Journal articles: 'Poultry - China'

1

Hu, Hsiang-Pih. "Aspects of poultry health in China." World's Poultry Science Journal 46, no. 1 (March 1, 1990): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/wps19900011.

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Liao, Qiuyan, Wing Tak Lam, Gabriel M. Leung, Chaoqiang Jiang, and Richard Fielding. "Live poultry exposure, Guangzhou, China, 2006." Epidemics 1, no. 4 (December 2009): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2009.09.002.

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Zhang, Juping, Wenjun Jing, Wenyi Zhang, and Zhen Jin. "Avian Influenza A (H7N9) Model Based on Poultry Transport Network in China." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2018 (November 4, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7383170.

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In order to analyze the spread of avian influenza A (H7N9), we construct an avian influenza transmission model from poultry (including poultry farm, backyard poultry farm, live-poultry wholesale market, and wet market) to human according to poultry transport network. We obtain the threshold value for the prevalence of avian influenza A (H7N9) and also give the existence and number of the boundary equilibria and endemic equilibria in different conditions. We can see that poultry transport network plays an important role in controlling avian influenza A (H7N9). Finally, numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the effects of poultry in different places on avian influenza. In order to reduce human infections in China, our results suggest that closing the retail live-poultry market or preventing the poultry of backyard poultry farm into the live-poultry market is feasible in a suitable condition.

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Lu, Gang, Fei-fei Yin, You Zhang, JasperFuk-Woo Chan, Xiu-ji Cui, Jing-long Chen, Yi-ji Li, et al. "Viral metagenomics analysis of poultry faeces in live poultry market, Haikou, China." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 11, no. 13 (2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1995-7645.243109.

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Yang, Qiqi, Xiang Zhao, Philippe Lemey, Marc A. Suchard, Yuhai Bi, Weifeng Shi, Di Liu, et al. "Assessing the role of live poultry trade in community-structured transmission of avian influenza in China." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 11 (March 2, 2020): 5949–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1906954117.

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The live poultry trade is thought to play an important role in the spread and maintenance of highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (HP AIVs) in Asia. Despite an abundance of small-scale observational studies, the role of the poultry trade in disseminating AIV over large geographic areas is still unclear, especially for developing countries with complex poultry production systems. Here we combine virus genomes and reconstructed poultry transportation data to measure and compare the spatial spread in China of three key subtypes of AIV: H5N1, H7N9, and H5N6. Although it is difficult to disentangle the contribution of confounding factors, such as bird migration and spatial distance, we find evidence that the dissemination of these subtypes among domestic poultry is geographically continuous and likely associated with the intensity of the live poultry trade in China. Using two independent data sources and network analysis methods, we report a regional-scale community structure in China that might explain the spread of AIV subtypes in the country. The identification of this structure has the potential to inform more targeted strategies for the prevention and control of AIV in China.

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Swayne, David E., David L. Suarez, Erica Spackman, Terrence M. Tumpey, Joan R. Beck, Dean Erdman, Pierre E. Rollin, and Thomas G. Ksiazek. "Domestic Poultry and SARS Coronavirus, Southern China." Emerging Infectious Diseases 10, no. 5 (May 2004): 914–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1005.030827.

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Utnik-Banaś, Katarzyna. "Dynamika światowej produkcji mięsa drobiowego w latach 1965 2016." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 18(33), no. 4 (December 28, 2018): 473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2018.18.4.135.

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The production of poultry meat is characterized by high dynamics of growth. The world's largest producers of poultry meat include: USA, China and Brasil. The production of poultry meat in these three countries accounted for around 45% of world production in 2016. The other countries that counted in the world in poultry production were: Russia, India, Mexico, Japan and Poland. The largest increase in poultry production in 1965-2016 took place in Brazil and China. On the other hand, the share of the United States and the countries of the present European Union in percentage terms decreased. In Poland, the increase in poultry production in the analyzed period was over 25 times. Since 2014, Poland is the largest producer and exporter of poultry meat in the European Union.

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Wang, Dayan, Lei Yang, Wenfei Zhu, Ye Zhang, Shumei Zou, Hong Bo, Rongbao Gao, et al. "Two Outbreak Sources of Influenza A (H7N9) Viruses Have Been Established in China." Journal of Virology 90, no. 12 (March 30, 2016): 5561–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.03173-15.

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ABSTRACTDue to enzootic infections in poultry and persistent human infections in China, influenza A (H7N9) virus has remained a public health threat. The Yangtze River Delta region, which is located in eastern China, is well recognized as the original source for H7N9 outbreaks. Based on the evolutionary analysis of H7N9 viruses from all three outbreak waves since 2013, we identified the Pearl River Delta region as an additional H7N9 outbreak source. H7N9 viruses are repeatedly introduced from these two sources to the other areas, and the persistent circulation of H7N9 viruses occurs in poultry, causing continuous outbreak waves. Poultry movements may contribute to the geographic expansion of the virus. In addition, the AnH1 genotype, which was predominant during wave 1, was replaced by JS537, JS18828, and AnH1887 genotypes during waves 2 and 3. The establishment of a new source and the continuous evolution of the virus hamper the elimination of H7N9 viruses, thus posing a long-term threat of H7N9 infection in humans. Therefore, both surveillance of H7N9 viruses in humans and poultry and supervision of poultry movements should be strengthened.IMPORTANCESince its occurrence in humans in eastern China in spring 2013, the avian H7N9 viruses have been demonstrating the continuing pandemic threat posed by the current influenza ecosystem in China. As the viruses are silently circulated in poultry, with potentially severe outcomes in humans, H7N9 virus activity in humans in China is very important to understand. In this study, we identified a newly emerged H7N9 outbreak source in the Pearl River Delta region. Both sources in the Yangtze River Delta region and the Pearl River Delta region have been established and found to be responsible for the H7N9 outbreaks in mainland China.

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Yao, Shuai, Tianbei Tuo, Xiang Gao, Chunyan Han, You Li, Yulong Gao, Yanping Zhang, et al. "Avian gyrovirus 2 in poultry, China, 2015–2016." Emerging Microbes & Infections 5, no. 1 (January 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/emi.2016.113.

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10

Chen, Shumei. "A transatlantic comparison on poultry disputes with China." Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 3, no. 2 (June 22, 2010): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17544401011052294.

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11

Kim, Shin-Hee, and Siba Samal. "Innovation in Newcastle Disease Virus Vectored Avian Influenza Vaccines." Viruses 11, no. 3 (March 26, 2019): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11030300.

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and Newcastle disease are economically important avian diseases worldwide. Effective vaccination is critical to control these diseases in poultry. Live attenuated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vectored vaccines have been developed for bivalent vaccination against HPAI viruses and NDV. These vaccines have been generated by inserting the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of avian influenza virus into NDV genomes. In laboratory settings, several experimental NDV-vectored vaccines have protected specific pathogen-free chickens from mortality, clinical signs, and virus shedding against H5 and H7 HPAI viruses and NDV challenges. NDV-vectored H5 vaccines have been licensed for poultry vaccination in China and Mexico. Recently, an antigenically chimeric NDV vector has been generated to overcome pre-existing immunity to NDV in poultry and to provide early protection of poultry in the field. Prime immunization of one-day-old poults with a chimeric NDV vector followed by boosting with a conventional NDV vector has shown to protect broiler chickens against H5 HPAI viruses and a highly virulent NDV. This novel vaccination approach can provide efficient control of HPAI viruses in the field and facilitate poultry vaccination.

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12

Cheng, Kit Ling, Jie Wu, Wei Ling Shen, Alvina Y. L. Wong, Qianfang Guo, Jianxiang Yu, Xue Zhuang, et al. "Avian Influenza Virus Detection Rates in Poultry and Environment at Live Poultry Markets, Guangdong, China." Emerging Infectious Diseases 26, no. 3 (March 2020): 591–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2603.190888.

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13

Huang, K., J. Bahl, X. H. Fan, D. Vijaykrishna, C. L. Cheung, R. J. Webby, R. G. Webster, et al. "Establishment of an H6N2 Influenza Virus Lineage in Domestic Ducks in Southern China." Journal of Virology 84, no. 14 (May 12, 2010): 6978–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00256-10.

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ABSTRACT Multiple reassortment events between different subtypes of endemic avian influenza viruses have increased the genomic diversity of influenza viruses circulating in poultry in southern China. Gene exchange from the natural gene pool to poultry has contributed to this increase in genetic diversity. However, the role of domestic ducks as an interface between the natural gene pool and terrestrial poultry in the influenza virus ecosystem has not been fully characterized. Here we phylogenetically and antigenically analyzed 170 H6 viruses isolated from domestic ducks from 2000 to 2005 in southern China, which contains the largest population of domestic ducks in the world. Three distinct hemagglutinin lineages were identified. Group I contained the majority of isolates with a single internal gene complex and was endemic in domestic ducks in Guangdong from the late 1990s onward. Group II was derived from reassortment events in which the surface genes of group I viruses were replaced with novel H6 and N2 genes. Group III represented H6 viruses that undergo frequent reassortment with multiple virus subtypes from the natural gene pool. Surprisingly, H6 viruses endemic in domestic ducks and terrestrial poultry seldom reassort, but gene exchanges between viruses from domestic ducks and migratory ducks occurred throughout the surveillance period. These findings suggest that domestic ducks in southern China mediate the interaction of viruses between different gene pools and facilitate the generation of novel influenza virus variants circulating in poultry.

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14

Webster, Robert G., Yi Guan, Malik Peiris, David Walker, Scott Krauss, Nan Nan Zhou, Elena A. Govorkova, et al. "Characterization of H5N1 Influenza Viruses That Continue To Circulate in Geese in Southeastern China." Journal of Virology 76, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.1.118-126.2002.

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ABSTRACT The H5N1 influenza virus, which killed humans and poultry in 1997, was a reassortant that possibly arose in one type of domestic poultry present in the live-poultry markets of Hong Kong. Given that all the precursors of H5N1/97 are still circulating in poultry in southern China, the reassortment event that generated H5N1 could be repeated. Because A/goose/Guangdong/1/96-like (H5N1; Go/Gd) viruses are the proposed donors of the hemagglutinin gene of the H5N1 virus, we investigated the continued circulation, host range, and transmissibility of Go/Gd-like viruses in poultry. The Go/Gd-like viruses caused weight loss and death in some mice inoculated with high virus doses. Transmission of Go/Gd-like H5N1 viruses to geese by contact with infected geese resulted in infection of all birds but limited signs of overt disease. In contrast, oral inoculation with high doses of Go/Gd-like viruses resulted in the deaths of up to 50% of infected geese. Transmission from infected geese to chickens occurred only by fecal contact, whereas transmission to quail occurred by either aerosol or fecal spread. This difference is probably explained by the higher susceptibility of quail to Go/Gd-like virus. The high degree of susceptibility of quail to Go/Gd (H5N1)-like viruses and the continued circulation of H6N1 and H9N2 viruses in quail support the hypothesis that quail were the host of origin of the H5N1/97 virus. The ease of transmission of Go/Gd (H5N1)-like viruses to land-based birds, especially quail, supports the wisdom of separating aquatic and land-based poultry in the markets in Hong Kong and the need for continued surveillance in the field and live-bird markets in which different types of poultry are in contact with one another.

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15

Xu, K. M., G. J. D. Smith, J. Bahl, L. Duan, H. Tai, D. Vijaykrishna, J. Wang, et al. "The Genesis and Evolution of H9N2 Influenza Viruses in Poultry from Southern China, 2000 to 2005." Journal of Virology 81, no. 19 (July 25, 2007): 10389–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00979-07.

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ABSTRACT H9N2 influenza viruses have become established in terrestrial poultry in different Asian countries over the last 2 decades. Our previous study demonstrated that quail harbor increasingly diverse novel H9N2 reassortants, including both Chicken/Beijing/1/94 (Ck/Bei-like) and Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 (G1-like) viruses. However, since 1999, the genesis and evolution of H9N2 viruses in different types of poultry have not been investigated systematically. In the present study, H9N2 viruses isolated from chickens, ducks, and other minor poultry species were characterized genetically and antigenically. Our findings demonstrate that Ck/Bei-like H9N2 viruses have been introduced into many different types of poultry in southern China, including quail, partridges, chukar, pheasant, guinea fowl, and domestic ducks, while G1-like viruses were commonly detected in quail, less frequently detected in other minor poultry species, and not detected in chickens and ducks. Genetic analysis revealed 35 genotypes of H9N2 viruses, including 14 novel genotypes that have not been recognized before. Our results also suggested that two-way interspecies transmission exists between different types of poultry. Our study demonstrates that the long-term cocirculation of multiple virus lineages (e.g., H5N1 and H9N2 viruses) in different types of poultry has facilitated the frequent reassortment events that are mostly responsible for the current great genetic diversity in H9N2 and H5N1 influenza viruses in this region. This situation favors the emergence of influenza viruses with pandemic potential.

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Lv, Dongyue, Ran Duan, Rong Fan, Hui Mu, Junrong Liang, Meng Xiao, Zhaokai He, et al. "blaNDM and mcr-1 to mcr-5 Gene Distribution Characteristics in Gut Specimens from Different Regions of China." Antibiotics 10, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10030233.

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Antibiotic resistance has become a global public health concern. To determine the distribution characteristics of mcr and blaNDM in China, gene screening was conducted directly from gut specimens sourced from livestock and poultry, poultry environments, human diarrhea patients, and wild animals from 10 regions, between 2010–2020. The positive rate was 5.09% (356/6991) for mcr and 0.41% (29/6991) for blaNDM, as detected in gut specimens from seven regions, throughout 2010 to 2019, but not detected in 2020. The detection rate of mcr showed significant differences among various sources: livestock and poultry (14.81%) > diarrhea patients (1.43%) > wild animals (0.36%). The detection rate of blaNDM was also higher in livestock and poultry (0.88%) than in diarrhea patients (0.17%), and this was undetected in wildlife. This is consistent with the relatively high detection rate of multiple mcr genotypes in livestock and poultry. All instances of coexistence of the mcr-1 and blaNDM genes, as well as coexistence of mcr genotypes within single specimens, and most new mcr subtypes came from livestock, and poultry environments. Our study indicates that the emergence of mcr and blaNDM genes in China is closely related to the selective pressure of carbapenem and polymyxin. The gene-based strategy is proposed to identify more resistance genes of concern, possibly providing guidance for the prevention and control of antimicrobial resistance dissemination.

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17

Friedrich, M. J. "Closing Live Poultry Markets Slowed Avian Flu in China." JAMA 310, no. 23 (December 18, 2013): 2497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.283885.

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18

Zhang, Pinghu, Yinghua Tang, Xiaowen Liu, Wenbo Liu, Xiaorong Zhang, Hongqi Liu, Daxin Peng, et al. "A Novel Genotype H9N2 Influenza Virus Possessing Human H5N1 Internal Genomes Has Been Circulating in Poultry in Eastern China since 1998." Journal of Virology 83, no. 17 (June 24, 2009): 8428–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00659-09.

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ABSTRACT Many novel reassortant influenza viruses of the H9N2 genotype have emerged in aquatic birds in southern China since their initial isolation in this region in 1994. However, the genesis and evolution of H9N2 viruses in poultry in eastern China have not been investigated systematically. In the current study, H9N2 influenza viruses isolated from poultry in eastern China during the past 10 years were characterized genetically and antigenically. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these H9N2 viruses have undergone extensive reassortment to generate multiple novel genotypes, including four genotypes (J, F, K, and L) that have never been recognized before. The major H9N2 influenza viruses represented by A/Chicken/Beijing/1/1994 (Ck/BJ/1/94)-like viruses circulating in poultry in eastern China before 1998 have been gradually replaced by A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/1998 (Ck/SH/F/98)-like viruses, which have a genotype different from that of viruses isolated in southern China. The similarity of the internal genes of these H9N2 viruses to those of the H5N1 influenza viruses isolated from 2001 onwards suggests that the Ck/SH/F/98-like virus may have been the donor of internal genes of human and poultry H5N1 influenza viruses circulating in Eurasia. Experimental studies showed that some of these H9N2 viruses could be efficiently transmitted by the respiratory tract in chicken flocks. Our study provides new insight into the genesis and evolution of H9N2 influenza viruses and supports the notion that some of these viruses may have been the donors of internal genes found in H5N1 viruses.

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Kugler, Kholofelo. "European Union – Measures Affecting Tariff Concessions on Certain Poultry Meat Products (EU–Poultry Meat (China)), DS492." World Trade Review 16, no. 4 (October 2017): 746–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745617000349.

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The dispute concerns the GATT Article XXVIII negotiations of the European Union's (EU) Schedule of Concessions. The EU sought to modify its tariff concessions in respect of certain poultry products. The EU conducted this modification through two separate negotiations. The first round of negotiations were initiated in 2006 and covered the modification of tariff concessions on poultry products falling under HS Codes 0210 99 39, 1602 31, and 1602 32 19 (First Modification Package). The second round of negotiations began in 2009 and pertained to the modification of products falling under HS Codes 1602 20 10, 1602 32 11, 1602 32 30, 1602 32 90, 1602 39 21, 1602 39 29, 1602 39 40, and 1602 39 808 (Second Modification Package). In both rounds, the EU notified its intention to modify its tariff concessions under Article XXVIII of the GATT 1994. It subsequently entered into negotiations with Brazil and Thailand, which it considered to have the required legal interest to enter into these negotiations. The EU reached agreements with Brazil and Thailand and replaced its previous tariff concessions in respect of the tariff rate quotas (TRQs) for certain poultry products.

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Ma, Chi, Tommy Tsan-Yuk Lam, Yujuan Chai, Jia Wang, Xiaohui Fan, Wenshan Hong, Yu Zhang, et al. "Emergence and Evolution of H10 Subtype Influenza Viruses in Poultry in China." Journal of Virology 89, no. 7 (January 14, 2015): 3534–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.03167-14.

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ABSTRACTThe cases of human infections with H10N8 viruses identified in late 2013 and early 2014 in Jiangxi, China, have raised concerns over the origin, prevalence, and development of these viruses in this region. Our long-term influenza surveillance of poultry and migratory birds in southern China in the past 12 years showed that H10 influenza viruses have been introduced from migratory to domestic ducks over several winter seasons at sentinel duck farms at Poyang Lake, where domestic ducks share their water body with overwintering migratory birds. H10 viruses were never detected in terrestrial poultry in our survey areas until August 2013, when they were identified at live-poultry markets in Jiangxi. Since then, we have isolated 124 H10N8 or H10N6 viruses from chickens at local markets, revealing an ongoing outbreak. Phylogenetic analysis of H10 and related viruses showed that the chicken H10N8 viruses were generated through multiple reassortments between H10 and N8 viruses from domestic ducks and the enzootic chicken H9N2 viruses. These chicken reassortant viruses were highly similar to the human isolate, indicating that market chickens were the source of human infection. Recently, the H10 viruses further reassorted, apparently with H5N6 viruses, and generated an H10N6 variant. The emergence and prevalence of H10 viruses in chickens and the occurrence of human infections provide direct evidence of the threat from the current influenza ecosystem in China.IMPORTANCEAfter the outbreak of avian-origin H7N9 influenza viruses in China, fatal human infections with a novel H10N8 virus were reported. Utilizing data from 12 years of influenza surveillance in southern China, we showed that H10 viruses were regularly introduced by migratory ducks to domestic ducks on Poyang Lake, a major aggregative site of migratory birds in Asia. The H10 viruses were maintained and amplified in domestic ducks and then transmitted to chickens and reassorted with enzootic H9N2 viruses, leading to an outbreak and human infections at live-poultry markets. The emergence of the H10N8 virus, following a pathway similar to that of the recent H7N9 virus, highlights the role of domestic ducks and the current influenza ecosystem in China that facilitates influenza viruses moving from their reservoir hosts through the live-poultry system to cause severe consequences for public health.

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Sun, Chen, and Hongjuan Wu. "Pollution from animal husbandry in China: a case study of the Han River Basin." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 4 (August 1, 2012): 872–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.259.

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Animal husbandry is one of the major agricultural pollution sources in China. The Xiangyang Reach of the Han River Basin was used as a case study to identify pollutants from animal rearing. The gross amount of pollutants from livestock and poultry rearing in the Xiangyang Reach was estimated using two empirical models with different data sets. The pig, cattle, sheep, and poultry population in 2009 amounted to 2.6, 0.6, 0.5, and 39.2 million head, respectively. The total annual pollutant loads generated from the feces and urine of livestock and poultry were 270,400 t of chemical oxygen demand; 228,900 t of biochemical oxygen demand; 26,500 t of ammonia nitrogen; 16,500 t of total phosphorus; and 63,900 t of total nitrogen. Approximately 12% of these pollutant loads were estimated to enter the Han River through the watershed outlet. Animal breeding has been one of the main pollution sources in this area, followed by domestic sewage and industrial wastewater. Cattle produced the most pollution, with the heaviest pollution load in downtown Xiangyang City. Several recommendations are presented to control the pollution caused by livestock and poultry breeding.

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Yang, Xingtang, Kai Jin, Fan Yang, Guoping Yuan, Wenbin Liu, Lunhui Xiang, Zhenqiang Wu, et al. "Nontyphoidal Salmonella Gastroenteritis in Baoshan, Shanghai, China, 2010 to 2014: An Etiological Surveillance and Case-Control Study." Journal of Food Protection 80, no. 3 (February 16, 2017): 482–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-309.

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ABSTRACT Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) gastroenteritis is a widespread global foodborne disease. To identify the epidemiologic characteristics, sources of food contamination, and risk factors of NTS gastroenteritis, epidemiologic data and stool specimens of diarrheal patients were collected from sentinel hospitals in Baoshan, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, between 2010 and 2014. Food products from nearby farmers' markets and animal feces from live poultry markets and livestock farms were sampled to identify the pathogen; a case-control study was conducted to characterize risk factors of NTS gastroenteritis. Of 3,906 diarrheal patients examined, 266 (6.8%) were positive for Salmonella. The positive rates were higher in summer than in the other seasons. Salmonella Typhimurium (36.1%) and Salmonella Enteritidis (30.8%) were the dominant serovars in the patients. Salmonella was detected in 26.2% pork samples, 7.1 to 7.8% poultry meats, and 3.3 to 8.9% poultry feces. Salmonella Typhimurium was the major serovar in contaminated food and animal feces. Multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis indicated that consumption of pork and quickly cooked eggs increased, whereas separating kitchen knives for cooked and raw food decreased the risk of NTS gastroenteritis, independently. We believe that NTS in poultry feces contaminated the meat products in the same markets and then infected humans if these foods were not sufficiently cooked. To prevent NTS gastroenteritis, it is necessary to survey Salmonella in meats and poultry feces, to cook eggs and pork sufficiently, to separate kitchen knives for cooked and raw food, and to prohibit live poultry trade in fresh meat markets.

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YANG, BAOWEI, MEILI XI, XIN WANG, SHENGHUI CUI, TIANLI YUE, HONGSHAN HAO, YIN WANG, et al. "Prevalence of Salmonella on Raw Poultry at Retail Markets in China." Journal of Food Protection 74, no. 10 (October 1, 2011): 1724–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-215.

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Data regarding Salmonella on raw poultry are very limited in China. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Salmonella on raw poultry at the retail level in six provinces and two national cities in China. Whole chicken carcasses (n = 1,152) were collected from three types of retail markets (large, small, and wet). All samples were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella by using the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety Inspection Service method. Of 1,152 chicken samples, overall Salmonella prevalence was 52.2%. The highest prevalence was observed in Guangxi Province (65.3%), next in Guangdong Province (64.6%), and then in Beijing (63.9%), Shaanxi Province (50.7%), Henan Province (47.9%), Shanghai (44.4%), and Fujian Province (42.4%), and lowest prevalence was observed in Sichuan Province (38.9%). Salmonella prevalence was significantly different among the six provinces and two national cities. Salmonella prevalence was highest in the wet markets (54.4%) compared with the large markets (50.3%) and the small markets (52.1%), but differences were not significant (P > 0.05). Good manufacturing practices, good agricultural practices, and hazard analysis critical control point systems for Salmonella control in poultry production at the farm, processing, and retail level should be implemented.

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Wang, Jun, Jinxin Li, Fengli Liu, Yongyou Cheng, and Jingliang Su. "Characterization of Salmonella enterica Isolates from Diseased Poultry in Northern China between 2014 and 2018." Pathogens 9, no. 2 (February 4, 2020): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9020095.

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Salmonella infection not only causes acute and chronic diseases in poultry flocks, but the infected poultry are among the most important reservoirs for a variety of Salmonella serovars frequently transmitted to humans. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Salmonella spp. in local poultry farms in China. Samples (n = 4255), including dead-in-shell embryos, culled day-old-hatchings and 1- to 4-week-old diseased birds, were collected for Salmonella culture from broiler chicken, meat-type duck and pigeon farms in northern China between 2014 and 2018. A total of 103 Salmonella were isolated. S. enterica serovar Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium were the most prevalent serovars, representing 53.4% and 34.9% of the isolates, respectively. Serovar diversity was the highest in ducks, with the S. Apeyeme being isolated for the first time from duck tissues. All isolates were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). MLST showed that all S. Enteritidis isolates shared the same sequence type (ST11), and Typhimurium showed several rare STs in addition to ST19. In comparison, PFGE showed better discrimination for S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium isolates, with nine distinct pulsotypes being observed. The isolates exhibited varying degrees of resistance to 15 tested antimicrobials and identified S. Enteritidis isolates (98.18%) with multiple antimicrobial resistance were a cause for concern. Our data on invasive Salmonella infection in meat-type poultry in local farms can be used to identify sources and factors associated with Salmonella spread in poultry and the associated food chain.

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Wang, Libin, Qiming Liu, Hong E. Zheng, Jin Wu, and Xiaoyun Li. "Development of Poultry Production Clusters in China: A Policy Review." International Journal of Poultry Science 13, no. 5 (April 15, 2014): 292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2014.292.298.

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Zhao, Fu-Rong, Dong-Hui Zhou, Jun-Jun Shao, Tong Lin, Yong-Guang Zhang, and Hui-Yun Chang. "Avian influenza and live mixed poultry-animal markets in China." Journal of Infection 71, no. 6 (December 2015): 693–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2015.08.006.

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Peng, Zhibin, Peng Wu, Li Ge, Richard Fielding, Xiaowen Cheng, Weike Su, Min Ye, et al. "Rural Villagers and Urban Residents Exposure to Poultry in China." PLoS ONE 9, no. 4 (April 25, 2014): e95430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095430.

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Yang, Yan, Wenqian Qiu, Yuxiang Li, and Lijing Liu. "Antibiotic residues in poultry food in Fujian Province of China." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B 13, no. 3 (April 20, 2020): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2020.1751309.

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Sun, Chen, and Hongjuan Wu. "Assessment of pollution from livestock and poultry breeding in China." International Journal of Environmental Studies 70, no. 2 (April 2013): 232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2013.773716.

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Yin, Runsheng, Wei Zhang, Guangyi Sun, Zhaohui Feng, James P. Hurley, Liyuan Yang, Lihai Shang, and Xinbin Feng. "Mercury risk in poultry in the Wanshan Mercury Mine, China." Environmental Pollution 230 (November 2017): 810–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.027.

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Duan, L., L. Campitelli, X. H. Fan, Y. H. C. Leung, D. Vijaykrishna, J. X. Zhang, I. Donatelli, et al. "Characterization of Low-Pathogenic H5 Subtype Influenza Viruses from Eurasia: Implications for the Origin of Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Viruses." Journal of Virology 81, no. 14 (May 16, 2007): 7529–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00327-07.

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ABSTRACT Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses are now endemic in many Asian countries, resulting in repeated outbreaks in poultry and increased cases of human infection. The immediate precursor of these HPAI viruses is believed to be A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 (Gs/GD)-like H5N1 HPAI viruses first detected in Guangdong, China, in 1996. From 2000 onwards, many novel reassortant H5N1 influenza viruses or genotypes have emerged in southern China. However, precursors of the Gs/GD-like viruses and their subsequent reassortants have not been fully determined. Here we characterize low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H5 subtype viruses isolated from poultry and migratory birds in southern China and Europe from the 1970s to the 2000s. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Gs/GD-like virus was likely derived from an LPAI H5 virus in migratory birds. However, its variants arose from multiple reassortments between Gs/GD-like virus and viruses from migratory birds or with those Eurasian viruses isolated in the 1970s. It is of note that unlike HPAI H5N1 viruses, those recent LPAI H5 viruses have not become established in aquatic or terrestrial poultry. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the dynamic nature of the influenza virus gene pool in Eurasia with repeated transmissions between the eastern and western extremities of the continent. The data also show reassortment between influenza viruses from domestic and migratory birds in this region that has contributed to the expanded diversity of the influenza virus gene pool among poultry in Eurasia.

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Choi, Y. K., H. Ozaki, R. J. Webby, R. G. Webster, J. S. Peiris, L. Poon, C. Butt, Y. H. C. Leung, and Y. Guan. "Continuing Evolution of H9N2 Influenza Viruses in Southeastern China." Journal of Virology 78, no. 16 (August 15, 2004): 8609–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.16.8609-8614.2004.

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ABSTRACT H9N2 influenza viruses are panzootic in domestic poultry in Eurasia and since 1999 have caused transient infections in humans and pigs. To investigate the zoonotic potential of H9N2 viruses, we studied the evolution of the viruses in live-poultry markets in Hong Kong in 2003. H9N2 was the most prevalent influenza virus subtype in the live-poultry markets between 2001 and 2003. Antigenic and phylogenetic analysis of hemagglutinin (HA) showed that all of the 19 isolates found except one belonged to the lineage represented by A/Duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97 (H9N2). The exception was A/Guinea fowl/NT184/03 (H9N2), whose HA is most closely related to that of the human isolate A/Guangzhou/333/99 (H9N2), a virus belonging to the A/Chicken/Beijing/1/94-like (H9N2) lineage. At least six different genotypes were recognized. The majority of the viruses had nonstructural (and HA) genes derived from the A/Duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97-like virus lineage but had other genes of mixed avian virus origin, including genes similar to those of H5N1 viruses isolated in 2001. Viruses of all six genotypes of H9N2 found were able to replicate in chickens and mice without adaptation. The infected chickens showed no signs of disease, but representatives of two viral genotypes were lethal to mice. Three genotypes of virus replicated in the respiratory tracts of swine, which shed virus for at least 5 days. These results show an increasing genetic and biologic diversity of H9N2 viruses in Hong Kong and support their potential role as pandemic influenza agents.

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Xu, Xiaojing, Qing Sun, and Lixiang Zhao. "Virulence factors and antibiotic resistance of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in eastern China." Journal of Veterinary Research 63, no. 3 (September 13, 2019): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2019-0056.

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Abstract Introduction Avian pathogenicEscherichia coli (APEC) causes serious colibacillosis and significant economic losses. Data on profiles of virulence factors and antibiotic resistances among APEC strains are crucial to the control of infection. In this study, strains were isolated from eastern China, and the prevalence of virulence factors and distribution of antibiotic resistance were determined. Material and Methods APEC strains were isolated and characterised by PCR for O serogroups, virulence factor genes, antibiotic resistance, and phylogenetic groups. Results O78 was the most prevalent serogroup and type A was the most frequent phylogenetic group. ThefimH,feoB, andiron genes were the most prevalent among the isolates. All isolates were multiresistant, and all strains were resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline, which are widely used in the poultry industry in China. Conclusion This study provided important data on the presence of virulence genes and antibiotic resistance profiles of APEC from poultry farms in eastern China.

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Cheung, C. L., D. Vijaykrishna, G. J. D. Smith, X. H. Fan, J. X. Zhang, J. Bahl, L. Duan, et al. "Establishment of Influenza A Virus (H6N1) in Minor Poultry Species in Southern China." Journal of Virology 81, no. 19 (July 25, 2007): 10402–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01157-07.

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ABSTRACT An H6N1 virus, A/teal/Hong Kong/W312/97 (W312), was isolated during the “bird flu” incident in Hong Kong in 1997. Genetic analysis suggested that this virus might be the progenitor of the A/Hong Kong/156/97 (HK/97) H5N1 virus, as seven of eight gene segments of those viruses had a common source. Continuing surveillance in Hong Kong showed that a W312-like virus was prevalent in quail and pheasants in 1999; however, the further development of H6N1 viruses has not been investigated since 2001. Here we report influenza virus surveillance data collected in southern China from 2000 to 2005 that show that H6N1 viruses have become established and endemic in minor poultry species and replicate mainly in the respiratory tract. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that all H6N1 isolates had W312-like hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes. However, reassortment of internal genes between different subtype virus lineages, including H5N1, H9N2, and other avian viruses, generated multiple novel H6N1 genotypes in different types of poultry. These novel H6N1/N2 viruses are double, triple, or even quadruple reassortants. Reassortment between a W312-like H6N1 virus and an A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 (HK/97)-like H9N2 virus simultaneously generated novel H6N2 subtype viruses that were persistent in poultry. Molecular analyses suggest that W312-like viruses may not be the precursors of HK/97 virus but reassortants from an HK/97-like virus and another unidentified H6 subtype virus. These results provide further evidence of the pivotal role of the live poultry market system of southern China in generating increased genetic diversity in influenza viruses in this region.

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Li, Huanan, Qian Li, Bo Li, Yang Guo, Jinchao Xing, Qiang Xu, Lele Liu, et al. "Continuous Reassortment of Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 Highly Pathogenetic Avian Influenza Viruses Demonstrating High Risk to Public Health." Pathogens 9, no. 8 (August 18, 2020): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9080670.

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Since it firstly emerged in China in 2013, clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) has rapidly replaced predominant H5N1 to become the dominant H5 subtype in China, especially in ducks. Not only endemic in China, it also crossed the geographical barrier and emerged in South Korea, Japan, and Europe. Here, we analyzed the genetic properties of the clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs with full genome sequences available online together with our own isolates. Phylogenetic analysis showed that clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs continuously reassorted with local H5, H6, and H7N9/H9N2. Species analysis reveals that aquatic poultry and migratory birds became the dominant hosts of H5N6. Adaption to aquatic poultry might help clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 better adapt to migratory birds, thus enabling it to become endemic in China. Besides, migratory birds might help clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 transmit all over the world. Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs also showed a preference for α2,6-SA receptors when compared to other avian origin influenza viruses. Experiments in vitro and in vivo revealed that clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs exhibited high replication efficiency in both avian and mammal cells, and it also showed high pathogenicity in both mice and chickens, demonstrating high risk to public health. Considering all the factors together, adaption to aquatic poultry and migratory birds helps clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 overcome the geographical isolation, and it has potential to be the next influenza pandemic in the world, making it worthy of our attention.

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Zheng, Haikun, Tiemin Zhang, Cheng Fang, Jiayuan Zeng, and Xiuli Yang. "Design and Implementation of Poultry Farming Information Management System Based on Cloud Database." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 22, 2021): 900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030900.

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Aiming at breaking down the bottleneck problems of different scale of poultry farms, the low profitability of poultry farming, and backward information management in China, a safe and efficient information management system for poultry farming was designed. This system consists of (1) a management system application layer, (2) a data service layer, and (3) an information sensing layer. The information sensing layer obtains and uploads production and farming information through the wireless sensor network built in the poultry house. The use of a cloud database as an information storage carrier in the data service layer eliminates the complex status of deploying local server clusters, and it improves the flexibility and scalability of the system. The management system application layer contains many sub-function modules including poultry disease detection functions to realize the visual management of farming information and health farming; each module operates independently and cooperates with each other to form a set of information management system for poultry farming with wide functional coverage, high service efficiency, safety, and convenience. The system prototype has been tested for the performance of wireless sensor network and cloud database, and the results show that the prototype is capable of acquiring and managing poultry farming information.

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Yu, Qi, Linqing Liu, Juan Pu, Jingyi Zhao, Yipeng Sun, Guangnian Shen, Haitao Wei, et al. "Risk Perceptions for Avian Influenza Virus Infection among Poultry Workers, China." Emerging Infectious Diseases 19, no. 2 (February 2013): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.120251.

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Yu, Qi, Linqing Liu, Juan Pu, Jingyi Zhao, Yipeng Sun, Guangnian Shen, Haitao Wei, et al. "Risk Perceptions for Avian Influenza Virus Infection among Poultry Workers, China." Emerging Infectious Diseases 19, no. 2 (February 2013): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1902.120251.

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Yu, Zhijun, Kaihui Cheng, and Yuwei Gao. "Poultry Infection with Influenza Viruses of Wild Bird Origin, China, 2016." Emerging Infectious Diseases 24, no. 7 (July 2018): 1375–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2407.171220.

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Kim, Jean H., Fung Kuk Lo, Ka Kin Cheuk, Ming Sum Kwong, William B. Goggins, Yan Shan Cai, Shui Shan Lee, and Sian Griffiths. "Knowledge of Avian Influenza (H5N1) among Poultry Workers, Hong Kong, China." Emerging Infectious Diseases 17, no. 12 (December 2011): 2319–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1712.110321.

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Li, Chengjun, Kangzhen Yu, Guobin Tian, Dandan Yu, Liling Liu, Bo Jing, Jihui Ping, and Hualan Chen. "Evolution of H9N2 influenza viruses from domestic poultry in Mainland China." Virology 340, no. 1 (September 2005): 70–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2005.06.025.

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Zhang, Hewei, Wenjie Jin, Ke Ding, Xiangchao Cheng, Yaru Sun, Jianke Wang, Shipeng Cheng, Hua Wu, and Chunjie Zhang. "Genetic Characterization of Fowl Adenovirus Strains Isolated from Poultry in China." Avian Diseases 61, no. 3 (September 2017): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/11621-030817-regr.

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Zhou, Li, Lingzhi Li, and Lei Lei. "Avian influenza, non-tariff measures and the poultry exports of China." Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 63, no. 1 (December 18, 2018): 72–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.12285.

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Wang, Jing-Xin, Lian-Jun Bao, Lei Shi, Liang-Ying Liu, and Eddy Y. Zeng. "Characterizing PBDEs in fish, poultry, and pig feeds manufactured in China." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, no. 6 (January 6, 2019): 6014–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-04057-2.

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Wu, Rui-Ting, Ying-Feng Cai, Ying-Xi Chen, Yi-Wen Yang, Si-Cheng Xing, and Xin-Di Liao. "Occurrence of microplastic in livestock and poultry manure in South China." Environmental Pollution 277 (May 2021): 116790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116790.

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Artois, Jean, Shengjie Lai, Luzhao Feng, Hui Jiang, Hang Zhou, Xiangping Li, Madhur S. Dhingra, et al. "H7N9 and H5N1 avian influenza suitability models for China: accounting for new poultry and live-poultry markets distribution data." Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 31, no. 2 (December 5, 2016): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00477-016-1362-z.

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Fearnley, Lyle. "Wild Goose Chase: The Displacement of Influenza Research in the Fields of Poyang Lake, China." Cultural Anthropology 30, no. 1 (February 16, 2015): 12–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14506/ca30.1.03.

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This article follows transnational avian influenza scientists as they move their experimental systems and research objects into what they refer to as the “epicenter” of flu pandemics, southern China. Based on the hypothesis that contact between wild and domestic bird species could produce new pandemic flu viruses, scientists set up a research program into the wild–domestic interface at China’s Poyang Lake. As influenza comes to be understood in terms of multispecies relations and ecologies in addition to the virus proper, the scientific knowledge of influenza is increasingly dependent on research conducted at particular sites, such as Poyang Lake. What does this movement of influenza research from laboratory to field mean for anthropological concepts of scientific knowledge? A widely shared premise among anthropologists is that scientific knowledge is made in experimental practice, but this practice turn in science studies draws largely from fieldwork inside laboratories. In this article, drawing on fieldwork with both influenza scientists and poultry breeders, I show how scientific research objects can be displaced by the practices of poultry breeders rather than by experimental practice itself. For these poultry breeders, refusing to respect the distinction of wild and domestic, were breeding wild birds.

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Wu, Tong, and Charles Perrings. "Conservation, development and the management of infectious disease: avian influenza in China, 2004–2012." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1722 (April 24, 2017): 20160126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0126.

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There is growing evidence that wildlife conservation measures have mixed effects on the emergence and spread of zoonotic disease. Wildlife conservation has been found to have both positive (dilution) and negative (contagion) effects. In the case of avian influenza H5N1 in China, the focus has been on negative effects. Lakes and wetlands attracting migrating waterfowl have been argued to be disease hotspots. We consider the implications of waterfowl conservation for H5N1 infections in both poultry and humans between 2004 and 2012. We model both environmental and economic risk factors. Environmental risk factors comprise the conditions that structure interaction between wild and domesticated birds. Economic risk factors comprise the cost of disease, biosecurity measures and disease risk mitigation. We find that H5N1 outbreaks in poultry populations are indeed sensitive to the existence of wild-domesticated bird mixing zones, but not in the way we would expect from the literature. We find that risk is decreasing in protected migratory bird habitat. Since the number of human cases is increasing in the number of poultry outbreaks, as expected, the implication is that the protection of wetlands important for migratory birds offers unexpected human health benefits. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Conservation, biodiversity and infectious disease: scientific evidence and policy implications’.

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HE, F., J. F. LIN, X. Y. WANG, F. D. LI, Z. YU, and E. F. CHEN. "Quantitative risk analysis of the novel H7N9 virus in environments associated with H9 avian influenza virus, Zhejiang province, China." Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 1 (September 28, 2016): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268816002168.

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SUMMARYH9 avian influenza virus played a key role during generation of the novel H7N9 virus. A surveillance programme was conducted to assess the H9 virus in relation to the risk of H7N9 virus contamination in the environment. Risk of H7N9 virus contamination in the presence of H9 virus was higher than without (adjusted odds ratio 4·49, 95% confidence interval 3·79–5·31). Adjusted odds ratios of the H7N9 virus associated with co-presence of H9 virus and interacting factors were 4·93 (rural vs. urban area), 46·80 (live poultry markets vs. other premises), 6·86 (Huzhou vs. Hangzhou prefecture), 40·67 (year 2015 vs. 2013), and 9·63 (sewage from cleaning poultry vs. poultry faeces). Regular surveillance on gene variability of H7N9 and H9 viruses should be conducted and extra measures are needed to reduce co-circulation of H7N9 and H9 viruses in the environment.

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Chen, Yongxue, and Yongxian Wen. "Spatiotemporal Distributions and Dynamics of Human Infections with the A H7N9 Avian Influenza Virus." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2019 (February 7, 2019): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9248246.

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In 2013 in mainland China, a novel avian influenza virus H7N9 began to infect humans and had aroused severe fatality in the infected humans, followed by the annual outbreaks. By methods of GIS and kriging interpolation, we get the geographical distributions. We obtain the longitudinal characteristics of these outbreaks based on statistics and diagrams. After these spatiotemporal distributions, an eco-epidemiological model is established and analyzed. In this model, the general incidence functions, the factor of fully killed infected poultry, and the virus in environment are taken into account. Theoretical analysis shows that the endemic will be formed to a large extent once the H7N9 avian influenza virus exists in poultry. On the basis of dynamics, we explore the possible disease control measures by numerical simulations. Simulations indicate that measures of vaccination in poultry and stopping live poultry transactions are the primary choices for disease control in humans, and strengthened inhibition effects and environmental disinfections can effectively control the outbreak.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Poultry - China'

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