Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Potentiels de latéralisation motrice'
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Welniarz, Quentin. "Les fondements neurophysiologiques de la latéralisation motrice : le paradigme des mouvements en miroir." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066235/document.
Full textMirror movements are involuntary symmetrical movements of one side of the body that mirror voluntary movements of the other side. Congenital mirror movements (CMM) is a rare genetic disorder transmitted in autosomal dominant manner, in which mirror movements are the only clinical abnormality. Two structures are involved in the physiopathology of CMM: the corpus callosum (CC) and the corticospinal tract (CST). The two main culprit genes identified so far are DCC and RAD51. While the role of DCC in commissural axons guidance during development is well known, RAD51 is involved in DNA repair, and its link with CMM was totally unexpected. In mice, we investigated the role of RAD51 and DCC in the development of the CC and CST, as well as the role of these two structures in motor lateralization. We showed that DCC controls CST midline crossing in an indirect manner. Our work clarified the role of RAD51 in neocortex development, but how RAD51 influences motor system development remains unknown. We compared a group of CMM patients with healthy volunteers to investigate the lateralization of cortical activity during movement preparation. We showed that activation of motor/premotor areas and interhemispheric interactions during movement preparation differed between the CMM patients and healthy volunteers. Transient inhibition of the supplementary motor area (SMA) in the healthy volunteers resulted in abnormal interhemispheric interactions during movement preparation, reminiscent of the situation observed in the patients. These results suggest the SMA is involved in lateralized movements preparation, potentially by modulating interhemispheric interactions via the CC
Guiard, Yves. "Latéralisation manuelle et spécialisation hémisphérique chez l'Homme : réflexions théoriques et contributions expérimentales." Aix-Marseille 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986AIX22071.
Full textPfeuty, Micha. "Perception de la durée d'intervalles simples et séquentiels : étude comportementale et électrophysiologique." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066265.
Full textRoux, Sébastien. "L'influence des aspects temporels dans la planification motrice : activité neuronale, interactions neuronales, potentiels de champs locaux." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2006AIX22068.pdf.
Full textNeuronal correlates of movement preparation and execution are generally studied by using tasks in which the different steps of the motor plan are triggered by stimuli. However in natural conditions, movements are rarely triggered. Time estimation processes play an important role in motor performance, but only a few studies take this fact in account. To study the influence of time estimation processes in motor cortical activity, we trained monkeys to estimate and discriminate durations in order to perform the required arm reaching movement. Movements were either self initiated or triggered by a signal. We also manipulated the probability of signal occurrence to induce signal expectancy. By using a multi-electrode device, we recorded multiple single-neuron activity and local field potentials (LFP) in primary motor cortex (MI). We found neuronal correlates of time estimation processes in motor cortical activity, such as single neuron activity, precise spike synchronizations and LFP patterns linked to signal expectancy. To better understand the relationship between spiking activity and LFPs, we also studied the correlation between the two. In general, we found that, for a given mouvement, neuronal activity is largely influenced by the temporal context of the task
Spieser, Laure. "Ré-agir vite et bien à une perturbation de mouvement : étude des mécanismes corticaux par couplage EEG-TMS chez l'homme." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20685/document.
Full textIn everyday life, our actions can be perturbed by rapid variations of environmentalexternal forces. In order to achieve our goals, we have to react “well and fast” to thesemovement perturbations. This reaction implies both cognitive and sensorimotor processes. Wewere interested in the cortical mechanisms (mainly involving the primary motor cortex, M1)underlying the interaction between cognitive and sensorimotor functions that allows theadaptation of the reaction to the perturbation according to the intention. We tried to relate themechanisms implicated during the preparation with those implicated during the realization ofthe reaction. With combined EEG-TMS (with EMG recording), we used a stimulation-recordingapproach, allowing simultaneous observation of cortical and corticospinal mechanisms, bothbefore and after the stimulation. This approach helps to obtain to a better understanding of therelationship between cerebral activity and behavior.In the first experiment, we used a central motor perturbation, i.e. subjects were asked toresist or to assist a movement evoked directly at the cortical level using TMS. We showed thatcognitive processes can directly influence cortical and corticospinal excitability before anyinvolvement of the sensorimotor processes related to the movement execution. When subjectsprepared to resist the TMS-evoked movement, the anticipatory increased activity of theintracortical inhibitory networks of M1 decreased the cortical excitability, leading to adecreased corticospinal excitability and thus to a reduced TMS-evoked movement.In the following experiments (2, 3 and 4), we were interested in cortical andcorticospinal mechanisms engaged during the preparation and the reaction to a peripheralmovement perturbation. We asked subjects either to resist or to not-react (to “let-go”) to apassive wrist extension, and we studied the mechanisms underlying the modulation of the longlatency stretch reflex (LLSR, starting about 50 ms after the perturbation) according to theintention. Concerning the corticospinal excitability, the results showed that, during thepreparation of a reaction to a peripheral perturbation, the anticipatory tuning of thecorticospinal excitability takes into account sensorimotor integrative phenomenons induced bythe afferent input due to the perturbation in such a way that the reaction, triggered by theafferent inputs, is adapted to the subject’s intention (experiment 2). At the cortical level, achange of M1 intracortical network activity (before the perturbation) precedes the modulationof the primary sensorimotor cortex activity that is linked to the LLSR generation (after theperturbation). This strongly suggests that anticipatory processes preset the primarysensorimotor cortex in order to adapt its early response to the perturbation according to thesubject’s intention (experiment 3). Finally, temporary inactivation of SMA proper (induced byTMS) showed that this non-primary motor area is also implicated in the modulation of thestretch reflex according to the intention (experiment 4).In conclusion, when we expect a motor perturbation, intention-specific preparatoryprocesses are engaged in SMA proper and the primary sensorimotor cortex that are differentfrom those involved in the realization of a movement without external force variations. Thesepreparatory processes allow the early motor reaction, generated by the primary sensorimotorcortex (triggered by the afferent input induced by the perturbation) to be adapted to thesubject’s intention
Hamon, Jean-François. "Apport des potentiels liés à l'événement à l'analyse de l'organisation du traitement de l'information sensori-motrice et de ses perturbations chez l'homme." Nice, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990NICE4384.
Full textDefebvre, Luc. "Etude spatiotemporelle de la desynchronisation des rythmes eeg et des potentiels de preparation motrice lors d'un mouvement autocommande de flexion du poignet. Application dans la maladie de parkinson." Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA112079.
Full textReyns, Nicolas. "Rôle du cortex moteur dans la modulation des afférences somesthésiques : modèle de la stimulation électrique du cortex moteur." Lille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL2S022.
Full textMéligne, Déborah. "Étude comportementale et électrophysiologique chez des volontaires sains et des patients atteints de la maladie de Parkinson." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1462/.
Full textDespite motor and linguistic systems were for a long time considered as being independent, current cognitive theories postulate that action and language are functionally linked in the brain. The present work aimed to provide new arguments about a hotly debated question: do perception and comprehension of action words depend on motor circuits? Using two types of priming paradigms, we assessed the question of whether the deficit reaching the frontal motor loop in Parkinson's Disease (PD) does affect semantic access for actions words specifically, by comparing behavioral performance and electrophysiological data in patients with PD, once deprived of L-DOPA or deep brain stimulation of subthalamic nucleus and after those treatments were re-established. Our results primary showed that motor system would not be necessary to access semantic knowledge about action words, but they provide strong arguments supporting that cortical motor regions contribute to action words processing facilitation. Overall, this work thus highlights two important principles governing the neural instantiation of semantic knowledge: first, neural support and access for semantic representations for abstract on the one hand and concrete concepts on the other hand are partly distinct; second, action and language processing share a neural integration system, at least partially, action words processing being facilitated by the recruitment of motor regions
Confais, Joachim. "Timing dans le cortex moteur : de l'anticipation d'un indice spatial à la préparation du mouvement : =Timing in motor cortex : from cue anticipation to movement preparation." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5015/document.
Full textThe temporal context deeply shapes the motor cortical activity (spikes and LFPs), during movement preparation but also outside movement preparation
Ponce, Alvarez Adrián. "Probabilistic models for studying variability in single-neuron and neuronal ensemble activity." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20706.
Full textA hallmark of cortical activity is its high degree of variability. The present work focused on (i) the variability ofintervals between spikes that single neurons emit, called spike time irregularity (STI), and (ii) the variability inthe temporal evolution of the collective neuronal activity. First, I studied the STI of macaque motor corticalneurons during time estimation and movement preparation. I found that although the firing rate of the neuronstransmitted information about these processes, the STI of a neuron is not flexible and is determined by thebalance of excitatory and inhibitory inputs. These results were obtained by means of an irregularity measure thatI compared to other existing measures. Second, I analyzed the neuronal ensemble activity of severalsomatosensory and motor cortical areas of macaques during tactile discrimination. I showed that ensembleactivity can be effectively described by the Hidden Markov Model (HMM). Both sensory and decision-makingprocesses were distributed across many areas. Moreover, I showed that decision-related changes in neuronalactivity rely on a noise-driven mechanism and that the maintenance of the decision relies on transient dynamics,subtending the conversion of a decision into an action. Third, I characterized the statistics of spontaneous UP andDOWN states in the prefrontal cortex of a rat, using the HMM. I showed that state alternation is stochastic andthe activity during UP states is dynamic. Hence, variability is prominent both during active behavior andspontaneous activity and is determined by structural factors, thus rending it inherent to cortical organization andshaping the function of neural networks
Saradjian, Anahid. "Mise en évidence d'une facilitation proprioceptive corticale pendant la planificationd'un pas exécuté ou imaginé. : Etude en microgravité et normogravité." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4061.
Full textSensory inputs can be attenuated from the periphery to the cortex during voluntary movements. Our hypothesis is that the somatosensory information could be facilitated during the planning of a step. It would appear dysfunctional to suppress somatosensory information, which is considered to be of the utmost importance for gait planning. We recorded somatosensory potentials (SEPs) evoked by bilateral ankle vibration to stimulate proprioception. Results showed that cortical early evoked component remained unchanged but a negative late component was significantly increased during step planning. To determine whether this facilitation of proprioceptive inputs was related to gravitational equilibrium constraints, we performed the same experiment in microgravity. In the absence of equilibrium constraints, both components did not significantly differ between the static and stepping conditions, despite the restoration of a body in space reference frame.This late facilitation occurred during kinesthetic motor imagery of a planned step, suggesting that mental imagery would integrate postura and balance constraints required for the task, as it was confirmed byt the lack of this facilitation during the planning of an imagined step in microgravity.These observations provide neurophysiological evidence that the brain exerts a dynamic control over the transmission of the afferent signal according to their current relevance during movement preparation.These processes should be based on internal model of action involving the physical laws of motion (1g-model) as this sensory facilitation was suppressed in microgravity when planning motor imagery
Bradley, Claire. "The first steps of cortical somatosensory and nociceptive processing in humans : anatomical generators, functional plasticity, contribution to sensory memory and modulation by cortical stimulation." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10213.
Full textThe somatosensory system participates in both non-nociceptive and nociceptive information Processing. In this thesis work, we model and characterize the electrical activity of the operculo-insular cortex within non-painful and nociceptive networks, using non-invasive electrophysiological recordings in humans. Validity of the modeled response to a nociceptive stimulus was evaluated by comparing it to intra-cranial recordings in epileptic patients, revealing excellent concordance. We went on to use this model to determine whether a technique of non-invasive cortical stimulation currently used to relieve neuropathic pain (motor cortex magnetic stimulation) was able to modulate acute nociceptive processing in healthy participants. We show that this intervention is not more efficacious than placebo stimulation in blocking nociception. This raises questions regarding the mechanisms of action of this technique in patients, which might implicate a modulation of pain perception at a higher level of processing. Finally, we attempted to stimulate the operculo-insular cortex directly, using three different methods. Low-frequency intra-cortical stimulation in epileptic, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the same region in healthy participants and multipolar transcranial electrical stimulation (tDCS).Altogether, the studies presented here show how a non-invasive approach in humans allows characterising and modulating the activity of the operculo-insular cortex. While this region might be an interesting target for future treatment of drug-resistant pain, its stimulation in patients would require further investigation of parameters and procedures
Morand-Beaulieu, Simon. "Effets électrophysiologiques d’une thérapie cognitivo-comportementale pour traiter le syndrome de Gilles de la Tourette et le trouble de tics chroniques." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11794.
Full textGilles de la Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorder are two neuropsychiatric condition involving motor and/or phonic tics. In the DSM, these two conditions are characterized as “tic disorders”. Patients with such diagnoses face numerous comorbidities, and also show multiple neuropsychological impairments, especially concerning inhibition and motor processing. Tic symptoms, as well as general condition, can be improved with a cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT). To this end, we recorded, during a stimulus-response compatibility task, event-related potentials and lateralized readiness potentials in 20 patients with tic disorder and 20 healthy controls. Patients and controls were paired on age, sex and hand dominance. Our result revealed a delay in stimulus-locked lateralized readiness potential (LRP) onset latency, higher response-locked LRP peak amplitude and a frontal overactivation related to stimulus inhibition in GTS and CTD patients. Following CBT, stimulus-locked LRP onset latency and response-locked LRP peak amplitude were normalized, but the frontal overactivation related to inhibition processing remained unchanged. These results suggest that CBT induces a modification of pre-motor processes such as response selection and preparation, as well as motor processes like response execution, but does not affect cortical activation related to stimulus inhibition. Since we found a reduction in tic symptoms, as well as a normalization of stimulus-locked LRP onset latency and response-locked LRP peak amplitude, and because LRPs are partly generated by the supplementary motor area, we suggest that CBT leads to a modification of this structure’s functioning.
Germain, Martine. "Effets des variations œstrogéniques féminines sur les potentiels évoqués cognitifs durant une tâche de rotation mentale." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10045.
Full textAfter many behavioral and some neuroimaging studies, it appears that the gonadic hormones can modulate the neuronal function of women's brain. In particular, the functional cerebral asymmetries can be affected by the level of progesterone and estrogens. It has been observed that when the level of estrogen is low, the performance at task that engages more the right hemisphere is enhanced. However, there is a lack of evidence for the physiological actions of these two hormones on the brain. The few event-related potential studies taking into account the menstrual cycle effects, had noticed that the component P300 can be affected. No electrophysiological study has used a mental rotation task or spatial ability tests which are known for their right hemisphere dominance. The aim of the present research is to document the effect of hormonal variations on the electrocortical activity, using a mental rotation task. Our hypothesis is that estrogen levels affect electrocortical activity and lateralization. The ERPs were compared in the same women (n = 12) during a mental rotation task, repeated over two periods of the menstrual cycle. Our results show a lateralization of the left parietal activity when estrogen levels are low and during the rotation. Whereas when the estrogen level is high, there is no lateralization. In addition, we observed an increase in the amplitude of P300 for this same high level. In conclusion, estrogens fluctuations associated with the menstrual cycle have an impact on the lateralization of electrocortical activity, when a mental rotation is needed.
Gallagher, Anne. "Nouvelles techniques d'investigation de la latéralisation du langage à l'aide de l'électrophysiologie et de l'imagerie optique." Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6379.
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