Journal articles: 'Potentiometry. Water Electronic measurements'

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Deleebeeck, Lisa, Alan Snedden, Dániel Nagy, Zsófia Szilágyi Nagyné, Matilda Roziková, Martina Vičarová, Agnes Heering, et al. "Unified pH Measurements of Ethanol, Methanol, and Acetonitrile, and Their Mixtures with Water." Sensors 21, no. 11 (June 7, 2021): 3935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113935.

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Measurement of pH in aqueous-organic mixtures with different compositions is of high importance in science and technology, but it is, at the same time, challenging both from a conceptual and practical standpoint. A big part of the difficulty comes from the fundamental incomparability of conventional pH values between solvents (spH, solvent-specific scales). The recent introduction of the unified pH (pHabs) concept opens up the possibility of measuring pH, expressed as pHabsH2O, in a way that is comparable between solvent, and, thereby, removing the conceptual problem. However, practical issues remain. This work presents the experience of the authors with measuring pHabsH2O values in mixtures of methanol, ethanol, and acetonitrile, with water, but without the presence of buffers or other additives. The aim was to assigned pHabsH2O values to solvent–water mixtures using differential potentiometry and the ‘pHabs-ladder’ method. Measurements were made of the potential difference between glass electrodes immersed in different solutions, separated by an ionic liquid salt bridge. Data were acquired for a series of solutions of varying solvent content. This work includes experiences related to: a selection of commercial electrodes, purity of starting material, and comparability between laboratories. Ranges of pHabsH2O values for selected compositions of solvent–water mixtures are presented.

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Wiora, J., A. Kozyra, and A. Wiora. "Towards automation of measurement processes of surface water parameters by a remote-controlled catamaran." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 65, no. 3 (June 27, 2017): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bpasts-2017-0039.

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AbstractThis paper describes a way of determining selected water parameters using a prototype of a remote-controlled catamaran. The remote controlling allows to steer the boat and to manage the measurement process from the shore. It is possible to monitor the water parameters online as well as to store them and analyze them afterwards. The measured parameters are determined mainly using potentiometric methods and include several ion concentrations. The system is orientated towards monitoring breeding ponds or other similar surface waters. The mechanical construction of the catamaran, its electronic circuits and implemented software are described in detail in the paper. Conclusions obtained from preliminary tests are also included. The described construction allows analysts to perform simple and inexpensive remote measurements or assessments of water quality and reduces the time of such analysis in comparison to traditional sampling.

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Nowak, S., and B. Herod. "The Influence of Lubrication on Electrical and Mechanical Parameters of Potentiometer Resistive Element." Active and Passive Electronic Components 12, no. 1 (1985): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1985/64056.

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Fixed resistors are usually protected against environmental influences. For this aim, special lacquers are used. Much of the environmental qualities of such a resistor are directly related to its enclosure.The resistive element of the potentiometer cannot be protected in the same way. The producers of quality potentiometers, especially thin film ones, designed an effective seal of their housing but it leads to an increase in production costs.The first researches on thin film resistive elements for potentiometers, proved the major sensitivity of the unit to moisture cycling, because of high water chemisorption on the resistive element surface.The chemisorption effect has the major influence on the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR), because at a higher temperature, water desorption is occuring and the resistance of the film is undergoing a change.However, the IEC Standard recommends dry out of resistive elements before TCR measurement; the potentiometer users feel that total resistance changes as a sum of temperature change and drying out change.The present paper deals with trials to eliminate this disadvantage of thin film potentiometers by protection against moisture.The protective coating should, because of its affinity to the resistive film, form durable protection against environmental influences, but should not increase the contact resistance of the wiper (CRV). Such a coating also should not increase the friction coefficient of the wiper.To verify the hypothesis that polar lubricants can play a part in protective coating of thin film potentiometers, several different lubricants have been examined.

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Ghalami-Choobar, Bahram, and Mohsen Mohammadian. "Thermodynamic modeling of the KCl+glucose+water system based on potentiometric measurements at 298.15K." Journal of Molecular Liquids 154, no. 1 (July 2010): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2010.03.008.

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Thuy, Nguyen Thi Dieu, Xiaochan Wang, Guo Zhao, Tingyu Liang, and Zaihan Zou. "A Co3O4 Nanoparticle-Modified Screen-Printed Electrode Sensor for the Detection of Nitrate Ions in Aquaponic Systems." Sensors 22, no. 24 (December 12, 2022): 9730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249730.

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In this study, a screen-printed electrode (SPE) modified with cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4 NPs) was used to create an all-solid-state ion-selective electrode used as a potentiometric ion sensor for determining nitrate ion (NO3−) concentrations in aquaculture water. The effects of the Co3O4 NPs on the characterization parameters of the solid-contact nitrate ion-selective electrodes (SC-NO3−-ISEs) were investigated. The morphology, physical properties and analytical performance of the proposed NO3−-ion selective membrane (ISM)/Co3O4 NPs/SPEs were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), potentiometric measurements, and potentiometric water layer tests. Once all conditions were optimized, it was confirmed that the screen-printed electrochemical sensor had high potential stability, anti-interference performance, good reproducibility, and no water layer formation between the selective membrane and the working electrode. The developed NO3−-ISM/Co3O4 NPs/SPE showed a Nernstian slope of −56.78 mV/decade for NO3− detection with a wide range of 10−7–10−2 M and a quick response time of 5.7 s. The sensors were successfully used to measure NO3− concentrations in aquaculture water. Therefore, the electrodes have potential for use in aquaponic nutrient solution applications with precise detection of NO3− in a complicated matrix and can easily be used to monitor other ions in aquaculture water.

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Deyhimi, Farzad, and Bahram Ghalami-Choobar. "Determination of activity coefficients for NH4Cl in 1-propanol/water mixed solvents by potentiometric measurements." Journal of Molecular Liquids 122, no. 1-3 (November 2005): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2005.03.004.

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Yağmuroğlu, Ozan. "Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Based Potentiometric Sensor for the Selective and Sensitive Detection of Nerve Agent Simulant Parathion." Defence Science Journal 72, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.72.17625.

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In this study, a potentiometric sensor was developed for the analysis of the parahtion which is a nerve agent simulant and pesticide. A molecularly imprinted polymer was used as the recognition layer in the electrode used in the potentiometric sensor. Parathion is also used as both an organophosphorus pesticide and a nerve agent simulant. For this reason, analysis methods to be developed for parathion are very important. The most important advantages brought by MIP-based sensor systems are; fast analysis, sensitive analysis, and the ability to analyze at very low concentrations. The sensor developed in our study was validated for parathion adsorption. In our study, first, Parathion imprinted polymers were synthesized. The synthesized MIPs are used as the recognition layer in the potentiometric sensor. The characterization of parathion imprinted polymers was done by FESEM, FT-IR, and zeta-sizer measurements. Optimization of the working conditions was carried out for the developed sensor system. The working pH was found to be 7.4.Measurements were taken for parathion samples with different concentrations under optimum operating conditions. When the results obtained were examined, a large linear range (10-8-10-4 mol L-1) and a satisfying detection limit against parathion (1.86 × 10-8 mol L-1) were calculated. Interference effect analysis was carried out within the scope of the performance tests of the potentiometric sensor. The analysis showed that interference did not affect the experimental results. In order to examine the matrix effect of the real sample environment, analyses were carried out in tap water and lake water. The recovery values in the analysis results are quite good. The results of the experiments show that the sensor we have developed can be used successfully in complex matrix environments.

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Uppuluri, Kiranmai, Maryna Lazouskaya, Dorota Szwagierczak, Krzysztof Zaraska, and Martti Tamm. "Fabrication, Potentiometric Characterization, and Application of Screen-Printed RuO2 pH Electrodes for Water Quality Testing." Sensors 21, no. 16 (August 10, 2021): 5399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165399.

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Screen-printed sensing electrodes attract much attention for water pollution monitoring due to their small size, physical and chemical durability, and low cost. This paper presents the fabrication and broad potentiometric characterization of RuO2 pH sensing electrodes deposited by screen printing on alumina substrates and sintered in the 800–900 °C temperature range. All the fabricated electrodes showed close to Nernstian sensitivity, good linearity, fast response, small drift, low hysteresis, and low cross-sensitivity toward various interfering cations and anions. Furthermore, decreasing the sintering temperature led to better adhesion of the RuO2 layer and a negligible response to interfering ions. The measurements in real-life samples from different water sources showed that the fabricated electrodes are on par with conventional glass electrodes with a maximum deviation of 0.11 pH units, thus indicating their potential for application in water quality monitoring.

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Bressi, Viviana, Zahra Akbari, Morteza Montazerozohori, Angelo Ferlazzo, Daniela Iannazzo, Claudia Espro, and Giovanni Neri. "On the Electroanalytical Detection of Zn Ions by a Novel Schiff Base Ligand-SPCE Sensor." Sensors 22, no. 3 (January 25, 2022): 900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22030900.

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A novel bidentate Schiff base (L) is here proposed for the detection of Zn ions in water. The structure of the synthesized Schiff base L was characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. Optical characteristics were addressed by UV-Visible spectroscopy and Photoluminescence (PL) measurements. PL demonstrated that L displays a “turn-off” type fluorescence quenching in the presence of Zn2+ ion in aqueous solution, indicating its ability to preferentially coordinate this ion. Based on these findings, an L-M (where M is a suitable membrane) modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was developed to evaluate the electrochemical behavior of the Schiff base (L) with the final objective of undertaking the electroanalytical determination of Zn ions in water. Using various electrochemical techniques, the modified L-M/SPCE sensor demonstrates high sensitivity and selectivity to Zn ions over some common interferents ions, such as Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Ni++ and Cd++. The potentiometric response of the L-M/SPCE sensor to Zn ions was found to be linear over a relatively wide concentration range from 1 μM to 100 mM.

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Darestani-Farahani, Maryam, Ponnambalam Ravi Selvaganapathy, and Peter Kruse. "Development of Solid-State Chemiresistive Devices for Simultaneous Detection of Nitrate, Nitrite and Ammonium Ions in Aqueous Solutions." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 52 (July 7, 2022): 2139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01522139mtgabs.

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The presence of various ions is an important factor in evaluating water quality. Nitrate, nitrite and ammonium in water can cause health issues and pose environmental concerns1,2. Some sources of the nitrogen species are from natural water and some of them arise from industrial and agricultural activities. Currently commercially available sensors for measuring nitrogen compounds in water are based on colorimetric techniques and potentiometric methods incorporating ion selective electrodes. Progress still needs to be made towards fabricating devices with less instrumentation costs, less complexity, less maintenance and without need for any reagents to facilitate measurement of species1. Chemiresistive sensors are solid-state devices which can be simply fabricated from two contacts and a conductive sensing material affixed on a suitable substrate. They operate by detecting modulations in resistance of the conducting film due to surface charge transfer as a result of interactions with the analyte(s)3. Here, we demonstrate chemiresistive devices capable of quantifying aqueous nitrate, nitrite and ammonium ions selectively. Due to challenges in the aqueous phase such as ionic strength effect, probability of side reactions, non-specific bonding on the surface, low interaction energy between analyte and surface, chemiresistive technology has not been developed extensively in water quality sensors4,5. In this study, we have overcome the issues in water by coating the chemiresistive devices with selective membranes. If the fabricated sensors are used as an array, the total nitrogen concentration in water can be measured online which is a significant advance since nitrate, nitrite and ammonium may interconvert and a single nitrate, nitrite or ammonium sensor by itself cannot give the total amount of nitrogen in a sample. For device fabrication, p-doped carbon nanotubes were selected as a sensitive conductive layer which were modified with selective membranes to improve the sensing performance. Nitrite sensors worked over a dynamic range of 67 ppb to 67 ppm with a 27.6% response at 67 ppm. Nitrate showed 13.2% response from 2.2 ppm to 220 ppm. Ammonium devices operated over a dynamic range of 10 ppb to 100 ppm with a 23.6% response at 100 ppm. The proposed response mechanism involves both an electrostatic gating effect and surface charge transfer. Compared with paper-based colorimetric sensors, the proposed devices perform better with a lower detection limit and the ability to perform continuous online measurements. Moreover, the chemiresistive responses of the devices were compared with their potentiometric responses and found to be equally sensitive but more selective. Unlike ion-selective electrodes, the resulting devices do not require the use of reference electrodes and are therefore potentially more robust for use in continuous water analyzers and in resource-poor settings. The chemiresistive devices showed low interferences and good reversibility. They were also tested in river water samples and showed satisfactory results. The fabricated devices are an advanced proof of concept and have the potential to replace the current technology. Nuñez, L., Cetó, X., Pividori, M. I., Zanoni, M. V. B. & del Valle, M. Development and application of an electronic tongue for detection and monitoring of nitrate, nitrite and ammonium levels in waters. Microchem. J. 110, 273–279 (2013). Li, D., Xu, X., Li, Z., Wang, T. & Wang, C. Detection methods of ammonia nitrogen in water: A review. TrAC - Trends Anal. Chem. 127, 115890 (2020). Choi, S. J. & Kim, I. D. Recent Developments in 2D Nanomaterials for Chemiresistive-Type Gas Sensors. Electronic Materials Letters vol. 14 (The Korean Institute of Metals and Materials, 2018). Kruse, P. Review on water quality sensors. J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys. 51, (2018). Dalmieda, J., Zubiarrain-Laserna, A., Saha, D., Selvaganapathy, P. R. & Kruse, P. Impact of Surface Adsorption on Metal-Ligand Binding of Phenanthrolines. J. Phys. Chem. C 125, 21112–21123 (2021). Figure 1

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Ashtari-Delivand, Mona, and Bahram Ghalami-Choobar. "Thermodynamic study of (NaBr + L-Serine + Water) ternary system based on potentiometric measurements at T = (298.2, 308.2 and 318.2) K." Journal of Molecular Liquids 354 (May 2022): 118839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118839.

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Gopani, Paras H., Navpreet Singh, Hemanta K. Sarma, Padmaja Mattey, and Vivek R. Srivastava. "Role of Monovalent and Divalent Ions in Low-Salinity Water Flood in Carbonate Reservoirs: An Integrated Analysis through Zeta Potentiometric and Simulation Studies." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 30, 2021): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030729.

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The presence of principal ions in the water injected is essential for enhanced oil recovery by formation of water-wet state in carbonates. This study reaffirms this and presents an evaluation of the positive influence of both divalent as wells as monovalent ions on wettability alteration mechanisms during low salinity waterflooding using brines of varying ionic composition, referred to as “smart brines”. Zeta potentiometric analysis and reservoir simulation studies were conducted with diluted and smart brines that were prepared by varying the composition of principal ions. Surface charge of oil-saturated whole core samples of rock in the presence of various diluted and smart brines was estimated by zeta potential measurements. A comprehensive analysis of zeta potentiometric and reservoir simulation studies was done to establish and investigate the linkage between the recovery mechanism and the incremental recovery achieved. It is noted that zeta potential increases with the increasing level of dilution and it can be attributed to electric double-layer mechanism. On the contrary, simulation studies implied a different mechanism where an increase in effluent’s pH and Ca2+ mole fraction along with decrease in moles of minerals and saturation index implied rock dissolution was dominant mechanism. Moreover, the effect of mineral dissolution beyond the injection block is highly doubtful. This study demonstrates that an integrated approach from both zeta potentiometric and simulation studies can be used to provide insights into the underlying science of interactions at pore scale during a low salinity waterflood using smart brines. With the aid of an adequately designed upscaling procedure and protocol, the laboratory results can be further used towards developing field-scale models to obtain with realistic recovery factors with optimized brine composition and salinity.

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Bokova, Maria, Steven Dumortier, Christophe Poupin, Renaud Cousin, Mohammad Kassem, and Eugene Bychkov. "Potentiometric Chemical Sensors Based on Metal Halide Doped Chalcogenide Glasses for Sodium Detection." Sensors 22, no. 24 (December 18, 2022): 9986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249986.

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Chalcogenide glasses are widely used as sensitive membranes in the chemical sensors for heavy metal ions detection. The lack of research work on sodium ion-selective electrodes (Na+-ISEs) based on chalcogenide glasses is due to the high hygroscopicity of alkali dopes chalcogenides. However, sodium halide doped Ga2S3-GeS2 glasses are more chemically stable in water and could be used as Na+-sensitive membranes for the ISEs. In this work we have studied the physico-chemical properties of mixed cation (AgI)x(NaI)30-x(Ga2S3)26(GeS2)44 chalcogenide glasses (where x = 0, 7.5, 15, 22.5 and 30 mol.% AgI) using density, DSC, and conductivity measurements. The mixed cation effect with shallow conductivity and glass transition temperature minimum was found for silver fraction r = Ag/(Na + Ag) ≈ 0.5. Silver addition decreases the moisture resistance of the glasses. Only (AgI)22.5(NaI)7.5(Ga2S3)26(GeS2)44 composition was suitable for chemical sensors application, contrary to the single cation sodium halide doped Ga2S3-GeS2 glasses, where 15 mol.% sodium-halide-containing vitreous alloys are stable in water solutions. The analytical parameters of (NaCl)15(Ga2S3)23(GeS2)62; (NaI)15(Ga2S3)23(GeS2)62 and (AgI)22.5(NaI)7.5(Ga2S3)26(GeS2)44 glass compositions as active membranes in Na+-ISEs were investigated, including detection limit, sensitivity, linearity, ionic selectivity (in the presence of K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, and Zn2+ interfering cations), reproducibility and optimal pH-range.

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Tian, Yulan, Tao Liang, Ping Zhu, Yating Chen, Wei Chen, Liping Du, Chunsheng Wu, and Ping Wang. "Label-Free Detection of E. coli O157:H7 DNA Using Light-Addressable Potentiometric Sensors with Highly Oriented ZnO Nanorod Arrays." Sensors 19, no. 24 (December 12, 2019): 5473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19245473.

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The detection of bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is of great significance in the quality control of food and water. In this study, a light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) deposited with highly oriented ZnO nanorod arrays (NRAs) was used for the label-free detection of single-stranded bacterial DNA (ssDNA). A functional, sensitive surface for the detection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 DNA was prepared by the covalent immobilization of the specific probe single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) on the LAPS surface. The functional surface was exposed to solutions containing the target E. coli ssDNA molecules, which allowed for the hybridization of the target ssDNA with the probe ssDNA. The surface charge changes induced by the hybridization of the probe ssDNA with the target E. coli ssDNA were monitored using LAPS measurements in a label-free manner. The results indicate that distinct signal changes can be registered and recorded to detect the target E. coli ssDNA. The lower detection limit of the target ssDNA corresponded to 1.0 × 102 colony forming units (CFUs)/mL of E. coli O157:H7 cells. All the results demonstrate that this DNA biosensor, based on the electrostatic detection of ssDNA, provides a novel approach for the sensitive and effective detection of bacterial DNA, which has promising prospects and potential applications in the quality control of food and water.

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Vlasov, Yu, A. Legin, A. Rudnitskaya, C. Di Natale, and A. D'Amico. "Nonspecific sensor arrays ("electronic tongue") for chemical analysis of liquids (IUPAC Technical Report)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 77, no. 11 (January 1, 2005): 1965–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200577111965.

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The history of the development of potentiometric sensors over the past century demonstrates progress in constructing single, discrete (i.e., separate, to distinguish from sensor arrays) ion sensors, which have been made as selective as possible. Only a few types reveal high selectivity. However, easy measurement procedure, with low cost and availability, give rise to the search for new ways for their successful application. The present document describes a new concept for application of potentiometric multisensor systems, viz., sensor arrays for solution analysis, and the performance of this new analytical tool - the "electronic tongue". The electronic tongue is a multisensor system, which consists of a number of low-selective sensors and uses advanced mathematical procedures for signal processing based on the pattern recognition (PARC) and/or multivariate analysis [artificial neural networks (ANNs), principal component analysis (PCA), etc.]. Definitions of the multisensor systems and their parameters are suggested. Results from the application of the electronic tongue, both for quantitative and qualitative analysis of different mineral water and wine samples, are presented and discussed.

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Hall, T. F., R. C. Waterfall, G. J. Kakabadse, E. O. Olatoye, R. Perry, and A. E. Tipping. "Computer-Controlled On-Line Moisture Measurement in Organic Solvents Using a Novel Potentiometric Technique." Measurement and Control 22, no. 8 (October 1989): 240–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002029408902200803.

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A microcomputer-based monitoring system for the determination of residual water in organic solvents using ion-selective electrodes in a novel potentiometric method, called the proton iso-concentration technique (PICT), has been developed at UMIST. In the monitor, a sample stream is bled off and mixed with a buffer solution before passing through a cell containing a pH glass electrode, a reference electrode and an automatic temperature compensation probe. The instrument is calibrated with standard solutions containing water in the same solvent. The automatic monitoring system comprises a microcomputer and slave microprocessor system, the former performing system control and data analysis, the latter controlling a number of discrete electronic devices. Results obtained on selected industrially important solvents demonstrate a satisfactory performance of PICT in continuous monitoring, showing it to be accurate, reproducible and sensitive. On-line determination of moisture in solvents is important for process control in industry.

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Shiny, A., Arpan Sarkar, Sanchay Mishra, Sarthak Pandita, and Aritra Paul. "Smart Water Control with Internet of Things and Cloud Computing." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 1696–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.8427.

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In this paper, we bring about the idea of water level monitoring and controlling with IOT and Mobile applications. The vast amount of water wasted in the current scenario, mostly due to overflowing tanks is not acceptable. Existing water tanks control systems can monitor and control the water level in tank, which leads to reduction in amount of wastage of ample water but the type of sensors which are used in such a system does not specify exact changes in water level leading to unstable control parameters. Other technologies had some drawbacks based on speed of detection and approximation of sensor data. The need of improvement of these short-comings and providing an accurate and ethinic solution has been the main aim of this project. The project has been further improvised by using electronic water level sensors which uses potentiometric techniques to measure water level in water tanks, along with ultrasonic sensors for better metrics and control. Further up, this project can be implemented on large scale to control and detect rising water levels in dams and reservoirs to avoid flash floods and excess pressure in dams. The proposed system will help to identify the smallest changes in water level in case of rainfall measurement as well.

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El Marackchi, Mosshine, Claude Tissier, and Jean Juillard. "Gibbs functions for transfer of divalent metal cations from water to water + methanol mixtures using potentiometry, polarography and solubility measurements." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 420, no. 1-2 (January 1997): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0728(96)04721-3.

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Ying, Kook Shih, Lee Yook Heng, Nurul Izzaty Hassan, and Siti Aishah Hasbullah. "A New and All-Solid-State Potentiometric Aluminium Ion Sensor for Water Analysis." Sensors 20, no. 23 (December 3, 2020): 6898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236898.

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An all-solid-state potentiometric electrode system for aluminium ion determination was developed with a new aluminium ion sensor as the working electrode based on a new ionophore for aluminium ion, 1,1′-[(methylazanediyl)bis(ethane-2,1-diyl)]bis[3-(naphthalen-1-yl)thiourea] (ACH). The reference electrode was a potassium ion sensor, which acts as a pseudo-reference. Both electrodes were made from Ag/AgCl screen-print electrodes fabricated from a non-plasticized and photocurable poly(n-butyl acrylate) membrane that contained various other membrane components. The pseudo-reference potential based on the potassium ion sensor was fixed in 0.050 M KNO3, and such concentration of K+ ion did not interfere with the measurement of the Al3+ ion using the aluminium sensor. With such a pseudo-reference and in the presence of 0.050 M KNO3 as a background medium, the aluminium sensor measured changes of aluminium ion concentrations linearly from 10−6 to 10−2 M Al3+ ion with a Nernstian response of 17.70 ± 0.13 mV/decade. A low detection limit of 2.45 × 10−7 M was achieved with this all-solid-state potentiometric system. The aluminium sensor was insensitive to pH effects from 2.0 to 8.0 with a response time of less than 50 s. Under optimum conditions, a lifetime of 49 days was achieved with good sensor selectivity, reversibility, repeatability, and reproducibility. The all-solid-state electrode system was applied to analyze the Al3+ ion content of water samples from a water treatment plant. Compared with the conventional potentiometric detection system for aluminium ions, the new all-solid-state aluminium ion sensor incorporating a pseudo-reference from the potassium sensor demonstrated similar analytical performance. It thus provided a convenient means of aluminium content analysis in water treatment plants.

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Zhuiykov, Serge, Donavan Marney, Eugene Kats, and Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh. "Potentiometric solid-state sensor for DO measurement in water using sub-micron Cu0.4Ru3.4O7+RuO2 sensing electrode." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 153, no. 2 (April 2011): 312–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2010.08.042.

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Islam, Md Shafiul, and Maryanne M. Collinson. "Improved Sensitivity and Selectivity for the Redox Potentiometric Measurement of Biological Redox Molecules Using Nafion-Coated Platinum Decorated Nanoporous Gold Electrodes." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 057503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac68a1.

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Sensitivity and selectivity are two important figures of merit in analytical measurements, but in redox potentiometry, they are often limited. In this study, we describe how the potentiometric sensitivity and selectivity can be improved using nanoporous gold (NPG) electrodes with hydrogen peroxide, dopamine, ascorbic acid, and a mixture of dopamine and ascorbic acid as the test analytes. The results show that the addition of platinum (Pt) to the nanoporous framework significantly improves electrode sensitivity for the analytes studied. Furthermore, it was only possible to potentiometrically detect hydrogen peroxide at the NPG-Pt electrodes. To further improve sensitivity and also impart some selectivity, the electrodes were spin-coated with Nafion. The addition of Nafion shifts the open-circuit potential to more positive values, increases sensitivity by almost a factor of 2, and imparts selectivity to the surface for the analysis of mixtures. Collectively, this works shows the promise of Pt-decorated nanoporous electrodes coupled with a Nafion film to improve the overall performance of redox potentiometry in analytical science.

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Dalmieda and Kruse. "Metal Cation Detection in Drinking Water." Sensors 19, no. 23 (November 23, 2019): 5134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19235134.

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Maintaining a clean water supply is of utmost importance for human civilization. Human activities are putting an increasing strain on Earth’s freshwater reserves and on the quality of available water on Earth. To ensure cleanliness and potability of water, sensors are required to monitor various water quality parameters in surface, ground, drinking, process, and waste water. One set of parameters with high importance is the presence of cations. Some cations can play a beneficial role in human biology, and others have detrimental effects. In this review, various lab-based and field-based methods of cation detection are discussed, and the uses of these methods for the monitoring of water are investigated for their selectivity and sensitivity. The cations chosen were barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, hardness (calcium, magnesium), lead, mercury, nickel, silver, uranium, and zinc. The methods investigated range from optical (absorbance/fluorescence) to electrical (potentiometry, voltammetry, chemiresistivity), mechanical (quartz crystal microbalance), and spectrometric (mass spectrometry). Emphasis is placed on recent developments in mobile sensing technologies, including for integration into microfluidics.

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Gourmelin, Y., B. Gouget, and A. Truchaud. "Electrode measurement of glucose and urea in undiluted samples." Clinical Chemistry 36, no. 9 (September 1, 1990): 1646–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/36.9.1646.

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Abstract The development of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) for electrolyte measurements necessitates a re-evaluation of the biological and clinical interpretation of a result. In pathological situations (e.g., hyperlipidemia and hyperproteinemia) direct potentiometry is the method of choice for ion measurements in blood. However, the "plasma water effect" exists also in normal samples, requiring new reference values for physiological ranges. A compromise between medical and instrumentation workers retained the old reference values (flame photometry for Na+ and K+) by introducing correction factors into the ISE instruments, so that the results for direct ISE and flame photometry are the same for "normal" samples. Analyses of "abnormal" samples will reveal biases between the two methods. Now, a new generation of electrodes for assaying additional metabolites reopens the issue. Although classical methods measure a quantity of substance in a predetermined volume of sample, the majority of the substance is usually in the aqueous phase, and the volumes occupied by lipid and protein are not taken into consideration. In evaluating the NOVA 12 instrument (NOVA Biomedical), using electrodes for direct measurement in serum or plasma of Na, K, Cl, total CO2, urea, and glucose, we have demonstrated the inadequacy of classical measurements of urea and glucose, especially in pathological situations characterized by a large variation in the plasma water fraction.

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Williams, Tyler, Rankin Shum, and Devin Rappleye. "Review—Concentration Measurements In Molten Chloride Salts Using Electrochemical Methods." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 123510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac436a.

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The electrochemical measurement of concentration in molten chloride salts is a valuable tool for the control of existing and potential industrial processes, recycling of precious materials and energy production. The electrochemical techniques commonly used to measure concentration and each techniques’ associated theory are discussed. Practices which improve measurement accuracy and precision are set forth. Exceptionally accurate and precise measurements published in the literature are evaluated based on their performance in specified concentration ranges. The strengths and weaknesses of the most accurate measurements are briefly explored. Chronopotentiometry (CP) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) are accurate and precise with low concentration measurements. SWV was accurate at low concentrations, even in multi-analyte mixtures. CP was accurate for only single analyte mixtures. Open-circuit potentiometry (OCP) is accurate and precise in single-analyte mixtures but yields large errors in multianalyte mixtures. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA) and normal pulse voltammetry (NPV) are accurate and precise across all concentration ranges. NPV is exceptionally well suited for measurements in melts with multiple electroactive species.

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Pashkevych, Volodymyr, Volodymyr Krayovskyy, Petro Haranuk, Volodymyr Romaka, Yurii Stadnyk, Lyubov Romaka, and Andriy Horyn. "INVESTIGATION OF SENSITIVE ELEMENTS OF TEMPERATURE TRANSDUCERS BASED ON THERMOMETRIC MATERIAL Lu1-xScxNiSb." Measuring Equipment and Metrology 83, no. 3 (2022): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcmtm2022.03.016.

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The results of experimental studies of sensitive elements of temperature transducers based on semiconductor thermometric material Lu1-xScxNiSb, x=0.01–0.10, are presented. Thermometric materials Lu1-xScxNiSb were made by fusing a mixture of components in an electric arc furnace with a tungsten electrode (cathode) in an atmosphere of purified argon under a pressure of 0.1 kPa on a copper water-cooled hearth (anode). Heat treatment of alloys consisted of homogenizing annealing for 720 h in vacuumed to 1.0 PA at a temperature of 1073 K. Arrays of diffraction data of X-ray diffraction studies were obtained on a powder diffractometer STOE STADI-P, and using the program Fullprof calculated structural characteristics. The chemical and phase compositions of the samples were monitored by metallographic analysis (scanning electron microscope Tescan Vega 3 LMU). The basis of the sensitive element of the resistance thermometer on Lu1-xScxNiSb materials is polycrystalline samples in the form of rectangular parallelepipeds with a size of 0.5 × 0.5 × 5 (mm3 ), to which the contacts are made of copper and/or platinum wire. Experimental measurements of electrical resistance values were performed using the four-contact method, and the values of the thermopower coefficient by the potentiometric method concerning copper and/or platinum. The thermoelectric pair platinumthermometric material was the basis of the thermoelectric converter. Modeling of thermometric characteristics of sensitive elements of the thermometer of resistance of the thermoelectric converter is carried out by a full potential method of linearized plane waves (Full Potential Linearized Augmented Plane Waves, Elk software package). The results of experimental measurements served as reference currents in modeling the characteristics. X-ray phase analysis showed the homogeneity of the studied samples of thermometric materials Lu1-xScxNiSb, as evidenced by the absence of traces of extraneous phases on the diffractograms. The dependences of the period of the unit cell a(x) Lu1-xScxNiSb are not linear, which indicates more complex structural changes than the one-act substitution of the Lu atom by Sc. Measurements of the values of the specific magnetic susceptibility χ (T, x) were performed by the relative Faraday method at T=273 K using a thermogravimetric installation with an electronic microbalance EM-5-ZMP in magnetic fields up to 10 kGs. Experimental studies of the specific magnetic susceptibility of χ(x) sensitive elements have shown that the samples at all concentrations are Pauli paramagnetics, and the value of χ(x) is determined by the electron gas. In this case, the values of the magnetic susceptibility χ(x) are proportional to the density of electronic states at the Fermi level g(εF). In the area of concentrations x=0–0.02, the values of magnetic susceptibility χ(x) undergo insignificant changes, which indicates small changes in the concentration of current carriers. At a concentration x>0.02 there is a rapid increase in the density of electronic states at the Fermi level g(εF), indicating an increase in the concentration of free current carriers. The presence of high-temperature activation sites on the temperature dependences of the resistivity ln(ρ(1/T)) for all Lu1-xScxNiSb samples indicates the location of the Fermi level εF in the band gap εg of the semiconductor, and positive values of the thermopower coefficient α(T) specify its position - near the valence band εV. The main carriers of electric current are holes. The nature of the behavior of the resistivity ρ (x, T) Lu1-xScxNiSb at all temperatures also corresponds to the results of modeling the kinetic properties. The fact that in the range of concentrations x=0–0.04 the values of the resistivity ρ (x, T) Lu1-xScxNiSb change slightly at all temperatures indicates a significant advantage of the concentration of holes over electrons. This is indicated by positive values of the thermopower coefficient α (x, T). At concentrations x≥0.04, the resistivity increases rapidly, which is due to the appearance of donors, which partially compensate for the acceptors, which reduces the concentration of free holes, and, as a result, we have an increase in the resistance. The behavior of the thermopower coefficient α (x, T) Lu1-xScxNiSb is adequate. The appearance and increase in the electron concentration are accompanied by an increase in the thermopower coefficient α (x, T). At a concentration of x≈0.07, the dependence of the thermopower coefficient contains an extremum, and then the values of the thermopower coefficient rapidly decrease at a temperature of T=80 K and concentrations at x≈0.1. Electrons are already the main current carriers. This is indicated by the negative values of the thermopower coefficient. It was experimentally established that at the concentration range x= 0–0.07 the Fermi level velocity εF from the valence band εV is ΔεF/Δx=4.9 meV /% Sc, and at the concentration, x≥0.07 – ΔεF/Δx=11.2 meV /% Sc. The presence of a difference in the velocities of the Fermi level εF indicates different rates of generation of acceptors and donors: at a concentration of x≥0.07, the concentration of donors increases ~2 times faster than at the site x=0–0.07. The functions of conversion of sensitive elements of resistance thermometer and thermoelectric transducers in the temperature range 4.2–1000 K are modeled. The ratio of the change in the values of the thermopower coefficient to the range of temperature measurements in thermocouples is greater than all known industrial thermocouples. In addition, the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of the obtained resistance thermometers is higher than the TCR of metals but is inferior to the value of TCR of sensitive elements made of traditional semiconductors. At the same time, none of the known resistance thermometers based on traditional semiconductors provides stable characteristics at temperatures of 4.2÷1000 K.

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Suljkanović, Mersiha, Malgorzata Grabarczyk, Cecylia Wardak, Marzena Adamczyk, and Karolina Pietrzak. "Electrochemical sensors as simple and cheap devices for rapid determination of various species in environmental samples." Environmental engineering 6, no. 1 (July 16, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.37023/ee.6.1.1.

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The electrochemical methods are very good tool for determination of trace concentrations of various species in water samples. The analysis carried out using these methods are usually simple, fast and also the cost of the required equipment is much lower comparing to other instrumental methods. Furthermore, the electroanalytical methods are easy to automate and computerize. Among five major groups of these methods (potentiometry, voltammetry, coulometry, conductometry and dielectrometry), potentiometry and voltammetry attract the greatest attention of researchers. In this paper, experimental results of research related to development of procedures (voltammetric and potentiometric) for the determination of elements in environmental water samples were presented. Due to their common occurrence in environment and possible toxic effects on living organisms, vanadium and nitrate ions were selected for investigation. Optimization of voltammetric procedure for V(V) determination were carried out in matrix containing different surfactants and humic acids, using lead film electrode as a working electrode. Results showed that only nonionic surfactant Brij-35 did not interfere with the voltammetric signal. Other surfactants as well as humic acids reduced the signal, and possibility of their elimination with suitable resins were also investigated. Potentiometric measurements were consisted of preparation and determination of analytical properties of nitrate ion-selective electrodes with solid contact. The results showed that among three different membrane composition, the best response was achieved by membrane containing: Ni(Phen)2, THTDPCl, PVC and NPOE in the ratio of 1:2:33:64 wt. %, respectively. With the detection limit of 2.8 × 10-6 mol L-1, the working concentration range from 5 × 10-5 to 1 × 10-1 mol L-1 and a slope of -55.1 mV per decade, this electrode showed good selectivity to sulfate, acetate, carbonate, dihydrogen phosphate, fluoride and chloride ions, and also good potential reversibility.

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Liu, Bo, Barham Sabir Mahmood, Erfan Mohammadian, Abbas Khaksar Manshad, Nor Roslina Rosli, and Mehdi Ostadhassan. "Measurement of Solubility of CO2 in NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2 and MgCl2 + CaCl2 Brines at Temperatures from 298 to 373 K and Pressures up to 20 MPa Using the Potentiometric Titration Method." Energies 14, no. 21 (November 2, 2021): 7222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217222.

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Understanding the carbon dioxide (CO2) solubility in formation brines is of great importance to several industrial applications, including CO2 sequestration and some CO2 capture technologies, as well as CO2-based enhanced hydrocarbon recovery methods. Despite years of study, there are few literature data on CO2 solubility for the low salinity range. Thus, in this study, the solubility of CO2 in distilled water and aqueous ionic solutions of NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl2 and MgCl2 + CaCl2 were obtained in a low salinity range (0–15,000 ppm) at temperatures from 298–373 K and pressures up to 20 MPa using an accurate and unconventional method called potentiometric titration. An experimental data set of 553 data points was collected using this method. The results of the experiments demonstrate that increasing pressure increases the solubility of CO2 in various brines, whereas increasing temperature and salinity reduces the solubility. The role of different ions in changing the solubility is elaborated through a detailed discussion on the salting-out effect of different ionic solutions. To verify the experimental results of this research, the solubility points obtained by the potentiometric titration method were compared to some of the well-established experimental and analytical data from the literature and a very good agreement with those was obtained.

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Stanczyk-Dunaj, M., W. Galezowski, and A. Jarczewski. "Potentiometric study of equilibrium acidities of some carbon acids in acetonitrile." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 80, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 1259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v02-164.

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The pKa values for 30 C-acids of the type CH·R1·R2·R3 where the R1, R2, and R3 substituents are H, alkyl, and aryl, and the most common electron withdrawing groups used in studies of proton-transfer reaction are given herein. The pKa values have been measured potentiometrically in acetonitrile, using a glass electrode. These values were determined in a buffer solution consisting of a C-acid and its tetrabutylammonium salt, at constant ionic strength (0.001 M), at 25°C. The measurements were done under nitrogen, to prevent oxidation of the anion. The influence of water within the sample of the tetrabutylammonium hydroxide base was negligible. The lowest pKa value of 19.1 was found for bis(4-nitrophenyl)cyanomethane, while the largest pKas that could be measured were limited by the basicity of the hydroxide ion, and did not exceed 28. A satisfactory agreement between spectrophotometric and potentiometric acidities was achieved. Key words: C-acids, pKa values, acetonitrile, potentiometry, proton transfer.

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Itterheimová, Petra, Johan Bobacka, Vladimír Šindelář, and Přemysl Lubal. "Perchlorate Solid-Contact Ion-Selective Electrode Based on Dodecabenzylbambus[6]uril." Chemosensors 10, no. 3 (March 18, 2022): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10030115.

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Dodecabenzylbambus[6]uril (Bn12BU[6]) is an anion receptor that binds the perchlorate ion the most tightly (stability constant ~1010 M−1) of all anions due to the excellent match between the ion size in relation to the receptor cavity. This new bambusuril compound was used as an ionophore in the ion-selective membrane (ISM) to develop ion selective electrodes (ISEs) for determination of perchlorate concentration utilizing the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) polymer film as a solid-contact material. Variation of the content of Bn12BU[6] and tridodecylmethylammonium chloride (TDMACl) in the plasticized poly(vinyl chloride)-based ISM was also tested. All the prepared solid-contact ISEs and their analytical performance were characterized by potentiometry, cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chronopotentiometry. The ISEs showed rapid response and a sub-Nernstian slope (~57 mV/decade) during potentiometric measurements in perchlorate solutions in the concentration range from 10−1 to 10−6 M simultaneously with their high stability and sufficient selectivity to other common inorganic anions like bromide, chloride, nitrate and sulphate. The function of the ISE was further verified by analysis of real water samples (lake, sea, and mineral water), which gave accurate and precise results.

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Jones, R. G. "Measurements of the electrical conductivity of water." IEE Proceedings - Science, Measurement and Technology 149, no. 6 (November 1, 2002): 320–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-smt:20020767.

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Jiangang Wang, 王建岗, 肖青 Qing Xiao, and 曾绍群 Shaoqun Zeng. "Dispersion measurements of water with spectral interferometry." Chinese Optics Letters 7, no. 6 (2009): 486–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col20090706.0486.

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Kim, Junghwan, Dae Hee Kim, Jin Cheol Yang, Jae Sang Kim, Ji Ha Lee, and Sung Ho Jung. "Beryllium-Ion-Selective PEDOT Solid Contact Electrode Based on 9,10-Dinitrobenzo-9-Crown-3-Ether." Sensors 20, no. 21 (November 9, 2020): 6375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216375.

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A beryllium(II)-ion-selective poly(ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) solid contact electrode comprising 9,10-dinitrobenzo-9-crown-3-ether was successfully developed. The all-solid-state contact electrode, with an oxygen-containing cation-sensing membrane combined with an electropolymerized PEDOT layer, exhibited the best response characteristics. The performance of the constructed electrode was evaluated and optimized using potentiometry, conductance measurements, constant-current chronopotentiometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Under optimized conditions, which were found for an ion-selective membrane (ISM) composition of 3% ionophore, 30% polyvinylchloride (PVC), 64% o-nitro phenyl octyl ether (o-NPOE), and 3% sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB), the fabricated electrode exhibited a good performance over a wide concentration range (10−2.5–10−7.0 M) and a wide pH range of 2.0–9.0, with a Nernstian slope of 29.5 mV/D for the beryllium (II) ion and a detection limit as low as 10−7.0 M. The developed electrode shows good selectivity for the beryllium(II) ion over alkali, alkaline earth, transition, and heavy metal ions.

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Wang, James R., L. Aron Chang, Bryan Monosmith, and Zhaonan Zhang. "Water Vapor Profiling From CoSSIR Radiometric Measurements." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 46, no. 1 (January 2008): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2007.908529.

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Holler, David, Rodolfo Vaghetto, and Yassin Hassan. "Water temperature measurements with a Rayleigh backscatter distributed sensor." Optical Fiber Technology 55 (March 2020): 102160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2020.102160.

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Farghaly, Ahmed A., Magali Ferrandon, Daniel Schwalbe-Koda, James Damewood, Jessica Karaguesian, Rafael Gómez-Bombarelli, and Deborah J. Myers. "(Invited) Machine Learning Driven Discovery and Optimization of Perovskite Alkaline Electrolyte Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysts." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 34 (July 7, 2022): 1359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01341359mtgabs.

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Electrochemical energy conversion technologies based on the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are at the heart of many efforts to achieve a sustainable future, carbon-free fuel, and a circular economy. The sluggish kinetics of oxygen electrocatalysis, as well as the high overpotential required to attain practical current densities, limit the efficiency of several promising electrochemical technologies, including water and carbon dioxide electrolyzers, metal–oxygen batteries, and fuel cells. The most efficient OER catalysts are precious metals such as iridium- and ruthenium-based materials (i.e., IrO2 and RuO2). This fact represents a challenge against the cost-effective implementation of these electrolysis technologies.1-3 As a result, there is a necessity for the development of cost effective PGM-free OER catalysts, with equivalent or superior activity and durability to the PGM catalysts. This presentation will describe the application of machine learning (ML)-guided materials discovery and high-throughput synthesis to address these concerns, taking advantage of the intriguing properties and rich chemistry of nanoporous materials, the demonstrated capability of machine learning (ML)-guided materials discovery, and the high OER electrocatalytic activity of perovskites especially in alkaline media.4-10 Simulation of over 8,000 perovskites across a variety of cell sizes, space groups, and compositions using density functional theory (DFT) has been performed. Mining of the simulation data indicated that experimentally-known perovskites are characterized by low energy above the thermodynamic convex hull. Efficient search algorithms, deep learning-based models, and DFT calculations have been used to explore the space of perovskite oxides to produce novel compositions with tailored electronic descriptors. Promising compositions designed for high activity and stability are then selected for high throughput automated synthesis using the High-Throughput Research Facility at Argonne National Laboratory. A correlation between the phase purity, annealing temperature and OER activity has been identified. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) under the DIFFERENTIATE program. This work was authored in part by Argonne National Laboratory, a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science laboratory operated for DOE by UChicago Argonne, LLC under contract no. DE-AC02-06CH11357. References Katsounaros, Ioannis, Serhiy Cherevko, Aleksandar R. Zeradjanin, and Karl JJ Mayrhofer. "Oxygen electrochemistry as a cornerstone for sustainable energy conversion." Angewandte Chemie International Edition53, no. 1 (2014): 102-121. Lee, Youngmin, Jin Suntivich, Kevin J. May, Erin E. Perry, and Yang Shao-Horn. "Synthesis and activities of rutile IrO2 and RuO2 nanoparticles for oxygen evolution in acid and alkaline solutions." The journal of physical chemistry letters3, no. 3 (2012): 399-404. Cherevko, S. et al. Oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions on Ru, RuO2, Ir, and IrO2 thin film electrodes in acidic and alkaline electrolytes: A comparative study on activity and stability. Today 262, 170–180 (2016). Nahar, Lamia, Ahmed A. Farghaly, Richard J. Alan Esteves, and Indika U. Arachchige. "Shape controlled synthesis of Au/Ag/Pd nanoalloys and their oxidation-induced self-assembly into electrocatalytically active aerogel monoliths." Chemistry of Materials29, no. 18 (2017): 7704-7715. Farghaly, Ahmed A., Rezaul K. Khan, and Maryanne M. Collinson. "Biofouling-resistant platinum bimetallic alloys." ACS applied materials & interfaces10, no. 25 (2018): 21103-21112. Khan, Rezaul K., Ahmed A. Farghaly, Tiago A. Silva, Dexian Ye, and Maryanne M. Collinson. "Gold-Nanoparticle-Decorated Titanium Nitride Electrodes Prepared by Glancing-Angle Deposition for Sensing Applications." ACS Applied Nano Materials2, no. 3 (2019): 1562-1569. Farghaly, Ahmed A., Mai Lam, Christopher J. Freeman, Badharinadh Uppalapati, and Maryanne M. Collinson. "Potentiometric measurements in biofouling solutions: comparison of nanoporous gold to planar gold." Journal of The Electrochemical Society163, no. 4 (2015): H3083. Suntivich, Jin, Kevin J. May, Hubert A. Gasteiger, John B. Goodenough, and Yang Shao-Horn. "A perovskite oxide optimized for oxygen evolution catalysis from molecular orbital principles." Science334, no. 6061 (2011): 1383-1385. Hwang, Jonathan, Zhenxing Feng, Nenian Charles, Xiao Renshaw Wang, Dongkyu Lee, Kelsey A. Stoerzinger, Sokseiha Muy et al. "Tuning perovskite oxides by strain: electronic structure, properties, and functions in (electro) catalysis and ferroelectricity." Materials Today31 (2019): 100-118. Gómez-Bombarelli, Rafael, Jennifer N. Wei, David Duvenaud, José Miguel Hernández-Lobato, Benjamín Sánchez-Lengeling, Dennis Sheberla, Jorge Aguilera-Iparraguirre, Timothy D. Hirzel, Ryan P. Adams, and Alán Aspuru-Guzik. "Automatic chemical design using a data-driven continuous representation of molecules." ACS central science 4, no. 2 (2018): 268-276.

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Ponterio, R. C., M. Pochylski, F. Aliotta, C. Vasi, M. E. Fontanella, and F. Saija. "Raman scattering measurements on a floating water bridge." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 43, no. 17 (April 15, 2010): 175405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/43/17/175405.

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Ragelienė, Lina, and Giedrė Jasulaitytė. "NATRIO DODECILSULFATO KIEKIS NUTEKAMUOSIUOSE VANDENYSE, SUSIDARANTIS PLAUKŲ PLOVIMO METU." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 18, no. 1 (March 31, 2010): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2010.06.

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The investigations were carried out while washing hair with sodium dodecylsulphate solutions of different concentrations i. e., lower than the critical concentration of micelle formation of 4×10–3, 6×10–3, the critical concentration of micelle formation of 8×10−3 and higher than the critical concentration of micelle formation of 10×10−3 mol/l in solutions at 40 °C or 50 °C. The amount of sodium dodecylsulphate that gets into waste water or adsorbs on the hair surface was determined using flame photometry and direct potentiometry methods. Having estimated the results obtained during the analysis of flame photometry and direct potentiometry it has been determined that the largest amount of sodium dodecylsulphate gets into waste water when its concentration is higher than the critical concentration of micelle formation of 10 × 10–3 mol/l. The results of the investigation of washing artificially tainted and non‐tainted hair have demonstrated that the largest amount of sodium dodecylsulphate gets into the environment after hair washing with 10× 10–3 mol initial concentration in solution of 6×10–3 and 8×10–3 mol/l. The results of pH measurements of washing and hair extract solution are in correlation with variation of amount of sodium dodecylsulphate in washing solutions. The measurements of pH show that sodium dodecylsulphate interacts with hair. Santrauka Tyrimai buvo atlikti plaunant plaukus natrio dodecilsulfatu 40 °C ar 50 °C temperatūroje. Naudota skirtingu koncentraciju, t. y. mažesnes nei kritine miceliu susidarymo koncentracija ‐ 4×10–3mol/l, 6×10−3mol/l, kritines ‐8×10–3mol/l ir didesnes nei kritine— 10×10–3 mol/l koncentracijos tirpalai. Natrio dodecilsulfato kiekis, patenkantis i nutekamuosius vandenis arba adsorbuojamas ant plauku paviršiaus, nustatytas liepsnos fotometrijos ir tiesiogines potencio‐metrijos metodais. Ivertinus gautuosius rezultatus matyti, kad daugiausiai natrio dodecilsulfato patenka i nutekamuosius vandenis, kai jo koncentracija didesne nei kritine miceliu susidarymo koncentracija ‐ 10× 10–3 mol/l, mažiausiai ‐ kai pradine natrio dodecilsulfato tirpalo koncentracija 4×10–3 mol/l ir 6×10–3 mol/l. Plovimo tirpalu ir plauku ištraukos pH matavimu duomenys siejasi su natrio dodecilsulfato koncentracijos kitimu plovimo tirpaluose. pH matavimu duomenys rodo, kad natrio dodecilsulfatas saveikauja su plaukais. Резюме Исследования были проведены при мытье волос растворами додецилсульфата натрия разной концентрации, т. е. меньше чем критическая мицеллообразования 4×10–3, 6×10–3 мол/л, критическая мицеллообразования 8× 10–3 мол/л и больше чем критическая мицеллообразования 10×10–3 мол/л при температуре 40 °C или 50 °C. Количество попадаемого в сливные воды или адсорбируемого додецилсульфата натрия было установлено методами пламенной фотометрии и прямой потенциометрии. Оценивая результаты, полученные методами плазменной фотометрии и прямой потенциометрии, видно, что наибольшее количество додецилсульфата натрия попадает в сливные воды, когда его концентрация больше чем критическая мицеллообразования 10×10–3 мол/л. Результаты искусственно загрязненных и незагрязненных мытых волос показали, что наибольшее количество додецилсульфата натрия попадает в окружающую среду, когда мытье проводится раствором 10×10–3 мол/л, а наименьшее количество, когда первичная концентрация раствора равна 4×10–3, 6×10–3 мол/л. Результаты измерения растворов рН и вода после мытья волос коррелируют с количественным изменением додецилсульфата натрия в растворах мойки. Измерение рН свидетельствует о том, что додецилсульфат натрия взаимодействует с волосами.

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Khurram, Adil, Roland Malhamé, Luis Duffaut Espinosa, and Mads Almassalkhi. "Identification of hot water end-use process of electric water heaters from energy measurements." Electric Power Systems Research 189 (December 2020): 106625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106625.

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Golnabi, H. "Measurements of the electrical parameters for different water samples." Measurement 44, no. 10 (December 2011): 2175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2011.07.017.

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Zahn, M., Y. Ohki, K. Rhoads, M. LaGasse, and H. Matsuzawa. "Electro-Optic Charge Injection and Tramsport Measurements in Highly Purified Water and Water/Ethylene Glycol Mixtures." IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation EI-20, no. 2 (April 1985): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tei.1985.348821.

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Nakamura, Shigehiro, Yasushi Minamitani, Taiki Handa, Sunao Katsuki, Takao Namihira, and Hidenori Akiyama. "Optical measurements of the electric field of pulsed streamer discharges in water." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 16, no. 4 (August 2009): 1117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2009.5211864.

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Heering, Agnes, Frank Bastkowski, and Steffen Seitz. "Glass electrode half-cells for measuring unified pH in ethanol–water mixtures." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 9, no. 2 (November 11, 2020): 383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-383-2020.

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Abstract. The acidities of any given solvent or mixtures thereof can be compared by pH measurements on a unified scale, so-called pHabsH2O measurements. The method is quite new and has not been characterized with respect to metrological criteria to date. Metal solid-contact glass electrode half-cells, three commercial, conventional glass electrode half-cells with inner liquid filling and one pair of combined electrodes were used to investigate the stability of the measurement and the reproducibility of pHabsH2O results of ethanol mixtures with water. All electrodes are suitable for unified acidity measurements in standard aqueous buffers. In ethanol mixtures, the combined electrodes were found to be unsuitable. The half-cell electrodes can be reasonably used only in buffered solutions.

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Tsouris, Costas, Won-Tae Shin, Sotira Yiacoumi, and David W. DePaoli. "Electrohydrodynamic Velocity and Pumping Measurements in Water and Alcohols." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 229, no. 2 (September 2000): 335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcis.2000.7056.

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Morin, J. P., Seidel J.-L., and M. Monnin. "An automatic electronic counter for short term radon measurements in soil and/or water." Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements 22, no. 1-4 (January 1993): 413–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-8078(93)90096-m.

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Marynowicz, Andrzej, and Andrzej Kucharczyk. "Determination of the water absorption and water diffusion coefficients by means of infrared thermography measurements." Measurement 185 (November 2021): 110054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2021.110054.

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Sharma, Prafull, Liyun Lao, and Gioia Falcone. "A microwave cavity resonator sensor for water-in-oil measurements." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 262 (June 2018): 200–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.01.211.

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Nurge, Mark A., and Stephen A. Perusich. "In-line capacitance sensor for real-time water absorption measurements." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 150, no. 1 (September 2010): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2010.07.035.

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Guibert, A., O. Chadebec, J. L. Coulomb, and C. Rannou. "Ships Hull Corrosion Diagnosis From Close Measurements of Electric Potential in the Water." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 45, no. 3 (March 2009): 1828–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2009.2012796.

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Burger, D. W., and J. L. Paul. "Soil Moisture Measurements in Containers with Solid-state, Electronic Tensiometers." HortScience 22, no. 2 (April 1987): 309–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.22.2.309.

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Abstract The construction and evaluation of a small, inexpensive tensiometer fitted with a pressure transducer (PT) and suitable for container media measurements is presented. The PT must be calibrated against known tensions before use, because the millivolt output from the PT varies with input voltage. The air volume above the liquid in the tensiometer that is sampled by the PT should be about 0.25 ml for an accurate (within 4%) and quick (10-20 sec) response. Tension measured with a PT was nearly identical to that measured with a mercury manometer in the range from 6.8 to 196 kPa (7-200 cm of water) during dry-down of a container with a plant (Paulownia tomentosa).

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Schumann, Daniel, Corinna Kroner, Bülent Unsal, Søren Haack, Johan Bunde Kondrup, Nikki Christophersen, Miroslava Benková, and Stanislav Knotek. "Measurements of water consumption for the development of new test regimes for domestic water meters." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 79 (June 2021): 101963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2021.101963.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Potentiometry. Water Electronic measurements'

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