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Omer, Anteneh, Demmelash Mulualem, Henry Classen, Hassan Vatanparast, and Susan J. Whiting. "A Community Poultry Intervention to Promote Egg and Eggshell Powder Consumption by Young Children in Halaba Special Woreda, SNNPR, Ethiopia." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 5 (April 11, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n5p1.
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Animal source foods such as eggs are often lacking in complementary foods in Ethiopia, a country with a high rate of malnutrition in under 5-year-old children. It is recommended that young children receive an egg a day, but rural households often cannot afford them or do not have experience raising chickens. The aim of this study was to conduct a poultry intervention, providing two chickens to households with a young child, stipulating that the child was the owner, and required an egg a day. This randomized, controlled, community trial was conducted in southern Ethiopia with children 6-12 mo living in selected kebeles. Chickens were gifted to families who guaranteed that eggs would be fed to the child in the Intervention, along with education on poultry production and promotion of eggs for children. Eggshell powder (ESP) was encouraged for use as a calcium supplement by children ≥ 1 y. Control kebeles continued with existing nutrition education for the 6-month trial. Baseline and end line outcome measures included child consumption of eggs, ESP, and poultry production. Other outcome measures will be reported elsewhere. Egg consumption by children was significantly improved only in the intervention group from 0.8 to 17 eggs/month (p < 0.001). ESP consumption got community acceptance with an average consumption of a child in the intervention group for 17 days/month (p < 0.001). Poultry production increased in the Intervention communities even when child-owned chickens were excluded from analysis (from 138 to 251 chickens) while in the Control communities, the number of chickens decreased (from 219 to 101). Cage construction improved in the Intervention communities, however, losses of chickens occurred. A 6-month poultry intervention that emphasized child ownership and provided education for poultry and nutrition education resulted in families increasing livestock numbers, and children eating on average more than half an egg a day.
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Umbraško, Inta, Aleksandrs Petjukevičs, Anna Batjuka, and Nadežda Harlamova. "EVALUATION OF CALCIUM CARBONATE CONTENT IN EGGSHELLS OF AVIAN, TURTLE, SNAIL, AND OSTRICH USING CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 16, 2021): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2021vol1.6652.
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In the present study, different eggs were collected and analyzed from five various animal species: European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758)), giant African land snail (Achatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822)), common ostrich (Struthio camelus (Linnaeus, 1758)), white, light-brown, and dark-brown laying hen (Gallus gallus domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) and European quail (Coturnix coturnix (Linnaeus, 1758). The typical mineral shell mainly composed of the calcite polymorph of CaCO3 but the eggshell consists of membranes, that composed mainly of proteins. The shell quality also could be assigned by several external and internal factors such as oviposition time, animal genotype and age, housing system (for poultry), and mineral nutrition complex. The CaCO3 content was determined by the standard titration method, coz the titration could provide a reliable method for evaluation of CaCO3 content in different types of eggshells. The structural surface characterization of eggshells was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with a field emission gun. In terms of chemical composition, ostrich eggshells generally did not differ much from those of laying hen, turtles, giant snails, or quail eggs, but the concentration of calcium carbonate was the highest. The average calcium carbonate content of various eggshells is between 84 and 98%. The thickness of the eggshell ranges from 0.08 to 1.89 mm, and it is not the same over the entire surface of the egg. At the sharp end of the egg, the shell is slightly thicker than at the blunt end. The purpose of this study was to study the quantitative content of calcium carbonate in various eggshells of different animals to draw further conclusions in which animals the eggshell contains the maximum amount of biological calcium carbonate.
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Gannagé-Yared, Chemali, Sfeir, Maalouf, and Halaby. "Dietary Calcium and Vitamin D Intake in an Adult Middle Eastern Population: Food Sources and Relation to Lifestyle and PTH." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 75, no. 4 (July 1, 2005): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.75.4.281.
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Little is known about calcium and vitamin D intakes in Middle Eastern countries, where the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D is high. This study identifies major sources of calcium and vitamin D in the Lebanese diet, examines lifestyle factors that may influence intake of these nutrients and investigates the relationship between nutritional or lifestyle factors and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Three hundred sixteen young healthy volunteers aged 30 to 50 (men, non-veiled and veiled women) were recruited from different rural and urban Lebanese community centers. Food frequency questionnaire was used to evaluate the consumption of vitamin D and calcium-rich foods. We also measured serum PTH levels. Mean daily calcium and vitamin D intake were respectively 683.8 ± 281.2 mg and 100.6 ± 71.0 IU. Daily vitamin D sources were divided as follows: 30.4 ± 46.4 IU from milk and dairy products, 28.2 ± 26.3 IU from meat and poultry, 25.8 ± 25 IU from fish, 8.5 ± 8.6 IU from eggs, and 7.8 ± 14.3 IU from sweets (respectively 30.2%, 28%, 25.6%, 8.4% and 7.7% of the total vitamin D intake). Mean daily calcium from animal and vegetable sources were respectively 376.3 ± 233.6 mg and 307.9 ± 118.5 mg. Animal/total calcium intake ratio was 52% and was only statistically significantly higher in urban people compared to rural ones. Multivariate analysis showed that male sex and urban residence were independent predictors of both vitamin D and calcium intakes (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01 respectively). In addition, veiling was an independent predictor of low vitamin D intake (p < 0.05) and a high body mass index (BMI) was an independent predictor of low calcium intake (p < 0.05). Finally, PTH was inversely correlated with vitamin D intake and the animal/total calcium intake ratio ( r = –0.18 and r = –0.22, p < 0.01), while no significant results were achieved for the vegetable calcium. In a multivariate model, urban living, female gender, low vitamin D and calcium intakes, low animal/total calcium intake ratio, and high BMI, are independent predictors of hyperparathyroidism. The deficient nutritional status of vitamin D and calcium in Lebanon justify the implementation of dietary public health measures. People at most risk for secondary hyperparathyroidism should be advised to increase their dietary calcium (mostly animal calcium) and vitamin D, to take supplements, or to increase their sun exposure.
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Wang, Tian, Allison Grech, Hasthi Dissanayake, Sinead Boylan, and Michael Skilton. "Modelling the Effect of Environmentally Sustainable Food Substitutions on Nutrient Intake in Pregnant Women." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab060_009.
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Abstract Objectives Adopting environmentally sustainable diets can substantially reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). However, there remain concerns that consuming sustainable foods will increase the likelihood of nutritional deficiencies in periods of increased demand, including pregnancy. This study aimed to identify commonly consumed foods of pregnant women and determine the effect of their replacement with sustainable alternatives on nutrient intake and measures of environmental sustainability. Methods Dietary intake data from 171 pregnant women were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. The food groups and food items that contributed most to energy and protein intake were identified. Of these foods, those that produce the highest GHG emissions (Poore et al. 2018) were matched with proposed sustainable alternatives for energy and protein content, and their impact on nutrient provision and sustainability measures were determined. Results Meats (bovine, poultry, fish, lamb and eggs), grains and dairy products were important sources of both energy and protein intake. With the highest GHG emissions, beef was selected as the reference food. Proposed food alternatives included lamb, chicken, eggs, fish, tofu, legumes and nuts. The most pronounced reductions in CO2 emission were from replacing beef with tofu, legumes and nuts. For example, replacing one serve of beef with an isocaloric serve of firm tofu per week during pregnancy could reduce GHG emissions by 372 kg CO2 eq, equivalent to that produced by an average passenger vehicle driving 1498 km. This replacement would not adversely impact iron (+1.1mg per serve) content, whilst providing a richer source of calcium (+294.8mg per serve), folate (+28.1µg per serve) and dietary fibre (+3.3g per serve). A once-weekly substitution of animal-derived foods for more sustainable plant-based alternatives within the context of a mixed diet has minimal effect on overall nutrient intake. Conclusions Simple dietary substitutions, as little as replacing one serve of red meat with sustainable alternatives weekly, can substantially reduce environmental impact without compromising nutrient adequacy. These sustainable food replacements should be the focus of future applied clinical research. Funding Sources No funding support for conducting this project was received.
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Ndelekwute, EK, EB Essien, ED Assam, and NJ Ekanem. "Potentials of earthworm and its by-products in animal agriculture and waste management - A review." Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 45, no. 2 (September 29, 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v45i2.29801.
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A review work was conducted to unveil the potentials of earthworm (EW) and its by products such as earthworm meal (EWM) and earthworm casts (EWC) in poultry nutrition and management of animal waste. Production of EW is called vermiculture and using it to decompose organic matter is vermicomposting while processing it into such product as EWM is known as vermitechnology. Being a hermaphrodite, breeding is simple and fast, requiring only two EW to come together irrespective of their sexes. Fresh EW could be fed to fish and chickens. Based on literature EWM is high in protein 62 to 65%, essential amino acids such as lysine 6 to 8%, methionine 2 to 5%, leucine 8 to 10%, isoleucine 4 to 6% and phenylalanine 4 to 6%; fat 5 to 8% and fibre< 8%. At dietary inclusion level of 0.2 to 0.6%, EWM reportedly increased feed intake, supported growth, improved carcass quality in broiler chickens, and marginally increased egg size and hen day in layers. Dry EWC could replace 5 to 10% maize in diet for finishing broiler chickens. Rich in macro plant nutrients (e.g. nitrogen 1.94%, calcium 4.4% and potassium 0.7%) EWC is nutritionally sound for growth of pasture crops especially legumes. Earthworm has cellulase, lichenase, chitinase and cellulolytic microorganisms which enable it to degrade organic waste. Cattle dung and other animal manure can be degraded by earthworm thereby reducing environmental pollution. In this era of organic farming and sustainable environment, EW could therefore have a potential place in animal nutrition and management of waste from animals.Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2016. 45 (2): 1-9
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Suchý, P., E. Straková, B. Jarka, J. Thiemel, and V. Večerek. "Differences between metabolic profiles of egg-type and meat-type hybrid hens." Czech Journal of Animal Science 49, No. 8 (December 13, 2011): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4316-cjas.
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The main objective of this study was to compare the metabolic profile (i.e. selected haematological and biochemical parameters in blood plasma) of production egg-type hybrid hens (E, MORAVIA BSL) with that of meat-type hybrid hens (M, COBB 500), and to evaluate dynamic changes occurring during the laying period from the 25th to 50th week of age. The study was prompted by both poultry farmers and veterinary practitioners since parameters defining the health of layers are absent. Selected parameters of the metabolic profile of layers were monitored regularly in 5-week intervals during egg laying. Samples of blood for haematological and biochemical examination were obtained by puncture of the vena basilica and stabilized by heparin. The study has revealed that monitored parameters of the metabolic profile significantly vary with factors such as production type, nutrition, and egg-laying intensity. Enhanced metabolism in egg-type hens was reflected in erythropoiesis which increased (in comparison with meat-type hens) highly significantly (P ≤ 0.01), particularly for erythrocyte count 2.36 T/l (2.14 T/l), haematocrit level 0.32 l/l (0.30 l/l), content of haemoglobin 94.48 g/l (84.18 g/l) and leukocyte count 17.06 G/l (13.22 G/l). Similarly, enhanced metabolism in egg-type hens also led to a highly significant increase (P ≤ 0.01) in the levels of biochemical parameters in blood plasma, particularly the total level of protein was 57.62 g/l (50.98) g/l), glucose 14.03 mmol/l (13.36 mmol/l), cholesterol 5.34 mmol/l (3.73 mmol/l) and calcium 6.52 mmol/l (5.52 mmol/l). ) In the case of the plasma level of phosphorus, no significant difference was found between egg-type hens (1.58 mmol/l) and meat-type hens (1.59 mmol/l). The reported results are based on the total of 180 haematological and biochemical analyses performed during the laying period. The results are crucial not only for future development of avian haematology and biochemistry, but also in respect to veterinary practice.
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Wilkinson, S. J., P. H. Selle, M. R. Bedford, and A. J. Cowieson. "Exploiting calcium-specific appetite in poultry nutrition." World's Poultry Science Journal 67, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 587–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043933911000699.
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Diarra, S. S. "Prospects for the utilisation of cocoyam corm meal in poultry feeding." Animal Production Science 60, no. 5 (2020): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19388.
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Context The increasing demand for maize for human food and industrial uses has stimulated research interest into alternative low value crops as energy sources for poultry. Several high yielding species of aroids, commonly known as taro or cocoyam, are currently in less demand for food or industrial uses and readily available for poultry feeding. Aims To review the production, nutritional profile and antinutritional factor and current uses of cocoyam corm and the effect of processing on its utilisation in poultry feeding. Key findings The nutritional profile of cocoyam with protein content comparable or higher than maize, high starch content and starch digestibility make it a suitable energy ingredient for poultry. The major issues affecting the utilisation of cocoyam include the high moisture and low dry matter contents and the presence of antinutritional factors, mainly calcium oxalate. These constraints may preclude the utilisation of cocoyam corm in commercial diets but it could be used to reduce the cost of production on small-holder farms. Conclusion With adequate processing and proper diet formulation, cocoyam corm meal may be fed up to 280 g/kg diet but unprocessed meal may exert adverse effects on poultry performance even as low as 44 g/kg. Several animal factors including age, species and type of bird (meat or egg) affect the utilisation of cocoyam corm meal by poultry. Implications Reduction of cost of animal protein production and value addition to underutilised aroids. More research is needed into animal factors and feed processing that would allow optimum utilisation of the corm by poultry.
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Lukic, M., Z. Pavlovski, and Z. Skrbic. "Mineral nutrition of modern poultry genotypes." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 25, no. 5-6-1 (2009): 399–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0906399l.
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In the latest research relating to mineral nutrition of poultry, the interest in several nutrients is prevailing for which in ordinary diets additional sources are necessary. In mineral nutrition of layers constantly the calcium (Ca) requirements are reviewed as one of the most important factors influencing the quality of eggs and bones, in regard to adequate level, source and particle size of added Ca, as well as mutual balance with other nutrients, primarily vitamin D, phosphorus (P) and certain micro-elements. Also, efforts are directed towards possibility and justification for use of new source of vitamin D, existing recommendations related to P are reviewed as well as increase of possibility for adoption of phytine bound phosphorus in diets using enzyme phytase, as well as investigation of organic forms of certain micro-element sources. Certain researches which combine the latest studies of the mineral nutrition of poultry are especially interesting also for practical application. Contrary to layers, focus of research of mineral nutrition of broilers is on phosphorus and application of enzyme phytase. In general, researches of the mineral nutrition of modern poultry genotypes are always actual, considering that their objective is to support genetic progress with adequate nutrition, but also to solve increasing problems relating to product quality, metabolic disorders and ecology.
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Suchý, P., E. Straková, and I. Herzig. "Selenium in poultry nutrition: a review." Czech Journal of Animal Science 59, No. 11 (November 19, 2014): 495–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7730-cjas.
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Selenium has been known for two centuries and its biological activities have been studied for nearly a hundred years, however the problem of Se deficit has still been persisting both in humans and animals. The cause of Se deficit in animals may be low Se level in soil. This mainly applies to cattle and sheep with their direct link to soil via roughage. The risk of Se deficit in pigs and poultry is lower due to lower dependence on soil Se level in the region and Se fortification in feed mixes. The present research focuses on the effects of Se on meat and egg quality, antioxidant activity of Se, effects on fatty acid levels, activity of glutathione-peroxidase, or the effect of Se on the immune system. Ensuring natural Se supply in human nutrition by food of animal origin, mainly poultry meat and eggs (the “functional foods”), is another area to which extensive attention has recently been paid.
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Fisinin, V. I., T. T. Papazyan, and P. F. Surai. "Producing specialist poultry products to meet human nutrition requirements: Selenium enriched eggs." World's Poultry Science Journal 64, no. 1 (March 1, 2008): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043933907001742.
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Matuszewski, Arkadiusz, Monika Łukasiewicz, and Jan Niemiec. "Calcium and phosphorus and their nanoparticle forms in poultry nutrition." World's Poultry Science Journal 76, no. 2 (April 2, 2020): 328–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2020.1746221.
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Hurieva, A. G., J. V. Semerak, and A. S. Anatsky. "Analysis of the application efficiency of the enzyme preparation Ladozim Proxy in the poultry industry." Visnyk of Dnipropetrovsk University. Biology, medicine 7, no. 2 (September 25, 2016): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021618.
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The necessity has been widely noted of improving the nutritional value of forage mixtures used in the poultry industry through the use of enzyme preparations on the basis of phytase for splitting phytic acid and its salts contained in the feed. This technological approach is relevant in feeding farm animals, particularly poultry, as they are unable to synthesise endogenous phytase. On the base of the Agro-Industrial Complex "Oril-Leader" we researched the influence of the enzyme preparation Ladozim Proxy as a feed component for broiler chickens and laying hens on the growth and biochemical parameters of the birds and their egg-laying capacity. The feed ration consisted of wheat, corn, sunflower meal, extruded soy and protein-vitamin complex Biomix. For the research experimental and control groups of broiler chickens were formed (50 birds in each group) and laying hens (20 birds in each group). The experimental feeding period was 35 days for the chickens and 30 days for the hens. The research used physical-chemical methods for determining the content of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus in the feed, the blood and the excrement of the birds. Statistical data processing was carried out by ANOVA. It was established that the use of Ladozim Proxy in the amount of 60–100 mg/kg feed promotes an increase of the live weight of chickens by 21%. The findings can be explained by an increase of the feed nutrients available for digestion in the gastrointestinal tracts of the poultry due to the hydrolytic action of the enzyme complex added to the phytic-containing components of the feed. The result of these phenomena is also a positive dynamic in assimilation of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus in the feed by chickens of the experimental group: use of these elements increased by 10–16%. The preparation had no effect on hematological indices of the organisms of the poultry and increased the amount of calcium and phosphorus in the blood. The use of the preparation has not only physiological, but also economic importance because it allows a reduction in feed intake and expenditure on feed for poultry reared for agricultural production. The use of the phytase preparation does not affect the quantitative indicators of egg-laying by hens, but an increase in the thickness of the egg shells was noted, due to deposition of calcium in the organism of the experimental group.
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Ologhobo, A. D., H. I. Adegede, and E. N. Maduagiwu. "Occurrence of Nitrate, Nitrite and Volatile Nitrosamines in Certain Feedstuffs and Animal Products." Nutrition and Health 11, no. 2 (July 1996): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010609601100203.
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Nitrate, nitrite and nitrosamines were analysed in poultry feeds, meat and eggs. The poultry meat was boiled and roasted while the eggs were raw and boiled, and the effects of these processing treatments on the level of these compounds were investigated. Nitrate levels in the meat samples were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by boiling and roasting, with boiling being more effective. Nitrite levels were also reduced significantly by processing (P < 0.05). The feed samples contained levels of nitrate which were significantly different (P < 0.05) from one producer to another. Nitrite levels were generally low in all feed samples. Nitrosamines were not detected in any of the feed samples and in the meat samples except in two samples of boiled meat which contained 0.001 g/kg each.
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Li, X., D. Zhang, and W. L. Bryden. "Calcium and phosphorus metabolism and nutrition of poultry: are current diets formulated in excess?" Animal Production Science 57, no. 11 (2017): 2304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17389.
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Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) are important nutrients in poultry diet formulations. In the present review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the metabolism of Ca and P in poultry. Recent data are provided in support of the proposition that current poultry diets are formulated in excess for Ca and P. The quantities of Ca and P available for metabolism reflect rates of intestinal absorption, bone accretion and resorption, glomerular filtration, renal tubular reabsorption, and intestinal endogenous losses. Ca and P homeostasis is largely under endocrine control. Parathyroid hormone and the hormonal form of vitamin D3 are the two hormones credited with this role. However, a novel hormonal axis involving Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 and Klotho has been recently delineated, which, in conjunction with parathyroid hormone and vitamin D3, tightly regulates Ca and P homeostasis. Recent studies have suggested that current commercial diets for both broilers and layers contain excess Ca and P, the content of which could be reduced without affecting production or bird welfare. The challenge in reducing Ca and P concentrations in poultry diets is the uncertainty about what concentrations of Ca and P can be fed without compromising bird welfare. This is because there are limited data on the available P and Ca concentrations in poultry feedstuffs determined biologically. This is further complicated by the need for agreement on evaluation systems for evaluation of Ca and P bioavailability. We conclude that direct ileal or pre-caecal digestible Ca and P values are preferred.
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Thapa, Puja. "Application of micro algae in poultry nutrition; a review." Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 3, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v3i2.32512.
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In this review, we unveil the the use of microalgae as a feed ingredient in poultry nutrition. Microalgae are small-sized algae, unicellular, photosynthetic aquatic plants which have been studied as a natural marine resource for a number of economically applications, including animal feed. They are introduced to poultry diets mainly as a rich source of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, including docohexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid, but they can also serve as a protein, microelement, vitamin and antioxidants source, as well as a pigmentation agent for skin and egg yolks. The majority of experiments have shown that microalgae, mainly Spirulina and Chlorella sourced as a defatted biomass from biofuel production, can be successfully used as a feed ingredient in poultry nutrition. They can have beneficial effects on meat and egg quality, through an increased concentration of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids, and in regards to performance indices and immune function. Positive results were obtained when fresh microalgae biomass was used to replace antibiotic growth promoters in poultry diets. Because of their chemical composition, microalgae can be efficiently used in poultry nutrition to enhance the pigmentation and nutritional value of meat and eggs, as well as partial replacement of conventional dietary protein sources.
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Pištěková, V., M. Hovorka, V. Večerek, E. Straková, and P. Suchý. "The quality comparison of eggs laid by laying hens kept in battery cages and in a deep litter system." Czech Journal of Animal Science 51, No. 7 (December 5, 2011): 318–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3945-cjas.
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At present the laying hen rearing is transformed into alternative housing systems which include a deep litter system. As for the poultry nutrition, the replacement of animal protein with vegetable protein in poultry feed is applied. Therefore, in an experiment we evaluated the quality of eggs from laying hens in the cage system as compared to the deep litter system with vegetable protein substituted for animal protein in their feed. 72 ISA Brown laying hens were placed into the experiment. 36 laying hens were kept in the deep litter system and 36 laying hens were kept in conventional cages for laying hens. For the period of 9 months, 36 eggs from the group in the deep litter system were examined, always at intervals of five weeks (i.e. 8 × 36 eggs) and so were 36 eggs from the group in the cage system (i.e. 8 × 36 eggs). We found out that in the deep litter system the mean egg weight was higher (P < 0.01), shell weight was lower (P < 0.01), egg albumen was higher (P < 0.01), yolk weight did not differ (P > 0.05), yolk cholesterol was higher (P < 0.01), yolk colour was darker (P < 0.05), shell strength did not differ (P > 0.05), all in comparison with the cage system of laying hen keeping. The results of the experiment show that where vegetable protein was substituted for animal protein in the nutrition of laying hens, there were differences in the quality of eggs from laying hens kept in the deep litter system and eggs from laying hens kept in the cage system.
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Mumford, Elizabeth, Jennifer Bishop, Saskia Hendrickx, Peter Ben Embarek, and Michael Perdue. "Avian Influenza H5N1: Risks at the Human–Animal Interface." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 28, no. 2_suppl2 (June 2007): S357—S363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15648265070282s215.
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Background Great concern has arisen over the continued infection of humans with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) of the H5N1 subtype. Ongoing human exposure potentially increases the risk that a pandemic virus strain will emerge that is easily transmissible among humans. Although the pathogenicity of a pandemic strain cannot be predicted, the high mortality seen in documented H5N1 human infections thus far has raised the level of concern. Objectives To define the three types of influenza that can affect humans, discuss potential exposure risks at the human–animal interface, and suggest ways to reduce exposure and help prevent development of a pandemic virus. Methods This review is based on data and guidelines available from the World Health Organization, the scientific literature, and official governmental reports. Results Epidemiological data on human exposure risk are generally incomplete. Transmission of HPAI to humans is thought to occur through contact with respiratory secretions, feces, contaminated feathers, organs, and blood from live or dead infected birds and possibly from contaminated surfaces. Consumption of properly cooked poultry and eggs is not thought to pose a risk. Use of antiviral containment and vaccination may protect against development of a pandemic. Conclusions To most effectively decrease the risk of a pandemic, the public health and animal health sectors—those which are responsible for protecting and improving the health of humans and animals, respectively—must collaborate to decrease human exposure to HPAI virus, both by controlling virus circulation among poultry and by assessing the risks of human exposure to avian influenza virus at the human—animal interface from primary production through consumption of poultry and poultry products, and implementing risk-based mitigation measures.
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GIANNENAS (Η. ΓΙΑΝΝΕΝΑΣ), I. A. "Organic acids in pig and poultry nutrition." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 57, no. 1 (November 27, 2017): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15009.
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In this review article, the use of organic acids as feed additives is being examined in pig and poultry nutrition. The aim of this article was to evaluate the effect of organic acids and their salts on pig and poultry performance, to describe the organic acids used in animal nutrition, to discuss the route of administration and to investigate the mode of their action. The most widely used organic acids are formic, acetic, propionic, fumarie, citric, sorbic and butyric acid, and their salts as well. These organic acids are administered mainly through the feed, but they may be administered through the drinking water as well. Successful utilization of organic acids in pig and poultry nutrition requires knowledge of their mode of action. It is generally accepted that organic acids and their salts lower feed and gastric pH, increasing the activity of proteolytic enzymes and, thus, improving protein digestion. Besides, they reduce the buffering capacity of the feeds, resulting in reduced intestinal colonization with pathogens. They also improve the apparent digestibility of proteins and amino acids, increase the absorption of minerals and affect the composition of intestinal microflora and mucosal morphology. Relevant experimentations suggest that the organic acids improve growth rate and feed efficiency ratio in weaned piglets and fattening pigs. Also, the organic acids improve the performance of broiler chickens when used in relatively high doses, whereas, in laying hens, they improve the absorption of macroelements, like phosphorus and calcium. The present article suggests that after the recent ban on the use of the antibiotic growth promoting substances by the EU, the use of organic acids in pig and poultry nutrition appears to be an interesting alternative. However, the effect of organic acids on performance of pigs and poultry varies considerably and, thus, further research is needed for a better understanding of the mode of action and the efficacy of these compounds.
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Józefiak, Damian, Agata Józefiak, Bartosz Kierończyk, Mateusz Rawski, Sylwester Świątkiewicz, Jakub Długosz, and Ricarda Margarete Engberg. "1. Insects – A Natural Nutrient Source for Poultry – A Review." Annals of Animal Science 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 297–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2016-0010.
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Abstract The consumption of poultry meat and eggs is expected to increase considerably in the nearest future, which creates the demand for new poultry feed ingredients in order to support sustainable intensive production. Moreover, the constant improvement of the genetic potential of poultry has resulted in an increased nutrient density in poultry feeds, which limits the possibility to include low quality feed ingredients. Therefore, the feed industry needs new sources of highly digestible protein with a desirable amino acid composition to substitute other valuable but limited protein sources of animal origin, such as fishmeal. With estimated 1.5 to 3 million species, the class of insects harbours the largest species variety in the world including species providing a high protein and sulphur amino acids content, which can be successfully exploited as feed for poultry. The aim of this paper is to review the present state of knowledge concerning the use of insect protein in poultry nutrition and the possibilities of mass production of insects for the feed industry. There is no doubt that insects have an enormous potential as a source of nutrients (protein) and active substances (polyunsaturated fatty acids, antimicrobial peptides) for poultry. It can be concluded, based on many experimental results, that meals from insects being members of the orders Diptera (black soldier fly, housefly), Coleoptera (mealworms) and Orthoptera (grasshoppers, locust, crickets and katylids), may be successfully used as feed material in poultry diets. However, legislation barriers in the European Union, as well as relatively high costs and limited quantity of produced insects are restrictions in the large-scale use of insect meals in poultry nutrition.
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Kwiatkowska, Katarzyna, Anna Winiarska-Mieczan, and Małgorzata Kwiecień. "Feed additives regulating calcium homeostasis in the bones of poultry – a review." Annals of Animal Science 17, no. 2 (May 1, 2017): 303–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2016-0031.
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Abstract The strength of leg bones is not only genetically determined but it also depends on the gender, age, health condition and nutrition of slaughter birds. Calcium ions deficit in bones results in the deterioration of skeleton structure and reduction of bone strength. The presented work compiles the results of studies concerning the effect of feed additives on the level of calcium in the bones of broiler chickens, published during the past 10 years. From the analysis of available literature it follows that some additives had a positive effect on the accumulation of calcium (e.g. vitamin D, probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics), some were not very explicit (e.g. ascorbic acid and phytase), while others did not have a significant effect on the accumulation of calcium in bones (e.g. herbs and chelates). It is concluded from our collected information that the use of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics offers the best advantages for poultry. These additives, apart from stimulating the accumulation of calcium in bones, also benefit animal health.
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Greco, Mariana Vanesa, María Luisa Franchi, Silvia Laura Rico Golba, Alejandro Guillermo Pardo, and Graciela Noemí Pose. "Mycotoxins and Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Poultry Feed for Food-Producing Animals." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/968215.
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Moulds are capable of reducing the nutritional value of feedstuff as well as elaborating several mycotoxins. Mycotoxin-contaminated feed has adverse effects on animal health and productivity. Also, mycotoxins may be carried over into meat and eggs when poultry are fed with contaminated feed. In a point prevalence study feedstuff used for poultry nutrition in Argentina was analyzed for fungal flora, natural incidence of selected mycotoxins, and nutritional quality. Ten mould genera were recovered, six of them known to be mycotoxigenic. More than 28 species were determined. Fumonisins were detected in all the samples (median 1,750 ppb). Forty-four out of 49 samples (90%) were contaminated with DON (median 222 ppb) and OTA (median 5 ppb). Also, 44 out of 49 samples were contaminated with aflatoxins (median 2.685 ppb), 42 samples (86%) with ZEA (median 50 ppb), and 38 samples (78%) with T2-toxin (median 50 ppb). Ninety percent of the samples had at least one type of nutritional deficiency. This study indicates the need for continuous assessment of the mycological status of animal feed production, in order to feed animals for optimal performance ensuring food safety.
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Broaddus-Shea, Elena T., Swetha Manohar, Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman, Shiva Bhandari, Bareng A. S. Nonyane, Peter J. Winch, and Keith P. West. "Small-Scale Livestock Production in Nepal Is Directly Associated with Children’s Increased Intakes of Eggs and Dairy, But Not Meat." Nutrients 12, no. 1 (January 18, 2020): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12010252.
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Animal source foods (ASF) provide nutrients essential to child growth and development yet remain infrequently consumed in rural Nepal. Agriculture and nutrition programs aim to increase ASF intake among children through small-scale animal husbandry projects. The relationship between livestock ownership and children’s consumption of ASF, however, is not well established. This study examined associations between livestock ownership and the frequency with which Nepali children consume eggs, dairy, and meat. We analyzed longitudinal 7-day food frequency data from sentinel surveillance sites of the Policy and Science of Health, Agriculture and Nutrition (PoSHAN) study. Data consisted of surveys from 485 Nepali farming households conducted twice per year for two years (a total of 1449 surveys). We used negative binomial regression analysis to examine the association between the number of cattle, poultry, and meat animals (small livestock) owned and children’s weekly dairy, egg, and meat intakes, respectively, adjusting for household expenditure on each food type, mother’s education level, caste/ethnicity, agroecological region, season, and child age and sex. We calculated predicted marginal values based on model estimates. Children consumed dairy 1.4 (95% CI 1.1–2.0), 2.3 (1.7–3.0) and 3.0 (2.1–4.2) more times per week in households owning 1, 2–4 and >4 cattle, respectively, compared to children in households without cattle. Children consumed eggs 2.8 (2.1–3.7) more times per week in households owning 1 or 2 chickens compared to children in households without chickens. Child intake of meat was higher only in households owning more than seven meat animals. Children’s intakes of dairy, eggs, and meat rose with household expenditure on these foods. Small-scale animal production may be an effective strategy for increasing children’s consumption of eggs and dairy, but not meat. Increasing household ability to access ASF via purchasing appears to be an important approach for raising children’s intakes of all three food types.
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Akinola, L. A. F., and C. I. Obene. "Influence of feeding different calcium levels in layers diet on the mineral content ofthe eggs and shells." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 45, no. 1 (December 27, 2020): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v45i1.333.
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This study was conducted to determine the influence of feeding calcium levels in layers' diet on the mineral content of the eggs and shells. One hundred and twenty black Harco layers which were 42 weeks old were randomly assigned to four treatment groups designated as T1, T2, T3 and T4 in a completely randomized design. Each treatment consisted of three replicates which had 10 birds each. The set of 10 hens were kept in each demarcation in an open-sided poultry house (deep litter) well-constructed with cages for egg collection. The calcium inclusion levels in the diets were: T1= 2.5 %, T2= 3.5 % (control), T2= 4.5 % and T4= 5.5%. Daily routine practices such as feeding, cleaning, and environmental sanitation werecarried out to ensure better results. Hygienic condition and routine management practices were also carried out during the experimental period. At the end of 12 weeks of study six eggs were collected per replicate (18 eggs per treatment) for the study of the mineral content of the egg and the calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) concentration of the eggshell. From the result obtained, the egg minerals were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the diets except the phosphorus and sodium (Na) content. Treatment 4 had a significantly higher level of calcium while the lowest was T1. Furthermore, T1 had the highest level of potassium (K) which was significantly different (P<0.05) from others while the lowest was T4. The calcium content of the egg shell was significantly (P<0.05) different amongst the treatment groups with T1 having the highest level while T4 had the lowest. The phosphorus content of the shell was also significantly (P<0.05) affected across the treatment groups with T1 having the highest level of phosphorus and the lowest in T2. It was therefore concluded that increasing the level of calcium up to 5.5% may favor dietary minerals and the nutrition of man who are the end users of egg since Ca plays a vital role in body metabolism.
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Brameld, John M., and Tim Parr. "Improving efficiency in meat production." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 75, no. 3 (April 18, 2016): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665116000161.
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Selective breeding and improved nutritional management over the past 20–30 years has resulted in dramatic improvements in growth efficiency for pigs and poultry, particularly lean tissue growth. However, this has been achieved using high-quality feed ingredients, such as wheat and soya that are also used for human consumption and more recently biofuels production. Ruminants on the other hand are less efficient, but are normally fed poorer quality ingredients that cannot be digested by human subjects, such as grass or silage. The challenges therefore are to: (i) maintain the current efficiency of growth of pigs and poultry, but using more ingredients not needed to feed the increasing human population or for the production of biofuels; (ii) improve the efficiency of growth in ruminants; (iii) at the same time produce animal products (meat, milk and eggs) of equal or improved quality. This review will describe the use of: (a) enzyme additives for animal feeds, to improve feed digestibility; (b) known growth promoting agents, such as growth hormone, β-agonists and anabolic steroids, currently banned in the European Union but used in other parts of the world; (c) recent transcriptomic studies into molecular mechanisms for improved growth efficiency via low residual feed intake. In doing so, the use of genetic manipulation in animals will also be discussed.
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Mohammadabadi, Mohammad Reza. "ROLE OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS IN PATHOGENICITY OF SOME DOMESTIC ANIMALS." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 7, no. 3 (September 30, 2017): 1117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v7i3.6325.
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Clostridium perfringens, is an anaerobic, gram-positive, pathogenic and spore-forming bacillus and broadly gave out in our territory. This bacterium has spore formation capability and creating gangrene and gastrointestinal disease, for example food poisoning and necrotic enteritis in human, whilst in other animals, gastrointestinal and enterotoxemic diseases more happening. Prevalence of necrotic enteritis, created by C. perfringens, has been often stated in sheep, chickens and ostrich throughout the world. The most critical problem for epidemiological investigations and vaccines improvement is accurate recognition of C. perfringens variants. Moreover, Small ruminants, especially native breed types, play an important role to the livelihoods of a considerable part of human population in the tropics from socio-economic aspects. Therefore, integrated attempt in terms of management and genetic improvement to enhance production is of crucial importance. Poultry provide humans with companionship, food and fiber in the form of eggs, meat and feathers. Many people love to raise and show chickens and other poultry species at fairs and other poultry shows. Others just love to raise them for backyard pets and for fresh eggs every day. In the last few years, ostrich farming has progressed dramatically and the world ostrich industry has achieved some economic stability. There is considerable scope for improvement in the areas of artificial incubation, chick nutrition, environmental requirements and selective breeding. Hence, the aim of this paper was to study role of Clostridium perfringens in pathogenicity of sheep, broilers and Ostrich. In conclusion, recognition of toxins producing by C. perfringens is very momentous because their toxin types are related to particular gastric and intestinal animal sickness and PCR has become an essential research and diagnostic tool, being a powerful technique with a vast and increasing range of applications. Hence, it is better that animal breeders identify different types of C. perfringens using PCR technique to prevent the damage caused by this bacterium.
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Voslářová, E., Z. Hanzálek, V. Večerek, E. Straková, and P. Suchý. "Comparison between Laying Hen Performance in the Cage System and the Deep Litter System on a Diet Free from Animal Protein." Acta Veterinaria Brno 75, no. 2 (2006): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200675020219.
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Battery cage systems for housing laying hens are being replaced by alternative systems including the deep litter system. At the same time, the substitution of meat and bone meal by vegetable matter in poultry feed mixtures is sought in the nutrition of laying hens. In the experiment, we compared the performance of laying hens of the ISA BROWN hybrid in both the cage system and the deep litter system, on a diet with the meat and bone meal content replaced by vegetable feeds (based on lupin). In the first group, 36 laying hens were kept in the deep litter system; in the second group, 36 laying hens were kept in cages. Over the period of nine months, the number of eggs laid, their weight, shell quality, the clinical state of the laying hens and incidence of their mortality were monitored daily. We found that in the cage system a higher number of eggs was obtained; a lower mean egg weight (p < 0.01); a higher number of eggs per hen per day (p < 0.01); a higher egg mass weight per hen per day (p < 0.01). There was a higher number of cracked eggs of the total number of eggs laid (p < 0.01), the number of membranous eggs of the total number of eggs laid did not differ (p > 0.05), and the number of laying hens which died was lower (p < 0.05) in comparison with the deep litter system. The results of the experiment demonstrate that, with the substitution of meat and bone meal by vegetable matter in the feed mixtures for laying hens, there are differences between the performance of laying hens from the deep litter system as compared to the laying hens from the cage system. The deep litter system better meets the requirements for the welfare of laying hens; however, it provides a lower yield.
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Musaiger, Abdulrahman O. "Changes in Food Consumption Patterns in Bahrain." Nutrition and Health 6, no. 4 (January 1990): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010609000600403.
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Changes in food consumption in Bahrain can be identified particularly in the second half of seventies with the wake of oil boom. The consumption of traditional foods such as fish and dates have declined, while that of processed foods, fat, eggs, meat, poultry and milk products have risen. The daily per capita intake of animal protein and fat have increased at the expense of carbohydrates. Some factors responsible for this change are increasing income and literacy, food price fluctuations, food subsidy policy, the influence of immigrant food habits, influence of mass media and the changing structure of households. The change in dietary intake has associated with change in health and nutritional problems in the country.
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Thompson, M. B., B. K. Speake, J. R. Stewart, K. J. Russell, R. J. McCartney, and P. F. Surai. "Placental nutrition in the viviparous lizard Niveoscincus metallicus: the influence of placental type." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 21 (November 1, 1999): 2985–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.21.2985.
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The ion, energy, lipid, nitrogen and fat-soluble vitamin contents of freshly ovulated eggs and neonates of the viviparous lizard Niveoscincus metallicus were measured to quantify uptake of nutrients across the placenta. This species is particularly interesting because it has a chorio-allantoic placenta that is intermediate in complexity compared to viviparous species that have been the focus of other studies. Newly ovulated eggs have a wet mass of 79.6+/−4.6 mg and a dry mass of 41.8+/−2.8 mg, compared to the neonates that have a wet mass of 224.2+/−8.2 mg and dry mass of 37.9+/−1.2 mg. Thus, there is no significant net uptake of dry matter across the placenta. Neonates have significantly less lipid (6.2+/−0.4 mg) than eggs (12.7+/−0.5 mg), but no significant difference in nitrogen (4.1+/−0.3 mg) compared to eggs (4.5+/−0.2 mg). Energy densities reflect the protein and lipid composition and the relative dry masses of the eggs and neonates. There is significantly more energy (1029.1+/−80.0 J) in the egg than in the neonate (858.2+/−38.6 J). The increase in the ash content of the neonates (2.9+/−0.2 mg) compared to fresh eggs (2.1+/−0.3 mg) was not significant, even though there was an approximately threefold increase in the amount of sodium (0.11+/−0.01 mg in neonates, 0.34+/−0.01 mg in eggs) and potassium (0.12+/−0.017 in neonates, 0.40+/−0.01 mg in eggs) in neonates compared to eggs. There was no significant uptake of calcium and magnesium during development. The egg lipids consisted of triacylglycerol (66.7+/−2.3 %), phospholipid (18.9+/−0.7 %), cholesteryl ester (4.9+/−1.6 %) and free cholesterol (5.6+/−1.5 %). The egg phospholipid contained comparatively high proportions of arachidonic and eicosapentanoic acids but low levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), whereas the phospholipid of the neonate was greatly enriched in DHA. In the egg, the predominant vitamin E was (α)-tocopherol (62.6+/−3.4 mg g(−)(1)), although there was some (γ)-tocotrienol (3.5+/−0.3 mg g(−)(1)), and vitamin A was present (1.5+/−0.2 mg g(−)(1)). The ratio of neonate dry mass to egg dry mass of N. metallicus (0.91) lies between that of species with type I (0.78) and type III (1.70) chorio-allantoic placentae, confirming our conclusion that the placenta of N. metallicus is functionally intermediate, as well as intermediate in complexity, between these other two types.
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Kozłowska, Izabela, Joanna Marć-Pieńkowska, and Marek Bednarczyk. "2. Beneficial Aspects of Inulin Supplementation as a Fructooligosaccharide Prebiotic in Monogastric Animal Nutrition – A Review." Annals of Animal Science 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 315–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2015-0090.
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Abstract Inulin is widely used as a prebiotic additive in the nutrition of farm animals and pets. This fructooligosaccharide demonstrates a beneficial effect on host health by stimulating the growth and development of commensal bacterial species inhabiting the large intestine. Used for example in the feeding of piglets, inulin greatly enhances their daily body weight gains and also reduces the risk of anemia (Tako et al., 2008). In poultry, in the case of meat breeds, inulin provides better feed utilization, increases the daily gains and the final carcass weight (Ammerman et al., 1988). In laying hens, it positively stimulates the production of eggs (Chen et al., 2005). The addition of prebiotics in the diet of dogs has a positive effect on the concentration of the end products of sugar and protein fermentation in the colon, thus contributing to the health status and good condition of the animal (Flickinger et al., 2003 b; Middelbos et al., 2007). Moreover, inulin beneficially affects the efficiency of the immune system of the organism (including the anticarcinogenic properties) (Kelly-Quagliana et al., 1998), as well as lipids and the cholesterol metabolism by effectively reducing their concentrations in the blood serum (Grela et al., 2014 a). This paper characterizes inulin as a prebiotic additive in the diet of selected species of monogastric animals. In addition, data about the hypolipidemic and immunostimulatory properties of inulin are presented.
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Alkurd, Refa’at, Hamed R. Takruri, and Amira M. Amr. "Trends of Energy and Macronutrients Intakes in Jordan as Obtained by Household Expenditure and Income Surveys." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 1 (December 15, 2018): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n1p191.
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Jordan has encountered changes in demographic and food consumption patterns during the last few decades as a result of the nutrition transition and westernized food habits. This paper aims to evaluate the trends in energy and macronutrient intakes in Jordan based on the data of Jordan Household Expenditure and Income Surveys (JHEIS) 1992-2010. The amounts of consumed food items were analyzed to estimate the intakes of energy and macronutrients for different governorates using (Food Processor SQL Nutrition and Fitness Software, 2010). The average estimated annual per capita intake (kg) for different food groups in the 2010 survey was the lowest since 1992 for legumes and oils and fats, whereas it was the highest for dairy products and eggs. The 2010 percentage of energy contribution of the food groups was the highest for meat and poultry, fish, and dairy products and eggs; whereas it was the lowest for grains, legumes, and fruits and vegetables. Additionally, there was a trend of increased energy intake in 2010 in comparison with previous JHEIS data. Energy intake of Jordanians has increased in 2010 as compared with average energy intake obtained in previous JHEIS surveys since 1992. In addition, the consumption of foods of animal-origin was increased, whereas the consumption of foods of plant-origin was decreased.
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Vasylieva, Natalia, and John R. Kruse. "Models on providing food security: case of Ukraine." Problems and Perspectives in Management 16, no. 4 (December 11, 2018): 344–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(4).2018.28.
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Providing food security is a top issue of agricultural economics in a global scale. Although Ukraine helps other countries become more food secure through its exports of wheat, corn, barley, and sunflower, low per capita income levels create challenges for Ukrainians to keep their diet nutrition balance in animal food basket. The research objective supposed applying mathematical apparatus to support solving this problem. The offered consumption optimization model has been developed to ensure inelastic customers’ food preferences by animal products subject to income and calories constraints. The proposed econometric models have been designed to project broiler, pork, eggs, milk, and beef productions. Complex implementation of the set mathematical models maintained the tool to analyze scenarios by expected export/import and demands for grain and oilseed crops used for feed in animal husbandry. The results of this research provide state authorities, livestock and poultry producers, Ukrainian consumers and other interested parties with management guidance focused on developing animal husbandry in the presence of income, as well as animal product price variability.
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Saksrithai, K., N. H. Willits, and A. J. King. "Production performance of laying hens at peak lay, sulfur compounds in manure, and selected serum profiles: efficacy of Lactobacillus species as probiotics." Animal Production Science 60, no. 2 (2020): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an18724.
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ContextProbiotics have potential to improve health of laying hens, thus improving the overall quality of eggs. AimsA study was conducted to evaluate the use of probiotics containing Lactobacillus species to improve egg quality and serum biochemistry, and to lower the concentration of sulfur-containing gas compounds from poultry manure. MethodsNinety-six White Leghorn W-36 laying hens (32 weeks old) were randomly assigned to two feeding treatments: Control and Control + Probiotics. A combination of probiotics (Lactobacillus paracasei, L. plantarum and L. rhamnosus totalling 1 × 1012 CFU/kg feed) was provided for 8 weeks. At Weeks 0, 4 and 8, eggs were analysed for weight, shell thickness, albumen height and Haugh unit. Faecal matter was analysed for total sulfur, sulfate-sulfur and 20 reduced sulfur compounds. Blood serum was analysed for amylase, calcium, phosphate, total cholesterol and triglycerides. Key resultsNo significant differences were observed between the two treatments for any of the parameters. Five sulfide gases were detected in manure: hydrogen sulfide (H2S), dimethyl sulfide (CH3)2S, methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS2). Ratios of various detectable gases were computed. Trends for ratios H2S:(CH3)2S, H2S:CS2, and H2S:COS from manure for both treatments were >1, whereas the ratios H2S:CH3SH and (CH3)2S:CH3SH were <1. ConclusionOverall, probiotics did not enhance production, egg quality or the serum profile. ImplicationsPossibly, the concentration of probiotics was too high, limiting bacterial colonisation and beneficial effects.
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Saksrithai, K., N. H. Willits, and A. J. King. "Corrigendum to: Production performance of laying hens at peak lay, sulfur compounds in manure, and selected serum profiles: efficacy of Lactobacillus species as probiotics." Animal Production Science 60, no. 12 (2020): 1568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an18724_co.
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ContextProbiotics have potential to improve health of laying hens, thus improving the overall quality of eggs. AimsA study was conducted to evaluate the use of probiotics containing Lactobacillus species to improve egg quality and serum biochemistry, and to lower the concentration of sulfur-containing gas compounds from poultry manure. MethodsNinety-six White Leghorn W-36 laying hens (32 weeks old) were randomly assigned to two feeding treatments: Control and Control + Probiotics. A combination of probiotics (Lactobacillus paracasei, L. plantarum and L. rhamnosus totalling 1 × 1012 CFU/kg feed) was provided for 8 weeks. At Weeks 0, 4 and 8, eggs were analysed for weight, shell thickness, albumen height and Haugh unit. Faecal matter was analysed for total sulfur, sulfate-sulfur and 20 reduced sulfur compounds. Blood serum was analysed for amylase, calcium, phosphate, total cholesterol and triglycerides. Key resultsNo significant differences were observed between the two treatments for any of the parameters. Five sulfide gases were detected in manure: hydrogen sulfide (H2S), dimethyl sulfide (CH3)2S, methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS2). Ratios of various detectable gases were computed. Trends for ratios H2S:(CH3)2S, H2S:CS2, and H2S:COS from manure for both treatments were >1, whereas the ratios H2S:CH3SH and (CH3)2S:CH3SH were ConclusionOverall, probiotics did not enhance production, egg quality or the serum profile. ImplicationsPossibly, the concentration of probiotics was too high, limiting bacterial colonisation and beneficial effects.
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Hoy, Kathy, John Clemens, and Alanna Moshfegh. "Estimated Protein Intake From Animal and Plant Foods by U.S. Adults, What We Eat in America, NHANES, 2015–2016." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab035_041.
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Abstract Objectives The 2020–2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans encourage varying protein intake to include both animal foods and plant foods for the range of nutrients provided. The objective of this study is to estimate proportions of adults’ protein intake from animal and plant sources and the contribution of foods to each. Methods One day dietary intake data of adults 20+ years (N = 5017) in What We Eat in America (WWEIA), NHANES 2015–2016 were used. Proportions of protein intake from animal and plant sources were estimated from the ingredients for the foods in the Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS) 2015–2016. Single ingredient foods such as chicken or beans were classified as 100% animal or plant, respectively. Proportions from multi-ingredient foods were determined from the amounts of animal and plant food ingredients in each item. If ingredients were not specified, the proportions from a similar food were applied. The proportions were applied to the dietary intakes to determine the population intake of protein from animal and plant sources. The WWEIA food categories were used to describe contribution of foods to animal and plant protein intake. Results Animal and plant foods accounted for 67% and 33% of total protein intake, respectively. Excluding mixed dishes, animal protein intake was contributed by dairy products (14%); meats (12%); poultry (16%); seafood (6%); cured meats (8%); and eggs (6%). Mixed dishes contributed 31% of animal protein intake. Protein from plant foods, excluding mixed dishes, was contributed by grains (24%); plant-based protein foods including legumes (4%), nuts and seeds (7%) soy products (1%); vegetables (9%); and fruit (2%). Mixed dishes accounted for 30% of plant protein intake; snacks and sweets contributed 14%. Conclusions Although protein intake from animal sources is relatively diverse, encouraging greater variety of protein intake from plant-based protein foods appears warranted. Funding Sources ARS-USDA.
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Sum, Simon, Joyce Cao, Meline Chakalian, and Casey Vanous. "A Modified Nutrition Rich Food Index to Assess Nutrient Density of Protein Foods and Snacks." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa052_051.
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Abstract Objectives To develop a modified Nutrition Rich Food Index (PS-NRF) to assess the nutrient density (ND) of protein snack foods, based on the nutritional profile of most commonly consumed protein-rich food items, which can be used to develop nutrient-dense protein snacks. Methods Good source protein food items, defined as ready-to-eat food items with ≥10% of the US protein daily value (DV), were selected from the 450 most frequently consumed food items by the NHANES 2013–14 participants aged ≥2y. Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted on the 7 encouraged micronutrients in the original NRF 9.3 calculation (vitamins A, C, D, calcium, iron, potassium and magnesium) to determine which would be appropriate for the PS-NRF. PS-NRF was calculated by subtracting the sum of percentages of maximum recommended values for discouraged nutrients (saturated fat, total sugar and sodium) from the sum of percentages of DVs for encouraged nutrients (protein, fiber and select micronutrients from this study), capped at 100% per DV. In order to use healthy food options as the basis, only positive PS-NRF/100 kcal values were used to calculate the mean, median, and inter-quartile range (IQR) of the good protein source food items and target those items with accompanying nutrient(s) to encourage. Results One hundred and sixty-nine good source protein food items were identified (17.16% Milk and Milk Products, 29% Meat, Poultry, Fish and mixtures, 23.67% Eggs, 21.3% Legumes, nuts and seeds, and 8.88% grain products). According to the PCA, vitamin A (r = −0.61), vitamin D (r = −0.49), and calcium (r = −0.53) had relatively stronger strengths of correlation compared to other micronutrients and therefore included in the PS-NRF. Based on this approach, 127 (75.15%) good source protein food items were found to have positive PS-NRF. The mean ± SD and median (IQR) of the PS-NRF/100 kcal index were: 12.23 ± 10.95 and 10.22 (4.72 to 16.35). Conclusions This study demonstrated that in good source protein food items, vitamins A, D and calcium were found to be accompanying nutrients that were influential contributors to the DVs and were included as encouraged micronutrients in the PS-NRF. The mean PS-NRF among all good source protein food items with positive PS-NRF was 12.23/100 kcal, which could be used as a reference to differentiate healthy protein snack foods with good nutrient density. Funding Sources None.
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Bromage, Sabri, Tselmen Daria, Rebecca L. Lander, Soninkhishig Tsolmon, Lisa A. Houghton, Enkhjargal Tserennadmid, Nyamjargal Gombo, Rosalind S. Gibson, and Davaasambuu Ganmaa. "Diet and Nutrition Status of Mongolian Adults." Nutrients 12, no. 5 (May 22, 2020): 1514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12051514.
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(1) Background: Aspects of the Mongolian food supply, including high availability of animal-source foods and few plant foods, are plausibly associated with disease in the population. Data on Mongolian diets are lacking, and these risks are poorly quantified. The purpose of this study was to provide a multifaceted nutritional analysis of the modern Mongolian diet. (2) Methods: The study population consisted of 167 male and 167 female healthy non-pregnant urban and nomadic adults (22–55 years) randomly selected from lists of residents in 8 regions. From 2011–2016, 3-day weighed diet records and serum were collected twice from each participant in summer and winter; anthropometry was collected once from each participant. Serum was analyzed for biomarkers, and nutrient intake computed using purpose-built food composition data and adjusted for within-person variation. Exploratory dietary patterns were derived and analyzed for associations with diet and nutrition measurements. (3) Results: We collected 1838 of an expected 1986 diet records (92.5%), 610/658 serum samples (92.7%), and 315/334 height and weight measurements (94.3%). Sixty-one percent of men and 51% of women were overweight or obese. Consumption of red meat, refined grains, and whole-fat dairy was high, while that of fruits, non-tuberous vegetables, eggs, nuts and seeds, fish and poultry, and whole grains was low. Dairy and red meat were more consumed in summer and winter, respectively. Dietary inadequacy of 10 of 21 assessed nutrients, including fiber, folate, and vitamin D were >50% prevalent, while protein, zinc, and vitamin B12 inadequacy were low. Biochemical evidence of iron and vitamin A deficiency was also low. Three dietary patterns (Urban, Transitional, Nomadic) explained 41% of variation in food consumption. The Urban pattern was positively associated with BMI in multivariate analysis. (4) Conclusions: Results indicate a high prevalence of key dietary inadequacies and overweight among Mongolian adults. Prior studies by our group have suggested that expanded supplementation and food fortification would be effective in addressing micronutrient inadequacies; these strategies should be coupled with measures to mitigate the growing burden of chronic disease.
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Brand, TS, GA Tesselaar, LC Hoffman, and Z. Brand. "The effect of different dietary vitamin and mineral levels on certain production parameters, including egg shell characteristics of breeding ostriches." South African Journal of Animal Science 44, no. 5 (January 19, 2015): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v44i5.11.
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Earlier studies on breeding birds indicated no effect of dietary energy-content on feed intake. This observation is contradictory to results for other animals and/or poultry where feed intake decreases with an increase in dietary energy level. Literature revealed that a lack of certain nutrients may cause animals to consume more feed than necessary to satisfy their nutrient requirements for these limiting nutrients. In this study eight diet groups were evaluated. A standard commercial diet plus one of the following supplements: (i) Standard diet without a vitamin and mineral premix pack (control diet), (ii) with a normal premix pack, (iii) with normal vitamin and 2 x trace elements (M x 2), (iv) with normal trace elements and 2 x vitamins, (v) with a normal premix pack and limestone added as calcium source; (vi) with a normal premix pack and monocalcium phosphate added as phosphorus source, (vii) with a normal premix pack and soybean oilcake added as crude protein source, (viii) with a normal premix pack and linseed added as a fatty acid source. Significant differences were recorded in the quantity of feed ingested by birds between the diet with surplus minerals (M x 2) (Group 3) (2.3 ± 0.3 kg/bird/day), the diet with no vitamins and minerals added (Group 1) (2.7 ± 0.3 kg/bird/day) and the diet with added fatty acids in the form of linseed (Group 5) (2.9 ± 0.5 kg/bird/day). This indicates the possibility that ostriches may adjust feed intake to satisfy their mineral requirements. No statistically significant relationship was found between the thickness and strength of the shell. Significant differences in shell strength (mean value of 154.7, 109.9, 140.4, 142.7, 153.0, 143.4, 138.4 and 151.1 N/cm2, respectively) were found between all treatments, but no specific pattern could be identified. Results further revealed no effect of dietary treatment on egg production, dead-in-shell eggs (DIS), infertile eggs or chick production. Further experiments that include certain dietary treatments during the five months rest period are currently being done to quantify the effect of the addition of minerals and vitamins during this period on the production of breeding ostriches.Keywords: Eggshell strength; feed intake, minerals, vitamins
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Wang, Yiqun, Catherine Lehane, Kebreab Ghebremeskel, and Michael A. Crawford. "Modern organic and broiler chickens sold for human consumption provide more energy from fat than protein." Public Health Nutrition 13, no. 3 (September 4, 2009): 400–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980009991157.
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AbstractObjectiveIn 1976, the Royal College of Physicians and the British Cardiac Society recommended eating less fatty red meat and more poultry instead because it was lean. However, the situation has changed since that time, with a striking increase in fat content of the standard broiler chicken. The aim of the present study was to report a snapshot of data on fat in chickens now sold to the public.DesignSamples were obtained randomly between 2004 and 2008 from UK supermarkets, farm shops and a football club. The amount of chicken fat was estimated by emulsification and chloroform/methanol extraction.SettingFood sold in supermarkets and farms in England.SubjectsChicken samples.ResultsThe fat energy exceeded that of protein. There has been a loss ofn-3 fatty acids. Then-6:n-3 ratio was found to be as high as 9:1, as opposed to the recommendation of about 2:1. Moreover, the TAG level in the meat and whole bird mostly exceeded the proportion of phospholipids, which should be the higher for muscle function. Then-3 fatty acid docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22 : 5n-3) was in excess of DHA (22 : 6n-3). Previous analyses had, as usual for birds, more DHA than DPA.ConclusionsTraditional poultry and eggs were one of the few land-based sources of long-chainn-3 fatty acids, especially DHA, which is synthesized from its parent precursor in the green food chain. In view of the obesity epidemic, chickens that provide several times the fat energy compared with protein seem illogical. This type of chicken husbandry needs to be reviewed with regard to its implications for animal welfare and human nutrition.
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Stankus, Tony. "Turning Meat, Poultry, Eggs, and Dairy Products into Nutraceuticals, Part Three: The Literature of Animal Nutrition Approaches to Increasing Conjugated Linoleic Acid Levels in Eggs, Fluid Milk, Cheese, Yogurt, and Butter as a Part of a Value-Added Functional Foods Strategy." Journal of Agricultural & Food Information 10, no. 2 (May 11, 2009): 124–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10496500902802718.
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Tapeshkina, Natalia V., Elena V. Koskina, Nadezhda V. Yagnyukova, Tatyana G. Korsakova, and Tatyana D. Logunova. "Actual aspects of feeding management for preschoolers." Hygiene and sanitation 100, no. 7 (July 31, 2021): 724–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-7-724-729.
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The purpose of the study was a comparative assessment of the actual diet of preschoolers, taking into account changes in the requirements of sanitary legislation on the organization of public catering. Materials and methods. Nutrition was assessed based on a study of the menu-layouts of two-week implemented menus in 4 preschool organizations. The analysis of children’s diets’ nutritional and biological value was carried out according to the leading indices of normative documents and legislative acts. A comparative characteristic of the actual food set was carried out, taking into account the changes in the requirements, the sanitary and epidemiological rules, and norms of SanPiN 2.3 / 2.4.3590-20 that had come into effect again. Results. The structure of the food set sold to children in the preschool organization was irrational. The optimal consumption (from 94 to 104% of the norm) of primary food products (meat, poultry, milk and dairy products, cottage cheese, sour cream, eggs) was established. The disadvantage of the menus under analysis was the deficit in the food assortment of rye bread, fish, fruit, leftover pasta, sugar, confectionery, and the presence of products excluded from the new food set (sausages). The nutritional and energy value of children’s diets was sufficient compared to the norms of physiological needs. However, there was an imbalance in both macro and micronutrients, especially calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. Conclusion. According to the menu-layouts in children’s institutions, evaluation of children’s nutrition showed that they did not comply with both the previously existing and newly introduced regulatory requirements for indices of food supply and the chemical composition of rations. The needs of the recently entered sanitary rules and norms for feeding organizations were not considered when drawing up the menu in institutions. Revision of the food set requires making adjustments to the technological charts for baby nutrition and the elaboration of guidelines for developing menus in new conditions.
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Polak-Śliwińska, Magdalena, and Beata Paszczyk. "Trichothecenes in Food and Feed, Relevance to Human and Animal Health and Methods of Detection: A Systematic Review." Molecules 26, no. 2 (January 16, 2021): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020454.
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Trichothecene mycotoxins are sesquiterpenoid compounds primarily produced by fungi in taxonomical genera such as Fusarium, Myrothecium, Stachybotrys, Trichothecium, and others, under specific climatic conditions on a worldwide basis. Fusarium mold is a major plant pathogen and produces a number of trichothecene mycotoxins including deoxynivalenol (or vomitoxin), nivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, and T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin. Monogastrics are sensitive to vomitoxin, while poultry and ruminants appear to be less sensitive to some trichothecenes through microbial metabolism of trichothecenes in the gastrointestinal tract. Trichothecene mycotoxins occur worldwide however both total concentrations and the particular mix of toxins present vary with environmental conditions. Proper agricultural practices such as avoiding late harvests, removing overwintered stubble from fields, and avoiding a corn/wheat rotation that favors Fusarium growth in residue can reduce trichothecene contamination of grains. Due to the vague nature of toxic effects attributed to low concentrations of trichothecenes, a solid link between low level exposure and a specific trichothecene is difficult to establish. Multiple factors, such as nutrition, management, and environmental conditions impact animal health and need to be evaluated with the knowledge of the mycotoxin and concentrations known to cause adverse health effects. Future research evaluating the impact of low-level exposure on livestock may clarify the potential impact on immunity. Trichothecenes are rapidly excreted from animals, and residues in edible tissues, milk, or eggs are likely negligible. In chronic exposures to trichothecenes, once the contaminated feed is removed and exposure stopped, animals generally have an excellent prognosis for recovery. This review shows the occurrence of trichothecenes in food and feed in 2011–2020 and their toxic effects and provides a summary of the discussions on the potential public health concerns specifically related to trichothecenes residues in foods associated with the exposure of farm animals to mycotoxin-contaminated feeds and impact to human health. Moreover, the article discusses the methods of their detection.
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Batis, Carolina, Daniela Sotres-Alvarez, Penny Gordon-Larsen, Michelle A. Mendez, Linda Adair, and Barry Popkin. "Longitudinal analysis of dietary patterns in Chinese adults from 1991 to 2009." British Journal of Nutrition 111, no. 8 (December 13, 2013): 1441–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114513003917.
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In the present study, we aimed to identify the changes or stability in the structure of dietary patterns and tracking, trends and factors related to the adherence to these dietary patterns in China from 1991 to 2009. We analysed dietary data collected during seven waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey and included 9253 adults with complete dietary data for three or more waves. Dietary intake assessment was carried out over a 3 d period with 24 h recalls and a household food inventory. Using factor analysis in each wave, we found that the structure of the two dietary patterns identified remained stable over the studied period. The traditional southern dietary pattern was characterised by high intakes of rice, fresh leafy vegetables, low-fat red meat, pork, organ meats, poultry and fish/seafood and low intakes of wheat flour and maize/coarse grains and the modern high-wheat dietary pattern was characterised by high intakes of wheat buns/breads, cakes/cookies/pastries, deep-fried wheat, nuts/seeds, starchy root/tuber products, fruits, eggs/egg products, soya milk, animal-based milk and instant noodles/frozen dumplings. Temporal tracking (maintenance of a relative position over time) was higher for the traditional southern dietary pattern, whereas adherence to the modern high-wheat dietary pattern had an upward trend over time. Higher income, education and urbanicity levels were positively associated with both the dietary patterns, but the association became weaker in the later years. These results suggest that even in the context of rapid economic changes in China, the way people chose to combine their foods remained relatively stable. However, the increasing popularity of the modern high-wheat dietary pattern, a pattern associated with several energy-dense foods, is a cause of concern.
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MESCOLOTO, Samantha Bittencourt, Simone CAIVANO, and Semíramis Martins Álvares DOMENE. "Evaluation of a mobile application for estimation of food intake." Revista de Nutrição 30, no. 1 (February 2017): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-98652017000100009.
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ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluate the use of the Nutrabem (São Paulo, Brasil) mobile application as a tool for measurement of food intake among university students. Methods: Cross-sectional study of a random sample of 40 undergraduate students at the Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista. Food intake data were estimated using the Nutrabem app and the 24-hour dietary recall. Intakes of energy, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, calcium, iron, and vitamin C were calculated. The intake of food groups and diet quality were evaluated by the Diet Quality Index associated with the Digital Food Guide. The agreement between the methods was assessed using the Pearson's correlation coefficient and the Student' t-test. Results: Strong correlations were observed between energy (0.77), carbohydrates (0.82) and protein (0.83). The groups: poultry, fish, and eggs; beef and pork; refined grains and breads; and fruits and legumes showed strong correlations (between 0.76 and 0.85). There were moderate correlations (0.59 and 0.71) between the groups sugars and sweets; whole grains, tubers and roots, milk and dairy products, animal fats, and the Diet Quality Index associated with the Digital Food Guide scores. Vegetables and leafy greens, nuts, and vegetable oils showed weak correlations (0.31 and 0.43). Homogeneity assessment revealed similarity between the results obtained by both methods (p>0.05) . Conclusion: The Nutrabem app can be used as a tool to assess dietary intake among university students since it produces results similar to those obtained by the 24-hour dietary recall method.
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Boros, D., B. A. Slominski, W. Guenter, L. D. Campbell, and O. Jones. "Wheat by-products in poultry nutrition. Part II. Nutritive value of wheat screenings, bakery by-products and wheat mill run and their improved utilization by enzyme supplementation." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 84, no. 3 (September 1, 2004): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a03-113.
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A series of experiments was conducted to determine the nutritive value of wheat screenings, bakery by-products and wheat mill run used by the feed industry in Canada and to investigate the effect of enzyme supplementation on available energy content, nutrient digestibility and broiler chicken growth performance. Broiler chicken performance (2-wk growth trial) was compared using a wheat/soybean meal-based control diet and diets substituted with wheat by-products (wheat screenings, 200 g kg-1; bakery by-products or mill run, 100 g kg-1). In addition, diets containing one sample of each of the by-products were fed to broiler chickens with enzyme supplementation (Superzyme W®). Chicken performance was not affected by dietary substitution of wheat by-products for wheat as values for control, wheat screenings (three samples), bakery by-products (two samples) and mill run (one sample) were similar for body weight gain (514, 520, 515, 500 g bird-1) and for feed to gain ratio (1.52, 1.52, 1.52, 1.50), respectively. Response to enzyme supplementation was highest for wheat screenings showing a statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) improvement in body weight gain (523 vs. 548 g bird-1) and feed to gain ratio (1.54 vs. 1.47). To further substantiate the importance of enzyme supplementation, a long-term production trial with broiler chickens was conducted. Five replicate pens of 60 birds per treatment were used in the starter (21 d) and grower (16 d) phases of the experiment consisting of three treatments: positive control (PC) (wheat/soybean meal/fish meal), negative control (NC) (wheat/wheat screenings/barley/soybean/ canola meal) and NC + Enzyme (Superzyme W®). In comparison to PC, the NC diet contained 5% less metabolizable energy, 8–10% less crude protein, amino acids and calcium and 25% less available phosphorus. Body weight gain and feed conversion ratio averaged 2.14, 2.10, 2.17 kg bird-1 and 1.68, 1.76, 1.66 for PC, NC and NC + Enzyme, respectively. A significant (P < 0.05) improvement in broiler chicken performance with enzyme supplementation was further substantiated by the same magnitude of difference in dry matter (71.2, 68.7, 75.1%), starch (92.5, 90.3, 95.6%), non-starch poly saccharides (NSP) (4.8, 15.0, 36.1%), energy (AME) (12.37, 11.83, 12.84 MJ kg-1) and phytate (44.3, 37.5, 69.5%) digestibilities. It is evident from this study that the use of wheat by-products in concert with an effective enzyme supplement in broiler chicken diets will allow for optimum growth performance. Key words: Broilers, by-products, feeding value, enzymes
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Suci, D. M., Supanti Supanti, Yudhi Setiyantari, and Romasta Napitupulu. "Pemberian Berbagai Level Eceng Gondok (Eichornia crassipes) dan Minyak Ikan (Centrophorus atromarginatus) dalam Ransum Puyuh terhadap Performa, Kolesterol dan Profil Asam Lemak Telur." Jurnal Ilmu Nutrisi dan Teknologi Pakan 18, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jintp.18.1.24-31.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the study was to evaluated the effect of giving water hyacinth and fish oil in quail diet on the performance, egg cholesterol and egg fatty acid profile. This study used 200 unsex day old quail divided into 5 treatments and 4 replications that were reared 5 weeks and then selected male or female. The results of sexing quail at week 5 were 95 females and 86 males. Growth period diets (0-5 weeks) contains 24% crude protein and metabolic energy of 2900 kcal kg-1 and production period diets (5-12 weeks) contains 22% crude protein and 2900 kcal kg-1. The experimental design used a completely randomized design with the treatment of using water hyacinth that was 0%,1%, 2%, 3 % and 4% with fish oil which was 0%, 4%, 5%, 6% and 7% in quail diet. The variables measured were quail performance (0-5 week age and 5-12 week age), egg cholesterol, and egg fatty acid profile. The results showed that using of water hyacinth meal 1% -4% and fish oil 4%-5% in the diet of the growth period resulted in higher feed consumption and body weight gain than diet without water hyacinth and fish oil but feed conversion rasio were same. Quail performance of the production period was not affected by all treatments. Unsaturated fatty acids tend to increased in quail eggs. The lowest cholesterol level of quail eggs was by giving 2% of water hyacinth meal and 5% of fish oil in the diet. It was concluded that water hyacinth can be used as local feed ingredients in quail diet until 4%.
Key words: Coturnix coturnix japonica, egg cholesterol, egg fatty acid profile, performance, production
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Aboul-Enein AM, Al-Abd A, Shalaby EA, Abul-Ela F, Nasr-Allah AA & Mahmoud AM. 2011. Eichornia crassipes (MarT) solm. Plant Signal Behaviour. 6(6): 834-836
Afrose S, Hossain MS & Tsuji H. 2010. Effect of dietary karaya saponin on serum and egg yolk cholesterol in laying hens. British Poultry Science. 51 (6) : 797-804
Adeyemi OA, Adekoya JA & Abayomi R. 2012. Performance of broiler chickens fed diets containing cassave leaf: blood meal mix as replacement for soybean meal. Revista Cientifica UDO Agricola. 12 (1): 212-219
Aziz Z, Cyriac S, Beena V & Philomina PT. 2012.Comparison of cholesterol content in chicken, duck and quail eggs. Journal Veterinary Animal Science. 43: 64-66
Bragagnolo N & Rodriguez-Amaya DB. 2003. Comparison of the cholesterol content of Brazilian chicken and quail eggs. Journal of food Composition and Analysis. 16(2): 147-153
Chimote MJ, Barmase BS, Raut AS, Dhok AP & Kuralkar SV.2009. Effect of supplementation of probiotic and enzymes on performance of Japanese quails. Veterinary World. 2 (6): 219-220
Damongilala LJ. 2008. Kandungan asam lemak tak jenuh minyak hati ikan cucut botol (Cenctrophorus sp) yang diekstraksi dengan cara pemanasan. Jurnal Ilmiah Sains. 8(2): 249-253
Grigorova S, Nikolova M, Penkov D & Gerzilov V. 2014. Egg yolk lipid change in Japanese given Tribulus terrestris extract. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science. 20 (6) : 1472-1476
Guclu BK, Uyanik F & Iscan KM. 2008. Effect of dietary oil sources on egg quality, fatty acid composition of eggs and blood lipids in laying quail. South American Journal of Animal Science. 38 (2): 91-100
Hartoyo B, Irawan I & Iriyanti N. 2005. Pengaruh asam lemak dan kadar serat kasar yang berbeda dalam ransum broiler terhadap kandungan kolesterol, HDL dan LDL serum darah. Animal Production. 7(1):27-33.
Hemid, AEA, El-Gawad AAH, El-Wardany I, El-Daly EF & El-Azeem NAA. 2010. Alleviating effect of some environmental stress factors on productive performance in Japanese quail 2.Laying performance. World Journal of Agricultural Science. 6(5): 517-524
Hilmi M, Sumiati & Astuti DA.2015. Egg production and physical quality in Coturnix coturnix japonica fed diet containing piperine as phytogenic feed additive. Media Peternakan. 38(3): 150-155
Kamely M, Torshizi MAK & Khosravinia H. 2016. Omega 3 enrichment of quail eggs: age, fish oil, and savory essensial oil. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 18 (2): 347-359
Khairani, Sumiati & Wiryawan KG. 2016. Egg production and quality of quails fed diets with varying levels of methionine and choline chloride. Media Peternakan. 39 (1): 34-39
Kurniawan M, Izzati M & Nurchayati Y. 2010. Kandungan klorofil, karotenoid, dan vitamin C pada beberapa spesies tumbuhan akuatik. Buletin Anatomi dan Fisiologi. 18(1):28-40
Leeson S & Summers JD. 2005. Commercial Poultry Nutrition. Third Edition. Canada (CA): Nottingham University Pr.
LiYX, Wang YQ, Pang YZ, Li JX, Xie XH, Guo TJ & Li WQ. 2011. The effect of crude protein level in diets on laying performance, nutrien digestibility of yellow quails. International Journal of Poultry Science. 10(2): 110-112
Malik AA, Aremu A, Ayanwale BA & Ijaiya. AT 2016. A Nutritional evaluation of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes. Martius Solms-laubach) meal diets supplemented with Maxigrain* Enzyme for growing pulllets. Journal of Raw Material Research Nigeria. 10(2): 18-44
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Mangisah I, Tristiarti, Murningsih W, Nasoetion MH, Jayanti ES & Astuti Y. 2006. Kecernaan nutrien eceng gondok yang difermentasi dengan Aspergillus niger pada ayam broiler. Journal of Indonesian Tropical Animal Agricultural. 31 (2): 124-128
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Mona MH, Morsy AS & Hasan AM. 2013. Egg yolk cholesterol and productive performance of laying hens influenced by dietary crude fiber levels under drinking natural salin water. Journal of Animal and Poultry Production. 4(3): 161-176
Muhammad M, Peter S, James G & Wosilat A. 2015. Growth performance of growing quails (Coturnix japonica) fed graded levels of Neem. International Journal of Applied Research. 1(2): 04-07
NRC.1994. Nutrient Requirement of Poultry. 9th Edition. Wahington D.C (US): National Academy
Odo BI & Nnadi AE. 2014. Growth response of quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) to varying levels of cassava (Manihot esculenta) tuber meal as a replacement for maize (Zea mays). American Journal of Experimental Agricultural. 4(12): 1898-1903
Riswandi. 2014. Kualitas silase eceng gondok (Eichhornia crassipes) dengan penambahan dedak halus dan ubi kayu. Jurnal Peternakan Sriwijaya. 3(1): 1-6
Rusmana,D. 2007. Pengaruh substitusi minyak sawit oleh minyak ikan lemuru dan suplementasi vitamin E dalam ransum ayam broiler terhadap performans. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak. 7(2): 101-106
Saha S. & Ray AK. 2011. Evaluation of nutritive value of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) leaf meal in compound diets for rohu Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) fingerlings after fermentation with two bacterial strains isolated from fish gut. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science. 11: 199-207
Sastrodihardjo S, Suci DM & Cahyanto MN. 1998. Penggunaan Minyak Ikan Lemuru dan Minyak Kelapa Sawit dalam ransum terhadap Kandungan Asam lemak Omega 3 dan Omega 6 dalam Kuning Telur Ayam. Bogor (ID): Seminar Nasional Peternakan dan Veteriner. Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian
Savory CJ & Gentle MJ. 1976. Changes in food intake and gut size in Japanese quail in response to manipulation of dietary fibre content. British Poultry Science. 17(6): 571-580
Sotolu AO & Sule SO. 2011. Digestibility and performance of water hyacinth meal in the diets of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus BURCHELL, 1822). Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystem. 14: 245-250
Sim JS, Kitts WD & Bragg DB. 1984. Effect of dietary saponin on egg cholesterol level and laying hen performance. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 64: 97-98
Tyagi T & Agarwal M. 2017. Antioxidant properties and phenolic compound in methanolic extracts of Eichornia crassipes. Reserarch journal of Phytochemistry. 11(2): 85-89.
Tolik D, Polawska E, Charuta A, Nowaczewski S & Cooper R. 2014.Characteristics of egg parts, chemical composition and nutritive value of Japanese quail eggs-a review. Folia Biological (Krakow). 62 (4): 287-292
Tunsaringkarn T, Tungjaroenchai W & Siriwong W. 2013. Nutrient benefits of quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) eggs. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. 3(5): 1-8
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Suci, D. M., Supanti Supanti, Yudhi Setiyantari, and Romasta Napitupulu. "Pemberian Berbagai Level Eceng Gondok (Eichornia crassipes) dan Minyak Ikan (Centrophorus atromarginatus) dalam Ransum Puyuh terhadap Performa, Kolesterol dan Profil Asam Lemak Telur." Jurnal Ilmu Nutrisi dan Teknologi Pakan 18, no. 1 (July 5, 2020): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jintp.v18i1.30993.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the study was to evaluated the effect of giving water hyacinth and fish oil in quail diet on the performance, egg cholesterol and egg fatty acid profile. This study used 200 unsex day old quail divided into 5 treatments and 4 replications that were reared 5 weeks and then selected male or female. The results of sexing quail at week 5 were 95 females and 86 males. Growth period diets (0-5 weeks) contains 24% crude protein and metabolic energy of 2900 kcal kg-1 and production period diets (5-12 weeks) contains 22% crude protein and 2900 kcal kg-1. The experimental design used a completely randomized design with the treatment of using water hyacinth that was 0%,1%, 2%, 3 % and 4% with fish oil which was 0%, 4%, 5%, 6% and 7% in quail diet. The variables measured were quail performance (0-5 week age and 5-12 week age), egg cholesterol, and egg fatty acid profile. The results showed that using of water hyacinth meal 1% -4% and fish oil 4%-5% in the diet of the growth period resulted in higher feed consumption and body weight gain than diet without water hyacinth and fish oil but feed conversion rasio were same. Quail performance of the production period was not affected by all treatments. Unsaturated fatty acids tend to increased in quail eggs. The lowest cholesterol level of quail eggs was by giving 2% of water hyacinth meal and 5% of fish oil in the diet. It was concluded that water hyacinth can be used as local feed ingredients in quail diet until 4%.
Key words: Coturnix coturnix japonica, egg cholesterol, egg fatty acid profile, performance, production
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Aboul-Enein AM, Al-Abd A, Shalaby EA, Abul-Ela F, Nasr-Allah AA & Mahmoud AM. 2011. Eichornia crassipes (MarT) solm. Plant Signal Behaviour. 6(6): 834-836
Afrose S, Hossain MS & Tsuji H. 2010. Effect of dietary karaya saponin on serum and egg yolk cholesterol in laying hens. British Poultry Science. 51 (6) : 797-804
Adeyemi OA, Adekoya JA & Abayomi R. 2012. Performance of broiler chickens fed diets containing cassave leaf: blood meal mix as replacement for soybean meal. Revista Cientifica UDO Agricola. 12 (1): 212-219
Aziz Z, Cyriac S, Beena V & Philomina PT. 2012.Comparison of cholesterol content in chicken, duck and quail eggs. Journal Veterinary Animal Science. 43: 64-66
Bragagnolo N & Rodriguez-Amaya DB. 2003. Comparison of the cholesterol content of Brazilian chicken and quail eggs. Journal of food Composition and Analysis. 16(2): 147-153
Chimote MJ, Barmase BS, Raut AS, Dhok AP & Kuralkar SV.2009. Effect of supplementation of probiotic and enzymes on performance of Japanese quails. Veterinary World. 2 (6): 219-220
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Gaździńska, Agata, Marta Turczyńska, and Paweł Jagielski. "ASSESSMENT OF THE FREQUENCY OF FOOD PRODUCTS CONSUMPTION AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS BY MILITARY AVIATION PERSONNEL DEPENDING ON THEIR NUTRITIONAL KNOWLEDGE." Polish Journal of Aviation Medicine, Bioengineering and Psychology 25, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.13174/pjambp.15.12.2020.02.
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Introduction: Nutritional behaviour is the result of many factors, one of which is nutritional knowledge. A higher level of nutritional knowledge promotes proper nutrition, which is the main factor influencing health, nutritional status and psychophysical efficiency. The aim of the study was to determine the customary frequency of consumption of selected food products and dietary supplements by Air Force soldiers depending on their level of nutritional knowledge. Methods: The study was carried out among 540 Air Force soldiers and 498 persons with complete data (32 women, 466 men; mean age 36.3±8.5 years) were included in the analysis. The FFQ food consumption frequency questionnaire was used to assess the frequency of food consumption. Nutrition knowledge was assessed on the basis of 32 statements on food and nutrition. Results: The level of nutritional knowledge depended significantly on the education and age of the respondents. In the group of the surveyed soldiers, military pilots showed the highest level of nutritional knowledge, while the lowest level was shown by engineering and aviation services. The frequency of consumption of milk and natural dairy drinks, curds, eggs, wholemeal bread, coarse groats, fruits, vegetables, oils, nuts, seeds, poultry meat, rabbit meat, honey, wine and drinks increased significantly with the increase in the level of nutritional knowledge, while the frequency of consumption of margarines in cubes, margarines in cups, animal fats and cured meats decreased. Dietary supplements such as vitamin, mineral and vitamin-mineral preparations were significantly more frequently consumed by soldiers with a higher level of nutritional knowledge. Conclusions: 1. On the basis of the assessment of the frequency of consumption of products, a number of abnormalities were found among the majority of the surveyed soldiers of military aviation personnel. 2. The results obtained confirm that a higher level of nutritional knowledge promotes healthy eating habits among the Air Force soldiers. Food education is essential, especially among soldiers in the older age group and ground flying personnel
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Yun, Hee Young, Johanna W. Lampe, Lesley F. Tinker, Marian L. Neuhouser, Shirley A. A. Beresford, Kristine R. Niles, Yasmin Mossavar-Rahmani, et al. "Serum Nitrogen and Carbon Stable Isotope Ratios Meet Biomarker Criteria for Fish and Animal Protein Intake in a Controlled Feeding Study of a Women's Health Initiative Cohort." Journal of Nutrition 148, no. 12 (September 17, 2018): 1931–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy168.
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ABSTRACT Background Natural abundance stable isotope ratios are candidate biomarkers of dietary intake that have not been evaluated in a controlled feeding study in a US population. Objectives Our goals were to evaluate dietary associations with serum carbon (CIR), nitrogen (NIR), and sulfur (SIR) isotope ratios in postmenopausal women, and to evaluate whether statistical models of dietary intake that include multiple isotopes and participant characteristics meet criteria for biomarker evaluation. Methods Postmenopausal women from the Women's Health Initiative (n = 153) were provided a 2-wk controlled diet that approximated each individual's habitual food intake. Dietary intakes of animal protein, fish/seafood, red meat, poultry, egg, dairy, total sugars, added sugars, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and corn products were characterized during the feeding period with the use of the Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R). The CIR, NIR, and SIR were measured in sera collected from fasting women at the beginning and the end of the feeding period. Linear models based on stable isotope ratios and participant characteristics predicted dietary intake. The criterion used for biomarker evaluation was R2 ≥ 0.36, based on the study's power to detect true associations with R2 ≥ 0.50. Results The NIR was associated with fish/seafood intake and met the criterion for biomarker evaluation (R2 = 0.40). The CIR was moderately associated with intakes of red meat and eggs, but not to the criterion for biomarker evaluation, and was not associated with intake of sugars (total, added, or SSB). A model of animal protein intake based on the NIR, CIR, and participant characteristics met the criterion for biomarker evaluation (R2 = 0.40). Otherwise, multiple isotopes did not improve models of intake, and improvements from including participant characteristics were modest. Conclusion Serum stable isotope ratios can, with participant characteristics, meet biomarker criteria as measures of fish/seafood and animal protein intake in a sample of postmenopausal women. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00000611.
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Milman, Nils Thorm. "A Review of Nutrients and Compounds, Which Promote or Inhibit Intestinal Iron Absorption: Making a Platform for Dietary Measures That Can Reduce Iron Uptake in Patients with Genetic Haemochromatosis." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2020 (September 14, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7373498.
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Objective. To provide an overview of nutrients and compounds, which influence human intestinal iron absorption, thereby making a platform for elaboration of dietary recommendations that can reduce iron uptake in patients with genetic haemochromatosis. Design. Review. Setting. A literature search in PubMed and Google Scholar of papers dealing with iron absorption. Results. The most important promoters of iron absorption in foods are ascorbic acid, lactic acid (produced by fermentation), meat factors in animal meat, the presence of heme iron, and alcohol which stimulate iron uptake by inhibition of hepcidin expression. The most important inhibitors of iron uptake are phytic acid/phytates, polyphenols/tannins, proteins from soya beans, milk, eggs, and calcium. Oxalic acid/oxalate does not seem to influence iron uptake. Turmeric/curcumin may stimulate iron uptake through a decrease in hepcidin expression and inhibit uptake by complex formation with iron, but the net effect has not been clarified. Conclusions. In haemochromatosis, iron absorption is enhanced due to a decreased expression of hepcidin. Dietary modifications that lower iron intake and decrease iron bioavailability may provide additional measures to reduce iron uptake from the foods. This could stimulate the patients’ active cooperation in the treatment of their disorder and reduce the number of phlebotomies.