Journal articles: 'Pottery, Minoan'

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Caloi, Ilaria. "Identifying Wheel-Thrown Vases in Middle Minoan Crete? Preliminary Analysis of Experimental Replicas of Plain Handleless Conical Cups from Protopalatial Phaistos." Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica Natural Sciences in Archaeology XII, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2021.2.7.

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Recent work in Middle Bronze Age Crete has revealed that most Protopalatial or First Palace period pottery is produced through the use of a combination of coil-building and the wheel, i.e., wheelcoiling. Experimental work conducted on pottery from Minoan sites of Northern and Eastern Crete (e.g., Knossos, Myrtos Pyrgos, Palaikastro) has indeed determined that Minoan potters did not develop the skills required to adopt the wheel-throwing technique. However, my recent technological study of Protopalatial ceramic material from Middle Minoan IIA (19th century BC) deposits from the First Palace at Phaistos, in Southern Crete, has revealed that though pottery was produced by the wheelcoiling techniques, yet other forming techniques were practised too. In this paper I present a preliminary analysis of experimental replicas of MM IIA Phaistian plain handleless conical cups, manufactured on the potter’s wheel using three different forming techniques: wheel-pinching, wheel-coiling, and throwing-off-the-hump. This analysis will proffer answers to several questions on the use of the potter’s wheel in Middle Bronze Age Crete and opens the possibility that at MM IIA Phaistos there co-existed potters who had developed skills to employ different forming techniques on the wheel, including possibly that of throwing-off-the-hump.

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Momigliano, Nicoletta. "Late Minoan Pottery." Classical Review 49, no. 1 (April 1999): 202–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cr/49.1.202.

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Platon, Lefteris, and Efi Karantzali. "New evidence for the history of the Minoan presence on Karpathos." Annual of the British School at Athens 98 (November 2003): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400016841.

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This article presents a new unpublished closed pottery group from northern Karpathos (Avlona), handed in by a private individual. It consists of fourteen tableware vessels, which clearly constituted the contents of a chamber tomb completely destroyed during the mechanical clearing of a new country road. The typological and stylistic analysis of the pottery showed that the finds probably came from two different cultural territories: Mainland (Mycenaean area) and Minoan Crete. The palatial character of another isolated find coming from the area of the harbour at Pigadia implies a special link between the Minoan centres and Karpathos, at least from the 15th century BC onwards. The presence of such an object, made without a doubt in a palatial pottery workshop, is probably related to the establishment of trade sites by the Minoans on their way to the wealth-producing centres of the East.

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Knappett, Carl. "Tradition and innovation in pottery forming technology: wheel-throwing at Middle Minoan Knossos." Annual of the British School at Athens 94 (November 1999): 101–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400000538.

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This paper examines ceramic evidence from Middle Minoan Knossos in an attempt to chart the introduction and development of wheel-throwing technology in Minoan pottery. The technique of wheel-throwing comes into its own in Middle Minoan I B, coeval with the construction of the first palaces and a number of other major changes. Although there are some indications that there could have been some degree of internal evolution towards this point, it also appears that outside contacts with the Near East may have contributed to the innovation process. The main aim is to elucidate the dynamics of choice that led to the adoption and subsequent development of the wheel-throwing innovation. Whilst the use of the wheel is generally considered as a technical development, it is argued here that, in the initial stages, its adoption by certain Minoan potters was as much influenced by socio-political as by technical factors.

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Cadogan, G., P. M. Day, C. F. MacDonald, J. A. MacGillivray, N. Momigliano, T. M. Whitelaw, and D. E. Wilson. "Early Minoan and Middle Minoan pottery groups at Knossos." Annual of the British School at Athens 88 (November 1993): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400015859.

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This paper is a summary of the results of a workshop held at Knossos in August 1992. The aims of the workshop were to examine the most coherent and reliable deposits, place them in a chronological sequence, and decide on common terminologies and definitions. This brief paper provides a framework and serves as a common introduction to various detailed studies of Knossian EM–MM pottery by the various authors which have appeared, are in press, or are forthcoming.

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Walberg, G., and Philip P. Betancourt. "The History of Minoan Pottery." American Journal of Archaeology 90, no. 4 (October 1986): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/506046.

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Crouwel, J. H., and C. E. Morris. "Pictorial pottery of Late Minoan II–III A2 Early from Knossos." Annual of the British School at Athens 90 (November 1995): 157–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400016130.

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This paper looks at the period of the first regular use of pictorial vase painting in Crete: LM II–III A2 early. The focus is on Knossos, the major findspot for Minoan pictorial pottery of this distinct pre-destruction period. The shapes, motifs and overall character of Minoan pictorial pottery are discussed, as well as the extent of its influence on the earliest Mycenaean figure-style vase-painting.

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Catling, H. W., J. Nicolas Coldstream, and Colin F. Macdonald. "Knossos: area of South-west Houses, early Hellenic occupation." Annual of the British School at Athens 92 (November 1997): 191–245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400016695.

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In 1992–93 excavations were conducted in central Knossos, among the Minoan houses south-west of the Palace. This article describes the unexpectedly large amount of post-Minoan occupation there, casting new light on the extent to which the Hellenic town encroached upon the allegedly deserted Palace area. One Minoan house, much ruined, proved to have been reoccupied in the tenth century BC and again in the seventh. Nearby, a well-preserved pottery kiln of the early seventh century was discovered, and also a paved road of the fifth century which apparently ran across the ruins of the Minoan houses.The pottery and other finds are presented in fourteen stratified deposits, mainly of the Early Protogeometric, Early Orientalizing, Late Archaic, and Classical periods. These are supplemented by important unpublished pieces from Evans's soundings in the immediate neighbourhood, confirming the extensive seventh-century reoccupation of the site.

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Jeffra, Caroline. "A RE-EXAMINATION OF EARLY WHEEL POTTING IN CRETE." Annual of the British School at Athens 108 (August 7, 2013): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245413000038.

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The manner in which Minoan potters first employed the pottery wheel has become a matter of some debate. A growing body of work has taken a sceptical approach to the transition from hand-building to wheel-throwing techniques in a number of contexts, finding that the idea of a technological transition of this nature is not supported by the ceramic evidence. Although a small number of publications have addressed this topic as it relates to Minoan Crete, in light of the evidence from contemporary areas around the Mediterranean and Near East it has become necessary to establish firmly what types of techniques and methods were being used as potters first employed this tool. In order to assess the types of primary forming techniques used by potters during the periods between Middle Minoan IB (when the wheel was first regularly used) and Late Minoan IA (by which time vessels of all sizes were regularly formed with some type of rotation), an experimental type set was produced. Analysis was conducted by correlating the macroscopic features produced with specific forming methods, and then comparing those features against material from Knossos, Palaikastro and Myrtos–Pyrgos. The results of that comparison challenge the established notion that potters had developed wheel-throwing skills during these early periods. Instead, a more complex picture emerges which reveals a process of gradual acquisition of combination techniques (wheel and coils). The pattern of uptake indicates a level of cohesion across the potting community of central and eastern Crete, irrespective of the geographical distance between the three sites studied.

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Rutter, Jeremy B., Erik Hallager, and Birgitta P. Hallager. "Late Minoan III Pottery: Chronology and Terminology." American Journal of Archaeology 102, no. 2 (April 1998): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/506481.

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Tomlinson, Jonathan E., and Vassilis Kilikoglou. "Neutron activation analysis of pottery from the Early Orientalizing kiln at Knossos." Annual of the British School at Athens 93 (November 1998): 385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400003518.

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Seventeen pottery sherds from the seventh century BC pottery kiln uncovered at Knossos in 1993 were analysed by neutron activation at N.C.S.R. Demokritos. Fifteen of the seventeen sherds form an extremely homogeneous chemical group whose composition parallels Late Minoan I and Classical/Hellenistic pottery from Knossos. The two chemically different samples are also physically different, being much coarser and more severely burned.

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12

Momigliano, Nicoletta. "MM IA Pottery from Evans' Excavations at Knossos: A Reassessment." Annual of the British School at Athens 86 (November 1991): 149–271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400014957.

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This article is a critical reassessment of the major Knossian deposits assigned by Evans to the Middle Minoan I A phase. It is divided into three main sections: first, an introduction, in which the author discusses the development of the definition of Knossian MM IA pottery; second, a detailed discussion of each deposit, based upon a systematic and first-hand re-examination of the ceramic material, and of the relevant written sources; third, a discussion of the problems concerning the classification of these deposits, and a typological study of their ceramic assemblages. The picture of Knossian MM IA pottery which emerges from this study is remarkably different from that presented by Evans, which is generally accepted. This has further implications not only for the study of Minoan pottery, but also for the early history of the site.

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Mountjoy, P. A., and M. J. Ponting. "The Minoan thalassocracy reconsidered: provenance studies of LH II A/LM I B pottery from Phylakopi, Ay. Irini and Athens." Annual of the British School at Athens 95 (November 2000): 141–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400004627.

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Chemical analysis by ICP at the Fitch Laboratory (British School at Athens) is used to see if the imported LB II pottery at Phylakopi on Melos is Minoan or Mycenaean. The possibility of a Minoan thalassocracy and of Minoan colonies in the Cyclades is reconsidered in the light of this new evidence, trade routes to the Cyclades are examined, the nature of the Mycenaean presence in the Cyclades is briefly discussed and the evidence for a LM I B horizon at Kastri on Kythera reinvestigated.

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Warren, Peter. "A New Minoan Deposit from Knossos c.1600 B.C., and its Wider Relations." Annual of the British School at Athens 86 (November 1991): 319–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400014982.

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The article provides a detailed summary of a large deposit, primarily of pottery, from the 1978–82 Stratigraphical Museum Excavations at Knossos. The deposit is assigned to the Middle Minoan III B – Late Minoan I A transition. The material is used as the basis of a re-examination of this difficult stage in the Minoan ceramic sequence and a wide range of deposits, notable among them the seismic destruction level at Akrotiri on Thera, is able to be linked to the Knossos material in order to define the phase more fully. The wide destruction level thus documented may then be set within the historical development of Minoan civilization.

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Branigan, Keith, Yiannis Papadatos, and Douglas Wynn. "Fingerprints on Early Minoan pottery: a pilot study." Annual of the British School at Athens 97 (November 2002): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400017330.

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A pilot project was carried out to assess the frequency of surviving fingerprints on Early Minoan pottery and to assess the quality of the prints. Two pottery assemblages, from the Ayia Kyriaki tholos and Myrtos Fournou Korifi settlement, were examined. Almost fifty sherds/vessels (out of nearly 20,000) were found to carry a total of 154 prints, but the majority were of poor quality. Of the thirty clear prints, however, fourteen had five or more ridge characteristics, including one example with as many as twelve. It is suggested that kiln assemblages might yield both more and better preserved prints.

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Coldstream, J. N. "Knossos: ‘Geometric’ tombs excavated by D. G. Hogarth, 1900." Annual of the British School at Athens 97 (November 2002): 201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s006824540001738x.

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The six ‘Geometric’ tombs excavated by D. G. Hogarth at Knossos in April 1900 are hitherto known only from his brief report in BSA 6 (1899–1900), 82–5, with massed photographs of pottery from two rich tombs. This article offers a full publication of the fifty vases from these tombs, stored in the reserves of the Herakleion Museum. Although excavation records do not survive, all the extant pottery can be assigned with reasonable certainty to individual tombs by collating various sources, including Hogarth's own personal diary. By today's terminology, only tomb 3 contains truly Geometric material, all the others date from the Subminoan and Protogeometric periods. The tombs lie along a well-known ‘Via Appia’ of Minoan times, where Early Greek families, of at least moderate wealth, made much reuse of Minoan chamber tombs. With some evidence of continuity from the latest Minoan burials in this cemetery area, Hogarth's tombs seem to form a small nucleus with origins quite independent of the main North Cemetery under the Medical Faculty site.

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Tema, E., S. Pavlides, and D. Kondopoulou. "Late bronze age pottery as indicator of the deposition temperatures of the Minoan pyroclastic products, Santorini, Greece." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 47, no. 3 (December 21, 2016): 1289. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.10904.

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The Minoan eruption of Santorini volcano (Greece) took place in the Late Bronze Age (17th century BC) and produced a great volume of volcanic products that covered the whole island and buried every human settlement under meters of pyroclastic deposits. In this study we used thermal analysis of the magnetic remanence carried by pottery fragments buried under the pyroclastic deposits in order to estimate the thermal effect of the Minoan volcanic products on the pre-eruption habitation level. A total of 70 samples, prepared from 45 independent pottery fragments, have been studied. Samples were collected from three different sites, situated at the southern part of the island. Stepwise thermal demagnetizations reveal that the pottery fragments generally carry a two-component remanent magnetization. Interpretation of the demagnetization results using the normalised intensity decay curves and the orthogonal projection diagrams indicates that most samples were re-heated at temperatures around 160-260o C. The obtained results represent the equilibrium temperatures reached after the deposition of the pyroclastic fall and show that the pyroclastic fall deposits at distances around 6 to 9 km from the eruption vent were still hot enough to reheat the buried pottery at such temperatures.

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18

Marketou, Toula, Efi Karantzali, Hans Mommsen, Nikos Zacharias, Vasilis Kilikoglou, and Alexander Schwedt. "Pottery Wares from the Prehistoric Settlement at Ialysos (Trianda) in Rhodes." Annual of the British School at Athens 101 (November 2006): 1–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400021274.

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Among the vast amount of pottery yielded from the Late Bronze Age settlement of Ialysos (Trianda) on Rhodes, 233 samples have been selected for chemical analysis by means of Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) at the Bonn Laboratory. Thus, a rather comprehensive new data-base for pottery assemblages from Rhodes and other related production centres has been provided. Further evidence has been also suggested for the local mechanisms of pottery production and the patterns of continuity and changes from the LM IA, through to LMIB/LH IIA and LH IIB-III A1 to LH III A2/LH III B1 periods, in both the intra site and inter site relations of the island with Minoan Crete, the Greek mainland, the Argolid, Cyprus, and other eastern Mediterranean sites.The study sets the basis for further studies towards the identification of the rather complex system of the society of Ialysos and its interaction with some other yet unknown centers in the Aegean during the early stages of the Bronze Age and throughout the periods of the Minoan and Mycenaean expansion.

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Coldstream, J. N. "Knossos 1951–61: Classical and Hellenistic pottery from the town." Annual of the British School at Athens 94 (November 1999): 321–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400000629.

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The excavation of M. S. F. Hood in the area of the Minoan Royal Road at Knossos produced stratified deposits of Greek pottery ranging in date from Protogeometric to Hellenistic. This article, the last in a series of three, concentrates on the local and imported pottery of the Classical and Hellenistic periods. For the Classical sequence, a late-fourth century house deposit is supplemented by three earlier well fills from the area of the Vcnizeleion Hospital. There follows five stratified groups of Hellenistic pottery, the last two being from second-century floor deposits. Also included here are many pieces from less well stratified contexts, but of intrinsic interest.

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Bernini, Lara E. "Ceramics of the early neo-palatial period at Palaikastro." Annual of the British School at Athens 90 (November 1995): 55–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400016087.

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In the ceramic chronology of Minoan Crete, the phases corresponding to the rise of the New Palaces have proven to be particularly difficult to define. This paper presents new material from Palaikastro (Siteia, Crete) in an attempt to disperse some of the chronological and regional ambiguities surrounding early Neo-palatial pottery.

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Vaessen, Rik. "Cosmopolitanism, communality and the appropriation of Mycenaean pottery in western Anatolia." Anatolian Studies 66 (2016): 43–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154616000041.

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AbstractThe presence of imported and locally produced Mycenaean pottery in western Anatolia has long caught the attention of scholars, and various explanatory models have been proposed to explain the apparent attractiveness of the pottery. In most cases, however, emphasis is placed on the (stylistic) differences between Mycenaean pottery and the various local plain wares, and it is assumed that these differences were actively recognised by local communities and exploited in the formation of social identities. This paper, however, pilots a different approach that focuses not on the stylistic differences between Mycenaean pottery and the various Anatolian wares but on the (perceived) common ground(s) between them and argues that the attractiveness of Mycenaean, and previously Minoan pottery, lay not so much in its cultural origins or its ‘foreignness’ as in its potential to fit in with existing local material assemblages and enhance a sense of communality among cosmopolitan communities.

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Mountjoy, P. A. "The Late Minoan II–III and Mycenaean Pottery from the 1911 Excavations at Phylakopi on Melos." Annual of the British School at Athens 104 (November 2009): 73–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400000216.

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This article presents the Late Minoan II–III B and the Late Helladic I–III C pottery from the 1911 excavations of J. Dawkins and J. Droop at Phylakopi on Melos.The material from the 1911 excavations fills gaps in the corpus of pottery provided by the 1896–9 excavations and the 1974–7 excavations. It fills out our knowledge of the LH III A2 pottery and adds a considerable amount of LH III A1 and LH III C material. A small group of vessels caught in a LM I B/LH II A destruction confirms the supposition that full Marine Style was circulating together with open ground Marine Style and Alternating Style vases. The LH III C pottery adds some more parallels to the pottery from Koukounaries on Paros and also has one or two parallels to pottery from the east Aegean and pottery exported from there to the Levant.Σε αυτό το άρθρο παρουσιάζεται η Υστερομινωική II–III B και η Υστεροελλαδική I–III Γ κεραμική από τις ανασκαφές των J. Dawkins και J. Droop το 1911 στη Φυλακωπή της Μήλου.Το υλικό από τις ανασκαφές του 1911 συμπληρώνει τα κενά των δημοσιεύσεων της κεραμικής από τις ανασκαφικές περιόδους 1896–99 και 1974–77. Συμπληρώνει τη γνώση μας για την YE III A2 κεραμική και προστέτει μία σημαντική ποσόθητα υλικού της YE III A1 και YE III Γ. Ένας μικρός αριθμός αγγείων, που εντοπίστηκε στην YM I B / YE II A καταστροφή, επιβεβαιώνει την υπόθεση ότι ο πλήρης θαλάσσιος ρυθμός ήταν διαδεδομένος συγχρόνως με το θαλάσσιο ρυθμό επί ανοικτού βάθους και με τα αγγεία του εναλλασόμενου στυλ. H YE III Γ κεραμική προσθέτει ορισμένα ακόμη παράλληλα στην κεραμική από τις Κουκουναριές της Πάρου. Επιπλέον παρουσιάζει ένα ή δύο παράλληλα με την κεραμική του ανατολικού Αιγαίου, όπως και με την εξαγόμενη από εκεί κεραμική προς τη Συροπαλαιστίνη.

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Soles, Jeffrey S., and Philip P. Betancourt. "Kommos II. The Final Neolithic through Middle Minoan III Pottery." American Journal of Archaeology 96, no. 1 (January 1992): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/505771.

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24

Stürmer, Veit. "Nicoletta Momigliano: Knossos Pottery Handbook. Neolithic and Bronze Age (Minoan)." Gnomon 82, no. 8 (2010): 724–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/0017-1417_2010_8_724.

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Swann, Charles P., Susan Ferrence, and Phlip P. Betancourt. "Analysis of Minoan white pigments used on pottery from Palaikastro." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 161-163 (March 2000): 714–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(99)00808-3.

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Wilson, David E. "Knossos 1955–1957: Early Prepalatial Deposits from Platon's Tests in the Palace." Annual of the British School at Athens 105 (November 2010): 97–155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400000381.

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This article presents a selection of early Prepalatial pottery and a clay sealing found in tests made by Nikolaos Platon between 1955 and 1957 during a programme of conservation and restoration work in the palace. The pottery not only adds to the ceramic characterization of the Early Minoan I-Early Minoan IIB phases at Knossos, but also provides new information about the extent and scale of use of the early Prepalatial settlement. In addition, ceramic imports identified in the Early Minoan II deposits add to the growing evidence for inter-regional contacts both with the rest of Crete (including the Mesara and Gulf of Mirabello) and the Cyclades. The clay sealing, from an Early Minoan IIB context, is among the earliest yet found on Crete. Altogether these tests provide valuable new evidence for the early history of Prepalatial Knossos.Το άρθρο αυτό παρουσιάςει ένα μέρος της πρώιμης προανακτορικής κεραμεικής και ένα πήλινο σφράγισμα από τις δοκιμαστικές τομές του Νικόλαου Πλάτωνα μεταξύ 1955 και 1957 κατά τη διάρκεια ενός προγράμματος συντήρησης και αναστήλωσης στο ανάκτορο της Κνωσού. Το υλικό αυτό συμβάλλει στην περιγραφή των διακριτικών γνωρισμάτων της κεραμεικής από την Πρωτομινωική Ι έως και την Πρωτομινωικη ΙΙΒ φάση στην Κνωσό και δίνει νέες πληροφορίες αναφορικά με την έκταση και το βαθμό χρήσης του πρώιμου προανα-κτορικού οικισμού. Επιπλεον, η αναγνώριση εισηγμένης κεραμεικής στους αποθέτες της Πρωτομινωικής Π προσθέτει περαιτέρω στοιχεία για υπερ-τοπικές επαφές της Κνωσού τόσο με την υπόλοιπη Κρήτη (συμπερι-λαμβανομένης της Μεσαράς και του Κόλπου του Μιραμπέλλου) όσο και με τις Κυκλάδες. Το πήλινο σφράγισμα, από ένα Πρωτομινωνικό ΙΙΒ ανασκαφικό σύνολο, συγκαταλλέγεται ανάμεσα στα πρωιμότερα που έχουν βρεθεί μέχρι σήμερα στην Κρήτη. Συνολνκά αυτές οι δοκιμαστικές τομές παρέχουν πολύτιμα νέα στονχεία για την πρώιμη ιστορία της προανακτορικής Κνωσού.

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Boyd, Michael J., Ian K. Whitbread, and J. Alexander MacGillivray. "Geophysical Investigations at Palaikastro." Annual of the British School at Athens 101 (November 2006): 89–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400021298.

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Since 1902 archaeological investigations at Palaikastro in eastern Crete have sought evidence for two architectural structures: a palace located amongst the substantial remains of Minoan settlement and the temple and sanctuary of Zeus Diktaios referred to by Strabo. In 2001 a geophysical survey was conducted in the Roussolakkos valley to the south-east of the excavated Minoan remains. Previous studies had recorded this as an archaeological ‘nil’ zone owing to the complete absence of cultural surface debris. Seven geophysical zones, covering a total of 20,960 m2, were surveyed using a combination of electrical resistance and magnetometry methods. Anomalies attributed to anthropogenic activity were found in six of these zones. They probably reflect substantial Minoan architecture based on the shape of some anomalies, a comparison with geophysical results from a previously excavated area (Block X) and the occurrence of no pottery later than Minoan on the ground. On this basis the geophysical survey has approximately doubled the known area, of the Minoan settlement. The anomalies may belong to a large urban block though their scale and orientation are also comparable to plans of palatial structures from other sites. Anomalies that could reflect architecture were found in Zone 7, situated in the area of earlier finds of Iron Age votives and Archaic architectural fragments and may therefore be related to the Diktaion.

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Bunimovitz, Shlomo, Zvi Lederman, and Eleni Hatzaki. "KNOSSIAN GIFTS? TWO LATE MINOAN IIIA1 CUPS FROM TEL BETH-SHEMESH, ISRAEL." Annual of the British School at Athens 108 (November 2013): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245413000087.

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Two Late Minoan IIIA1 cups were recently found in the excavations at Tel Beth-Shemesh, Israel. They were part of a larger assemblage of local Late Bronze IIA (first half of the fourteenth century bc) drinking and eating vessels sealed under a destruction layer in one room of a large edifice, presumably a ‘palace’. A commemorative scarab bearing the name of Amenhotep III and related to the first Jubilee (Sed festival) in his thirtieth regnal year was found alongside the cups, providing further chronological evidence. This article examines the Late Minoan IIIA1 cups from Beth-Shemesh within their Aegean context and emphasises their close affinity with comparable cups from the palace of Knossos, catalogued and republished here. The Tel Beth-Shemesh cups are the second occurrence – after Sellopoulo Tomb 4 – of Knossian Late Minoan IIIA1 pottery found together with Amenhotep III's scarab. This new evidence strengthens the likelihood of some chronological overlap between Late Minoan IIIA1 and the reign of this Pharaoh. The article also considers the biography of the two Minoan cups, as social agents within the intricate network of the Late Bronze Age palatial gift exchange in the eastern Mediterranean. While it is possible that the cups came to Beth-Shemesh directly from Knossos, another viable option is that they arrived as a gift from the Egyptian court. The two rare Late Minoan IIIA1 Knossian cups could have reached Egypt on the occasion of Amenhotep III's much-discussed official embassy to the Aegean – including Knossos – and then been sent as royal gifts to the ruler of Beth-Shemesh.

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Watrous, L. Vance. "New pottery from the Psychro Cave and its implications for Minoan Crete." Annual of the British School at Athens 99 (November 2004): 129–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400017044.

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Recently discovered pottery from David Hogarth's 1899 excavation in the Psychro Cave is published in this study. The great majority of these vases can, on the basis of their fabric and decoration, be traced to Malia, Knossos and the Lasithi Plain. During the MM I-LM I A period most of the fine ware pottery dedicated at the Psychro came from Malia. The monumental size of the sanctuary and the large number (and the elite character) of the votives indicates that during MM I B-LM I A Psychro was the main extra-urban sanctuary for the polity centred at Malia. During LM I B-III A1/2 virtually all of the decorated vases from Psychro are Knossian. This change suggests that Mycenaean Knossos assumed control of the sanctuary during this time, and that some of these vases are those referred to in the Linear B tablet from Knossos KN. Fp 1 that lists dedications of oil sent to Dictaean Zeus.

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Ekroth, Gunnel. "Greece and the Aegean in Swedish Archaeology 1986-1990." Current Swedish Archaeology 3, no. 1 (December 28, 1995): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.1995.17.

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This paper constitutes a survey of Swedish scholarship during the period 1986-90 dealing with Greece and the Aegean area from the archaeological viewpoint. A large portion of the work done concerns the Aegean Bronze Age, e.g. aspects of the Minoan palaces, various kinds of pottery, different types of cult, and funerary practices. Scholarship focussed on the Greek Iron Age also shows an inclination towards religious topics, such as the deposition and use of votive offerings in Greek religion and the role of ritual dining, but studies dealing with architecture and pottery may be found as well. The fieldwork and the publication of material from Swedish excavations and surveys are also covered.

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Pappalardo, Eleonora. "Pottery Styles in Transition in Iron Age Crete." ATHENS JOURNAL OF MEDITERRANEAN STUDIES 8, no. 1 (December 17, 2021): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajms.8-1-1.

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This paper presents the preliminary results of the study carried out by the author on a precise class of materials: Protogeometric B pottery from the site of Prinias, in central Crete. The pottery comes from the excavations conducted in the necropolis of Siderospilia, used from the end of XII century BC until the VII/VI century. A large assemblage of material has been so far analyzed, mostly consisting on figured specimens. Among this, a particular class of pithoi, characterized by straight sides and mostly used as cinerary urns, stands out for its quite unique features, finding comparisons just in Knossos and in few other Cretan sites. The impressive figured repertoire adopted in decorating PGB pottery (850-800 BC) does not find comparisons in continental Greece and it seems to reflect some sort of mixed tendency between Near Eastern influences, involving Crete in Early Iron age, and Minoan background. Keywords: Prinias, Protogeometric B, Pithos, Crete, Aegean

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Lacovara, Peter. "Minoan Pottery in Second Millennium Egypt. Barry J. Kemp , Robert S. Merrillees." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 47, no. 4 (October 1988): 304–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/373335.

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MacGillivray, J. Alexander. "A disastrous date." Antiquity 88, no. 339 (March 2014): 288–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00050419.

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Paolo Cherubini and colleagues have demonstrated convincingly that the identification of olive wood tree-rings from Santorini is ‘practically impossible’. Thus, the single piece of evidence that might have persuaded some archaeologists to support the ‘high’ 1613±13 BC date for the Theran eruption is hors de combat. The Theran olive-tree branch has gone the way of the Greenland Ice Core results of similar date and which enjoyed a similar devoted following until shown to be from a different eruption. Taken with Malcolm Wiener's explicit exposé of the myriad shortcomings of 14C dating, especially for this time period and event, these results take us back to where we were before the ‘radiocarbon revolution‘, when the largest Holocene eruption in the ancient world happened as Minoan Crete enjoyed wideranging influence, perhaps even control, over the Aegean, when Late Minoan IA pottery styles proliferated, and Egypt was in the early stages of its New Kingdom period (Wiener 2012, 2013).

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Wilson, D. E., and P. M. Day. "Ceramic regionalism in Prepalatial Central Crete: the Mesara imports at EM I to EM II A Knossos." Annual of the British School at Athens 89 (November 1994): 1–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s006824540001529x.

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This article presents results obtained through detailed stylistic analysis of a body of EM I–EM II A pottery at Knossos in association with a programme of petrographic analysis and scanning electron microscopy. From the Knossian ceramic assemblage, four specific ware groups were chosen for this study on the basis of shape, decoration, and fabric: fine painted, fine grey, painted semi-fine to coarse, and slipped and burnished. It is argued here, on stylistic grounds and on the basis of petrographic analysis, that these groups were imported to Knossos from south central Crete. In addition, scanning electron microscopy characterizes the technology of production of the Mesara imports, and demonstrates the use of oxidation–reduction–oxidation techniques to produce black in this early period. The Mesara imports at EM II A Knossos mark the first sizeable exchange of pottery at this site in Minoan times. They suggest that in central Crete by EM II A there may have been an inter-regional distribution of a broad range of pottery types from various specialized production centres.

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Wilson, David E., and Peter M. Day. "EM II B ware groups at Knossos: the 1907–1908 South Front tests." Annual of the British School at Athens 94 (November 1999): 1–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400000502.

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This article presents a descriptive analysis, both stylistic and petrographic, of the wares which define EM II B at Knossos based on pottery from deposits beneath the EM III South Front House excavated by Evans and Mackenzie in 1907–08. A classificatory system based on ware and fabric is used here as a means of investigating questions of location, technology and traditions of ceramic production, all key aspects in reconstructing socio-economic organisation in Early Minoan Crete. Comment is made on stylistic development and change in the EM II ceramic sequence at Knossos and the broad questions of ceramic production, distribution/exchange and consumption in EM II B Central Crete. Finally, inferences are drawn about the social value and meaning of the EM II B pottery at Knossos and arguments made for the specialised use of this site for ceremonial drinking/feasting practices.

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Coldstream, J. N. "Evans's Greek finds: the early Greek town of Knossos, and its encroachment on the borders of the Minoan palace." Annual of the British School at Athens 95 (November 2000): 259–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400004688.

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Among over 1800 boxes of Sir Arthur Evans's finds now stored in the Stratigraphical Museum at Knossos, at least 150 contain Greek pottery from Subminoan to Classical. A systematic study of this material, in relation to its recorded find spots, throws new light on the eastern part of the early Greek town, bordering the site of the Minoan Palace. Above the Palace itself, fresh evidence is produced, and fresh interpretation offered, for the Greek sanctuary described by Evans. In its immediate surroundings, there are signs of busy domestic and industrial life in the early Greek town above the South-West Houses, the West Court, the Theatral Area, and the Pillared Hall outside the North Entrance to the Palace. Greek occupation is also noted above the House of Frescoes, the Little Palace and the Royal Villa. A wider aim of this article is to trace the limits of the early Greek town of Knossos, both of its original Early Iron Age nucleus surviving from Late Minoan times, and of its spacious extension towards the north in the late eighth and seventh centuries BC.

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Sakellarakis, Y. "Minoan religious influence in the Aegean: the case of Kythera." Annual of the British School at Athens 91 (November 1996): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400016403.

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This article presents conclusions drawn from the results of surface survey and excavation at Agios Georgios, Vouno (Kythera), the peak sanctuary of the nearby Minoan colony at Kastri. Small finds included a black steatite ladle inscribed in Linear A with a name reminiscent of ‘Demeter’, libation tables, some clay and numerous bronze figurines (both anthropomorphic and animal), jewellery, bronze votive offerings in the shape of human limbs, miniature clay horns of consecration, and a small bronze double axe. The pottery includes some MM I B–MM II but is richest in MM III–LM I/I B, particularly fine wares. The finds suggest that the importance of Kastri was greater than hitherto supposed, but they exhibit significant contrasts with assemblages at Cretan peak sanctuaries. The site's proximity to the metallurgical resources of Laconia, and its strategic location overlooking sea passages, are considered. It is suggested that cult activity here was dependent not on West Crete but on Knossos. Parallels are drawn with the sites of Troullos (Kea), Trianta (Ialysos, Rhodes), and Mikri Vigla (Naxos), and possible Minoan elements in later Laconian cult are noted.

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Ferrence, Susan C., Philip P. Betancourt, and Charles P. Swann. "Analysis of Minoan white pigments used on pottery from Kommos, Palaikastro, Mochlos and Knossos." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 189, no. 1-4 (April 2002): 364–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(01)01088-6.

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Iacono, Francesco. "From Networks to Society: Pottery Style and Hegemony in Bronze Age Southern Italy." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 26, no. 1 (February 2016): 121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774315000190.

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During the last two decades, the use of network methodologies in archaeological studies of interaction has gradually emerged. In this paper I will explore the social significance of networks, advocating the explicit use of Marxist-inspired social theory to increase our understanding of the patterns recognized through graph-theory. Crucial in this will be the new concepts of Means, Relations and Modes of Interaction and the Gramscian notion of hegemony. I will illustrate the potential of this approach, through a case study based in MBA and LBA southern Italy, focused on the sharing of stylistic features in pottery from Apulia in a period when the region was one of the loci of interaction with Minoan/Mycenaean Greece. Local pottery networks show the existence of intense interaction since the early phases of the MBA, before the main period of contact with the Aegean world. It is argued that such networks were influenced by the growing Aegean presence in the region and the overall hegemony of this wide cultural component. Through the later phases of the Late Bronze Age the level of local interaction further increases, while at the same time Aegean-type pottery almost disappears, suggesting a less hegemonic role for Aegean groups involved and a re-balancing of interaction.

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Kyriakidis, Evangelos. "Undeciphered tablets and undeciphered territories. A comparison of Late Minoan 1B archives." Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 49 (2003): 118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068673500000973.

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Recent discussions on the politics of Minoan Crete concentrate on the relations between the ‘first-order centres’, ‘central places’ or ‘palaces’ and their function within the wider social landscape. The arguments have been based on the proliferation of signet rings and their iconography (Schoep (1999) 213–21), on pottery evidence, i.e. storage capacity (Christakis (1999)) and petrological composition (Day and Wilson (1994); (1998); (2002); Knappett (1999); Knappett and Schoep (2000)), as well as on other iconographical and administrative evidence (Palmer (1995); Knappett and Schoep (2000)). The evidence regarding administration is perhaps the most reliable, since it is within administrations that the relations between centres are crystalised.Ruth Palmer (1995) and Ilse Schoep (1999) have made important contributions in this area. The former presented much of the evidence on the variation between the various sites, whereas the latter elaborated on that information and argued that the various administrations on Crete are independent of one another and therefore also independent of the Knossian hegemony.

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Bruins, Hendrik J., Johannes van der Plicht, and J. Alexander MacGillivray. "The Minoan Santorini Eruption and Tsunami Deposits in Palaikastro (Crete): Dating by Geology, Archaeology, 14C, and Egyptian Chronology." Radiocarbon 51, no. 2 (2009): 397–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003382220005579x.

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Deposits from the Minoan Santorini (Thera) eruption in the eastern Mediterranean region constitute the most important regional stratigraphic marker in the chronological perplexity of the 2nd millennium BCE. Extensive tsunami deposits were discovered in Crete at the Minoan archaeological site of Palaikastro, containing reworked volcanic Santorini ash. Hence, airborne deposition of volcanic ash, probably during the 1st (Plinian) eruption phase, preceded the tsunami, which was apparently generated during the 3rd or 4th phase of the eruption, based on evidence from Thera. Average radiocarbon dates (uncalibrated) of animal bones in the Palaikastro tsunami deposits along the coast (3350 ± 25 BP) and at the inland archaeological site (3352 ± 23 BP) are astoundingly similar to the average 14C date for the Minoan Santorini eruption at Akrotiri on Thera (3350 ± 10 BP). The wiggle-matched 14C date of the eruption in calendar years is 1627–1600 cal BCE. Late Minoan IA pottery is the youngest element in the Palaikastro tsunami deposits, fitting with the LM IA archaeological date for the Santorini eruption, conventionally linked at ~1500 BCE with Dynasty XVIII of the historical Egyptian chronology. The reasons for the discrepancy of 100–150 yr between 14C dating and Egyptian chronology for part of the 2nd millennium BCE are unknown. 14C dates from Tell el-Dabca in the eastern Nile Delta show that the 14C age of the Santorini eruption matches with 14C results from 18th Dynasty strata C3 and C2, thereby confirming grosso modo the conventional archaeo-historical correlations between the Aegean and Egypt. We propose that a dual dating system is used in parallel: (1) archaeological material-cultural correlations linked to Egyptian chronology; (2) 14C dating. Mixing of dates from the 2 systems may lead to erroneous archaeological and historical correlations. A “calibration curve” should be established between Egyptian chronology and 14C dating for the 2nd millennium BCE, which may also assist to resolve the cause of the discrepancy.

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Bevan, Andrew, Evangelia Kiriatz, Carl Knappett, Evangelia Kappa, and Sophia Papachristou. "Excavation of Neopalatial deposits at Tholos (Kastri), Kythera." Annual of the British School at Athens 97 (November 2002): 55–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400017342.

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Several rock-cut features, exposed on the surface of a trackway in the Tholos area of Kastri, Kythera, were excavated in July–August 2000 as a synergasia between Kythera Island Project and 2nd Ephoria of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities. Although the surviving deposits were extremely shallow, they produced large quantities of conical cups and other pottery of Late Minoan I date. Further comparative analysis of the features themselves and their finds suggests that these are the remains of tomb chambers similar to those excavated in the area in the 1960s. These tombs and their assemblages show extremely strong cultural connections with Crete, but also idiosyncrasies that probably reflect the particular mortuary customs of the island.

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Hood, Sinclair. "Minoan Pottery - Philip P. Betancourt: The History of Minoan Pottery. Pp. xxiv + 226; 134 text-figures with numerous drawings, 32 plates of photographs, 4 maps, 6 tables. Princeton University Press, 1985. £40.90 (paper, £11.60)." Classical Review 38, no. 1 (April 1988): 110–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009840x00113629.

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Mathioudaki, Iro. "THE POTTERY DEPOSIT FROM THE HOUSES OF THE FALLEN BLOCKS AND THE SACRIFICED OXEN AT THE SOUTH-EASTERN CORNER OF THE PALACE OF KNOSSOS." Annual of the British School at Athens 113 (November 2018): 19–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245418000059.

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This contribution focuses on a study of the pottery assemblage deposited in the space occupied by the House of the Fallen Blocks and the House of the Sacrificed Oxen at the south-eastern corner of the Palace of Knossos. This deposit was crucial for Arthur Evans’ definition of the ‘Great Earthquake’ destruction at Knossos, because, together with fallen blocks, it was considered to be the consequence of a massive destruction. From the outset, the deposit associated with this event has played a de facto role in the definition of the New Palace era, and, in this respect, it is very important with regards to the history of the Palace of Knossos. There is no sign of stratification above the floor levels of the houses, with the material of the deposit usually interpreted as a post-destruction fill. The abundance of ceramic material and the broad representation of forms prompted Evans to call this deposit a storehouse of Middle Minoan (MM) III domestic pottery. Here, the nature of the deposit will be examined, taking into consideration information from the excavation notebooks and a detailed study of the retained pottery. The main conclusion is that the material is not MM IIIB as ascribed by Evans, but can be dated to an earlier part of the period, i.e. MM IIIA. This is significant because it might contribute to a critical reassessment of the destruction horizon generally attributed to MM IIIB. The large quantities of pottery from these houses also provide a fuller picture of what types and styles were prevalent in MM IIIA, given that there are not many published deposits of this date from the palace or town of Knossos.

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Higgins, Reynold. "A gold diadem from Aegina." Journal of Hellenic Studies 107 (November 1987): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/630083.

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A recent discovery on the island of Aegina by Professor H. Walter (University of Salzburg) throws a new light on the origins of the so-called Aegina Treasure in the British Museum.In 1982 the Austrians were excavating the Bronze Age settlement on Cape Kolonna, to the north-west of Aegina town. Immediately to the east of the ruined Temple of Apollo, and close to the South Gate of the prehistoric Lower Town, they found an unrobbed shaft grave containing the burial of a warrior. The gravegoods (now exhibited in the splendid new Museum on the Kolonna site) included a bronze sword with a gold and ivory hilt, three bronze daggers, one with gold fittings, a bronze spear-head, arrowheads of obsidian, boar's tusks from a helmet, and fragments of a gold diadem (plate Va). The grave also contained Middle Minoan, Middle Cycladic, and Middle Helladic (Mattpainted) pottery. The pottery and the location of the grave in association with the ‘Ninth City’ combine to give a date for the burial of about 1700 BC; and the richness of the grave-goods would suggest that the dead man was a king.

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Holladay, A. J. "The forethought of Themistocles." Journal of Hellenic Studies 107 (November 1987): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/630084.

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A recent discovery on the island of Aegina by Professor H. Walter (University of Salzburg) throws a new light on the origins of the so-called Aegina Treasure in the British Museum.In 1982 the Austrians were excavating the Bronze Age settlement on Cape Kolonna, to the north-west of Aegina town. Immediately to the east of the ruined Temple of Apollo, and close to the South Gate of the prehistoric Lower Town, they found an unrobbed shaft grave containing the burial of a warrior. The gravegoods (now exhibited in the splendid new Museum on the Kolonna site) included a bronze sword with a gold and ivory hilt, three bronze daggers, one with gold fittings, a bronze spear-head, arrowheads of obsidian, boar's tusks from a helmet, and fragments of a gold diadem (plate Va). The grave also contained Middle Minoan, Middle Cycladic, and Middle Helladic (Mattpainted) pottery. The pottery and the location of the grave in association with the ‘Ninth City’ combine to give a date for the burial of about 1700 BC; and the richness of the grave-goods would suggest that the dead man was a king.

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Knappett, C., and T. F. Cunningham. "Three Neopalatial deposits from Palaikastro, East Crete." Annual of the British School at Athens 98 (November 2003): 107–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s006824540001683x.

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Although the MM III B and LM I A ceramic phases of the Neopalatial period have in central Crete recently been subjected to refinement and revision, some of it controversial, in the east of the island they are still not very clearly defined. It is often argued that these phases see important changes in Minoan political geography, with Knossos seemingly extending its influence farther afield than ever before. Thus closer definition of these phases in east Crete in relation to the centre of the island represents an important step. It is in this light that three deposits from Palaikastro are here fully presented and discussed, with a view to clarifying the nature of the MM III B and LM I A phases in east Crete. The deposits in question were excavated during the recent programme of British School excavations conducted between 1986 and 1996. They are from three different contexts, in Building 6, Area 6 and Building 2 respectively, and contain abundant pottery (447 catalogued pots in total). The pottery from these deposits consists largely of cups, stored in some quantity in what seem to be small storerooms or ‘pantries’. Although east Cretan Neopalatial pottery does exhibit its own stylistic and typological traits, there are sufficient comparisons with material in central Crete to assign the deposits from Building 6 and Area 6 to MM III B, and the one from Building 2 to LM I A. It is hoped that the publication of this material will serve as a clear basis for future discussions of these significant phases in east Crete.

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E. Grammatikakis, Kyriakidis, D. Demadis, Cabeza Diaz, and Leon-Reina. "Mineralogical Characterization and Firing Temperature Delineation on Minoan Pottery, Focusing on the Application of Micro-Raman Spectroscopy." Heritage 2, no. 3 (September 17, 2019): 2652–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage2030163.

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Ceramic objects in whole or in fragments usually account for the majority of findings in an archaeological excavation. Thus, through examination of the values these items bear, it is possible to extract important information regarding raw materials provenance and ceramic technology. For this purpose, either traditional examination protocols could be followed, focusing on the macroscopic/morphological characteristics of the ancient object, or more sophisticated physicochemical techniques are employed. Nevertheless, there are cases where, due to the uniqueness and the significance of an object of archaeological value, sampling is impossible. Then, the available analytical tools are extremely limited, especially when molecular information and mineral phase identification is required. In this context, the results acquired from a multiphase clay ceramic dated on Early Neopalatioal period ΜΜΙΙΙΑLMIA (1750 B.C.E.–1490 B.C.E.), from the Minoan Bronze Age site at Philioremos (Crete, Greece) through the application of Raman confocal spectroscopy, a nondestructive/ noninvasive method are reported. The spectroscopic results are confirmed through the application of Xray microdiffraction and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive Xray spectrometry. Moreover, it is demonstrated how it is made possible through the application of microRaman (μRaman) spectroscopy to examine and collect crucial information from very small inclusions in the ceramic fabric. The aim of this approach is to develop an analytical protocol based on μRaman spectroscopy, for extracting firing temperature information from other ceramic finds (figurines) where due to their uniqueness sampling and analyses through other techniques is not possible. This information can lead to dating but also to firing kiln technology extrapolations that are very significant in archaeology.

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Warren, Peter. "Gisela Walberg: Provincial Middle Minoan Pottery. Pp. ix + 232; 55 plates. Mainz: von Zabern, 1983. DM. 150." Classical Review 35, no. 2 (October 1985): 415–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009840x0010976x.

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BELFIORE, C. M., P. M. DAY, A. HEIN, V. KILIKOGLOU, V. LA ROSA, P. MAZZOLENI, and A. PEZZINO. "PETROGRAPHIC AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF POTTERY PRODUCTION OF THE LATE MINOAN I KILN AT HAGHIA TRIADA, CRETE." Archaeometry 49, no. 4 (November 2007): 621–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2007.00324.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pottery, Minoan'

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