Offshore. The device is made of a water filled elastic tube closed at both ends and the radial deformations are directly converted into electricity by the use of electro-active polymere rings. The objective of this thesis is to develop a numerical model that can predict the behaviour of this flexible wave energy converter in any kind of environment. After performing scaled model tests, it has been possible to analyse the behaviour of the device and build a numerical model that takes into account the different physical effects acting on the wave energy converter. The numerical model is based on a modal decomposition of the tube deformations. The wall non-linear effects are taken into account with the use of the hyper-elastic theory and the wave-structure interaction is made possible with the linear boundary element method. Two different versions have been developped. One based on the linear frequency domain and the other working in the time domain in order to take into account the non-linear effects. Finally, The simulations are compared with the measures from the basin tests to validate the results
Malki, Abdelhafid. "Transformation électrocatalytique de produits issus de la biomasse : oxydation du fructose sur électrodes d'or et de platine." Poitiers, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988POIT2274.
Full textPhilippe, Matthieu. "Apport des synchronies électro-encéphalographiques (EEG) dans la détection de la fatigue mentale." Compiègne, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007COMP1719.
Full textThe impact of mental fatigue on cortical activity is still unknown. Laboratory experiments, and a real conditions study, allow us to observe how neurons networks interact (synchrony) during a cognitive task under mental fatigue. Event related potentials (ERPs) and synchronies were studied for the tests which showed a performance decrement. Afternoon results showed a local post-stimulation desynchronization more important than in the morning in the α frequency band (8-14 Hz) on the whole scalp and for all the stimulation. Moreover we found in γ2 (60-80 Hz) frequency band a local post stimulation synchronization less important in the afternoon, for eaysest stimuli on frontal, fronto-central, central and centro-parietal cortical areas. Afternoon cognitive tasks would implied a more important mobilisation of neuronal necessity, and that a deficit of attentional control
Gireaud, Laurent. "Comportement des interfaces électrodes/électrolytes à bas potentiel : de la croissance dentritique du lithium à la dégradation des électrolytes." Amiens, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AMIE0607.
Full textLachekar, Hassane. "Transfert des paramètres de densité électronique et applications." Nancy 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NAN10209.
Full textBenayad, Anass. "Etude par spectroscopie photoélectronique à rayonnement X (XPS) de matériaux potentiels d'électrode positive pour microaccumulateurs au lithium." Bordeaux 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR13127.
Full textKuntzinger, Sandrine. "Distribution et topologie de la densité électronique et potentiel électrostatique à partir de la diffraction X haute résolution dans trois aluminosilicates modèles : natrolite, scolécite et spodumène." Nancy 1, 1999. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1999_0200_KUNTZINGER.pdf.
Full textSalami, Houssam. "Étude des spectres électroniques et courbes de potentiel de dimères alcalins hétéronucléaires." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00382009.
Full textKuna, Marine. "Mise en oeuvre du calorimètre électromagnétique d'Atlas et de la reconstruction des électrons avec les premières données du collisionneur de protons LHC : détermination du potentiel de découverte d'un boson de jauge lourd chargé W' décroissant en un électron et un neutrino." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX22069/document.
Full textATLAS is a particule detector based at the Large Collider which has been delivering collisions with an energy in the cenre of masss of 7TeV from the start of 2010. The analysis of the first in situ data, cosmic muons in 2008 and LHC beam data in 2009, showed the electromagnetic calorimeter was operational and efficient on its whole coverage. In order to evaluate the amount of material upstream the calorimeter, a method was developed showing the information from the electron allows mapping the material from the inner tracker to the calorimeter entrance. In 2009 and 2010, the analysis of Vs=900GeV and Vs=7TeV collision data allowed to check the data-simulation agreement for electron identification variables. Finally, the search of a charged heavy gauge boson W' decaying in an electron and a neutrino remains possible using a calorimetric only definition of missing transverse energy
Oliot, Manon. "Bio-ingénierie pour les piles à combustible microbiennes." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/18425/1/OLIOT_Manon.pdf.
Full textGosselin, Marie-Christine. "Méthode non-invasive de détection électro-optique dans l'arséniure de gallium et potentiel d'application au régime du terahertz." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2006. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4686.
Full textHoll, Pascal. "Simulation du transport des électrons a travers une barrière de potential dans le silicium avec l’équation de Boltzmann." Lyon, INSA, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ISAL0071.
Full textHot carrier act on voltage breakdown of power semiconductor device, because of hot carrier injection into insulators. In this work, we consider a similar but simple problem of unidimensional electron transport across a potential barrier (a grain boundary). Our aim is a device simulation but not an accurate behaviour study of semiconductor material. The numerical method is based on the distribution function representation with a Hermite function series depending on speed variable ? This report shows numerous simulation and tries to define boundaries of the method. We note that the convergence is more difficult when the observed variable corresponds to a high order moment of the distribution function. More aver, we have found an important 'turbulence » phenomenon after crossing the obstacle (the grain boundary) which corresponds, in a similar way, to turbulence phenomenon in fluid mechanics
Villard, Paul. "Réalisation d'un implant réseau de haute densité d'électrodes intra-corticales pour la détection stable de potentiels d'action et de potentiels de champs locaux." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAS015.
Full textTo understand the dynamics of the neural network, neuron specificity, neural pathologies, and find new treatments, devices will have to allow a stable neural recording and multi-site stimulation with a good temporal resolution. In this thesis, we designed a flexible SU-8 implant with a high electrode density to record different regions of the cortex simultaneously. Each 15µm diameter platinum electrode of the implant is located at the end of a 11, 20 or 50 µm wide wire, free of its movements over a length of 2mm. The different sizes of the wires will further allow to evaluate the influence of dimensions on the immune response. In this thesis, the very fragile and thin implant fabrication, manipulation and connection with the recording station using a thick polyimide/copper extension and an anisotropic conductive film, were successfully achieved. The mean impedance was 810 KOhm and the mean RMS noise of electrode implants in saline solution was about 10 µV. Various surgical insertion techniques in rat cortex or agar gel (agarose 0,6%) have been studied, in particular the electrodes encapsulation in biodegradable tips or the use of a thin wire as a shuttle. Both techniques present pros and cons and should be improved in the future. Neuronal activity, such as local field potentials as well as action potentials, could be recorded in three rats implanted with the shuttle technique, demonstrating the capacity of this new type of implant in recording. Finally, in this thesis, a new method was developed to compare the performance of electrode materials commonly used to stimulate neurale tissue. It determines the injection charge capacity of an electrode by observing a change in fluorescence of a pH-sensitive dye around the electrode for different stimulation current intensities. Usual measurement tools such as impedance spectroscopy, noise recording, or evaluation of the injection charge capacity and the charge storage capacity were used as well, to check the new method reliability. This study shows that most effective materials to stimulate are the 3D nanostructured diamond and the PEDOT and highlights that when the stimulation current pulse is shorter, the current density will rather be located in the edges of the electrode
Vieira, Rodriguez Cristian. "Calibration of Electrical Methods for Detecting Gas Injection in Porous Media." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GLOB1001.
Full textSteidl, Esther. "Mise au point d’une plateforme de tests in vitro pour l’évaluation du potentiel proconvulsivant de façon précoce au cours du développement de médicaments." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0050.
Full textThe goal of the present work was to develop a platform of tests that could predict the proconvulsive potential of compounds in development as early as possible during preclinical phases. These tests were carried out in vitro from hippocampal slices recorded with multi-electrode arrays (MEAs). The MEA technology is particularly adapted because it allows to investigate compounds’ effect on a wide area of a native neural network, including all the complexity and organization of the different cell types. In addition, rapidity and low compound consumption of the MEA-based assays make them suitable for early stages of development.First, the evaluation of reference proconvulsive/seizurogenic compounds allowed to determine the parameters that should be monitored to detect proconvulsive properties. It appeared that reference compounds triggered one or several of the following effects: increase of the population spikes area and repetition of spikes, triggering of epileptiform discharges and/or increase of the CA1 neurons firing. The experimental conditions of the assays were then modified to increase their sensitivity and thus detect even weak proconvulsive compounds. This platform of 3 complementary assays was termed NS-PC set.15 compounds, including positive and negative controls, were provided by partner pharmaceutical companies to be tested under blind conditions on NS-PC set. A new faster and cheaper assay, termed NS-PC screen, was also designed based on the recording of 4-aminopyridine-induced epileptiform discharges in hippocampal slices
Doublet, Thomas. "Neuroscience applications of organic electronic devices." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5076.
Full textElectrophysiological recordings brought considerable information about brain function and dysfunction. Improving recording devices would further our understanding at the basic science level and would be beneficial to patients. Major limitations of current electrodes that are in direct contact with brain tissue include their invasiveness, their poor biocompatibility, their rigidity and a suboptimal signal-to-noise ratio. In addition, it would be desirable to measure simultaneously molecular signals. The coupling between the electrical activity of neurons and metabolism is still poorly understood in vivo. The goal of this work was to provide technological solutions to such challenges in the context of epilepsy. We generate 4 µm thick, totally flexible but resilient grids, thus solving the challenge of invasiveness, rigidity and biocompatibility. In order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, recording sites were made of the highly conductive polymer PEDOT:PSS. The quality of the in vivo signals recorded was better than that obtained with conventional gold contacts. Going a step further, we made the recording site as an organic electrochemical transistor, which enables local amplification of signals. The grid was tested in vivo and the SNR was increased by a factor of 10. Finally, we functionalized PEDOT:PSS sites with glucose oxidase to measure glucose. Compared to conventional devices, the glucose sensor showed unsurpassed stability and sensitivity in vitro. In conclusion, organic electronics appears to be a promising technological solution to the limitations of current systems designed to record the electrical and molecular activity of the brain
Ba, Fatou. "Complexes organométalliques insaturés polyhétérocyhcliques porteurs de chalcogènes : accès à des structures moléculaires riches en électrons organiques ou organométalliques précurseurs potentiels de matériaux moléculaires." Rennes 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008REN1S104.
Full textElectrochemical or chemical dimerization of electron rich ferrocenylmethylenepyran have given the first dimetallocenylbispyrylium salt through a reversible process which implies reductive C-C bond breaking. Deprotonation of the bispyrylium salt has afforded extended electron rich diferrocenylbispyran, which was subsequently reversibly oxidized to diferrocenylbispyrylium salt. This study constitutes a new system in which two ox/red sequences were separated by proton/deprotonation steps. The redox properties of these molecules were studied by cyclic voltammetry. On the other hand, a new reaction based on the Michaël acceptor properties of acetylenic Fisher-type carbene complexes and on nucleophilic properties of methylenepyrans allowed a new access to ferrocenyl insatured méthylènepyrans and arylmethylenepyrans. These complexes evolve at room temperature to spiranic heterocyclic compounds
Mirdamadi, Esfahani Malaknaz. "Effets de l'environnement sur les propriétés physico-chimiques des atomes d'argent et des nanoparticules mono-et bimétalliques à base d'or : étude par radiolyse pulsée et stationnaire." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112010.
Full textThe aim of the present work was to study the physico-chemical properties of silver atoms, monometallic and gold-based bimetallic nanoparticles synthesized by the radiation chemical reduction method. In the first part of thesis, we studied the effects of bromide ligands on the kinetics and spectral properties of the silver atom complex. The rate constant for the reduction of AgIBr43- in aqueous solution was determined by pulse radiolysis and the redox potential of the couples AgIBr43-/Ag0Br44- and AgIBr43-/ Ag0 + Br44- were estimated with the help of thermodynamic cycles. Comparison of the obtained values indicates that the redox potential of the silver atom couple is lowered by bromide ligands and the formation of Ag0Br44- is more favourable than a free silver atom. In the second part, the effects of stabilizing agents on optical, structural and electrocatalytic properties of monometallic nanoparticles, such as gold and iron and bimetallic nanoparticles systems, Au/Fe and Au/Pt, prepared by gamma-radiolysis were studied. Our results offer a new strategy to present the effectiveness of the stabilizing agents in the process of metal ion reduction, in the nanoparticles morphology (shape and size) as well as in the elementary composition of bimetallic nanoparticles. This study indicates that the radiolysis method, which we used for the nanoparticles synthesis, allow us to obtain gold based bimetallic nanoparticles that showed an excellent electrocatalytic activity toward reduction of oxygen and proton as well as oxidation of methanol. Our results show that these systems are very promising for application in fuel cells
Plisson-Sauné, Stéphan. "Application de la mesure du potentiel d'électrode de platine au contrôle dynamique et à l'optimisation des stations d'épuration à boues activées faible charge éliminant l'azote." Toulouse, INSA, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ISAT0040.
Full textBenmeuraiem, Larbi. "Extension de la méthode du potentiel-modèle aux systèmes diatomiques à deux électrons actifs : application au transfert de charge dans les systèmes Ar+6/He, Ar+8/He et C+3/H." Bordeaux 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BOR10619.
Full textCapitao, Dany. "Formation électro-assistée de monocouches auto-assemblées sur or. Suivi in situ et effets du potentiel appliqué à l'électrode sur le mécanisme de formation." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC215/document.
Full textCreate specific surfaces appears as a major issue in chemistry. The formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) using sulfur derivatives is one of the most commonly used strategy to modify gold surfaces. Nowadays, the formation mechanism of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold is still investigated.A new electrochemical approach for SAMs formation has recently been developed allowing an in situ and real time monitoring of the chemisorption of various sulfur compounds including dithiolane derivatives. Unlike standard adsorption methods which consist in a simple immersion, this approach tends to facilitate the chemisorption by polarizing the electrode. The high temporal resolution coupled to this good reproducibility highlight an adsorption mechanism which proceeds by a nucleation-growth process. This type of mechanism, already identified for the SAMs formation in the gas phase, has never been reported in the liquid phase.In addition, this method allows the preparation of binary mixed monolayers in a controlled and predictable manner. Knowing the affinity constants, it is possible to produce SAMs whose surface proportions reflect those in solution.Finally, to better understand the key factors governing the SAMs formation mechanism, a systematic study depending on the nature of the anchoring group has highlighted a significant difference between the different anchoring groups for the kinetics as well as for the stability of the monolayer
Alikacem, Abderrahim. "Les orbitales diatomiques tronquées pour la description des systèmes diatomiques à un et deux électrons actifs : potentiels modèles et fonctions d'onde corrélées type Pluvinage." Lyon 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO19024.
Full textDelescluse, Matthieu. "Une approche Monte Carlo par Chaînes de Markov pour la classification des potentiels d'action. Application à l'étude des corrélations d'activité des cellules de Purkinje." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011123.
Full textCette méthode de spike-sorting a fait l'objet d'une validation expérimentale sur des populations de cellules de Purkinje (PCs), dans les tranches de cervelet de rat. Par ailleurs, l'étude des trains de PAs de ces cellules fournis par le spike-sorting, n'a pas révélé de corrélations temporelles significatives en régime spontané, en dépit de l'existence d'une inhibition commune par les interneurones de la couche moléculaire et d'une inhibition directe de PC à PC. Des simulations ont montré que l'influence de ces inhibitions sur les relations temporelles entre les trains de PCs était trop faible pour pouvoir être détectée par nos méthodes d'analyse de corrélations. Les codes élaborés pour l'analyse des trains de PAs sont également disponibles sous la forme d'un second logiciel libre.
Tzavala, Marilena. "Towards an improved description of spectroscopies for materials with localized electrons : Effective potentials and interactions." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLX100/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to develop approximations to describe many-body effects in photoemission and optical properties of materials containing localized electrons. This is a tough problem. The full quantum-mechanical treatment is based on the solution of the Schrödinger equation for the many-body wavefunction, which is cumbersome and requires in practice some approximations. One simplified approach is given by Density Functional Theory (DFT) with the Kohn-Sham system of independent particles, but it is difficult to access properties other than the density and total energy. In this thesis we start from an in principle exact framework, the Green's functions. They are intermediate in complexity between DFT and the full wavefunction methods.For the removal or excitation of a localized electron one important point is to avoid self-interaction and self-screening. This is naturally achieved when one uses a generalized Coulomb interaction (Chap.3). Moreover, supposing that the localized electron has little overlap with the others, we can think that their interaction is classical. Then the main many-body effect is the reaction of the other electrons to the removal or excitation of the localized electron: this is screening of the hole or electron-hole pair by the other electrons. However, in many standard approximations in the Green's functions framework, such as GW or the cumulant expansion, screening appears in the linear response approximation. Instead, we can expect that the removal or excitation of a localized electron is a strong perturbation to the other electrons. Therefore, it could be that non-linear contributions to screening are important. How can we verify when this is true? And how can we include these effects? On the other hand, even in linear response one could do better than standard approximations, because the linear response screening itself is often calculated in the Random Phase Approximation (RPA). How much do things improve when one goes beyond the RPA but stays in linear response? We address these points in the thesis.Concerning the screening, in Chap.5 we first use a simple zero-dimensional model to study on one side, effects beyond the RPA within linear reponse and, on the other side, effects beyond linear response but staying within the RPA. Interestingly, we find that we have to treat both at the same time in order to find significant improvement. This means that we have to find promising ways to go beyond the RPA that are simple enough to allow us to go to the non-linear regime. Therefore we develop approximations based on perturbation theory and test some already existent ones in the model.Screening is expressed through the dielectric function, which gives us also directly absorption. This is another reason to study it. In order to be more realistic than the zero-dimensional model, in Chap.6 we study the dielectric function of a simple solid using localized Wannier functions. This allows us to highlight cancellations between self-energy and excitonic effects in the framework of Green's functions and from this derive a simple Kohn Sham exchange-correlation potential and kernel for Time-Dependent DFT (TDDFT).In Chap.7 we go back to the problem of non-linear screening and address the question: how can we make it appear explicitly in the full formulation? We show how to do this,and how to use the approximation of a localized electron in order to derive a cumulant Green's function beyond the standard linear response one. We propose two levels of approximations to evaluate the resulting expression in practice, and show some preliminary results. In both cases, TDDFT is used to describe screening.Since a combination of Green's functions and TDDFT seems to be a good strategy to simplify the many-body problem, Chap.8 contains some more considerations about possible combinations
Véniard, Valérie. "Transitions à un et deux photons dans le spectre continu du potentiel coulombien." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066152.
Full textOnopriienko, Oleg. "Mécanique de rupture des matériaux piézoélectriques avec des conditions électriques mixtes aux faces de la fissure d'interface." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC085.
Full textActive materials, first of all piezoelectric and piezo-electro-magnetic ones, are often used as functional parts of different electronic devices including sensors, transducers and actuators because these materials have the ability to change their shape under electric or magnetic field. In many cases the size of the mentioned devices is relatively small, but nevertheless they can undergo to very large mechanical, electric and magnetic fields. Moreover, these devices are usually constructed of elements which can be manufactured of different materials (piezoelectric or piezoelectromagnetic elements, electrodes etc.). Because of an imperfect adhesion of the mentioned elements different defects, like debonding and delamination, can occur between different elements. These situations may take place during the manufacture and exploitation of the active smart structures. The mentioned defects between different constitutive elements are called interface cracks. These cracks are usually the main reason of constructions failure, therefore, their investigation is very important for avoidance of such failure and providing the reliability of electronic devices. Various methods of the investigation of fracture mechanics problems for piezoelectric and piezoelectromagnetic bodies with interface cracks have been developed up to now. The methods of interface crack investigations essentially depend on the modeling of the electrical conditions at the crack faces. Because cracks are usually filled with some medium (air, silicon oil, water and so on), it is desirable to take the properties of this medium into consideration. On this reason the so called electrically permeable, impermeable and limited permeable crack models are developed and actively used at present. Moreover, the crack faces can be sometimes covered with electrodes or the crack can be filled by conducting fluid. In both cases the so called electrically conducting crack model should be applied. Many problems for interface cracks in the framework of the mentioned electric crack models are already solved, however some important problems remains unresolved till nowadays. The solution of these problems defines the tasks of the present investigation. First of all it should be mentioned that the analytical investigation of interface cracks with mixed electrical conditions at the crack faces are unknown for the author of this thesis. Therefore the first task of the work is related to the investigation of an interface crack in a piezoelectric bimaterial under the action of antiplane mechanical and in-plane electric loadings provided that one part of the crack faces is electrically conducting whilst another one is electrically permeable. Due to the presentation of electromechanical quantities via sectionally-analytic functions the problem is reduced to the combined Dirichlet-Riemann boundary value problem and solved exactly. All electromechanical characteristics along the interface, including the stress intensity factors, are found in a simple analytical form. The second task is devoted to the consideration of a conductive crack and an electrode interaction at a piezoelectric bi-material interface under the action of anti-plane mechanical loading and in-plane electrical field parallel to the crack faces. Special attention is devoted to the consideration of new interface crack model, which is free from the oscillation in case of completely permeable interface (no electrode) outside of the crack. The analytical approach based upon complex potentials method is used. The third task is associated with the first one, but for piezoelectromagnetic material and an additional in-plane magnetic loading. The presentations of mechanical, electric and magnetic quantities via sectionally-analytic functions are found and the problems of linear relationship are formulated and solved exactly for any lengths of electro-magneto conducting and electro-magneto permeable parts of the crack. (...)
Levernier, René-Bertrand. "Problèmes posés par l'estimation des sinusoï͏̈des amorties au travers de l'estimation en temps court des potentiels évoqués et de leur mesure." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112395.
Full textPuljak, Ivica. "Potentiel de découverte du boson de Higgs dans le canal H -> ZZ* -> 4e * avec le détecteur CMS : contribution à la construction du calorimètre électromagnétique de CMS." Paris 6, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA066391.
Full textGoncalves, Carlos Alberto. "Techniques d'évaluation de la vitesse de conduction des potentiels d'action musculaires : application à l'interprétation des remaniements spectraux de l'électromyogramme." Compiègne, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985COMPI195.
Full textBernier, Anne. "Le mercure comme atome à deux électrons : détermination et mise en oeuvre d'un pseudopotentiel relativiste : surfaces de potentiel du systeme HgH₂, interprétation de la réactivité du mercure avec le dihydrogène." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112181.
Full textMatias, Jérémy. "La distraction par des stimuli associés à une récompense et le contrôle attentionnel dans des tâches de recherche visuelle." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAL010/document.
Full textIn our daily activities, selective attention allow us to select task-relevant information among irrelevant ones, in order to maintain consistent, goal-directed behavior. However, sometimes, a completely irrelevant stimulus can capture our attention against our will and, as a result, produce a distraction phenomenon. Distraction was initially considered to be essentially dependent on the perceptual salience of the distractors. Nevertheless, recent studies have shown that stimuli associated with reward outcome (i.e., with a reward history) are also likely to produce particularly robust and persistent distraction effects (regardless of their relevance to the task at hand and their perceptual salience). Alongside, a large body of works has been devoted to the study of attentional control, which could prevent distraction by perceptually salient distractors. However, to date, very little work has attempted to manipulate the quality of the attentional control that could be implemented to avoid distraction by reward history. The objective of our work was therefore to determine whether, and if so, under what conditions, reward-distractors could be ignored or, on the contrary, could resist attentional control. Seven studies were conducted with neutral visual stimuli associated with (monetary or social) reward outcome, in order to investigate how they could affect task performance when they appeared as distractors in visual search tasks. Attentional control was manipulated by varying the perceptual (i.e., perceptual load: Studies 1 and 2), cognitive (i.e., cognitive load: Study 3) or sensory (i.e., sensory degradation: Studies 4-7) demands imposed by the task. We have shown that high-reward distractor interference resists to perceptual load increase, unlike that caused by only salient distractor (Study 1). Our event-related potentials study (Study 2) suggests that this effect may be due to an enhanced attentional capture (N2pc) under low perceptual load and by a less effective attentional suppression (Pd) under high perceptual load for high-reward distractors. Next, contrary to our expectations, no effect of reward history was observed when manipulating cognitive load (Study 3), leading us to propose that our manipulation could have drained the cognitive resources necessary to learn the distractor-reward association. Then, we have shown that the increase in time pressure (Studies 4-5), known to promote the early selection of relevant targets, could also enhanced the difficulty to ignore distractors under some circumstances. Nevertheless, in these conditions, the mere fact that rewarded distractors may appear seems to increase the difficulty to ignore the distractors, more than the time pressure itself. Finally, our last two studies (Studies 6-7) mobilized a more ecological visual search task, involving pictures of driving situations taken from a driver point-of-view, in which reward distractors were displayed on the screen of a smartphone in the vehicle cabin. The sensory degradation of the target (achieved by increasing the fog density outside the car) has led to greater distraction for distractors paired with a social reward, especially for people with a high level of FoMO (Fear of Missing Out; that is, the pervasive apprehension that others might be having rewarding social experiences from which one is absent). These results are discussed in the light of the literature on distraction by reward history and attentional control, in order to integrate the reward history into these models. Moreover, our observations are discussed under the scope of applied researches that focused on driver distraction, in which our work has a particular resonance
Carrière, Nicolas. "Troubles du contrôle des impulsions au cours de la maladie de Parkinson, étude électro-encéphalographique de l’intégration de la récompense et modifications de la connectivité fonctionnelle cérébrale de repos en imagerie par résonance magnétique." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S060/document.
Full textBackgroundIn Parkinson’s disease, dopamine agonists are associated with an increased risk of impulse control disorders (ICD). Their occurrence is supposed to be related with a deregulation of the dopaminergic meso-limbic pathway, involved in the processing of the consequences of previous action to adapt future behaviors. Dopamine agonists, through a tonic stimulation of the dopamine receptors would lead to an overestimation of the positive consequences of actions, and therefore, continuation of a harmful behavior.Method:We investigated (i) the resting-state striato-cortical functional connectivity using functional MRI, and (ii) electro-encephalographic (EEG) markers of feedback processing during a gambling task : the feedback related negativity (FRN), the feedback related positivity, (FRP), and the theta band oscillations (4-7 Hz) in 20 Parkinson’s disease patients with an active ICD, 19 Parkinson’s disease patients without ICD, and 19 healthy subjects.Functional MRI: The ventral striatum, dorsal caudate, and anterior and posterior putamen were semi-automatically segmented. For each region of interest, a seed-based connectivity analysis was performed on preprocessed fMRI data mapped on the ipsilateral cortical surface.Neurophysiological approach: The subjects underwent an EEG while performing a gambling task. The EEG was averaged for each condition and each subject. The FRP amplitude was measured in Cz, and the FRN amplitude was measured in Fz on the difference wave between the potential evoked by losses and by gains. The power spectra were computed by using a sinusoidal Morlet wavelet transform and averaged by condition. The maximum power in the theta frequency band was computed for each participant and each condition.Results:Cortico-striatal connectivity analysis: The presence of an ICD in patients with PD was associated with functional disconnection between the left anterior putamen and both the left inferior temporal and anterior cingulate gyrus. ICD patients also displayed a trend toward a functional disconnection between (i) the left anterior putamen and the inferior frontal gyrus, (ii) the posterior putamen and the inferior temporal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, posterior cingulate, and medial frontal gyrus on the left, as well as the medial frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, and cingulate gyrus on the right, (iii) the dorsal caudate and the gyrus rectus and orbitofrontal cortex, and the middle frontal and inferior temporal gyrus on the left.Evoked potentials: In Parkinson’s disease patients without ICD and healthy controls, the FRP was greater after gains that after losses following a non-risky choice. There was no difference in FRP amplitude after losses and gains in Parkinson’s disease patients with ICD.Time-frequency analysis: At Cz, positive outcomes (gains) were associated with greater theta power than negative outcomes (losses) in Parkinson’s disease patients without ICD and in healthy controls, but not in Parkinson’s disease patients with ICD. There was an increase in theta power after unexpectedly high outcomes, at Fz in healthy controls and in FCz in Parkinson’s disease patients with ICD, whereas theta power was not modulated by the magnitude of the outcome in PD patients without ICDs.Conclusions:Parkinson’s disease patients with ICD have an alteration in EEG markers of reward in line with an altered discrimination of gains and losses and a greater sensitivity to unexpectedly high outcomes, supposed to lead to a significant activation in the dopaminergic meso-limbic pathways. These findings are in line with a dysfunction in reward processing in ICD in Parkinson’s disease. This dysfunction is associated, at rest, with an alteration in striato-cortical connectivity that goes beyond a pure dopaminergic meso-limbic dysfunction
Leduc, Théo. "Vers un potentiel multipolaire quantitatif et transférable aux macromolécules biologiques : une étude méthodologique des effets de la polarisabilité." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0223.
Full textThe goal of this work is to improve the understanding of non-covalent interactions, from the study of electron density, notably applied to protein-ligand complexes. The electron density is a relatively conserved property of atoms in similar molecular environments. This preliminary observation establishes the transferability principle. This approximation is at the root of database-based approaches, such as the ELMAM2 atom type library. This database makes it possible to reconstruct the electron density of biological molecules from fragments observed during high-resolution crystallographic experiments (and expressed in the Hansen and Coppens multipolar model). Determination of a specific type of electrostatic interaction, the interaction between induced dipole moments, profits of an innovative approach. Transferable experimental electronic densities are complemented by theoretical polarizabilities. Polarizabilities describe the response of the electron density to the application of an electric field, in order to model the classical interaction between induced dipoles. The development of new software tools, integrated into the MoProSuite software, allows several focal area presented in this manuscript. The transferability of atomic polarizabilities is discussed to evaluate their conservation between different molecular environments. Short-range interactions between molecules involve very strong electric fields. Their effect is taken into account by modelling the polarization phenomenon. The adjunction of polarization to the transferred electron density is evaluated on biological systems and small organic molecules. These transferred, then polarized, densities make it possible to calculate accurate electrostatic interaction energies, which are compared to a theoretical benchmark and an experimental case study. The study of scalar field topology, in the case of the electrostatic potential within protein-ligand complexes, is at an early stage of development. The model and the new tools developed in this thesis are steps toward the application of this approach, which describes the shape of the fields of density and electrostatic potential, to biological systems
Bergeron, Hervé. "Étude des potentiels effectifs par les symétries et supersymétries : applications aux atomes excités en couche interne et externe, ainsi qu'aux ions moléculaires." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112010.
Full textKuna, Marine. "Mise en oeuvre du calorimètre électromagnétique d'ATLAS et de la reconstruction des électrons avec les premières données du collisssionneur de protons LHC. Détermination du potentiel d découverte d'un boson de jauge lourd chargé W^(' )→ev." Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00522254.
Full textVialatte, François Benoît. "Modélisation en bosses pour l'analyse de motifs oscillatoires reproductibles dans l'activité de populations neuronales: applications à l'apprentissage olfactif chez l'animal et à la détection précoce de la maladie d'Alzheimer." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001508.
Full textDuffiet, Marie. "Compréhension des mécanismes structuraux limitant les performances de LiCoO2 à haut potentiel dans des batteries Li-ion et optimisations des matériaux par dopage Al." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0083.
Full textLithium cobalt oxide (LCO) is widely used as positive electrode material for Li-ion batteries. In order to achieve higher energy density, significant improvement of LCO’s packing density has been recently done by controlling the particles morphology and electrode processing. However, the upper charge cutoff voltage of LCO has barely changed, and would be a way to further enhance the energy density.In this PhD, we focus first in a careful preparation of different LCO samples with an accurate control of the Li stoichiometry (1.00 ≤ Li/Co ≤ 1.04) and particles size to characterize their electrochemical properties. For some selected samples, we study the phase transition mechanisms involved at high voltage during Li de intercalation using in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SXRD): more phase transitions than previously reported have been evidenced for the stoichiometric LCO (Li/Co = 1.00) charged up to 5.2 V. In particular, while the formation of the H1 3 and O1 phases is confirmed, intermediate intergrowth structures are also stabilized. The existence of defects in overlithiated LCO (Li/Co > 1.00) does not hinder, but delay the formation of the high voltage of H1 3 and O1 phases, although structurally modified.In a second part, we focus on the material optimization though 4% Al-doping using a solid state route. Several compounds were prepared using various Li/(Al+Co) stoichiometries, with different particles sizes. Our efforts were dedicated to accurately characterize the Al doping homogeneity in the samples that affects the electrochemical properties. Using SXRD and 7Li, 27Al and 59Co MAS NMR as complementary tools, we show that homogeneous Al-doping in stoichiometric LCO can be achieved using Li-excess in a first step of the synthesis followed by a stoichiometry readjustment to Li/(Co+Al) = 1.00
Janot, Jean-Marc. "Étude de l'intermédiaire flavosémiquinone du flavocytochrome b2." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066112.
Full textBoutalib, Abderrahim. "Etude théorique de la surface de potentiel du système HO::(2) + H. : Influence de la corrélation électronique." Pau, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PAUU3009.
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