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1
Bekele, Getachew. "Review on the Effect of Heat Stress on Poultry Production and Productivities." Food Science & Nutrition Technology 6, no. 2 (2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/fsnt16000260.
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Heat stress is a situation where too much heat is absorbed by a person, a plant or an animal and causes stress, illness or even death. Therefore, the objective of this review was to compile current knowledge and evidence from literature about the effects of heat stress in poultry production, and productivities. Heat stress is manifested by elevated body temperature, hot, dry skin, lack of sweating and neurological symptoms such as paralysis, headache, vertigo and unconsciousness. Poultry seems to be particularly sensitive to temperature-associated environmental challenges, especially heat stress. In the first days of their life poultry need hot climate (32-38°C), but the optimal temperature decreases rapidly with age by 2.5-3.0°C per week. Birds may use sand baths to dissipate the heat from the body, move to a shaded area or seek a micro-environment that avoids extremely high environmental temperature. Birds rose in an open-sided house at 37°C and humidity level of 50-60% showed signs of panting and wing lifting, elevation of body temperature, lower feed consumption, a higher feed conversion ratio, and lowered body weight gain. In females, heat stress can disrupt the normal status of reproductive hormones at the hypothalamus and ovary leading to reduced systemic levels and functions. Also in males, semen volume, sperm concentration, number of live sperm cells and motility decrease when subjected to heat stress. In egg production, heat stress has a significant harmful impact on body weight, and feed consumption of laying hens at peak production, egg weight, shell weight, shell thickness, and gravity. Both meat type and egg laying chickens respond negatively to high ambient temperatures. Heat stress reduces the relative weights of lymphoid organs like spleen, thymus and cloacae bursa.
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Hu, Ruizhi, Yujia He, Muhammed Arowolo, Shusong Wu, and Jianhua He. "Polyphenols as Potential Attenuators of Heat Stress in Poultry Production." Antioxidants 8, no. 3 (2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8030067.
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Heat stress is a non-specific physiological response of the body when exposed to high ambient temperatures, which can break the balance of body redox and result in oxidative stress that affects growth performance as well as the health of poultry species. Polyphenols have attracted much attention in recent years due to their antioxidant ability and thus, can be an effective attenuator of heat stress. In this paper, the potential mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effect of polyphenols on heat stress in poultry has been reviewed to provide a reference and ideas for future studies related to polyphenols and poultry production.
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Righi, Federico, Rosario Pitino, Carmen L. Manuelian, et al. "Plant Feed Additives as Natural Alternatives to the Use of Synthetic Antioxidant Vitamins on Poultry Performances, Health, and Oxidative Status: A Review of the Literature in the Last 20 Years." Antioxidants 10, no. 5 (2021): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050659.
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Plant feed additives (PFA) such as essential oils, extracts, and by-products from plant processing can be included in poultry diets. A total of 39 peer-reviewed articles were selected from the literature published in the last 20 years (2000–2020) comparing PFA antioxidant effects with synthetic antioxidant vitamins (mainly vitamin E) in poultry nutrition. The PFA can be used as an effective nutritional strategy to face poultry’s oxidative stress with positive impact also on their productivity and efficiency. They can partially or completely replace antioxidant synthetic vitamins (the latter administered at doses between 150 and 500 mg/kg) in animal diets, sometimes affecting important physiological functions or expressing synergistic effect with the synthetic antioxidants. It is crucial to take into consideration the issues related to the absorption and the metabolism of these additives and their interaction with gut microbiota. However, some form- and dose-dependent negative effects on growth performances are observed.
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Ayo, J. O., J. A. Obidi, and P. I. Rekwot. "Effects of Heat Stress on the Well-Being, Fertility, and Hatchability of Chickens in the Northern Guinea Savannah Zone of Nigeria: A Review." ISRN Veterinary Science 2011 (June 14, 2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/838606.
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The paper examines heat stress and its adverse effects as a hindrance to profitable poultry production in the tropics, with emphasis on the Northern Guinea Savannah zone of Nigeria. It elucidates the general negative effects of heat stress on physiological parameters of domestic chickens, and the specific impact of the stress on reproduction in the tropics. The deleterious effects are expressed in poor poultry well-being and reproductive performance. It is concluded that measures aimed at alleviating heat stress in domestic chickens must be adopted in order to enhance reproductive and, consequently, efficiency of modern poultry production in the tropics.
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Rostagnos, Marcos. "209 Effects of heat stress on the intestinal tract of poultry." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (2019): 120–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.213.
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Abstract Stress is a biological adaptive response to restore homeostasis, and occurs in every animal production system, due to the multitude of stressors present in every farm. Heat stress is one of the most common environmental challenges to poultry worldwide. It has been demonstrated that heat stress negatively impacts the welfare and productivity of broilers and laying hens. However, our knowledge of basic mechanisms associated to the reported effects, as well as related to poultry behavior and welfare under heat stress conditions is in fact scarce. The adaptive response of poultry to a heat stress situation is complex and intricate in nature, and it includes effects on the intestinal tract. Intervention strategies to deal with heat stress conditions (e.g., management practices, feed additives, diet formulation, and others) have been the focus of most published studies. Nevertheless, effectiveness of most of the interventions has been variable or inconsistent. This review focuses on the scientific evidence available on the effects of the heat stress response on different facets of the intestinal tract of poultry, including its integrity, physiology, immunology and microbiology.
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Sugiharto, Sugiharto, Turrini Yudiarti, Isroli Isroli, Endang Widiastuti, and Endang Kusumanti. "Dietary supplementation of probiotics in poultry exposed to heat stress – a review." Annals of Animal Science 17, no. 3 (2017): 591–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2016-0062.
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Abstract Heat-related stress has become a serious problem in poultry industry along with the global temperatures rise. Heat stress causes detrimental effects on physiology, immunology and microbiology resulting in abnormalities and impaired performances of birds. Several nutritional strategies have been conducted to counteract the detrimental effects of heat stress in poultry, including dietary supplementation of probiotics. This strategy has been proposed to ameliorate the intestinal ecosystem, physiological conditions and immune system, leading to the improved performance and health of birds subjected to heat stress. This review presents the potential benefits of probiotics against heat stress in poultry from the viewpoint of intestinal microbial ecology, morphology and structure, physiological conditions, immune system and production performances. The possible mechanisms through which probiotics may give beneficial impacts on heat-stressed birds are also discussed along with the data reporting the possible drawbacks of using probiotics in heat-stressed poultry.
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Curca, D., V. Andronie, and I. Andronie. "The effect of ascorbic acid on poultry under thermal stress." Pathophysiology 5 (June 1998): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0928-4680(98)81347-3.
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Kang, Da Rae, and Kwan Seob Shim. "Proteomic Analysis of the Protective Effect of Early Heat Exposure against Chronic Heat Stress in Broilers." Animals 10, no. 12 (2020): 2365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122365.
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The increasing trend of global warming has affected the livestock industry through the heat stress, especially in poultry. Therefore, a better understanding of the mechanisms of heat stress in poultry would be helpful for maintaining the poultry production. Three groups were designed to determine early heat stress effects during chronic heat stress: CC, raised at a comfortable temperature; CH, chronic heat exposure at 35 °C for 21–35 days continuously; and HH, early heat exposure at 40 °C for 24 h at 5 days old with 35 °C temperature for 21–35 days continuously. In this study, proteome analysis was carried out to identify differentially expressed proteins in the liver tissue of broilers under chronic and early heat exposure. There were eight differentially expressed proteins from early heat stress during chronic heat exposure, which were related to actin metabolism. According to KEGG (Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes) analysis, the proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism were expressed to promote the metabolism of carbohydrates under chronic heat stress. Early heat reduced the heat stress-induced expression changes of select proteins. Our study has shown that early heat exposure suggests that the liver of broilers has various physiological mechanisms for regulating homeostasis to aid heat resistance.
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Wasti, Sanjeev, Nirvay Sah, and Birendra Mishra. "Impact of Heat Stress on Poultry Health and Performances, and Potential Mitigation Strategies." Animals 10, no. 8 (2020): 1266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10081266.
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Heat stress is one of the major environmental stressors in the poultry industry resulting in substantial economic loss. Heat stress causes several physiological changes, such as oxidative stress, acid-base imbalance, and suppressed immunocompetence, which leads to increased mortality and reduced feed efficiency, body weight, feed intake, and egg production, and also affects meat and egg quality. Several strategies, with a variable degree of effectiveness, have been implemented to attenuate heat stress in poultry. Nutritional strategies, such as restricting the feed, wet or dual feeding, adding fat in diets, supplementing vitamins, minerals, osmolytes, and phytochemicals, have been widely studied and found to reduce the deleterious effects of heat stress. Furthermore, the use of naked neck (Na) and frizzle (F) genes in certain breed lines have also gained massive attention in recent times. However, only a few of these strategies have been widely used in the poultry industry. Therefore, developing heat-tolerant breed lines along with proper management and nutritional approach needs to be considered for solving this problem. Thus, this review highlights the scientific evidence regarding the effects of heat stress on poultry health and performances, and potential mitigation strategies against heat stress in broiler chickens and laying hens.
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Yavnikov, N. V. "The strategy for dealing with heat stress in poultry." Agrarian science, no. 6 (July 18, 2020): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2020-339-6-25-28.
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Relevance and methods. In the summer period heat stress becomes one of the most serious problems of industrial poultry farming. At its core heat stress is an imbalance between the flow of heat from the environment and the release of energy by the bird's body. This pathology brings tangible economic losses and can cause a massive mortality of the poultry. The article describes a set of measures to minimize the negative impact of extremely high ambient temperatures on the poultry.Results. To deal with the negative effects of heat stress, it was proposed to lower the pH of drinking water by adding the Complicid’s organic complex of acids, and to increase the concentration of nutrients in the poultry diet it was recommended to carry out medication with Libecrin and Butacyfol.
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Ranjan, Ashish, Ranjana Sinha, Indu Devi, Abdul Rahim, and Shiwani Tiwari. "Effect of Heat Stress on Poultry Production and their Managemental Approaches." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 8, no. 02 (2019): 1548–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.802.181.
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Khosravinia, H. "The effect of oiling and antimicrobial spray on performance of broiler chickens reared on leaves and corncob litters under heat stress condition." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200010826.
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Accessibility of enviable litter materials and litter treating aimed at reducing ammonia and dust levels in poultry houses and pathogen population in litter are the points of interest in poultry research. A study was conducted to evaluate leaves and ground corncobs as alternative litters for broilers and examine the effect of surface spraying of antimicrobial solutions, oil and apply of both on performance of broilers.
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Choi, Janghan, and Woo Kyun Kim. "Dietary Application of Tannins as a Potential Mitigation Strategy for Current Challenges in Poultry Production: A Review." Animals 10, no. 12 (2020): 2389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122389.
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The poultry industry has an important role in producing sources of protein for the world, and the size of global poultry production continues to increase annually. However, the poultry industry is confronting diverse challenges including bacterial infection (salmonellosis), coccidiosis, oxidative stress, including that caused by heat stress, welfare issues such as food pad dermatitis (FPD) and nitrogen and greenhouse gasses emissions that cumulatively cause food safety issues, reduce the efficacy of poultry production, impair animal welfare, and induce environmental issues. Furthermore, restrictions on the use of AGP have exacerbated several of these negative effects. Tannins, polyphenolic compounds that possess a protein precipitation capacity, have been considered as antinutritional factors in the past because high dosages of tannins can decrease feed intake and negatively affect nutrient digestibility and absorption. However, tannins have been shown to have antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and as such, have gained interest as promising bioactive compounds to help alleviate the challenges of AGP removal in the poultry industry. In addition, the beneficial effects of tannins can be enhanced by several strategies including heat processing, combining tannins with other bioactive compounds, and encapsulation. As a result, supplementation of tannins alone or in conjunction with the above strategies could be an effective approach to decrease the need of AGP and otherwise improve poultry production efficiency.
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T. Akinyem, Fisayo, Semiu F. Bello, Victoria A. Uyanga, Charles Oretomiloy, and He Meng. "Heat Stress and Gut Microbiota: Effects on Poultry Productivity." International Journal of Poultry Science 19, no. 7 (2020): 294–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2020.294.302.
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Yaremchuk, V. Y., and L. G. Slivinska. "Prevention of hepatosis in laying hens using hepatoprotectors Hep-A-Stress and Hepasan-VS." Ukrainian Journal of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences 3, no. 3 (2020): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/ujvas3-3.02.
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The article presents the results of preventive efficacy of hepatoprotectors Hep-A-Stress and Hepasan-VS in laying hens with hepatosis. The research was conducted in modern poultry farm. Three groups of laying hens (control and two experimental) Lohmann Brown breed (n = 1500) aged 224 days were formed. The poultry was kept on the main ration according to the technological map for the use of this breed. Laying hens from the first experimental group were additionally given hepatoprotector Hep-A-Stress and the second – Hepasan-VS. Blood sampling for the study was performed three times: before the start of drug administration, after 10 and 30 days from the beginning of hepatorotectors administration. The prophylactic effect of these drugs was determined by studying the preservation and productivity of poultry, interpretation of biochemical analysis of blood serum. The use of hepatoprotectors has allowed to increase the preservation and egg production of laying hens. The results of our studies showed insignificant changes of biochemical parameters in blood after 10 days administration of drugs, which indicates a slow effect of hepatoprotectors on the regenerative processes in the body of poultry. The prophylactic effect was established after 30 days use of hepatoprotectors. Our results showed that the use of these drugs had a positive effect on the protein-synthesizing function of the liver, as indicated by a decrease in serum total protein and an increase a albumin contents. There was also a positive effect on the intensity of protein metabolism, indicated by decreased uric acid and an increased urea in the blood serum of experimental groups. The use of hepatoprotectors helped to reduce the activity of hepatospecific enzymes AST and ALT, which indicates the stabilization of cellular structures of hepatocytes. These drugs have increased the function of bile secretion, which is key of lipid metabolism, as evidenced by an increase in serum cholesterol. Thus, the use of these hepatoprotectors has a positive effect on metabolic processes in the body of laying hens, in particular, normalizes liver function and prevents the development of hepatosis.
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Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda O., Awa Sanou, and Justice A. Tambo. "Climate change adaptation among poultry farmers: evidence from Nigeria." Climatic Change 157, no. 3-4 (2019): 527–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02574-8.
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AbstractThough climate events pose increasing challenges for crop and animal production in Africa, most climate adaptation studies focus on staple food crops. Few studies have examined climate adaptation for livestock with even fewer looking at small animals such as poultry. Heat stress associated with climate change is a severe challenge to poultry farmers due to its negative effect on chicken growth and productivity. As poultry plays an important food security role across Africa (being a source of livelihood and an important source of animal protein), understanding how farmers deal with the realities of poultry production due to climate change is critical. This study explores the level and determinants of the adoption of climate change adaptation strategies among poultry farmers in Nigeria. A multivariate probit analysis (which allows for the possibility that the decision to adopt various practices are jointly made) reveals that while poultry farmers are adapting to climate change, there is a clear heterogeneity of adaptation strategies at different production scales. Small farms tend to invest in traditional strategies such as the stocking of local breeds while medium and large farms adopt modern technologies such as air and water ventilation as well as the use of low energy bulbs that emit less heat. Our study finds that farmers who have experienced heat-related losses are more likely to adopt modern practices and more likely to adopt multiple adaptation strategies concurrently.
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Ghabru, Arti, Shivani Chauhan, and C. Varshneya. "Effect of Seabuckthorn leaves on Antioxidant and Microsomal Enzymes in poultry birds." Journal of Phytopharmacology 7, no. 5 (2018): 440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2018.7507.
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In vivo studies on broiler birds were carried out to evaluate effect of aflatoxin and seabuckthorn leaves on microsomal enzyme system, antioxidant enzymes and biochemical parameters i.e. serum triglyceride, total plasma protein, aminopyrine demethylase, aniline hydroxylase, NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase, catalase, LPO, superoxide dismutase, GSH, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels in poultry. The poultry birds were divided into six groups containing six birds each. Aflatoxin (400 ppb) and seabuckthorn leaves (10000ppm) was administered continuously in poultry feed. Aflatoxin increased serum triglyceride, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels where as seabuckthorn leaves supplementation at 10000ppm significantly decreased triglyceride (P<0.05), blood urea nitrogen (P<0.05) and creatinine levels in birds. Toxin decreased liver, kidney and blood superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) activity, whereas, seabuckthorn leaves (SBTL) increased the activity of these enzymes as compared to control group. The level of lipid peroxidation was significantly increased in the toxin exposed group and decreased in case of SBTL. The activity of Aminopyrine demethylase and Aniline hydroxylase increased, while the activity of NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase is decreased in case of toxin group whereas in case of seabuckthorn leaves exposed group showed no significant change in case of aminopyrine demethylase and NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase, however, the activity of Aniline hydroxylase decreased. On the basis of present study, it could be concluded that the seabuckthorn leaves reduced the effect of Aflatoxin which produced oxidative stress by altering the levels of antioxidant enzymes of liver and kidney in adult poultry birds
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Girish, C., and T. Smith. "Impact of feed-borne mycotoxins on avian cell-mediated and humoral immune responses." World Mycotoxin Journal 1, no. 2 (2008): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2008.1015.
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Mycotoxins of economic importance in poultry production are mainly produced by Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium fungi. The important mycotoxins in poultry production are aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone and fumonisins. Mycotoxins exert their immunotoxic effects through various mechanisms which are manifested as reduced response of the immune system. Mycotoxin-induced immunosuppression in poultry may be manifested as decreased antibody production to antigens (e.g. sheep red blood cells) and impaired delayed hypersensitivity response (e.g. dinitrochlorobenzene), reduction in systemic bacterial clearance (e.g. Salmonella, Brucella, Listeria and Escherichia), lymphocyte proliferation (response to mitogens), macrophage phagocytotic ability, and alterations in CD4+/CD8+ ratio, immune organ weights (spleen, thymus and bursa of Fabricius), and histological changes (lymphocyte depletion, degeneration and necrosis). Mycotoxins, especially fumonisin B1 have been shown to down regulate proinflammatory cytokine levels including those of interferon (IFN)-γ, IFN-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-2 in broiler chickens. Fusarium mycotoxins exert part of their toxic effects by altering cytokine production in poultry. Mycotoxins adversely affect intestinal barrier functions by reducing the intestinal epithelial integrity and removing tight junction proteins. Apoptosis, increased colonisation of pathogenic microorganisms, cytotoxicity and oxidative stress, inhibition of protein synthesis and lipid peroxidation are characteristic of the toxic effects of mycotoxins on intestinal epithelium. These directly or indirectly affect host immune responses. Such immunotoxic effects of mycotoxins render poultry susceptible to many infectious diseases. The avian immune system is sensitive to most mycotoxins. Both cell-mediated and humoral immunity may be adversely affected after feeding mycotoxins to poultry. The avian immune system may be more sensitive to naturally contaminated feedstuffs because of the presence of multiple mycotoxins and the complex interactions between them which can cause severe adverse effects. Adverse effects of mycotoxins on the immune system reduce production and performance resulting in economic losses to poultry industries. Caution must be exercised while feeding grains contaminated with mycotoxins.
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Mannan, MA, E. Halder, MA Karim, and JU Ahmed. "Alleviation of Adverse Effect of Drought Stress on Soybean (Glycine max. L.) by Using Poultry Litter Biochar." Bangladesh Agronomy Journal 19, no. 2 (2017): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/baj.v19i2.31854.
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The experiment was conducted under controlled condition at the Department of Agronomy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Bangladesh from January to April 2015 to clarify the mechanism that might be involved in the ameliorating effects of poultry litter biochar on soybean plants grown under water deficit stress. The treatments were (i) water regimes (well watered and 40% field capacity) and (ii) biochar (0, 25, 50 and 100 t ha-1). Results indicated that water deficit stress induced reduction in growth, leaf water and chlorophyll content and yield of soybean plant compared with those of the unstressed plants. On the other hand, water deficit stress led to increases in proline content. The improvement of drought tolerance resulted from biochar application were accompanied with improved water and proline accumulation as well as less degradation of chlorophyll in leaf was observed. These results clearly demonstrate that harmful effect of drought could reduce on plant height, leaf water and chlorophyll contents and yield of soybean. Consequently, application of poultry litter biochar is a good strategy to effectively solve the seasonal drought stress problem in dry lands.Bangladesh Agron. J. 2016 19(2): 61-69
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Ahmed, Mervat M. N., Zienhom S. H. Ismail, and Ahmed A. A. Abdel-Wareth. "Application of betaine as feed additives in poultry nutrition – a review." Journal of Experimental and Applied Animal Sciences 2, no. 3 (2018): 266–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.20454/jeaas.2018.1428.
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Heat stress is exposing birds to degrees of temperature higher than the optimal, which results in numerous health problems i.e. respiratory deficits decrease feed intake and thus lower weight at marketing age. Heat stress represents one of the most important factor that has negative effects on poultry production. Heat stress also leads to negative effects on the carcass properties and thus lower meat quality, consequently leads to severe shortage in the market. Most important solutions are using feed additives that have positive effects for resisting thermal stress. Betaine that has several other beneficial effects of mild heat stress. Most of the trials were reported slight positive effects; however, systematic results were rare. Since there are almost unlimited possibilities concerning dosage and products of betaine there is still more research required. Nevertheless, there is still further research under more standardized conditions needed to evaluate the right dosage and combination as well as the exact mechanism of actions of anti-stress effects of betaine.
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Miftakhutdinov, A. V., E. R. Saifulmulyukov, and E. A. Nogovitsina. "Influence of feed additive on the biological value of broiler chickens’ white meat protein in technological stress conditions." E3S Web of Conferences 254 (2021): 08002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125408002.
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The aim of the research was to study the effect of feed additive on the biological value of broiler chickens’ white meat protein under pre-slaughter stress conditions. The experiment was carried out on Arbor Acres broiler chickens in the conditions of an industrial poultry farm with floor housing technology. The main diet of poultry in the I experimental group was introduced with feed additive at a 1269 g/t feed dose, II - at a dose of 1693 g/t. The control group poultry received only the main diet. As a result, the white meat of broiler chickens of experimental groups contained 1.5-6.8% more essential amino acids, substituted by 1.3-5.5% compared to control. In the amino acid composition of the broiler chickens’ meat of the experimental group I, the most pronounced changes in the content of essential and dispensable amino acids were revealed; their level was above the control by an average of 3.7 and 2.9% respectively. White meat proteins of broiler chickens of the I experimental group were more biologically valuable; their amino acid score was above control by an average of 4.5%.
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Qiao, Yingying, Oleksandr Kyselov, and Changzhong Liu. "EFFECTS OF AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ON BROILERS PHYSIOLOGY. PERFORMANCE AND MEAT QUALITY." Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The series: Livestock, no. 1-2(36-37) (July 1, 2019): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32845/bsnau.lvst.2019.1-2.5.
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The freeding environment has become the most important factor restricting the production efficiency of livestock and poultry. At the same time, the community demand more animal protein is increasing every year. The answer to this question can be the broiler meat. But the intensive production of broiler meat puts increased demands on both growing technologies and conditions of their keeping. The purpose of our research is to study various environmental parameters that may have different effects on poultry growth and health, among which temperature is one of the main factors affecting poultry meat quality. Studies have shown that cold stress leads to a significant increase in CRH mRNA levels, a significant decrease in TRH mRNA levels, and a decrease in the body's antioxidant status. Cold stress causes edema, congestion, hemorrhage and epithelial damage in the intestinal mucosa of broilers, which significantly increases the incidence and severity of poultry necrotizing enteritis lesions (P<0.05), causing pH and cavitation in the cecum Clostridium counts increased significantly (P<0.05). The heat is also stress, after the occurrence of heat stress, the plasma creatine kinase activity and uric acid concentration of broilers increased, blood volume and oxygen carrying capacity of chickens changed, and hematocrit increased. Studies have shown that the long-term relatively low temperature environment reduces the contents of SFA, PUFA, MUFA, and EFA in the breast muscles of broilers, thereby reducing the flavour and meat quality of broiler breast muscles. Heat stress significantly increased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the pectoral muscle tissue (P <0.05), and the selenium content was significantly reduced (P <0.05). Heat stress can also lead to pale and exudative meat characteristics of chicken, namely PSE meat. Ambient temperature stress can lead to reduced feed consumption, indigestion, impaired metabolism, decreased immunity, and even death of broilers. Accordingly on this article we are summarizes the effects of cold and heat stress on physiology, performance and meat quality of broilers, with a view to improve the quality of chicken, maximize the production performance of broilers, increase the economic benefits of farms, and provide theoretical references for the healthy freeding of broilers.
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Shokryazdan, Parisa, Mohammad Faseleh Jahromi, Salwani MD Saadand, et al. "Chinese Herbal Medicines as Potential Agents for Alleviation of Heat Stress in Poultry." Scientifica 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8208261.
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Heat stress negatively affects the productivity of chickens in commercial poultry farms in humid tropics. In this study, the concentrations and types of the antioxidant compounds of eight Chinese herbal medicines, which have previously demonstrated promising effects on suppressing heat stress as a mixture, were investigated using reversed-phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography, spectrophotometry, Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry, and Gas-Liquid Chromatography. Our results provided the levels of phenolic compounds, total amounts of sugars, and total unsaturated fatty acids in the herbal extracts. Apart from the detection and quantification of the active ingredients of herbs that have the potential to mitigate heat stress in poultry, results of this study also provide useful data for developing an efficient and accurate formulation of the herbs’ mixtures in order to induce positive effects against heat stress in in vivo studies.
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Ежелев, Александр, Alexander Ezelev, Юрий Ткаченко, et al. "Study of the influence of soybean protein hydrolyzate for poultry." Adaptive Fodder Production 2019, no. 2 (2019): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/afp-2222-5366-2019-2-77-84.
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For research, the feed additive Abiopeptid manufactured by "A-BIO" LLC was used – 25% solution of soy protein enzymatic hydrolyzate. The experiments were carried out in two farms of the Kaliningrad region. In the first experiment 60 laying hens of the Shaver Brown breed were drinking Abiopeptid three consecutive days at the dose of 1.5 ml per head per day. This caused a gradual increase of egg production during the week, the next two weeks egg production remained at the achieved level, during the next week of experience it decreased to the level of the beginning of the experience. The increase in productivity was accompanied by an increase of egg weight by 8% compared to the control (60 laying hens). In the second experiment two groups of laying hens of the Shaver Brown breed, 100 heads each, during the period of the beginning of the oviposition, received the feed additive in doses of 0.8 and 1.5 g/kg of feed, respectively, every day for two weeks. In the same way, the feed additive was tested on two groups of quails of 50 in each group at doses of 0.2 and 0.5 g/kg. Similar groups of laying hens and quails served as controls. The use of Abiopeptid in doses of 0.8 and 1.5 g/kg of feed by 2.3 and 5.9 times, respectively, increased the productivity of laying hens and accelerated oviposition. For quails, the minimum dose that increases productivity and resistance to stress is 0.5 g/kg of feed per day. The anti-stress effect of Abiopeptid was observed when added to feed or water in effective doses. It manifested with a delay in time and was accompanied by a cumulative effect.
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Krysiak, Katarzyna, Damian Konkol, and Mariusz Korczyński. "Overview of the Use of Probiotics in Poultry Production." Animals 11, no. 6 (2021): 1620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061620.
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In recent years, probiotics have become more popular in the world of dietary supplements and feed additives within the poultry industry, acting as antibiotic substitutes. Above all, probiotics are universal feed additives that can be used in conjunction with other additives to promote improved performance and health. Their positive effects can be observed directly in the gastrointestinal tract and indirectly in immunomodulation of the poultry immune system. Nutritional effects seen in flocks given probiotics include increased laying and egg quality, increased daily increments, and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR). There has also been an improvement in the quality of meat. This suggests producers can improve production results through the use of probiotics. In addition to these production effects, bird immunity is improved by allowing the organism to better protect itself against pathogens and stress. The lack of accuracy in the formulation of non-European preparations needs to be further developed due to unknown interactions between probiotic bacteria strains as well as their metabolites. The versatility of probiotics and the fact that the bacteria used in their production are an integral part of animal digestive tracts make them a safe feed additives. Despite restrictions from the European Union, probiotics have potential to improve production and health within the poultry industry and beyond. The following article will review the use of probiotics in poultry production.
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Połtowicz, K., and E. Sosnówka-Czajka. "Effect of hyperthermia in growing broiler chickens on meat quality." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200010814.
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During growth period of 6 to 7 weeks, broiler chickens are exposed to different stressors, the effects of which are dependent on the type, duration and intensity of stress that affects the bird. Stress-induced changes in muscular metabolism alter the physico-chemical traits of meat, thus affecting its quality (Ali et al., 1999). The negative effect of ante-mortem thermal stress on the quality of broiler meat has been the object of many studies and is relatively well documented (Warriss et al., 1999). There is a scarcity of data on whether and to what degree hyperthermia in growing chickens affects the technological parameters of poultry meat. Therefore we carried out an experiment to determine the effect of 5-day heat stress in 4-week-old broiler chickens on their later meat quality.
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Jiang, Sha, Fei-Fei Yan, Jia-Ying Hu, Ahmed Mohammed, and Heng-Wei Cheng. "Bacillus subtilis-Based Probiotic Improves Skeletal Health and Immunity in Broiler Chickens Exposed to Heat Stress." Animals 11, no. 6 (2021): 1494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061494.
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The elevation of ambient temperature beyond the thermoneutral zone leads to heat stress, which is a growing health and welfare issue for homeothermic animals aiming to maintain relatively constant reproducibility and survivability. Particularly, global warming over the past decades has resulted in more hot days with more intense, frequent, and long-lasting heat waves, resulting in a global surge in animals suffering from heat stress. Heat stress causes pathophysiological changes in animals, increasing stress sensitivity and immunosuppression, consequently leading to increased intestinal permeability (leaky gut) and related neuroinflammation. Probiotics, as well as prebiotics and synbiotics, have been used to prevent or reduce stress-induced negative effects on physiological and behavioral homeostasis in humans and various animals. The current data indicate dietary supplementation with a Bacillus subtilis-based probiotic has similar functions in poultry. This review highlights the recent findings on the effects of the probiotic Bacillus subtilis on skeletal health of broiler chickens exposed to heat stress. It provides insights to aid in the development of practical strategies for improving health and performance in poultry.
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Penaloza-Vazquez, Alejandro, Li Maria Ma, and Patricia Rayas-Duarte. "Isolation and characterization of Bacillus spp. strains as potential probiotics for poultry." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 65, no. 10 (2019): 762–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2019-0019.
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Probiotics have become one of the potential solutions to global restriction on antibiotic use in food animal production. Bacillus species have been attractive probiotics partially due to their long-term stability during storage. In this study, 200 endospore-forming bacteria isolates were recovered from sourdough and the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of young broiler chicks. Based on the production of a series of exoenzymes and survivability under stress conditions similar to those in the poultry GIT, 42 isolates were selected and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Seven strains with a profile of high enzymatic activities were further evaluated for sporulation efficiency, biofilm formation, compatibility among themselves (Bacillus spp.), and antagonistic effects against three bacteria pathogenic to poultry and humans: Enterococcus cecorum, Salmonella enterica, and Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli. The strains from sourdough were identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens whereas the ones from the chicks’ GIT were Bacillus subtilis. These strains demonstrated remarkable potential as probiotics for poultry.
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Ekawasti, Fitrine, and E. Martindah. "Control of Coccidiosis in Chickens Through Herbal Medicine." Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 29, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v29i1.2048.
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Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria sp. is an important disease in poultry industry. In Indonesia, the morbidity due to this disease in poultry reaches up to 90%. The clinical symptoms of coccidiosis vary depending on the age of poultry and the species of Eimeria. If coccidiostat is not properly used in control and eradication program, it will cause resistance and residue in meat and egg. This paper aims to describe the optimal control of coccidiosis without chemical substances by using natural herbs. Resistance cases to Eimeria sp. cause the anti-coccidia ineffective therefore a safe and effective coccidiostat is needed. Currently, coccidiosis control using natural medicines from herbs was reported to be effective, safe, free of side effects and cheaper. An integrated coccidiosis control program can be applied along with biosecurity, vaccination, prebiotics and coccidiostat from herbs. Control of coccidiosis in chickens with herbal medicines can increase immunity, appetite and reduce stress so that it can suppress Eimeria sp. infestation.
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Vieira, Frederico Márcio Corrêa, Iran José Oliveira da Silva, José Antonio Delfino Barbosa Filho, Afrânio Márcio Corrêa Vieira, Valéria Cristina Rodrigues-Sarnighausen, and Danilo de Brito Garcia. "Thermal stress related with mortality rates on broilers' preslaughter operations: a lairage time effect study." Ciência Rural 41, no. 9 (2011): 1639–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782011005000111.
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Concerning the reduction of preslaughter death losses, high temperature and relative humidity in the tropics are the major concerns regarding broiler survival prior slaughtering. However, the relationship between different lairage times under controlled environment and the thermal condition outside the holding area is still unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare different intervals of lairage time with different environmental temperature and relationship with poultry mortality rates. A study was conducted in a commercial poultry abattoir in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, in the year of 2006. The historical data set from 13,937 trucks, about broiler mortality during preslaughter operations, was given by the abattoir. Factors that influence the welfare of birds were studied, such as lairage time in abattoir and hourly dry-bulb temperature. The statistical analysis was performed using the Double Generalized Linear Models. The lower incidence of death losses before arrival at the processing plant (approximately 13 dead birds per truck) was observed when the lairage time was between 1 to 3 hours, under high temperatures (above 22°C). This effect was more pronounced under critical (25-28°C) and lethal intervals (above 29°C) (12 and 13 dead birds per truck, respectively). In relation to lairage time, the reduction in mortality rates was more pronounced in the intervals up to 1 hour of lairage under climatized conditions, with a reduction of 3 dead birds per truck. It was concluded that thermal stress have negative influence for broilers welfare kept under preslaughter conditions and variations on mortality rate are strongly related with different lairage times.
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Sevostyanova, Olga I., Vladimir A. Orobets, Ekaterina A. Sokolova, and Elena S. Kastarnova. "Blood morphological and biochemical parameters of broiler chickens by use of aggregate-resistant vitamin-mineral complex based on selenium under conditions of heat stress." Veterinaria Kubani, no. 2 (May 8, 2020): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33861/2071-8020-2020-2-24-26.
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Heat stress is still one of the main problemsin poultry breeding. Depression of the general condition, decreased productivity, worsened conversion parameters, decreased egg production are just some of the adverse effects of stress factors. As one of the ways to deal with heat stress, veterinary pharmacology creates different constructions of mono- and multivitamin complexes. These complexes are designed to reduce or completely neutralize the negative effects of stress. Despite the declared by the manufacturers balance of feed for poultry, the need for additional introduction of vitamin complexes into the diet is confirmed by hundreds of scientific studies and world practices. This article has the results of the study evaluating the impact of the developed aggregate-resistant vitamin-mineral complex based on selenium with a particle size of 20 to 60 nm on broiler chickens by Cobb-500 cross raised under heat stress. Like an analogue drug, was used Solvimin Selenium. It was found that anemia was recorded on the 21st day. The observed leukocytosis is an increase in the number of neutrophils and basophils in the peripheral blood. The biochemical composition of the blood of broiler chickens shows a pronounced stress effect on the body of birds of all experimental groups. All experimental groups had a decrease in total protein, albumin and urea with an increase in creatinine after 7 days from the start of the study. Changing the level of glucose in the blood serum allows us to conclude, that broilers in the control group have more stress tolerance. There are deviations not only in the control group, but also in the experimental groups. But, birds treated with vitamin-mineral complexes have the development of adaptive mechanisms, and a less pronounced negative effect of the temperature stress factor is noted.
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Du, Xiaodong, Lenn Carpentier, Guanghui Teng, Mulin Liu, Chaoyuan Wang, and Tomas Norton. "Assessment of Laying Hens’ Thermal Comfort Using Sound Technology." Sensors 20, no. 2 (2020): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20020473.
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Heat stress is one of the most important environmental stressors facing poultry production and welfare worldwide. The detrimental effects of heat stress on poultry range from reduced growth and egg production to impaired health. Animal vocalisations are associated with different animal responses and can be used as useful indicators of the state of animal welfare. It is already known that specific chicken vocalisations such as alarm, squawk, and gakel calls are correlated with stressful events, and therefore, could be used as stress indicators in poultry monitoring systems. In this study, we focused on developing a hen vocalisation detection method based on machine learning to assess their thermal comfort condition. For extraction of the vocalisations, nine source-filter theory related temporal and spectral features were chosen, and a support vector machine (SVM) based classifier was developed. As a result, the classification performance of the optimal SVM model was 95.1 ± 4.3% (the sensitivity parameter) and 97.6 ± 1.9% (the precision parameter). Based on the developed algorithm, the study illustrated that a significant correlation existed between specific vocalisations (alarm and squawk call) and thermal comfort indices (temperature-humidity index, THI) (alarm-THI, R = −0.414, P = 0.01; squawk-THI, R = 0.594, P = 0.01). This work represents the first step towards the further development of technology to monitor flock vocalisations with the intent of providing producers an additional tool to help them actively manage the welfare of their flock.
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Regenhard, Petra, Dimitar Nakov, and Helga Sauerwein. "Applicability of a Spectrophotometric Method for Assessment of Oxidative Stress in Poultry." Macedonian Veterinary Review 37, no. 1 (2014): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14432/j.macvetrev.2013.10.002.
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Abstract Oxidative stress is discussed as being related to health, welfare, and also to product quality. Recently, a spectrophotometric method based on the Fenton reaction (reactive oxygen metabolites, ROM) has been proposed to characterize pro-oxidative stressors in body fluids by determining early products of oxidation from proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. The applicability of this method for blood samples from various bird species was tested. The validity of the method for mammalian domestic animals was demonstrated by linearity yielded with increasing amounts of serum. In contrast, serum obtained from chicken yielded ROM concentrations below the limit of detection when serum volumes comparable to mammalian samples were used. Applying higher amounts of serum was not increasing the optical density readings in a linear way. To assess whether the lack of sensitivity and linearity is a problem limited to chicken or poultry in general, we tested sera from laying hens, turkey, duck, goose, pheasant, pigeon, and guinea fowl. For most of the species tested, the method could not be validly applied. There is no reason to assume that oxidative stress in birds may not exist, therefore we conclude that bird specific matrix effects hinder the valid application of the ROMs test in poultry.
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Hynd, P. I., S. Weaver, N. M. Edwards, N. D. Heberle, and M. Bowling. "Developmental programming: a new frontier for the poultry industry?" Animal Production Science 56, no. 8 (2016): 1233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15373.
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Increasing evidence that the maternal environment influences the programming of developing embryos and fetuses through epigenetic mechanisms has significant potential application in the broiler industry. The broiler breeder hen is subjected to restricted-feeding regimes to maximise egg quantity and quality, but the genetically high-intake potential of these birds makes this regime a stressful one. We propose that this stress is signalled to the developing embryo via changes in yolk composition as an evolutionary adaptation to changing environments, and that exposure to high levels of corticosteroids in ovo is associated with developmental reprogramming, which has effects on the behaviour, health and growth of the progeny. The present paper describes some preliminary results from a series of trials designed to elucidate the relationship between breeder hen diet and egg composition, and the growth, behaviour and immune function of the progeny. We conclude that manipulation of the breeder hen diet is an untapped opportunity to maintain the competitiveness of the chicken meat industry and further, that achieving improved productivity by this means may be compatible with improved animal welfare outcomes for the hen and her progeny.
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Kochish, I. I., T. A. Sadovskaya, and T. O. Azarnova. "Prospects for the use of highly effective and safe stimulants of embryogenesis in poultry farming." Veterinariya, Zootekhniya i Biotekhnologiya 1, no. 6 (2021): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.zoo.bio.202106007.
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To increase the embryonic and postembryonic viability of poultry, along with selection work, optimization of the microclimate parameters of poultry houses and rations, it is also advisable to develop resource-saving and environmentally friendly methods of using biologically active substances. It was shown that the treatment of eggs with a composition of solutions of natural metabolites (colamine, succinic acid and Ribav) in optimal concentrations stopped and prevented the negative effects of stress. Positive biochemical and morphological changes were observed in the development of chick embryos. An increase in chick withdrawal, a decrease in all incubation waste, an increase in the activity of antioxidant defense enzymes, and a decrease in the content of malondialdehyde in the blood serum of chickens were found.
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Wang, R. H., R. R. Liang, H. Lin, et al. "Effect of acute heat stress and slaughter processing on poultry meat quality and postmortem carbohydrate metabolism." Poultry Science 96, no. 3 (2017): 738–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pew329.
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Chen, Shengwei, Yanhong Yong, and Xianghong Ju. "Effect of heat stress on growth and production performance of livestock and poultry: Mechanism to prevention." Journal of Thermal Biology 99 (July 2021): 103019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103019.
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Fayazi, J., M. R. Ghorbani, M. Nazari, J. Momeni, A. Jaferian, and A. Aghaeei. "Growth curve models for commercial pullets under severe heat stress condition." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200030738.
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The objectives of our study were to propose a growth curve and to develop a mathematical model to describe the body weight of pullet experiencing severe heat stress (42°C). Poultry producers who raise their own replacement pullets can control their pullet’s growth, condition and development. Many of the problems which occur during the early part of lay can be traced back to insufficient or improper type of body weight attained during the various stages of the growing period. In order to avoid these problems, the body weight of pullets must be controlled. Rearing conditions for pullets vary depending on environmental pressures and can affect growth rate. Without the basic knowledge of the flock grow-out, it is virtually impossible to understand and possibly solve problems which may later occur during the laying period. It must be kept in mind that once egg production begins, it is too late to solve problems resulting from growing period. The two most important criteria of pullet quality are uniformity within the flock and proper body weight at a specific age. Almost anything that adversely affects a pullet will usually be reflected in lower body weights and poorer flock uniformity. High ambient temperatures can be devastating to commercial pullet growth rate; coupled with high humidity they can have an even more harmful effect on proper and recommended body weight. Heat stress interferes with the poultry comfort and suppresses performance efficiency. In order to verify the effect of heat stress on pullet growth rate, many curve modelled, fitted and verified to proposed best one.
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Mirmohammadi, Seyedtaghi, Narges Khanjani, Fereshteh Nazarkhani, Saeid Abediankenari, Jamshid Yazdani, and Ramazan Ali Dianati Tilaki. "The effect of noise and dust exposure on oxidative stress among livestock and poultry feed industry workers." Toxicology and Industrial Health 36, no. 11 (2020): 908–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233720962253.
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Introduction: Simultaneous exposure to noise and dust may have detrimental health effects. This study was conducted to determine the effect of exposure to noise and dust on oxidative stress. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 82 employees of two livestock and poultry feed factories in Golestan Province, Iran, were selected as the exposed group and 82 office workers were selected as the control group. Occupational noise and dust exposure were measured using a dosimeter, sampling pump, and vinyl chloride filter. Oxidative stress was determined by measuring the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in blood samples. T-tests, one-way analysis of variance, and multivariate linear regression were used to analyze the data. Results: The levels of MDA and SOD in the exposed group were significantly higher and lower than the control group ( p < 0.001), respectively. The results showed the subgroup with both over the threshold dust and noise exposure had the highest MDA levels. The SOD level among those exposed to noise more than the recommended level, in the subgroup with more dust exposure, was significantly less than the subgroup with low noise exposure ( p = 0.017). Conclusion: Noise and dust exposure probably increase the level of oxidative stress by increasing the level of lipid peroxidation (MDA) and reducing the level of antioxidant enzymes (SOD).
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Adnan, Muhammad, Shah Fahad, Muhammad Zamin, et al. "Coupling Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria with Phosphorus Supplements Improve Maize Phosphorus Acquisition and Growth under Lime Induced Salinity Stress." Plants 9, no. 7 (2020): 900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9070900.
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Global warming promotes soil calcification and salinization processes. As a result, soil phosphorus (P) is becoming deficient in arid and semiarid areas throughout the world. In this pot study, we evaluated the potential of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) for enhancing the growth and P uptake in maize under varying levels of lime (4.8%, 10%, 15% and 20%) and additional P supplements (farmyard manure, poultry manure, single super phosphate and rock phosphate) added at the rate of 45 mg P2O5 kg−1. Inoculation and application of P as organic manures (Poultry and farm yard manures) improved maize growth and P uptake compared to the control and soils with P applied from mineral sources. Liming adversely affected crop growth, but the use of PSB and organic manure significantly neutralized this harmful effect. Mineral P sources combined with PSB were as effective as the organic sources alone. Furthermore, while single supper phosphate showed better results than Rock phosphate, the latter performed comparably upon PSB inoculation. Thus, PSB plus P application as organic manures is an eco-friendly option to improve crop growth and P nutrition in a calcareous soil under changing climate.
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Bayraktar, B., E. Tekce, H. Kaya, M. Karaalp, and E. Turunc. "The impact of dietary tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) on serum apelin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, cardiac troponin concentrations and histopathology of liver tissue in laying hens housed at different stocking densities." Veterinární Medicína 65, No. 6 (2020): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/9/2020-vetmed.
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Due to its association with several other stress factors (poultry house gases, inadequate ventilation, heat, cold and poor hygiene), the high stocking density is a major stress factor that adversely affects the health and performance of poultry and the quality of the poultry products. Therefore, this experimental study was aimed at analysing the impact of different doses of dietary tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) on the serum apelin, plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (p-BDNF), and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations, and the correlation between these indicators in laying hens housed at different stocking densities. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of adding tarragon in different ratios to laying hen rations in the 2<sup>nd</sup> ovulation period on the cTnI, apelin, and BDNF hormone concentrations and the liver histopathology. The experiment was carried out over a period of eight weeks, with 192 Lohman Brown commercial hybrids at 50 weeks of age. Eight groups (four replicates each), composed of laying hens of equal body weight, which were housed at stocking densities of 580 cm<sup>2</sup>/hen and 810 cm<sup>2</sup>/hen and received 0, 1, 5 and 10 mmol/kg of tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) in the feed, were established. At the end of the trial, 96 of the housed egg-laying hens (3 birds in each subgroup, a total of 12 birds in each group) were randomly selected and blood samples were taken from the vena subcutanea ulnaris. The samples collected were analysed for the apelin, p-BDNF, and cTnI contents. The analysis results demonstrated that tarragon supplementation had no effect on the serum apelin, p-BDNF and cTnI concentrations (P &gt; 0.05). The Sub-Groups ST1, ST1.2, and ST6 presented with severe hyperaemia of the sinusoidal, portal and acinar blood vessels, whilst the hyperaemia of these blood vessels was moderate in Sub-Group ST12. Apelin, BDNF, and cTnI can act as protective factors against negative consequences of stress (e.g., stocking density or heat stress).
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Orhan, C., M. Tuzcu, H. Gencoglu, N. Sahin, A. Hayirli, and K. Sahin. "Epigallocatechin-3-gallate exerts protective effects against heat stress through modulating stress-responsive transcription factors in poultry." British Poultry Science 54, no. 4 (2013): 447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2013.806787.
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Bilal, Rana Muhammad, Faiz-ul Hassan, Mayada R. Farag, et al. "Thermal stress and high stocking densities in poultry farms: Potential effects and mitigation strategies." Journal of Thermal Biology 99 (July 2021): 102944. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102944.
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Castro, Fernanda Lima de Souza, and Woo K. Kim. "Secondary Functions of Arginine and Sulfur Amino Acids in Poultry Health: Review." Animals 10, no. 11 (2020): 2106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10112106.
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Amino acids such as arginine, methionine, and cysteine are the precursors of essential molecules that regulate growth and health, being classified as functional amino acids. This review describes the metabolism of arginine and the sulfur amino acids and how they modulate, directly or indirectly, different tissues. Emphasis is placed on their effects in supporting health during challenging conditions, such as heat stress and Eimeria infection. The use of arginine has been shown to reduce abdominal fat pad in ducks and increase lean tissue and bone mineral density in broilers. Additionally, the sulfur amino acids have been shown to improve bone development and are beneficial during heat stress. The use of L-methionine increased the cortical and trabecular bone mineral densities, in laying hens. Moreover, the dietary inclusion of these amino acids could reduce the damage caused by Eimeria spp. infection by regulating the antioxidant system and cell repair. Understanding how these amino acids can mitigate stressful conditions may provide us novel insights of their use as nutritional strategies to modulate the health status of chickens.
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Morklyak, M. I., A. A. Grybanova, and O. I. Sobolev. "Development of digestive organs in goslings raised for meat, depending on lithium level in mixed feeds." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, no. 100 (2020): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet10022.
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Recently, the vital necessity of lithium for living organisms has been experimentally proven and also it was previously considered as a conditionally essential trace element. Numerous experimental research conducted on various animals and poultry types have revealed quite wide and diverse properties of lithium, in particular, antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, anti-stress and antioxidant. The discovery of biological properties and the disclosure of biochemical mechanisms of lithium action became the basis for its use in veterinary and zootechnical practice. Lithium preparations are successfully used to treat various animal diseases, prevent and correct “technological” stresses in poultry, increase its productive qualities and improve the quality of meat products. Despite the biochemical complexity and practical significance of this trace element, lithium is still insufficiently used during feeding poultry due to the lack of optimal standards for introducing it into mixed feed. During developing optimal standards for lithium introduction into mixed feed, it is necessary to evaluate not only the indicators of poultry productivity and product quality, but also the physiological indicators of its development. The effect of additives of different lithium doses in compound feeds on the development of digestive organs in goslings raised for meat was studied in a scientific-economic experiment. The research was conducted on the breed of goslings “Danish Legart”. The duration of experiment was 70 days. The lithium introduction into compound feeds for goslings, in doses of 0.15 mg/kg, 0.20 and 0.25 mg/kg, had a positive effect on the development of their digestive organs, as evidenced by the tendency to increase the intestine mass (by 2.2–4.8 %) and its total length (by 0.5–1.1 %), as well as an increase in the liver mass (by 2.0–7.0 %) and muscle stomach (by 3.4–7.3 %). Goslings had the best macromorphological indicators of digestive development, whose mixed feed were enriched with lithium at the rate of 0.15 mg/kg during the entire growing period. A comparison of goslings live weight of the experimental groups with indicators of the development of intestines, liver and muscular stomach allows to claim that their digestive organs were better developed and functioned more actively during the growing period.
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Kapetanov, M., I. Stojanov, and M. Zivkov-Balos. "Most frequent deviations from the principles of prevention against coccidiosis in poultry." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 27, no. 3 (2011): 741–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1103741k.
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The coccidiosis is the most remarkable widespread parasitic poultry disease. Due to its clinical or subclinical course which is even more significant, high economical losses are evident. The health and the economical implications of coccidiosis are emphasized in intensive poultry farming. In this paper investigation was performed on the most frequent deviations in application of preventive means against the coccidiosis. The data were analyzed during the period from the year 2005 to 2010. In order to locate possible factors that could contribute to the decreased prophylactic effects of anticoccidials, the flocks of broiler chickens, laying hens and parents were clinically examined and critical steps in farming technology were evaluated in detail. The type of equipment and its performance, and the duration of empty resting period between flocks were noted as the predominant technical determinants. Also some oversights were found in the design of programs for the control of coccidiosis, including the previously used coccidiostats and their efficacy in chicken flocks, the availability of drugs on market and the important elements of epizootiology of the disease. By permanent hygiene practice on poultry farms the infectious pressure may decrease. Anticoccidial drugs are mostly applied and are considered very efficient. However, since coccidia can acquire resistance to antibiotics and residual coccidiostats in consumer meat are found occasionally, their prophylactic use may be limited. The immunoprophylaxis is the most promising method so far. The use of anticoccidial vaccines in poultry stimulates its own immunological capacities and moreover, it enables the production of safe food and products. In recent years there is an increasing interest for the immunoprophylaxis in our country. In our region, the vaccination against coccidiosis is performed in about 90% of parent flocks and in 10 to 20% of commercial layers. However, development of the immune response against coccidia is complex and immune suppression can occur by different factors such as stress inducing conditions, bacterial (salmonella) and viral (Reo, IBDV, MDV, CAV) infections, aflatoxicosis and other. The noted deviations in preventive measures applied to combat coccidiosis were clearly defined. The obligative introduction of HACCP in intensive poultry production implicate planned solutions for the control of coccidiosis.
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Saelao, Perot, Ying Wang, Ganrea Chanthavixay, et al. "Integrated Proteomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Differential Expression of Chicken Lung Tissue in Response to NDV Infection during Heat Stress." Genes 9, no. 12 (2018): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes9120579.
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: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a devastating worldwide poultry pathogen with major implications for global food security. In this study, two highly inbred and genetically distinct chicken lines, Fayoumis and Leghorns, were exposed to a lentogenic strain of NDV, while under the effects of heat stress, in order to understand the genetic mechanisms of resistance during high ambient temperatures. Fayoumis, which are relatively more resistant to pathogens than Leghorns, had larger numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during the early stages of infection when compared to Leghorns and subsequently down-regulated their immune response at the latter stages to return to homeostasis. Leghorns had very few DEGs across all observed time points, with the majority of DEGs involved with metabolic and glucose-related functions. Proteomic analysis corroborates findings made within Leghorns, while also identifying interesting candidate genes missed by expression profiling. Poor correlation between changes observed in the proteomic and transcriptomic datasets highlights the potential importance of integrative approaches to understand the mechanisms of disease response. Overall, this study provides novel insights into global protein and expression profiles of these two genetic lines, and provides potential genetic targets involved with NDV resistance during heat stress in poultry.
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Šleger, V., and P. Neuberger. "Using meteorological data to determine the risk of heat stress." Research in Agricultural Engineering 52, No. 2 (2012): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4878-rae.
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This paper first proposes a technique of computing air temperature and humidity in stables based on outdoor air parameters and biological production of animals. The computation technique is outlined. The calculated values are then used to assess the potential of evaporation cooling in mild climatic conditions. Graphs illustrate the assumed effect of evaporation cooling equipment inside a stable housing of egg laying hens. Used in the computation were hourly meteorological readings obtained during the period May to August in years 2000 to 2002, in the locality with a potential installation of a cooling system. Other Graphs illustrate the time the animals spent in an environment with a particular air temperature. For instance in June 2002, the time animals in the stable were exposed to temperatures 27&deg;C or higher was reduced by using an air cooling system from 39 h to 22 h, and in July 2002 from 33 h to 4 h. The envisaged model can be modified for other kinds of gallinaceous poultry and pigs.
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Nyoni, N. M. B., S. Grab, and E. R. M. Archer. "Heat stress and chickens: climate risk effects on rural poultry farming in low-income countries." Climate and Development 11, no. 1 (2018): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2018.1442792.
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Tang, Shu, Shuang Zhou, Bin Yin, et al. "Heat stress-induced renal damage in poultry and the protective effects of HSP60 and HSP47." Cell Stress and Chaperones 23, no. 5 (2018): 1033–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12192-018-0912-3.
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