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1
Gibbs, Adrian J., Mohammad Hajizadeh, Kazusato Ohshima, and Roger A. C. Jones. "The Potyviruses: An Evolutionary Synthesis Is Emerging." Viruses 12, no. 2 (January 22, 2020): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12020132.
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In this review, encouraged by the dictum of Theodosius Dobzhansky that “Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution”, we outline the likely evolutionary pathways that have resulted in the observed similarities and differences of the extant molecules, biology, distribution, etc. of the potyvirids and, especially, its largest genus, the potyviruses. The potyvirids are a family of plant-infecting RNA-genome viruses. They had a single polyphyletic origin, and all share at least three of their genes (i.e., the helicase region of their CI protein, the RdRp region of their NIb protein and their coat protein) with other viruses which are otherwise unrelated. Potyvirids fall into 11 genera of which the potyviruses, the largest, include more than 150 distinct viruses found worldwide. The first potyvirus probably originated 15,000–30,000 years ago, in a Eurasian grass host, by acquiring crucial changes to its coat protein and HC-Pro protein, which enabled it to be transmitted by migrating host-seeking aphids. All potyviruses are aphid-borne and, in nature, infect discreet sets of monocotyledonous or eudicotyledonous angiosperms. All potyvirus genomes are under negative selection; the HC-Pro, CP, Nia, and NIb genes are most strongly selected, and the PIPO gene least, but there are overriding virus specific differences; for example, all turnip mosaic virus genes are more strongly conserved than those of potato virus Y. Estimates of dN/dS (ω) indicate whether potyvirus populations have been evolving as one or more subpopulations and could be used to help define species boundaries. Recombinants are common in many potyvirus populations (20%–64% in five examined), but recombination seems to be an uncommon speciation mechanism as, of 149 distinct potyviruses, only two were clear recombinants. Human activities, especially trade and farming, have fostered and spread both potyviruses and their aphid vectors throughout the world, especially over the past five centuries. The world distribution of potyviruses, especially those found on islands, indicates that potyviruses may be more frequently or effectively transmitted by seed than experimental tests suggest. Only two meta-genomic potyviruses have been recorded from animal samples, and both are probably contaminants.
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Gadhave, Kiran R., Saurabh Gautam, David A. Rasmussen, and Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan. "Aphid Transmission of Potyvirus: The Largest Plant-Infecting RNA Virus Genus." Viruses 12, no. 7 (July 17, 2020): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12070773.
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Potyviruses are the largest group of plant infecting RNA viruses that cause significant losses in a wide range of crops across the globe. The majority of viruses in the genus Potyvirus are transmitted by aphids in a non-persistent, non-circulative manner and have been extensively studied vis-à-vis their structure, taxonomy, evolution, diagnosis, transmission, and molecular interactions with hosts. This comprehensive review exclusively discusses potyviruses and their transmission by aphid vectors, specifically in the light of several virus, aphid and plant factors, and how their interplay influences potyviral binding in aphids, aphid behavior and fitness, host plant biochemistry, virus epidemics, and transmission bottlenecks. We present the heatmap of the global distribution of potyvirus species, variation in the potyviral coat protein gene, and top aphid vectors of potyviruses. Lastly, we examine how the fundamental understanding of these multi-partite interactions through multi-omics approaches is already contributing to, and can have future implications for, devising effective and sustainable management strategies against aphid-transmitted potyviruses to global agriculture.
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Sabharwal, Pallavi, and Handanahal S. Savithri. "Functional Characterization of Pepper Vein Banding Virus-Encoded Proteins and Their Interactions: Implications in Potyvirus Infection." Viruses 12, no. 9 (September 17, 2020): 1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12091037.
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Pepper vein banding virus (PVBV) is a distinct species in the Potyvirus genus which infects economically important plants in several parts of India. Like other potyviruses, PVBV encodes multifunctional proteins, with several interaction partners, having implications at different stages of the potyviral infection. In this review, we summarize the functional characterization of different PVBV-encoded proteins with an emphasis on their interaction partners governing the multifunctionality of potyviral proteins. Intrinsically disordered domains/regions of these proteins play an important role in their interactions with other proteins. Deciphering the function of PVBV-encoded proteins and their interactions with cognitive partners will help in understanding the putative mechanisms by which the potyviral proteins are regulated at different stages of the viral life-cycle. This review also discusses PVBV virus-like particles (VLPs) and their potential applications in nanotechnology. Further, virus-like nanoparticle-cell interactions and intracellular fate of PVBV VLPs are also discussed.
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Ravi, K. S., J. Joseph, N. Nagaraju, S. Krishna Prasad, H. R. Reddy, and H. S. Savithri. "Characterization of a Pepper Vein Banding Virus from Chili Pepper in India." Plant Disease 81, no. 6 (June 1997): 673–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.6.673.
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A survey conducted in pepper-growing tracts of Karnataka State, covering 165 fields in 33 villages, revealed the occurrence of many pepper mosaic diseases. Based on reactions on selected test plants, the viruses were identified as pepper vein banding virus (PVBV), pepper veinal mottle virus, potato virus Y, cucumber mosaic virus, and tobacco mosaic virus. Among these, PVBV was the most prevalent. PVBV was purified from infected leaves of Capsicum annuum cv. California Wonder. Electron microscopy revealed flexuous rod-shaped particles in the purified preparations. The coat protein (CP) molecular weight was 35,000, which is similar to members of the Potyvirus group. As in other potyviruses, the CP underwent proteolytic degradation to a fragment with a molecular weight of 31,000. Both of these bands cross-reacted with antibodies against tobacco etch virus in Western blots. Polyclonal antibodies were produced against PVBV. Cross-reactivity studies with other potyviral antisera showed that PVBV is serologically closer to peanut mottle virus than to peanut stripe virus or sorghum potyvirus. N-terminal sequence analysis of the intact CP and trypsin-resistant core revealed that PVBV is a distinct member of the Potyvirus group.
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Ala-Poikela, Marjo, Minna-Liisa Rajamäki, and Jari P. T. Valkonen. "A Novel Interaction Network Used by Potyviruses in Virus–Host Interactions at the Protein Level." Viruses 11, no. 12 (December 14, 2019): 1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11121158.
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Host proteins that are central to infection of potyviruses (genus Potyvirus; family Potyviridae) include the eukaryotic translation initiation factors eIF4E and eIF(iso)4E. The potyviral genome-linked protein (VPg) and the helper component proteinase (HCpro) interact with each other and with eIF4E and eIF(iso)4E and proteins are involved in the same functions during viral infection. VPg interacts with eIF4E/eIF(iso)4E via the 7-methylguanosine cap-binding region, whereas HCpro interacts with eIF4E/eIF(iso)4E via the 4E-binding motif YXXXXLΦ, similar to the motif in eIF4G. In this study, HCpro and VPg were found to interact in the nucleus, nucleolus, and cytoplasm in cells infected with the potyvirus potato virus A (PVA). In the cytoplasm, interactions between HCpro and VPg occurred in punctate bodies not associated with viral replication vesicles. In addition to HCpro, the 4E-binding motif was recognized in VPg of PVA. Mutations in the 4E-binding motif of VPg from PVA weakened interactions with eIF4E and heavily reduced PVA virulence. Furthermore, mutations in the 4G-binding domain of eIF4E reduced interactions with VPg and abolished interactions with HCpro. Thus, HCpro and VPg can both interact with eIF4E using the 4E-binding motif. Our results suggest a novel interaction network used by potyviruses to interact with host plants via translation initiation factors.
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Moury, Benoît, and Cécile Desbiez. "Host Range Evolution of Potyviruses: A Global Phylogenetic Analysis." Viruses 12, no. 1 (January 16, 2020): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12010111.
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Virus host range, i.e., the number and diversity of host species of viruses, is an important determinant of disease emergence and of the efficiency of disease control strategies. However, for plant viruses, little is known about the genetic or ecological factors involved in the evolution of host range. Using available genome sequences and host range data, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of host range evolution in the genus Potyvirus, a large group of plant RNA viruses that has undergone a radiative evolution circa 7000 years ago, contemporaneously with agriculture intensification in mid Holocene. Maximum likelihood inference based on a set of 59 potyviruses and 38 plant species showed frequent host range changes during potyvirus evolution, with 4.6 changes per plant species on average, including 3.1 host gains and 1.5 host loss. These changes were quite recent, 74% of them being inferred on the terminal branches of the potyvirus tree. The most striking result was the high frequency of correlated host gains occurring repeatedly in different branches of the potyvirus tree, which raises the question of the dependence of the molecular and/or ecological mechanisms involved in adaptation to different plant species.
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Kannan, Maathavi, Zamri Zainal, Ismanizan Ismail, Syarul Nataqain Baharum, and Hamidun Bunawan. "Application of Reverse Genetics in Functional Genomics of Potyvirus." Viruses 12, no. 8 (July 26, 2020): 803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12080803.
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Numerous potyvirus studies, including virus biology, transmission, viral protein function, as well as virus–host interaction, have greatly benefited from the utilization of reverse genetic techniques. Reverse genetics of RNA viruses refers to the manipulation of viral genomes, transfection of the modified cDNAs into cells, and the production of live infectious progenies, either wild-type or mutated. Reverse genetic technology provides an opportunity of developing potyviruses into vectors for improving agronomic traits in plants, as a reporter system for tracking virus infection in hosts or a production system for target proteins. Therefore, this review provides an overview on the breakthroughs achieved in potyvirus research through the implementation of reverse genetic systems.
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Poudel, Nabin Sharma, and Kapil Khanal. "Viral Diseases of Crops in Nepal." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 6, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v6i2.19702.
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Viral diseases are the important diseases next to the fungal and bacterial in Nepal. The increase in incidence and severity of viral diseases and emergence of new viral diseases causes the significant yield losses of different crops in Nepal. But the research and studies on plant viral diseases are limited. Most of the studies were focused in viral diseases of rice (Rice tungro virus and Rice dwarf virus), tomato (Yellow leaf curl virus) and potato (PVX and PVY). Maize leaf fleck virus and mosaic caused by Maize mosaic virus were recorded as minor disease of maize. Citrus Tristeza Virus is an important virus of citrus fruit in Nepal while Papaya ringspot potyvirus, Ageratum yellow vein virus (AYVV), Tomato leaf curlJava betasatellite and Sida yellow vein Chinaalphasatellite were recorded from the papaya fruit. The Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus (ZYMV) are the viral diseases of cucurbitaceous crop reported in Nepal. Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) found to infect the many crops Limabean, Kidney bean, blackgram and Mungbean. Bean common mosaic necrosis virus in sweet bean, Pea leaf distortion virus (PLDV), Cowpea aphid‐borne mosaic potyvirus (CABMV), Peanut bud necrosis virus (PBNV) in groundnut, Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Chili veinal mottle potyvirus (CVMV) and Tomatoyellow leaf curl gemini virus (TYLCV) were only reported and no any further works have been carried out. The 3 virus diseases Soyabean mosaic (SMV), Soybean yellow mosaic virus and Bud blight tobacco ring spot virus (TRSV) were found in soybean.Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 6(2): 75-80
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Hervás, Marta, Sergio Ciordia, Rosana Navajas, Juan Antonio García, and Sandra Martínez-Turiño. "Common and Strain-Specific Post-Translational Modifications of the Potyvirus Plum pox virus Coat Protein in Different Hosts." Viruses 12, no. 3 (March 12, 2020): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12030308.
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Phosphorylation and O-GlcNAcylation are widespread post-translational modifications (PTMs), often sharing protein targets. Numerous studies have reported the phosphorylation of plant viral proteins. In plants, research on O-GlcNAcylation lags behind that of other eukaryotes, and information about O-GlcNAcylated plant viral proteins is extremely scarce. The potyvirus Plum pox virus (PPV) causes sharka disease in Prunus trees and also infects a wide range of experimental hosts. Capsid protein (CP) from virions of PPV-R isolate purified from herbaceous plants can be extensively modified by O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation. In this study, a combination of proteomics and biochemical approaches was employed to broaden knowledge of PPV CP PTMs. CP proved to be modified regardless of whether or not it was assembled into mature particles. PTMs of CP occurred in the natural host Prunus persica, similarly to what happens in herbaceous plants. Additionally, we observed that O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation were general features of different PPV strains, suggesting that these modifications contribute to general strategies deployed during plant-virus interactions. Interestingly, phosphorylation at a casein kinase II motif conserved among potyviral CPs exhibited strain specificity in PPV; however, it did not display the critical role attributed to the same modification in the CP of another potyvirus, Potato virus A.
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Kloth, Karen J., and Richard Kormelink. "Defenses against Virus and Vector: A Phloem-Biological Perspective on RTM- and SLI1-Mediated Resistance to Potyviruses and Aphids." Viruses 12, no. 2 (January 22, 2020): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12020129.
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Combining plant resistance against virus and vector presents an attractive approach to reduce virus transmission and virus proliferation in crops. Restricted Tobacco-etch virus Movement (RTM) genes confer resistance to potyviruses by limiting their long-distance transport. Recently, a close homologue of one of the RTM genes, SLI1, has been discovered but this gene instead confers resistance to Myzus persicae aphids, a vector of potyviruses. The functional connection between resistance to potyviruses and aphids, raises the question whether plants have a basic defense system in the phloem against biotic intruders. This paper provides an overview on restricted potyvirus phloem transport and restricted aphid phloem feeding and their possible interplay, followed by a discussion on various ways in which viruses and aphids gain access to the phloem sap. From a phloem-biological perspective, hypotheses are proposed on the underlying mechanisms of RTM- and SLI1-mediated resistance, and their possible efficacy to defend against systemic viruses and phloem-feeding vectors.
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Sanchez-Cuevas, M.-C., and S. G. P. Nameth. "Virus-associated Diseases of Double Petunia: Frequency and Distribution in Ohio Greenhouses." HortScience 37, no. 3 (June 2002): 543–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.37.3.543.
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Double petunia plants expressing virus-like symptoms were collected in greenhouses and garden centers throughout Ohio in Spring 1997 and 1998 in an effort to determine the frequency and distribution of petunia viruses present in the state. Direct antibody-sandwich and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were conducted with commercial antisera made against 13 viruses, a potyvirus kit capable of detecting 80 different potyviruses, and our antiserum raised against a tobamo-like virus inducing severe mosaic in double petunia. Viral-associated double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) analysis and light microscopy for detection of inclusion bodies were also carried out. ELISA, dsRNA analysis, and light microscopy revealed the presence of tobacco mosaic tobamovirus, an unknown tobamo-like petunia virus, tomato ringspot nepovirus, tobacco streak ilarvirus, and tobacco ringspot nepovirus. Tomato aspermy cucumovirus, tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, impatiens necrotic spot tospovirus, alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic cucumovirus, potato virus X potexvirus, and chrysanthemum B carlavirus were not detected. No potyviruses were identified. A number of plants with virus-like symptoms tested negative for all viruses.
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Tóbiás, István, László Palkovics, Lilia Tzekova, and Ervin Balázs. "Replacement of the coat protein gene of plum pox potyvirus with that of zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus: characterization of the hybrid potyvirus." Virus Research 76, no. 1 (July 2001): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1702(01)00241-6.
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Yu, Chulang, Runpu Miao, Zhuangxin Ye, Stuart MacFarlane, Yuwen Lu, Junmin Li, Jian Yang, Fei Yan, Liangying Dai, and Jianping Chen. "Integrated Proteomics and Transcriptomics Analyses Reveal the Transcriptional Slippage of a Bymovirus P3N-PIPO Gene Expressed from a PVX Vector in Nicotiana benthamiana." Viruses 13, no. 7 (June 26, 2021): 1247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13071247.
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P3N-PIPO (P3 N-terminal fused with Pretty Interesting Potyviridae ORF), the movement protein of potyviruses, is expressed as a translational fusion with the N-terminus of P3 in potyviruses. As reported in previous studies, P3N-PIPO is expressed via transcriptional slippage at a conserved G2A6 slippery site in the genus Potyvirus. However, it is still unknown whether a similar expression mechanism of P3N-PIPO is used in the other genera of the family Potyviridae. Moreover, due to the extremely low expression level of P3N-PIPO in natural virus-infected plants, the peptides spanning the slippery site which provide direct evidence of the slippage at the protein level, have not been identified yet. In this study, a potato virus X (PVX)-based expression vector was utilized to investigate the expression mechanism of P3N-PIPO. A high expression level of the P3N-PIPO(WT) of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV, genus Potyvirus) was observed based on the PVX expression vector. For the first time, we successfully identified the peptides of P3N-PIPO spanning the slippery site by mass spectrometry. Likewise, the P3N-PIPO(WT) of wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV, genus Bymovirus) was also successfully expressed using the PVX expression vector. Integrated proteome and transcriptome analyses revealed that WYMV P3N-PIPO was expressed at the conserved G2A6 site through transcriptional slippage. Moreover, as revealed by mutagenesis analysis, Hexa-adenosine of the G2A6 site was important for the frameshift expression of P3N-PIPO in WYMV. According to our results, the PVX-based expression vector might be used as an excellent tool to study the expression mechanism of P3N-PIPO in Potyviridae. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first experimental evidence dissecting the expression mechanism of a bymovirus P3N-PIPO in the experimental host Nicotiana benthamiana.
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Yin, Hang, Zheng Dong, Xulong Wang, Shuhao Lu, Fei Xia, Annihaer Abuduwaili, Yang Bi, and Yongqiang Li. "Metagenomic Analysis of Marigold: Mixed Infection Including Two New Viruses." Viruses 13, no. 7 (June 28, 2021): 1254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13071254.
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Marigold plants with symptoms of mosaic, crinkle, leaf curl and necrosis were observed and small RNA and ribo-depleted total RNA deep sequencing were conducted to identify the associated viruses. Broad bean wilt virus 2, cucumber mosaic virus, turnip mosaic virus, a new potyvirus tentatively named marigold mosaic virus (MMV) and a new partitivirus named as marigold cryptic virus (MCV) were finally identified. Complete genome sequence analysis showed MMV was 9811 nt in length, encoding a large polyprotein with highest aa sequence identity (57%) with the putative potyvirus polygonatumkingianum virus 1. Phylogenetic analysis with the definite potyviruses based on the polyprotein sequence showed MMV clustered closest to plum pox virus. The complete genome of MCV comprised of dsRNA1 (1583 bp) and dsRNA2 (1459 bp), encoding the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and coat protein (CP), respectively. MCV RdRp shared the highest (75.7%) aa sequence identity with the unclassified partitivirus ambrosia cryptic virus 2, and 59.0%, 57.1%, 56.1%, 54.5% and 33.7% with the corresponding region of the definite delta-partitiviruses, pepper cryptic virus 2, beet cryptic virus 3, beet cryptic virus 2, pepper cryptic virus 1 and fig cryptic virus, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on the RdRp aa sequence showed MCV clustered into the delta-partitivirus group. These findings enriched our knowledge of viruses infecting marigold, but the association of the observed symptom and the identified viruses and the biological characterization of the new viruses should be further investigated.
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Shen, Wentao, Yan Shi, Zhaoji Dai, and Aiming Wang. "The RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase NIb of Potyviruses Plays Multifunctional, Contrasting Roles during Viral Infection." Viruses 12, no. 1 (January 8, 2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12010077.
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Potyviruses represent the largest group of known plant RNA viruses and include many agriculturally important viruses, such as Plum pox virus, Soybean mosaic virus, Turnip mosaic virus, and Potato virus Y. Potyviruses adopt polyprotein processing as their genome expression strategy. Among the 11 known viral proteins, the nuclear inclusion protein b (NIb) is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase responsible for viral genome replication. Beyond its principal role as an RNA replicase, NIb has been shown to play key roles in diverse virus–host interactions. NIb recruits several host proteins into the viral replication complexes (VRCs), which are essential for the formation of functional VRCs for virus multiplication, and interacts with the sumoylation pathway proteins to suppress NPR1-mediated immunity response. On the other hand, NIb serves as a target of selective autophagy as well as an elicitor of effector-triggered immunity, resulting in attenuated virus infection. These contrasting roles of NIb provide an excellent example of the complex co-evolutionary arms race between plant hosts and potyviruses. This review highlights the current knowledge about the multifunctional roles of NIb in potyvirus infection, and discusses future research directions.
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Chen, C. C., C. A. Chang, H. T. Tsai, and H. T. Hsu. "Identification of a Potyvirus Causing Latent Infection in Calla Lilies." Plant Disease 88, no. 9 (September 2004): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.9.1046a.
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A new potyvirus designated as Calla lily latent virus (CLLV) was isolated from apparently healthy calla lilies (Zantedeschia spp.) collected from nurseries in Taichung County, Taiwan. Different from most calla lily-infecting potyviruses, CLLV infects Chenopodium quinoa and develops local lesions on inoculated leaves (3). Typical potyvirus particles approximately 780 nm long were detected from CLLV-induced C. quinoa local lesions. CLLV was transmitted readily to and established in C. quinoa. Attempts to establish CLLV infection in calla lilies from extracts of C. quinoa lesions were not successful. The virus was transmitted from infected to healthy calla lilies with difficulty. A 1.3-kb cDNA product was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from CLLV-infected calla lilies and C. quinoa using potyvirus degenerate primers (2). The PCR product was cloned and sequenced. It was found to consist of 1,339 nucleotides (nt) (GenBank Accession No. AF469171) corresponding to the genome organization of the 3′terminal region of potyviruses. The deduced amino acid sequence contains 362 residues encoding the 3′terminal region of the nuclear inclusion b gene (80 residues) and the complete coat protein (CP) gene (282 residues). A 253-nt noncoding region (NCR) was found at the 3′terminal region of the cDNA. By comparing with known sequences of potyviruses, CLLV was identified as a new species of Potyvirus based on the uniqueness in the CP gene and 3′ NCR. Soybean mosaic virus and Watermelon mosaic virus 2 are the potyviruses most similar to CLLV, but they share only approximately 80% nucleotide identity with CLLV in the CP and NCR regions. Attempts to purify sufficient CLLV from C. quinoa for antiserum preparation were not successful. Alternatively, polyclonal antibodies were produced using E. coli-expressed CLLV CP (1). The antibodies were useful for detection of CLLV and its CP in calla lilies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, sodium dodecyl sulfate-immunodiffusion, immuno-specific electron microscopy, and western blot. Field surveys showed that calla lily plants found positive for CLLV by serological methods always remained symptomless throughout the six-month growing season. Occasionally, CLLV was detected in symptomatic calla lilies, but these plants were consistently confirmed dually infected by other viruses (Dasheen mosaic virus and Konjak mosaic virus found most commonly). Infection of CLLV alone in calla lilies may not have a direct impact on the production and marketing of the crop. Synergism is not currently known when calla lilies are coinfected with other viruses. CLLV is spread by vegetative propagation through infected rhizomes or tubers. References: (1) C. C. Chen et al. Plant Dis. 87:901–905, 2003. (2) S. S. Pappu et al. Plant Dis. 82:1121–1125, 1998. (3) F. W. Zettler and R. D. Hartman. Pages 464–470 in: Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Bulb and Flower Crops. G. Loebenstein et al., eds. John Wiley and Sons Inc., UK, 1995.
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Jagadish, M. N., S. J. Edwards, M. B. Hayden, J. Grusovin, K. Vandenberg, P. Schoofs, R. C. Hamilton, et al. "Chimeric Potyvirus-Like Particles as Vaccine Carriers." Intervirology 39, no. 1-2 (1996): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000150479.
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Urcuqui-Inchima, Silvio, Anne-Lise Haenni, and Françoise Bernardi. "Potyvirus proteins: a wealth of functions." Virus Research 74, no. 1-2 (April 2001): 157–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1702(01)00220-9.
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German-Retana, Sylvie, and Kristiina Mäkinen. "Special Issue: “The Complexity of the Potyviral Interaction Network”." Viruses 12, no. 8 (August 11, 2020): 874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12080874.
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Sochacki, Dariusz, and Ewa Chojnowska. "The Frequency of Viral Infections on Two Narcissus Plantations in Central Poland." Journal of Horticultural Research 24, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johr-2016-0016.
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Abstract Viral diseases in narcissus can drastically affect yields and quality of narcissus bulbs and flowers, leading even to a total crop loss. To test the frequency of viral infections in production fields in Central Poland, samples were collected over three years from two cultivars and two plantations, and tested for the presence of Arabis mosaic (ArMV), Cucumber mosaic (CMV), Narcissus latent (NLV), Narcissus mosaic (NMV) and the potyvirus group using the Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay. Potyviruses, NLV and NMV were detected in almost all leaf samples in both cultivars, in all three years of testing. Other viruses were detected in a limited number of samples. In most cases mixed infections were present. Tests on bulbs have shown the presence of potyviruses and NMV, with the higher number of positives in cultivar ‘Carlton’. In addition, for most viruses an increase in their detectability was observed on both plantations in subsequent seasons.
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Dukic, Natasa, Branka Krstic, Ivana Vico, N. I. Katis, Chryssa Papavassiliou, and Janos Berenji. "Biological and serological characterization of viruses of summer squash crops in Yugoslavia." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 47, no. 2 (2002): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas0202149d.
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A survey on summer squash open field crops was carried out during 2000 and 2001 in order to identify the major viruses infecting these crops in different localities. Plants showed different types of symptoms: mild mosaic, chlorotic spotting, distinctive mosaic, blistering of leaf lamina leaf yellowing, deformation of leaf lamina, knobbed fruits and stunting of plants. The symptoms were very variable but showed the viral nature of the investigated summer squash diseases. The collected samples were tested by bioassay and by two serological methods ELISA and EBIA using cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV), zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus (ZYMV), watermelon mosaic potyvirus 2 (WMV-2), zucchini yellow flack potyvirus (ZYFV) watermelon mosaic potyvirus 1 (WMV-1), squash mosaic comovirus (SqMV) and cucurbit aphid-borne yellows polerovirus (CABYV) polyclonal antisera. In all tested samples single or mixed infection with ZYMV, CMV and WMV-2 was detected. The most prevalent virus infecting summer squash was ZYMV. This is the first report of ZYMV, the most destructive virus infecting cucurbits, in Yugoslavia. It was also proven that the identified viruses are transmissible by Aphis gossypii in a non-persistent manner, but possible role of seed in virus transmission was not confirmed.
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Gunaeni, Neni, Asih K. Karyadi, and Witono Adiyoga. "Deteksi Penyakit Virus Pada Bawang Merah Asal Kabupaten Brebes dan Cirebon dan Daerah Pencarnya Menggunakan Teknik RT-PCR (Detection of Viral Diseases on Shallot from Brebes and Cirebon Districts and their Spread Using the RT-PCR Techniques)." Jurnal Hortikultura 28, no. 2 (May 17, 2019): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jhort.v28n2.2018.p229-238.
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<p>Bawang merah (Allium cepa var. ascalonicum) merupakan salah satu komoditas penting sayuran. Salah satu masalah yang dihadapi dalam budidaya bawang merah adalah adanya penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus yang dapat menurunkan kualitas dan kuantitas hasil. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui kelompok virus yang menginfeksi bawang merah dan daerah pencarnya di Kabupaten Brebes dan Cirebon. Kegiatan dilakukan dengan pengambilan sampel tanaman pada bulan September 2013 (musim kemarau) dan April 2014 (musim hujan). Identifikasi virus dilakukan di Laboratorium Virologi Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran menggunakan teknik RT-PCR. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) tingginya insiden gejala virus bergantung pada pola tanam, penggunaan varietas, umur tanaman, dan kondisi lingkungan di sekitar tanaman, (2) umumnya petani di Kabupaten Brebes dan Cirebon menanam bawang merah varietas Bima Curut, (3) daerah pencar kelompok Potyvirus, Allexivirus, dan Carlavirus cukup luas di Kabupaten Brebes dan Cirebon, (4) terdeteksi dari kelompok sampel Kabupaten Brebes Potyvirus 92,30%, Allexivirus 92,50%, dan Carlavirus 99%, dan (5) terdeteksi dari kelompok sampel asal Kabupaten Cirebon Potyvirus 96,43%, Allexivirus 96,15%, dan Carlavirus 93%. Implikasi dari infeksi ketiga kelompok virus tersebut pada tanaman bawang merah dapat menurunkan produksi 21,57–54,90%.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong></p><p><em>Allium cepa</em> var. ascalonicum; Deteksi; Potyvirus; Allexivirus; Carlavirus</p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Shallot (Allium cepa var. ascalonicum) is one of the important vegetable commodity. The problems encountered in the cultivation of shallot is the disease caused by a virus which can reduce the quality and yield quantity. This study aimed to determine the group of viruses that infect shallot and geographycal distribution in Brebes and Cirebon Districts. The activities carried out by plant sampling in September 2013 (dry season) and April 2014 (rainy season). Identification of virus carried in the Virology Laboratory of Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute to perform testing using RT-PCR. The results showed that: (1) the high incidence of viral symptoms depend on cropping patterns, use of improved varieties, plant age, environmental conditions around the plant, (2) generally famers in Brebes and Cirebon Districts planted Bima Curut varieties, (3) geographycal distribution Potyvirus group, Allexivirus, and Carlavirus quite extensive in Brebes and Cirebon regions, (4) detected viruses from samples of Brebes District : Potyvirus group 92.30%, Allexivirus 92.50%, and Carlavirus 99%, and (5) detected viruses from samples of Cirebon District : Potyvirus group 96.43%, Allexivirus 96.15%, and Carlavirus 93%. The implications of the infection of the above three groups of viruses on the plant can decrease the production of shallots 21.57–51.90%.</p>
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Chase, Ornela, Giannina Bambaren, and Juan José López-Moya. "Deciphering the RNA Silencing Suppressor Function in the Potyvirus SPV2." Proceedings 50, no. 1 (June 9, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020050026.
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In most eukaryotes, RNA silencing is a key element in the regulation of gene expression and defense against pathogens. Plants have developed a defensive barrier against exogenous microorganisms, such as plant-infecting viruses, by specifically targeting and degrading the viral RNAs and thus limiting the negative effects of the diseases caused by them. On the other hand, plant viruses encode for suppressor proteins that repress the host-silencing machinery, hence allowing viral replication and infection establishment. Our current project focuses on the characterization of gene products contributing to the RNA silencing suppressor (RSS) function of Sweet potato virus 2 (SPV2), genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae. SPV2 infects sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas, family Convolvulaceae), one of the most important staple food crops worldwide. Infections by potyvirids result in the high yield losses of sweet potatoes, especially from coinfection with unrelated viruses, and our final goal is to develop efficient control strategies. Our preliminary results analyzing the P1 and HCPro proteases of SPV2, transiently expressed in N. benthamiana together with a reporter GFP construct, revealed that HCPro constitutes a strong RSS. This is a novel finding, and we are currently characterizing the functions of other gene products.
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Grisham, M. P., C. J. Maroon-Lango, and A. L. Hale. "First Report of Sorghum mosaic virus Causing Mosaic in Miscanthus sinensis." Plant Disease 96, no. 1 (January 2012): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-11-0617.
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Miscanthus is being evaluated as a bioenergy feedstock because of its potentially significant biomass production, perennial habit, and lack of major diseases and pests. It is also a valuable parent in sugarcane breeding programs as a source of cold tolerance. In May 2010, mosaic symptoms were observed on a clone of Miscanthus sinenesis Anderss. maintained at the USDA, ARS, Sugarcane Research Unit. All plants of the Miscanthus clone in our germplasm collection are from vegetative cuttings of the original infected plant and show mosaic symptoms. Leaves from the ratoon of a single plant tested positive in a reverse transcription-PCR with the Potyvirus Group PCR Test (Agdia, Inc., Elkhart, IN) with two primer sets, Poty-F1/Poty-R1 and Poty-F2/Poty-R2. After sequencing the potyvirus amplicons, a BLAST search in GenBank revealed that these sequences had the highest identities (81 and 69%) with Sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV) at the nucleic acid level and a 72 and 95% similarity at the amino acid level. Extracts from the Miscanthus clone prepared by the indirect extraction buffer (Agdia) containing sodium carbonate also tested positive for potyvirus by indirect ELISA with the ‘universal’ potyvirus monoclonal antibody, PTY1. To our knowledge, this is the first report of SrMV on Miscanthus. The only other member of the genus Potyvirus reported on Miscanthus is Sugarcane mosaic virus (1,2). Mosaic caused by SrMV could become an economically important disease of Miscanthus if this crop is grown for bioenergy feedstock on large areas. An SrMV-infected Miscanthus crop could pose a threat to established crops of susceptible sugarcane and sorghum since the virus is transmitted in a nonpersistent manner by several aphids, as well as, contributing to geographic shifts of the pathogen. References: (1) B. O. Agindotan et al. J. Virol. Methods 169:119, 2010. (2) D.-L. Xu et al. Arch. Virol. 153:1031, 2008.
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Tsai, W. S., I. K. Abdourhamane, and L. Kenyon. "First Report of Pepper veinal mottle virus Associated with Mosaic and Mottle Diseases of Tomato and Pepper in Mali." Plant Disease 94, no. 3 (March 2010): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-3-0378b.
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The aphid-transmitted Pepper veinal mottle virus (PVMV; genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae) has been reported as causing an epidemic in solanaceous crops, including eggplant, pepper, and tomato in Africa (4). In West Africa, PVMV has been detected in Senegal, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Burkina Faso, and Nigeria (2). In April 2009, leaf yellowing, mosaic, mottle, and curling symptoms indicative of viral infection were common on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants in home gardens and fields in Mali. Symptomatic leaf samples were collected from two sweet pepper and two tomato plants from Baguineda, four tomato plants and one chili pepper plant in Kati, and three chili pepper plants from Samanko. All samples except two chili pepper from Samanko and two sweet pepper and two tomato from Baguineda tested positive for begomovirus by PCR with primers PAL1v1978/PAR1c715 (3). PVMV was detected by double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA using PVMV antibody (DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany) in both Baguineda sweet pepper, one Baguineda tomato, and one Samanko chili pepper sample. Three PVMV ELISA-positive samples, one each of sweet pepper, chili pepper, and tomato, were also confirmed by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and sequencing. The expected 1.8-kb viral cDNA was amplified from all three samples using the potyvirus general primer Sprimer1 (5′-GGNAAYAAYAGHGGNCARCC-3′), which was modified from the Sprimer (1) as upstream primer, and Oligo(dT) (5′-GCGGGATCCCTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT-3′) as downstream primer. The sequences obtained from chili pepper (GenBank Accession No. GQ918274), sweet pepper (GenBank Accession No. GQ918275), and tomato (GenBank Accession No. GQ918276) isolates, excluding the 3′ poly-A tails, were each 1,831 nucleotides (nt) long, comprising the 3′-terminal of the NIb region (1 to 642 nt), the coat protein region (643 to 1,455 nt), and the 3′-untranslated region (1,456 to 1,831 nt). The sequences shared between 99.3 and 99.5% nucleotide identity with each other. A comparison of these sequences with corresponding sequences of potyviruses in GenBank revealed they had greatest nucleotide identity (96.5 to 96.6%) with a tomato isolate of PVMV from Taiwan (PVMV-TW; GenBank Accession No. EU719647), between 81.4 and 95.9% identity with other PVMV isolates, and only as much as 67.2% identity with other potyvirus isolates. Analysis of coat protein regions alone also revealed high nucleotide (96.6 to 96.8%) and amino acid (99.3 to 99.6%) identity with PVMV-TW. The PVMV Baguineda tomato isolate caused mosaic and mottle symptoms on tomato (line CLN1558A) and pepper (cv. Early Calwonder) plants following mechanical inoculation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of PVMV infecting plants in Mali and reinforces the need to take this virus into consideration when breeding tomato and pepper for this region. References: (1) J. Chen et al. Arch. Virol. 146:757, 2001. (2) C. Huguenot et al. J. Phytopathol. 144:29, 1996. (3) M. R. Rojas et al. Plant Dis. 77:340, 1993. (4) G. Thottappilly, J. Phytopathol. 134:265, 1992.
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Laín, Sonia, JoséL Riechmann, and Juan A. García. "The complete nucleotide sequence of plum pox potyvirus RNA." Virus Research 13, no. 2 (June 1989): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1702(89)90013-0.
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Septariani, Dwiwiyati Nurul, Sri Hendrastuti Hidayat, and Endang Nurhayati. "IDENTIFIKASI PENYEBAB PENYAKIT DAUN KERITING KUNING PADA TANAMAN MENTIMUN." Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 14, no. 1 (January 22, 2014): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.11480-86.
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ABSTRACTIdentification of the causal agent of yellow leaf curl disease on cucumbers. Yellow leaf curl disease has been reported to cause serious diseases and yield losses on tobacco, chilli pepper, and tomato plants in Java. Similar symptoms were observed recently on cucumber plants from several growing areas in West Java (Bogor), Central Java (Tegal and Sukoharjo), and Yogyakarta (Sleman). Symptom variations including mosaic, chlorotic spotting, leaf curling, blistering, vein banding, reduction and distortion of leaf and fruit were observed. Serological detection using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) showed infection of several viruses. Antibodies specific to Squash mosaic comovirus (SqMV), Zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus (ZyMV), dan Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) were reacted positively with field samples. No serological reactions were observed with antibodies to Tobacco ringspot potyvirus (TRSV) and Watermelon mosaic potyvirus (WMV). Molecular detection approach based on Polymerase Chain Reaction was undergone using universal primers for Geminivirus, pAL1v1978 and pAR1c715. DNA fragment 1600 bp in size, was successfully amplified from leaf samples originated from Tegal, Sleman, Bogor, and Sukoharjo. Further identification by nucleotide sequencing indicated that virus isolates causing yellow leaf curl disease on cucumber have highest homology (95.7% to 98.6%) with Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus-[Cucumber:Indonesia] (AB613825) from Klaten, Central Java, Indonesia.
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Guimarães, Rejane L., and Hector E. Flores. "Tropaeolum Mosaic Potyvirus (TropMV) Reduces Yield of Andean Mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum) Accessions." HortScience 40, no. 5 (August 2005): 1405–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.5.1405.
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Quechua farmers have cultivated mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pavon) and other tuber crops for thousands of years. The practice of trading seed tubers may have contributed to dispersal of viral diseases, such as the tropaeolum mosaic virus (TropMV). We surveyed 17 accessions of mashua collected from Quechua farmers in the provinces of Cuzco and Ayacucho, Peru. Most cross-reacted with the TropMV antibody and showed viral disease symptoms. Significant differences were observed between accessions from Cuzco and Ayacucho, with respect to virus infection and tuber yield under greenhouse conditions. Of the accessions from Cuzco, 87% displayed viral symptoms, while only 22% from Ayacucho showed symptoms. Fewer tubers from Cuzco generated mature plants. In turn, those mature plants produced lower tuber yields. The practice of trading seed tubers may be advantageous for promoting crop diversity but can be harmful when diseased seed tubers are being traded. A program to generate and distribute virus-free seed tubers among Andean farmers would contribute to higher crop yields while preserving local customs and crop diversity.
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Ferriol, Inmaculada, Ornela Chase, María Luisa Domingo-Calap, and Juan José López-Moya. "Mixed Infections of Plant Viruses in Crops: Solo vs. Group Game." Proceedings 50, no. 1 (June 23, 2020): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020050094.
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Plant diseases are responsible for considerable economic losses in agriculture worldwide. Recent surveys and metagenomics approaches reveal a higher than expected incidence of complex diseases, like those caused by mixed viral infections. Particularly, frequent cases of mixed infections are co-infections or superinfections of plant viruses belonging to different genera in the families Potyviridae (Ipomovirus or Potyvirus) and Closteroviridae (Crinivirus). The outcome of such multiple infections could modify viral traits, such as host range, titer, tissue and cell tropisms, and even vector preference and transmission rates. Therefore, we believe that understanding the virus–virus, virus–host, and virus–vector interactions would be crucial for developing effective control measures. Since there is still limited knowledge about the molecular mechanisms underlying the different interactions, and how they might contribute to specific diseases in mixed infection, we are analyzing ipomovirus–crinivirus and potyvirus–crinivirus pathosystems, to better understand single and mixed infections in selected susceptible hosts (Cucurbitaceae and Convolvulaceae plants), also incorporating in the study the interactions with insect vectors (whiteflies and aphids). Among other strategies, we are engineering new biotechnological tools, to explore the molecular biology and transmission mechanisms of several viruses implicated in complex diseases, and we are also addressing the possibility to produce virus-like particles (VLPs) through transient expression of the CP of different viruses in Nicotiana benthamiana plants, with the aim to study requirements for virion formation and determinants of transmission. Work supported by project AGL2016-75529-R and grant “Severo-Ochoa” SEV-2015-0533.
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Manoussopoulos, I. N., E. K. Chatzivassiliou, I. N. Smyrnioudis, and N. I. Katis. "Two diseases of dimorphotheca caused by lettuce mosaic potyvirus and tomato spotted wilt tospovirus." Phytoparasitica 27, no. 3 (September 1999): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02981462.
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Martin, E. M., J. D. Cho, J. S. Kim, S. C. Goeke, K. S. Kim, and R. C. Gergerich. "Novel Cytopathological Structures Induced by Mixed Infection of Unrelated Plant Viruses." Phytopathology® 94, no. 1 (January 2004): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2004.94.1.111.
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When two unrelated plant viruses infect a plant simultaneously, synergistic viral interactions often occur resulting in devastating diseases. This study was initiated to examine ultrastructural virus-virus interactions of mixed viral infections. Mixed infections were induced using potyviruses and viruses from other plant virus families. Novel ultrastructural paracrystalline arrays composed of co-infecting viruses, referred to as mixed virus particle aggregates (MVPAs), were noted in the majority of the mixed infections studied. When the flexuous rod-shaped potyvirus particles involved in MVPAs were sectioned transversely, specific geometrical patterns were noted within some doubly infected cells. Although similar geometrical patterns were associated with MVPAs of various virus combinations, unique characteristics within patterns were consistent in each mixed infection virus pair. Centrally located virus particles within some MVPAs appeared swollen (Southern bean mosaic virus mixed with Blackeye cowpea mosaic virus, Cucumber mosaic virus mixed with Blackeye cowpea mosaic virus, and Sunn hemp mosaic virus mixed with Soybean mosaic virus). This ultrastructural study complements molecular studies of mixed infections of plant viruses by adding the additional dimension of visualizing the interactions between the coinfecting viruses.
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Beauchemin, Chantal, Véronique Bougie, and Jean-François Laliberté. "Simultaneous production of two foreign proteins from a potyvirus-based vector." Virus Research 112, no. 1-2 (September 2005): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2005.03.001.
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Untiveros, Milton, Segundo Fuentes, and Luis F. Salazar. "Synergistic Interaction of Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (Crinivirus) with Carla-, Cucumo-, Ipomo-, and Potyviruses Infecting Sweet Potato." Plant Disease 91, no. 6 (June 2007): 669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-6-0669.
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Co-infection of Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV, genus Crinivirus) with Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV, genus Potyvirus) results in sweet potato virus disease (SPVD), a synergistic disease that is widely distributed in the sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) growing regions of the world. Since both SPCSV and SPFMV are common and often detected as part of multiple co-infections of severely diseased plants, the occurrence of synergistic interactions with other viruses was investigated. Data from this study show that SPCSV, but not SPFMV, can cause synergistic diseases in sweet potato with all viruses tested, including members of the genus Potyvirus (Sweet potato latent virus, Sweet potato mild speckling virus), Ipomovirus (Sweet potato mild mottle virus), Cucumovirus (Cucumber mosaic virus), and putative members of the genus Carlavirus (Sweet potato chlorotic fleck virus and C-6 virus). The synergism was expressed as an increase in the severity of symptoms, virus accumulation, viral movement in plants, and as an effect on yield of storage roots. The presence of a third different virus in plants affected with SPVD increased the severity of symptoms even further compared with SPVD alone. There was a positive correlation between increase in virus accumulation and symptom expression in double and triple SPCSV-associated co-infections. The epidemiological implications of the results are discussed.
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Miglino, R., A. Jodlowska, and A. R. van Schadewijk. "First Report of Narcissus mosaic virus Infecting Crocus spp. Cultivars in the Netherlands." Plant Disease 89, no. 3 (March 2005): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0342c.
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A survey to identify virus diseases affecting Crocus spp. in the Netherlands was conducted during April 2004. Crocus spp. (cvs. Flavus, Pick-wick, Remembrance, and Grand Maitre) with symptoms suggestive of virus infection (stunting, yellowing, necrosis, and flower color breaking) were collected from several fields in the Breezand and Lisse districts in northern and southern Netherlands, respectively. All samples were tested for the presence of six known crocus-infecting viruses (1,2) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. The ELISA assay was performed with the following polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies: Iris severe mosaic virus (ISMV); Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) isolates F, Y, and J obtained from the Applied Plant Research Institute, Lisse, Netherlands; Arabis mosaic virus; Cucumber mosaic virus from the Plant Research International Institute, Wageningen, Netherlands; Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) from the Virology Department at Wageningen University, Netherlands; and the potyvirus group-specific monoclonal antiserum from the DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany. All samples that tested positive with a potyvirus antiserum were further tested for the presence of Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) using a BYMV-specific antiserum. Serological results obtained indicated that BYMV, detected with the potyvirus antiserum and BYMV-specific antiserum, and ISMV were the most commonly encountered viruses. Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) and TRV were only found occasionally, whereas IYSV, was not detected in any of the samples tested. To study the presence of viruses not yet reported, total RNA was extracted and tested with a RT-PCR assay with carlavirus, potexvirus, necrovirus (R. Miglino, unpublished), and potyvirus (3) genus-specific oligonucleotides. In accordance with the ELISA results, PCR amplicons were obtained with the potyvirus, TNV, and TRV primer sets. Furthermore, a 280-bp amplicon corresponding to the expected size was amplified in a RT-PCR assay performed on total RNA with a potexvirus genus-specific primer set. The reverse primer (5′-AGC ATG GCG CCA TCT TGT GAC TG-3′) was located upstream in the conserved viral replicaseencoding region at position 4254-4231 of Narcissus mosaic virus (NMV) RNA genome (Genbank Accession No. D13747) and the forward primer (5′-CTG AAG TCA CAA TGG GTG AAG AA-3′) was located downstream at position 3969–3992. Sequence homology using BLAST analysis of the cloned and sequenced PCR product showed 98% identity with NMV. Although the virus has a very narrow host range, the results of this study may have a significant impact on the crocus industry in the Netherlands. To our knowledge, this is the first report of NMV infecting crocus. References: (1) M. G. Bellardi and A. Pisi. Inf. Fitopatol. 37:33, 1987. (2) A. F. L. M. Derks. Crocus spp. Pages 260–264 in: Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Bulbs and Flower Crops. G. Loebenstein et al., eds. Wiley publishers, West Sussex, UK, 1995. (3) S. A. Langeveld et al. J. Gen. Virol. 72:1531, 1991.
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Fresno, J., S. Castro, M. Babin, G. Carazo, A. Molina, C. De Blas, and J. Romero. "Virus Diseases of Broad Bean in Spain." Plant Disease 81, no. 1 (January 1997): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.1.112b.
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Broad bean (Vicia faba L.) plants showing symptoms suggestive of viral infection, such as stunting, leaf roll, mosaic, chlorosis, necrosis, and yellowing, were observed in the Andalucia, Baleares, Cataluna, and Murcia regions of Spain. A 4-year field survey showed the presence of five viruses: bean leaf roll luteovirus (BLRV), beet western yellows luteovirus (BWYV), bean yellow mosaic potyvirus (BYMV), tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV), and cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV). Identity of viruses was first determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed by at least one other method, such as inoculation to plant hosts, electron microscopy, molecular hybridization, or immunocapture-reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Of the 250 samples assayed, 93 were positive for BYMV, 21 for BLRV, 10 for BWYV, 30 for TSWV, and 2 for CMV. Faba bean necrotic yellow virus (a single-strand DNA virus) and broad bean mottle bromovirus, which are widely distributed in the Mediterranean basin, were not detected in the samples analyzed. BYMV was distributed in all regions, whereas TSWV was restricted only to Mediterranean areas. To our knowledge, this is the first report of viruses infecting broad bean in Spain.
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Monteagudo, Ana B., A. Paula Rodiño, Margarita Lema, María De la Fuente, Marta Santalla, Antonio M. De Ron, and Shree P. Singh. "Resistance to Infection by Fungal, Bacterial, and Viral Pathogens in a Common Bean Core Collection from the Iberian Peninsula." HortScience 41, no. 2 (April 2006): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.2.319.
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Availability of germplasm with high level of resistance is essential for broadening the genetic base and breeding crop cultivars resistant to abiotic and biotic stresses. The objective of this study was to determine reaction of a common bean core collection from the Iberian Peninsula to anthracnose, rust, common and halo blights, bean common mosaic virus (BCMV, a potyvirus) and bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV, a potyvirus) pathogens. Of 43 accessions evaluated, 14 large-seeded Andean type, seven small-seeded Middle American type and seven with intermediate characteristics or recombinant type between the two gene pools had resistant reaction to one or more diseases. Resistance to race 17 or 23 of anthracnose pathogen was present in 17 accessions and four accessions were resistant to both races. Resistance to race 38 or 53 of rust pathogen was shown by 22 accessions and five accessions were resistant to both races. All accessions were susceptible to common bacterial blight and 12 accessions had resistance to halo blight. Ten accessions showed resistance to BCMV, none to BCMNV, and two were variable to both viruses. Accessions such as PHA-0573 (pinto), PHA-0589 (marrow), PHA-0654 (favada pinto), and PHA-0706 (favada) showed resistance to two or more diseases. These accessions may be valuable in breeding Andean bean for enhancing simultaneous utilization of both large seed size and disease resistance.
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Laín, Sonia, JoséLuis Riechmann, Enrique Méndez, and Juan Antonio García. "Nucleotide sequence of the 3' terminal region of plum pox potyvirus RNA." Virus Research 10, no. 4 (June 1988): 325–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1702(88)90074-3.
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Puurand, Ülo, Jari P. T. Valkonen, Kristiina Mäkinen, Frank Rabenstein, and Mart Saarma. "Infectious in vitro transcripts from cloned cDNA of the potato A potyvirus." Virus Research 40, no. 2 (February 1996): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1702(95)01263-x.
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Colinet, D., M. Nguyen, J. Kummert, P. Lepoivre, and Feng Zu Xia. "Differentiation Among Potyviruses Infecting Sweet Potato Based on Genus-and Virus-Specific Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction." Plant Disease 82, no. 2 (February 1998): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.2.223.
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Knowledge of virus diseases affecting sweet potato has been complicated due to the frequent occurrence of mixed infections and difficulties in isolating and purifying sweet potato viruses. A combined assay of reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) utilizing degenerate genus-specific primers POT1 and POT2 was applied to 18 sweet potato clones from China. The primers were designed to amplify the variable 5′ terminal region of the potyvirus coat protein gene. Molecular analysis of the amplified fragments identified the Chinese strains of sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV-CH), sweet potato latent virus (SPLV-CH), and sweet potato virus G (SPVG-CH). Among the detected potyviruses, a distantly related strain of SPFMV-CH, tentatively named SPFMV-CH2, was identified in sweet potatoes from China. On the basis of sequence identity, SPFMV-CH2 was closely related to the common (-C) strain of that virus. Identification of a closely related strain of SPVG-CH in one sweet potato clone from China further illustrated the usefulness of broad-spectrum PCR for detecting uncharacterized viruses. The acquisition of sequence information permitted the design of virus-specific primers for detecting and differentiating SPFMV, SPLV, and SPVG.
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NOVERIZA, RITA, GEDE SUASTIKA, SRI HENDRASTUTI HIDAYAT, and UTOMO KARTOSUWONDO. "ELIMINASI Potyvirus PENYEBAB PENYAKIT MOSAIK PADA TANAMAN NILAM DENGAN KULTUR MERISTEM APIKAL DAN PERLAKUAN AIR PANAS PADA SETEK BATANG." Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 18, no. 3 (June 19, 2020): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jlittri.v18n3.2012.107-114.
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<p>ABSTRAK<br />Minyak nilam merupakan salah satu bahan baku parfum multifungsi<br />yang bernilai tinggi. Budidaya dan pengembangan tanaman nilam<br />terkendala oleh serangan Potyvirus yang menyebabkan penyakit mosaik.<br />Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan benih nilam bebas virus<br />dengan metode kultur meristem apikal dan perlakuan air panas pada setek<br />batang. Penelitian dilaksanakan mulai Januari sampai Desember 2010 di<br />Laboratorium Virologi Tumbuhan, Institut Pertanian Bogor dan Rumah<br />Kasa Hama dan Penyakit, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Obat dan Aromatik<br />(Balittro) di Bogor. Bahan tanaman yang digunakan adalah tiga varietas<br />nilam (Sidikalang, Lhokseumawe, Tapak Tuan). Penelitian terdiri atas (1)<br />Eliminasi Potyvirus pada tanaman nilam menggunakan kultur meristem<br />apikal dan (2) Eliminasi Potyvirus pada setek batang nilam dengan<br />perlakuan air panas. Percobaan pertama disusun menggunakan rancangan<br />acak lengkap dengan perlakuan 3 varietas nilam dan 2 tipe eksplan<br />(meristem apikal dan batang terminal), dan diulang 10 kali. Parameter<br />yang diamati adalah persentase pertumbuhan, waktu inisiasi, tinggi, dan<br />warna tunas, serta persentase tanaman yang terinfeksi Potyvirus.<br />Percobaan kedua menggunakan air panas pada tiga tingkatan suhu (50, 55,<br />dan 60 o C) dan tingkatan waktu perendaman (10, 20, dan 30 menit).<br />Percobaan disusun menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 10<br />perlakuan dan 10 ulangan. Tanaman nilam dipelihara selama 8 minggu dan<br />dilakukan pengamatan tinggi setek yang tumbuh dan daun yang bergejala<br />mosaik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tanaman nilam, yang<br />diperbanyak dari kultur meristem apikal ukuran 0,5-1 mm, menghasilkan<br />33,3-99,9% tanaman bebas virus. Perendaman setek batang nilam di dalam<br />air panas pada suhu 50-60 o C selama 10-30 menit tidak dapat<br />mengeliminasi Potyvirus yang menginfeksi ketiga varietas nilam yang<br />diuji. Setek batang nilam varietas Tapak Tuan dan Lhokseumawe lebih<br />toleran terhadap air panas dibandingkan Sidikalang tetapi daya tumbuhya<br />semakin menurun seiring semakin lama waktu perendaman. Teknik kultur<br />meristem apikal berpotensi untuk menghasilkan setek nilam yang bebas<br />virus.<br />Kata kunci : kultur meristem apikal, perlakuan air panas, Pogostemon<br />cablin, Potyvirus</p><p>ABSTRACT<br />Patchouli oil produced by patchouli plant is one of multifunctioning<br />perfume’s raw materials and has high economic value. One important<br />constraint during its cultivation is infection by Potyvirus causing serious<br />mosaic disease. This study was conducted to develop a technique to<br />produce virus-free cutting seeds using apical meristem culture and hot<br />water treatment on stem cutting. The study was carried out from January to<br />December 2010 in Plant Virology Laboratory of Bogor Agricultural<br />University and Pest and Diseases screen house of Indonesian Medicinal<br />and Aromatic Crops Research Institute (Balittro) in Bogor. Three varieties<br />of patchouli plant, i.e. Sidikalang, Lhokseumawe, and Tapak Tuan, were<br />used in this study. The study consisted of (1) Elimination Potyvirus in<br />cuttings of patchouli through apical meristem culture and (2) Elimination<br />Potyvirus in stem cuttings of patchouli with hot water treatment. The first<br />experiment was arranged using completely randomized design with<br />treatments of three patchouli varieties and two explant types (apical<br />meristem and stem terminal), and it was replicated 10 times. Parameters<br />observed were bud growth percentage, initiation time, height, and color,<br />and also percentage of plant infected by Potyvirus. The second experiment<br />applied hot water at three temperature levels (50, 55, and 60 o C) and<br />submersion periods (10, 20, and 30 minutes). It was arranged using<br />randomized complete design, consisting of 10 treatments with 10 plants<br />for each treatment. The patchouli plants were maintained for 8 weeks and<br />observations were made for height of growing cuttings and leaves with<br />mosaic symptoms. The results showed that the patchouli plants propagated<br />from apical meristem culture of 0.5-1 mm in sizes yielded 33.3-99.9%<br />virus-free plants. Submersion of patchouli stem cutting seeds in hot water<br />of 50-60 o C and soaking period of 10-30 minutes could not eliminated the<br />infecting Potyvirus on patchouli the three tested varieties. Cutting seeds of<br />Lhokseumawe and Tapak Tuan varieties were more tolerant to hot water<br />than Sidikalang one. However, their ability to grow decreased in line with<br />longer submersion time period. Apical meristem culture technique is<br />potential to produce virus-free cutting seeds of patchouli.<br />Key words: apical meristem culture, hot water treatment, Pogostemon<br />cablin, Potyvirus</p>
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Thompson, D., M. McCann, M. MacLeod, D. Lye, M. Green, and D. James. "First Report of Plum Pox Potyvirus in Ontario, Canada." Plant Disease 85, no. 1 (January 2001): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.1.97c.
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Plum pox potyvirus (PPV) causes plum pox (sharka) disease, which is considered the most serious disease of stone fruits including peach, plum, nectarine, and apricot (2). The disease may cause losses as high as 80 to 100% of some crops (2). A survey was initiated in the Niagara region of Ontario, Canada, after it was reported that PPV was detected in Pennsylvania (1). The initial survey focused on Prunus material imported into Canada from the Pennsylvania region. Where imported trees could be identified, every tree was sampled. In cases where the imported trees were growing in mixed blocks with plants from other sources, 25% of the trees were sampled and tested as composites of four trees. PPV was detected in three symptomless Fantasia nectarine (Prunus persica var. nectarina) trees by triple-antibody sandwich (TAS) ELISA using the REAL Durviz kit (Valencia, Spain), which contains the universal PPV monoclonal 5B. PPV infection was confirmed by western blot analyses (a PPV polyclonal antibody and PPV 5B monoclonal were used as primary antibodies), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and TC/RT-PCR. In western blot analyses, the coat protein subunit sizes of the Canadian PPV isolates were estimated at 32 kDa based on electrophoretic mobility in 12% SDS-PAGE. RFLP analysis of the 243-bp fragment amplified using PPV specific primers P1 and P2 (4) indicated the presence of RsaI and AluI enzyme restriction sites, which is characteristic of PPV D strains. In RT-PCR analysis using D and M specific primers (3), only the D specific primers amplified a fragment 198 bp in size. This data provided conclusive evidence that the PPV isolates detected in Canada were PPV D, similar to the strain detected in Pennsylvania. The survey is continuing and is being expanded to determine the extent of spread and the exact distribution of the virus. References: (1) L. Levy et al. Phytopathology (Abstr.) 90:46, 2000. (2) M. Nemeth. Virus, Mycoplasma, and Rickettsia Diseases of Fruit Trees. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest. (3) A. Olmos et al. J. Virol. Methods 68:127–137, 1997. (4) T. Wetzel et al. J. Virol. Methods 33:355–365, 1991.
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Ahmad, Irfan S., John F. Reid, Marvin R. Paulsen, and James B. Sinclair. "Color Classifier for Symptomatic Soybean Seeds Using Image Processing." Plant Disease 83, no. 4 (April 1999): 320–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.4.320.
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Symptoms associated with fungal damage, viral diseases, and immature soybean (Glycine max) seeds were characterized using image processing techniques. A Red, Green, Blue (RGB) color feature-based multivariate decision model discriminated between asymptomatic and symptomatic seeds for inspection and grading. The color analysis showed distinct color differences between the asymptomatic and symptomatic seeds. A model comprising six color features including averages, minimums, and variances for RGB pixel values was developed for describing the seed symptoms. The color analysis showed that color alone did not adequately describe some of the differences among symptoms. Overall classification accuracy of 88% was achieved using a linear discriminant function with unequal priors for asymptomatic and symptomatic seeds with highest probability of occurrence. Individual classification accuracies were asymptomatic 97%, Alternaria spp. 30%, Cercospora spp. 83%, Fusarium spp. 62%, green immature seeds 91%, Phomopsis spp. 45%, soybean mosaic potyvirus (black) 81%, and soybean mosaic potyvirus (brown) 87%. The classifier performance was independent of the year the seed was sampled. The study was successful in developing a color classifier and a knowledge domain based on color for future development of intelligent automated grain grading systems.
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Simmons, H. E., J. P. Dunham, K. E. Zinn, G. P. Munkvold, E. C. Holmes, and A. G. Stephenson. "Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV, Potyvirus): Vertical transmission, seed infection and cryptic infections." Virus Research 176, no. 1-2 (September 2013): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2013.06.016.
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Mart́in, M. T., J. A. García, M. T. Cervera, R. W. Goldbach, and J. W. M. van Lent. "Intracellular localization of three non-structural plum pox potyvirus proteins by immunogold labelling." Virus Research 25, no. 3 (September 1992): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1702(92)90134-u.
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Agudelo-Romero, Patricia, Francisca de la Iglesia, and Santiago F. Elena. "The pleiotropic cost of host-specialization in Tobacco etch potyvirus." Infection, Genetics and Evolution 8, no. 6 (December 2008): 806–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2008.07.010.
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Kannan, Maathavi, Ismanizan Ismail, and Hamidun Bunawan. "Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus: From Genome to Disease Management." Viruses 10, no. 9 (September 13, 2018): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10090492.
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Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) is a serious maize pathogen, epidemic worldwide, and one of the most common virus diseases for monocotyledonous plants, causing up to 70% loss in corn yield globally since 1960. MDMV belongs to the genus Potyvirus (Potyviridae) and was first identified in 1964 in Illinois in corn and Johnsongrass. MDMV is a single stranded positive sense RNA virus and is transmitted in a non-persistent manner by several aphid species. MDMV is amongst the most important virus diseases in maize worldwide. This review will discuss its genome, transmission, symptomatology, diagnosis and management. Particular emphasis will be given to the current state of knowledge on the diagnosis and control of MDMV, due to its importance in reducing the impact of maize dwarf mosaic disease, to produce an enhanced quality and quantity of maize.
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Wen, Rui, Shuo Cheng Zhang, Dominique Michaud, and Hélène Sanfaçon. "Inhibitory effects of cystatins on proteolytic activities of the Plum pox potyvirus cysteine proteinases." Virus Research 105, no. 2 (October 2004): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2004.05.008.
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Martin, M. T., M. T. Cervera, and J. A. Garcia. "Properties of the active plum pox potyvirus RNA polymerase complex in defined glycerol gradient fractions." Virus Research 37, no. 2 (July 1995): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1702(95)00028-o.
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Stein, B. D., and M. S. Strauss. "Effects of dasheen mosaic virus and a large bacilliform particle on the anatomy and ultrastructure of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott (Araceae)." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 45 (August 1987): 976–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100129164.
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Taro, Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott (Araceae) is a monocot grown as a starchy root crop in much of the tropics and subtropics. It is subject to a number of fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases. Viral diseases have inhibited the cultivation of taro in parts of New Guinea and the Solomon Islands where taro is an integral part of the culture. Two different viruses, a Rhabdovirus, the Large Bacilliform Particle (LBP), and a smaller bacilliform virus, are the cause. Dasheen Mosaic Virus, a Potyvirus, has been found wherever taro is cultivated and produces a leaf mottle but is not lethal to plants.Colocasia esculenta cv K268 corms, infected with virus, were obtained from Michael Pearson, Department of Botany, University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, New Guinea. Upon planting some of the corms produced leaves with virus symptoms. Others were symptomless but symptoms could be induced by stress.
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Sudheera, Y., G. P. Vishnu Vardhan, M. Hema, M. Krishna Reddy, and P. Sreenivasulu. "Characterization of a potyvirus associated with yellow mosaic disease of jasmine (Jasminum sambac L.) in Andhra Pradesh, India." VirusDisease 25, no. 3 (February 20, 2014): 394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13337-014-0193-0.
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