Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Poultry farms'

Campylobacteriosis, a human infection caused by thermophilic Campylobacter spp. (particularly C. jejuni and C. coli), is the most commonly reported zoonosis in the European Union and one of the main bacterial causes of human gastroenteritis worldwide. Domestic poultry are the main reservoir of these microorganisms and harbour them without clinical manifestations. Handling and consumption of contaminated poultry meat has been reported as main source of human infection. Although campylobacteriosis is generally a self-limiting illness, severe cases require antimicrobial treatment, with macrolides and fluoroquinolones used as first-line therapy, while tetracyclines are second-choice drugs. Nowadays resistance to these antimicrobials is increasingly observed in C. jejuni and C. coli, determining a worldwide concern for public health, since resistant strains can be easily transmitted from animals to humans via the food-chain. Despite the high number of commercial broiler and turkey farms in Northern Italy and the economic importance of this sector in the Italian animal production, few on-farm studies have been carried out to investigate on the colonization of poultry with thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in this area. Considering that, together with the remarkable public health implications of the presence of Campylobacter spp. in poultry farms, the present study was aimed at determining the occurrence, the genetic diversity and the antimicrobial resistance of thermophilic campylobacters in the two leading poultry species reared for meat production in Italy, i.e. broilers and meat turkeys. A total of 10 broiler flocks reared in 7 different farms in Veneto and Lombardy regions and 3 turkey flocks belonging to 3 farms located in Veneto region were examined for the presence of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. by collecting cloacal swabs from randomly selected birds. Broiler flocks were sampled once, while turkeys were monitored with several samplings for the whole production cycle in order to evaluate the development of the colonization over time, because it has not been deeply studied in turkeys. Campylobacter isolates were genetically characterized by flaA-SVR typing and then examined for their phenotypic antimicrobial resistance to a wide range of antimicrobial drugs by the disk diffusion method. The occurrence of class 1 and class 2 integrons was also investigated. A wide colonization by C. jejuni and C. coli was observed both in broiler flocks (7 positive out of 10) and in turkey flocks (all positive), with differences among flocks in the Campylobacter species distribution, although an overall dominance of C. jejuni was detected. Interestingly, the onset of colonization differed considerably among turkey flocks, but in all of them it persisted up to the time of slaughter. A high genetic diversity among isolates was detected both in broilers and turkeys, with most genotypes showing a flock- or farm-specificity. Most strains isolated from both avian species were resistant to a high number of antimicrobials, including those of first and second choice for human campylobacteriosis therapy. Conversely, either class 1 or class 2 integrons were not detected. However, it should be noted that differences between broilers and turkeys were detected both in genotypes colonizing them and in antimicrobial resistance, suggesting discrepancies among the two poultry species in the epidemiological dynamics of Campylobacter spp. Overall, this study provides new insights into the epidemiology of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in commercial broilers and meat turkeys in Northern Italy and suggests that they may represent a concrete risk for the transmission of multidrug-resistant strains to humans in our country
La campilobatteriosi, un’infezione umana provocata dalle specie termofile di Campylobacter (soprattutto da C. jejuni a C. coli), è la zoonosi più frequentemente riportata nell’Unione Europea e una delle principali cause di gastroenterite batterica nell’uomo a livello mondiale. Le specie avicole domestiche sono il principale reservoir di questi microrganismi, dei quali sono carrier asintomatici, e infatti la manipolazione e il consumo di carne avicola contaminata rappresentano le principali fonti d’infezione per l’uomo. Nonostante la campilobatteriosi sia una malattia autolimitante, nei casi gravi è necessario un trattamento antimicrobico. Macrolidi e fluorochinoloni costituiscono la terapia d’elezione, seguiti dalle tetracicline come molecole di seconda scelta. Attualmente il fenomeno dell’antimicrobico-resistenza è sempre più comune in C. jejuni e in C. coli, e in tutto il mondo rappresenta motivo di grande preoccupazione per la sanità pubblica, poiché ceppi antimicrobico-resistenti possono essere trasferiti dagli animali all’uomo attraverso gli alimenti. Nonostante l’elevata concentrazione di allevamenti intensivi di polli e tacchini da carne nel Nord Italia e l’importanza economica di questo settore nel comparto delle produzioni animali italiane, sono poche le indagini svolte negli allevamenti di quest’area geografica per valutare la presenza di Campylobacter termofili a livello di produzione primaria. Alla luce di questo e delle importanti implicazioni di sanità pubblica della presenza di questi microrganismi zoonotici negli allevamenti avicoli, questo studio è stato intrapreso allo scopo di valutare la presenza, la diversità genetica e l’antimicrobico-resistenza di Campylobacter termofili nelle due specie avicole da carne maggiormente allevate in Italia: polli broiler e tacchini. In totale sono stati esaminati 10 gruppi di broiler di 7 diversi allevamenti di Veneto e Lombardia, e 3 gruppi di tacchini di 3 allevamenti veneti. In ciascun gruppo di animali sono stati eseguiti tamponi cloacali a soggetti scelti causalmente. In ciascun gruppo di broiler è stato eseguito un campionamento, mentre nei tacchini sono stati svolti numerosi campionamenti per valutare l’andamento della colonizzazione durante tutto il ciclo produttivo, aspetto poco studiato in questa specie avicola. I Campylobacter isolati sono stati caratterizzati geneticamente mediante flaA-SVR typing e quindi sottoposti ad antibiogramma secondo il metodo della diffusione in agar per valutarne la sensibilità a più antimicrobici. Inoltre è stata valutata la presenza di integroni di classe 1 e 2. È stata rilevata una notevole diffusione di C. jejuni e C. coli sia nei broiler (7 gruppi positivi su 10), sia nei tacchini (positività di tutti e 3 i gruppi), con differenze tra i gruppi nella distribuzione delle due specie termofile e una complessiva predominanza di C. jejuni. Nei gruppi di tacchini la positivizzazione è avvenuta in tempi molto diversi, ma in tutti è persistita fino al termine del ciclo produttivo. É stata riscontrata una notevole diversità genetica nei ceppi isolati sia dai broiler, sia dai tacchini e la maggior parte dei genotipi era esclusiva di un gruppo di animali o di un allevamento. Inoltre, la maggioranza dei ceppi isolati da entrambe le specie avicole era resistente a molti antimicrobici, compresi quelli di prima e seconda scelta nella terapia della campilobatteriosi. Al contrario, non sono stati riscontrati integroni né di classe 1 né di classe 2. É importante notare che sono state riscontrate differenze tra broiler e tacchini sia relativamente ai genotipi dai quali erano colonizzati, sia nell’antimicrobico-resistenza, riscontri che suggeriscono il sussistere di differenze tra le popolazioni di Campylobacter che colonizzano l’una e l’altra specie avicola. Nel complesso, questo studio apporta nuovi elementi sull’epidemiologia di Campylobacter spp. in polli e tacchini da carne del Nord Italia, che possono rappresentare un rischio concreto per la trasmissione di ceppi multi-resistenti all’uomo

Biodegradable wastes cause high emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) if not properly treated. The emissions can be reduced by the development of an effective waste management strategy. Waste-to-energy technologies, such as anaerobic digestion (AD) can be utilised for this purpose. Biomass energy from wastes is of particular interest to Cyprus that has to meet legal commitments for reducing its GHG emissions by 5% compared to 2005 levels and increase the contribution of renewable energy sources to 13% by 2020. This research project is making a significant contribution to this effort. The research considered the quantities and distribution of biodegradable waste in Cyprus and developed the necessary methodologies and tools for their estimation and determination of the potential for energy production through AD. The study identified that the predominant biodegradable wastes in Cyprus are the biodegradable fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW), sewage sludge, solid and liquid agricultural residues and solid and liquid wastes from the food and drinks industries. According to the estimated amount of solid and liquid biomass from these waste streams, at least 4,200 TJ of energy can be produced through AD, which represents 4% of the national energy demand. Livestock production is a very important source of waste due to the high potential of biogas production with the aid of AD. The produced energy can satisfy the needs of a farm, reduce the consumption of fuel and provide renewable energy to the national grid. Simple methodologies were developed and implemented for the estimation of energy consumption of the farm and the respective GHG emissions. It was found that in Cyprus the annual energy consumption per animal is lower than most other countries, due to favourable weather conditions which reduce the energy needs for heating. The emissions from energy use in livestock production contribute 16% to the total agricultural energy emissions. Literature review on AD, confirmed the complexity of the process, due to the many microorganisms involved. To estimate the potential of biogas production from animal waste through AD, three methods were developed based on the accepted relations that exist between Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), volatile solids (VS), waste digested and biogas production. The results show that livestock production could cover the complete agricultural energy demand and make a considerable contribution to the renewable energy targets of Cyprus. Due to the identified importance that AD could have for Cyprus and to overcome deficiencies of existing models, the software FARMS was developed. The tool can be used by any farmer, consultant or policy maker for the estimation of the potential of biogas production, associated costs, reduction in GHG emissions and comparison of scenarios for waste management. Furthermore, the validation of the tool is presented. This was done through comparison against data collected from existing AD plants and through testing by potential users.

This study analyzes the change in whole-farm net revenues and nutrient reduction from the implementation of five best management practices (BMPs) on a typical beef and beef-poultry farm in Shenandoah County. Whole-farm net revenues, resource allocation, nutrient loss reductions, and the cost efficiency of reducing nutrient losses were analyzed to assess which BMPs are the most cost efficient to implement, assuming the baseline scenarios have no voluntarily applied BMPs. The effects of stacking additional BMPs, in combinations of two or more, were also assessed. No-till cropping, winter wheat cover crop, herbaceous riparian buffer, fencing, and P-based NMP were the BMPs that were analyzed. Incentive payments from state and federal governments were incorporated into the cost of BMP adoption. A brief analysis of a farmerâ s time value of money, with respect to incentive payments, was also conducted. Results indicated that no-till crop management was the most cost efficient BMP, and was the only BMP to increase net revenues for both farm models. Fencing and P-based NMP were the least cost efficient for the beef farm. For the beef-poultry farm, fencing was the least cost efficient. The implications of this study are that farmers that choose to adopt BMP should evaluate both their interests in maintaining (or increasing) farm net revenues along with their interest in improving water quality through the reduction of nutrient losses. There is potential for implementing multiple BMPs, while increasing net revenues from a farmâ s baseline scenario. For farmers and policy makers, no-till cropping can be a profitable and therefore cost efficient BMP to implement. Incentive payments are intended to encourage the adoption of BMPs by subsidizing a portion of the start-up costs. Policy makers should attempt to make cost-share payments reflect nutrient reduction goals. This can be done by analyzing both the compliance cost to farmers and the nutrient reduction effectiveness of BMPs.
Master of Science

The research of the Master thesis was carried out in 2005/2006 years in the Laboratory of the State Food and Veterinary Service of Klaipeda County, state and private poultry farms in Klaipeda County and in the Department of Infectious Diseases of the Lithuanian Veterinary Academy. The data was analysed applying the descriptive statistical analysis method. The Master thesis consists of 48 written pages, 7 tables, 10 figures and 56 references. The study aimed at analysing the Salmonellosis hazard in the poultry farms in Klaipeda County and preparing the plans for Salmonellosis prevention. The goals: to collect the data for epidemiological analysis; to analyse the hazards of Salmonellosis in poultry farms in Klaipeda County; to prepare the plans for Salmonellosis prevention. Bacteriological analyses were carried out according to Food and Feed Microbiology LST EN ISO 6579 standards; the horizontal method for the detection of Salmonella spp. (ISO 6579:2002) was applied. The commercial kits were used to identify Salmonella spp. In a year 2005, 15660 poultry keepers were registrated in Klaipeda County, with the total of 817960 birds, 797974 of which were hens. In 2005 there were analysed 1524 samples for Salmonellosis. About 40.4 % of the analysed samples were pooled samples of chicks 1 to 4 d old, in which the majority of pooled samples constituted the samples from boxes, bedding, faeces (282 samples). The pooled samples in the layer hens group amounted to 24.6 % of the total... [to full text]

Thesis (M.P.H.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2009.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Public and Community Health. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

Orientador: Angelo Pires do Prado
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T01:37:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maia_IvanildaCerqueira_M.pdf: 170154 bytes, checksum: 003448dc78ec303062274bbf02b63778 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004
Resumo: Os sistemas de produção animal em confinamento são ambientes artificiais que favorecem o aparecimento da comunidade de artrópodes, devido à oferta de recursos que beneficiam o desenvolvimento desses organismos em acúmulo de esterco. Muitos ácaros encontram condições adequadas de sobrevivência nesses ambientes. Neste trabalho estudamos a dinâmica da associação forética entre ácaros e coleópteros predadores, analisando a ocorrência, abundância das famílias de ácaros associadas a histerídeos, bem como a diversidade acarofauna, a ocorrência de forésia entre os mesmos, através do estudo das infrapopulações e infracomunidades e dos índices de prevalência, dominância e uniformidade em granja de aves poedeiras em São João da Boa Vista - SP. Foram usadas duas metodologias de coletas para este estudo: amostras coletadas manualmente do esterco e armadilhas de solo. Foram realizadas oito coletas nas estações do ano 2002 e 9 coletas no ano de 2001. Foram encontradas 4 espécies de ácaros associadas aos histerídeos. A família Ascidae foi registrada como sendo nova associação com histerídeos no esterco de granjas. A prevalência de ácaros foréticos predominou em Hololepta quadridentata
Abstract: Animal production systems under confinement are artificial agroecosystems which favor the development of an exuberant arthropod fauna, due to their high manure offer. These environments may provide adequate survival conditions for a number of mites. The purpose of this work was to study the phoretic association dynamics between mites and predaceous coleopterans, also focusing on the occurrence and abundance of histerids-associated mite families, as well as their infrapopulations and infracommunities, related indexes of constancy, dominance and prevalence. The sampling methodology included hand-collected manure samples and pitfalltraps. Eight gathering activities occurred in different seasons in 2002, and 9 gathering activities during the period of 2001. Associated to histerids 4 mites species were found. A new association has been found between histerids and the Ascidae family in poultry farms manure. Phoretic mites prevalence was prevailing in Hololepta quadridentata
Mestrado
Parasitologia
Mestre em Parasitologia

Worldwide, an estimated 9.1 billion birds may need to be killed on farm each year. As of January 2013 the use of manual cervical dislocation (MCD) as a killing method for poultry on-farm has been heavily restricted through new EU legislation (EC 1099/2009) on the Welfare of Animals at the Time of Killing, following reported welfare concerns. The method by which birds are killed on farm is crucial to poultry welfare on a large scale. The overall aim of this project was to design a mechanical device conforming to the new legislation to kill poultry humanely on-farm and provide a competitive replacement for MCD. Following a survey and a literature review, four mechanical devices were designed and prototyped: Modified Armadillo (MARM); Modified Pliers (MPLI); Modified Rabbit Zinger (MZIN) and a Novel mechanical cervical dislocation glove (NMCD). The devices were tested for killing efficacy in three laboratory experiments, assessing their performance in poultry cadavers (Study 1), anaesthetised birds (Study 2) and live conscious birds (Study 3). The reliability and welfare impact of the devices, along with comparisons with a control method (MCD) were evaluated via post-mortem analysis, reflex and behaviour durations, and characteristics of electroencephalography (EEG) analysis. Due to consistently high kill success rates and rapid loss of reflexes, as well as short durations of EEG activity indicating consciousness across three laboratory experiments, the NMCD device was shown to have the most promise as a mechanical device to be used as an alternative to MCD for poultry stock-workers and keepers. The final experiment explored the user-reliability and practicality of the NMCD device in two relevant commercial environments (a layer hen farm and a broiler farm). When applied by multiple users, the NMCD device did not match the killing performance of MCD, however it did show promise and the study highlighted the need for further refinement in the training protocol in order to encompass the wide variation in MCD techniques and experience. The result of this project is a novel on-farm mechanical killing device, which shows great potential in laboratory experiments and competed with the traditional MCD method in commercial environments. Further training refinements are required in order to develop the device into a marketable product which any individual could purchase and use as a humane method for killing poultry.

Improvements in poultry welfare are essential to ensure the quality of bird’s lives, but also may have fruitful outcomes to industry for minimizing the economic losses impacts under better bird performance, and carcass quality with reductions of mortality and condemnations. In fact, adopting a valid, reliable, and feasible welfare assessment protocol on-farm is fairly valuable method not only addressed to poultry welfare, but also, to industries interests, and consumer demands. Several array internal and external identified factors can largely influence the welfare and health evaluation of turkey flocks. The present study focuses mainly on the development of a welfare assessment protocol on-farm based on animal-based indicators. These parameters were carefully reviewed and critically tested. In Chapter 1 and 2, the aim was to do a literature review on animal-based indicators for turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo), gathering information about promising indicators that could be included into an on-farm welfare assessment protocol. Social, environmental variables and pathological findings were pointed out as factors affecting behavior and welfare of turkeys that may be relevant economically to the commercial production systems. In Chapter 3, the walks through following line transect methodology used in wildlife studies was adapted to explore their feasibility as a welfare assessment tool. The aim of this study was to compare broiler welfare assessed by individual sampling and transect walks. Six managed flocks were evaluated. Measures on 150 birds were carried out for the individual sampling. Observers walked slowly on random order paths and recorded the incidence of immobility, lameness, dirtiness, sick, agony and dead birds. It was possible to detected small variations across farms (P < 0.003) in the prevalence of most welfare indicators and consistency in inter-observer reliability (P ≥ 0.05). Surprisingly, both methods differed greatly in the frequency of the studied parameters. Possibly, the transect walks might have overlooked walking impairs due to a large number of birds. Another hypothesis may be related to biased individual sampling procedures. In Chapter 4, the study investigated the feasibility of the transect walks method as a novel approach to on-farm welfare assessment of male and female commercial turkey flocks in Italy. This is the first report of welfare assessment using the transect walks method in Europe at turkey farms. A total of 25 commercial [B.U.T.] - Big 6) turkey flocks (15 male and 10 female) with similar management standard procedures were evaluated. Incidence of birds falling into any of the welfare categories was recorded. The studied indicators were: immobility, lameness, wounds, featherless, small size and serious health issues in the flocks, for instance, sick, terminally ill and dead. In addition, behavioral variables as aggression towards mate, interaction with humans and mating were also considered. Sensitivity of the method was noted by effect of sex (P < 0.001) for immobility, lameness, wounds and dirtiness indicators. In addition, inter-observer reliability (P ≥ 0.05) was also consistent for almost the studied variables. Male birds showed high incidence of immobility (0.14% ± 0.02% vs. 0.02% ± 0), lameness (9.06% ± 0.41% vs. 4.34% ± 0.20%), wounds (3.54% ± 0.19% vs. 1.38% ± 0.09%) and dirtiness (0.20% ± 0.02% vs. 0.07% ± 0.01%) than female flocks, respectively. Transect walks approach is an essential component, indeed, to improve the welfare assessment on-farm level. It showed to be a valuable alternative method at commercial strains of meat turkeys. Thus, this innovative method fulfills some industries and producers requirements, such as, no bird disturbing or animal catching with decreased of time-consuming and personnel involved, and no extra costs required, at its application at commercial practices. Some further research should be done to fill the complex gaps and improve the welfare protocol introduced herein.

Tesis por compendio
[ES] La concienciación social con respecto al bienestar animal, la seguridad alimentaria, las resistencias antimicrobianas y la salud medioambiental ha incrementado en los últimos años, promoviendo la implementación de sistemas de producción que incluyan el concepto 'One Health' en su diseño. Por ello, en el sector avícola se han propuesto alternativas a nivel de campo centradas en la mejora de la bioseguridad, el uso de estirpes rústicas y de crecimiento lento y la implementación de ganadería de precisión. En este contexto, la microbiota intestinal tiene un papel importante, tanto en la salud de los animales, como en la diseminación de resistencias antimicrobianas y la transmisión de patógenos zoonósicos a lo largo de la cadena alimentaria. El bienestar animal promueve la presencia de microbiota beneficiosa y la integridad del epitelio intestinal, reduciendo las interacciones con las bacterias ambientales. Por ello, sería posible conseguir una reducción en la administración de antibióticos y reducir la presencia de patógenos en la cadena alimentaria. Salmonella spp. es la principal causa de brotes alimentarios en la Unión Europea, y la principal fuente de infección son los productos avícolas. Entre los principales serotipos se encuentra S. Infantis, actualmente muy prevalente en pollos de engorde. Por todo ello, el objetivo general de esta tesis doctoral fue evaluar el efecto de sistemas alternativos de producción avícola sobre el desarrollo y la composición de la microbiota, la evolución de las resistencias antimicrobianas y la epidemiología de Salmonella. En el primer experimento, se estudió el efecto de la estirpe genética, comparando una estirpe comercial de crecimiento rápido frente a una estirpe alternativa de crecimiento lento. Los objetivos fueron caracterizar la microbiota cecal e investigar la dinámica de las resistencias y multirresistencias antimicrobianas a lo largo del ciclo. Respecto a la composición de la microbiota, los resultados mostraron que Firmicutes fue el filo dominante y los géneros predominantes fueron Oscillospira spp., Ruminococcus spp., Coprococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp. y Bacteroides spp. Por otro lado, los resultados obtenidos en el estudio de resistencias antimicrobianas mostraron que, al inicio del ciclo, los animales de la estirpe de crecimiento rápido presentaron un mayor porcentaje de resistencia, pero al final del periodo no se encontraron diferencias. En el segundo experimento, se evaluó el efecto de las condiciones de manejo, comparando las condiciones comerciales de densidad y ventilación, frente a condiciones mejoradas. Los objetivos fueron caracterizar la microbiota cecal, evaluar la evolución de las resistencias y multirresistencias antimicrobianas, e investigar el desarrollo de S. Infantis y sus resistencias antimicrobianas a lo largo del periodo de engorde. Los resultados obtenidos en la evolución de la microbiota, mostraron un mayor nivel de diversidad en el grupo producido bajo condiciones mejoradas. Además, Firmicutes fue el filo dominante durante todo el ciclo y los géneros predominantes fueron Oscillospira spp., Ruminococcus spp., Bacteroides spp. y Coprococcus spp. Los resultados obtenidos en el estudio de resistencias antimicrobianas mostraron altas tasas de resistencia a lo largo de todo el ciclo, sin diferencias entre grupos. Por último, los recuentos más altos de excreción de Salmonella se observaron el día de sacrificio en ambos grupos. Además, el 100% de las cepas aisladas fueron multirresistentes tras la primera semana post-infección. En conclusión, los principales resultados obtenidos en esta tesis doctoral incluyen que la diversidad y la composición de la microbiota están en constante desarrollo a lo largo del periodo de engorde, viéndose afectadas por los factores de manejo estudiados. Además, las resistencias antimicrobianas están presentes en las bacterias comensales desde el día de llegada, y aumenta hasta el final del ciclo, destacando la necesidad de controlar la administración de antibióticos en todas las etapas de la producción avícola. En cuanto a la epidemiología de S. Infantis, la continua excreción durante todo el periodo de engorde y su capacidad de adquirir resistencias, independientemente de las condiciones de manejo en granja, sugieren la necesidad de realizar más estudios para poder establecer mejores programas de control de la bacteria a lo largo de la cadena alimentaria.
[CA] La conscienciació social amb respecte del benestar animal, la seguretat alimentaria, les resistències antimicrobianes i la salut mediambiental han incrementat en els últims anys, promovent la implementació de sistemes de producció alternatius que incloguen el concepte 'One Health'. Per aixó, en el sector avícola s'han proposat diverses alternatives en granja, centrades en la millora dels protocols de bioseguretat, l'ús d'estirps més rústiques i de creixement lent, així com la implementació de la ramaderia de precisió. En aquest context, la microbiota intestinal té un paper clau en la salut dels animals, la diseminació de resistències antimicrobianes i la transmissió de patògens zoonòsics al llarg de la cadena alimentària. El benestar animal promou la presència de microbiota intestinal beneficiosa i la integritat de l'epiteli intestinal, reduïnt les interaccions amb els bacteris ambientals. D'aquesta manera, es pot aconseguir una reducció de l'administració d'antibiòtics i la presència de patògens en la cadena alimentària. Salmonella spp. és la principal causa de brots alimentaris en la Unió Europea, i la principal font d'infecció són els products avícoles. Entre els principals serotips relacionats amb aquestos brots es troba S. Infantis, actualment molt prevalent en pollastres. Per tot açò, l'objectiu general d'aquesta tesi doctoral va ser avaluar l'efecte de sistemes alternatius de producció avícola sobre el desenvolupament i la composició de la microbiota, l'evolució de les resistències antimicrobianes i l'epidemiologia de Salmonella. En el primer experiment, es va estudiar l'efecte de l'estirp genètica, comparant una estirp comercial de creixement ràpid front a una estirp alternativa de creixement lent. Els objectius van ser caracteritzar la microbiota fecal i investigar la dinàmica de les resistències i multirresistències antimicrobianes al llarg del cicle productiu. Els resultats de la composició de la microbiota mostraren que Firmicutes va representar el fil dominant i els gèneres predominants van ser Oscillospira spp., Ruminococcus spp., Coprococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp. i Bacteroides spp. D'altra banda, els resultats obtinguts en el estudi de resistències antimicrobianes van mostrar que, a l'inici del cicle, els animals de l'estirp de creixement ràpid van presentar un major percentatge de resistència, però al final del període no es van encontrar diferències. En el segon experiment, es va avaluar l'efecte de les condicions de maneig de la granja, comparant les condicions comercials de densitat i ventilació, front a condicions millorades. Els objetius van ser caracteritzar la microbiota fecal, avaluar l'evolució de les resistències i multirresistències antimicrobianes, i investigar el desenvolupament de S. Infantis i les seues resistències antimicrobianes al llarg del cicle productiu. Els resultats obtinguts en la evolució de la microbiota van mostrar un major nivell de diversitat en el grup produït davall condicions de maneig òptimes. A més, Firmicutes va ser el fil dominant i els gèneres predominants van ser Oscillospira spp., Ruminococcus spp., Bacteroides spp. i Coprococcus spp. Els resultats obtinguts en el estudi de resistències antimicrobianes, van mostrar altes tases de resistència al llarg del període, sense diferències entre grups. Per últim, els recomptes més alts d'excreció de Salmonella es van observar en la en el dia de sacrifici en ambdós grups. A més, el 100% dels ceps aïllats van ser multirresistents després de la primera setmana post-infecció. En conclusió, els principals resultats obtinguts en aquesta tesi doctoral inclouen que la diversitat i la composició de la microbiota es troben en constant desenvolupament al llarg del període d’engreixament, veient-se afectades per els factors de maneig estudiats. A més a més, les resistències antimicrobianes es troben presents en els bacteris comensals des del dia d’arrivada, i augmenta fins al final del cicle, destacant la necessitat de controlar l’administració d’antibiòtics en totes les etapes de la producció avícola. Quant a l’epidemiologia de S. Infantis, la contínua excreció durant tot el període d’engreixament i la seua capacitat d’adquirir resistències, independentment de les condicions de maneig en granja, sugereixen la necessitat de realitzar més estudis per poder establir millors programes de control del bacteri al llargo de la cadena alimentària.
[EN] Social awareness regarding animal welfare, food safety, antimicrobial resistance and environmental health has increased, promoting the implementation of alternative sustainable production systems that include the 'One Health' concept. For this reason, in the poultry sector different alternatives at field level have been proposed, centred on the improvement of biosecurity protocols, the use of rustic slow-growing breeds and the implementation of precision livestock farming. In this context, intestinal microbiota play an important role in poultry health, in the spread of antimicrobial resistance and in the transmission of zoonotic pathogens throughout the poultry production chain. Animal welfare promotes the presence of beneficial microbiota and the integrity of the intestinal epithelium, reducing the interactions between environmental and intestinal bacteria. This way, it could be possible to achieve a reduction in antibiotic administration at field level, and also the presence of zoonotic pathogens in the food chain. Salmonella spp. is the main cause of human foodborne outbreaks in the European Union, and the main sources of infection are poultry products. Between the main serovars related to these outbreaks is S. Infantis, which is currently the most prevalent serovar isolated in broiler chickens. Therefore, the general objective of this doctoral thesis was to evaluate the effect of alternative production systems of poultry production on the microbiota composition development, antimicrobial resistance dynamics and Salmonella epidemiology. In the first experiment, the effect of the genetic breed was studied by comparing a commercial fast-growing breed vs. an alternative slow-growing breed. The objectives were to characterise the caecal microbiota and to investigate antimicrobial resistance and multidrug-resistance dynamics throughout the growing period. Regarding microbiota composition, results showed that Firmicutes represented the dominant phylum for both systems, and the most predominant genera were Oscillospira spp., Ruminococcus spp., Coprococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp. and Bacteroides spp. On the other hand, results obtained in the study of antimicrobial resistance showed that at the onset of the cycle, fast-growing day-old-chicks showed higher antimicrobial resistance rates. However, at the end of the period no significant differences were found. In the second experiment, the effect of the farm management conditions was evaluated by comparing commercial density and ventilation conditions vs. improved conditions. The objectives were to characterise the caecal microbiota, to evaluate antimicrobial resistance and multidrug-resistance dynamics, and to investigate the development of S. Infantis and its antimicrobial resistance throughout the growing period. Results obtained in microbiota development showed a higher level of microbiota complexity in the group reared under optimal farm conditions at the end of rearing. Moreover, Firmicutes was the dominant phylum during all the growing period, and the predominant genera were Oscillospira spp., Ruminococcus spp., Bacteroides spp. and Coprococcus spp. Results obtained in the study of antimicrobial resistance showed high antimicrobial resistance rates throughout rearing, and no statistical differences were observed between groups. Finally, Salmonella shedding showed that the highest counts were observed at slaughter day for both groups. Moreover, 100% of the isolates were multi-resistant after the first week post-infection. In conclusion, the main results obtained include that microbiota diversity and composition are in constant development throughout the growing period, and antimicrobial resistance is present as of the arrival day and increases until the end of rearing. Regarding S. Infantis epidemiology, it has been demonstrated the continuous shedding throughout the growing period and its ability to gain antimicrobial resistance.
Montoro Dasí, L. (2021). Effect of Farm Management on Antimicrobial Resistance and Intestinal Microbiota in Poultry Production [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/172610
TESIS
Compendio

Campylobacter are probably the most important bacterial pathogen related to food-borne illnesses; specifically, gastroenteritis and diarrheal diseases. These bacteria can be isolated from various environments, but always originate from the intestine of warm blooded animals. Particularly, Campylobacter are found in the intestinal tract of poultry, and due to contamination of poultry meat and also further contamination of other food they can cause human infections. Sometimes this results in larger outbreaks, such as during 2016-2017 in Sweden where thousands of persons got infected by a single strain of Campylobacter jejuni sequence type 918 (ST-918). The same strain was also identified amongst a large number of poultry farms and suspicions were directed towards dirty transport cages for poultry as a main route for transmitting the strain between different farms. Similar scenarios with large outbreaks related to one or two single strains (ST-50 and ST-257) had also been observed in previous years and this raised questions about certain strains being especially adapted to survive outside the intestine. The aim here was to examine whether outbreak strains and other strains of C. jejuni have different potential to resist different stress conditions that may be encountered between the poultry farm and the human intestine.

Master of Agribusiness
Agricultural Economics
Vincent R. Amanor-Boadu
The rapidly changing economic environment in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo) offers significant opportunities for businesses. The food and agribusiness sector is one of the major opportunities for growth given that increasing incomes are going to enhance the food and nutrition security needs of an increasing segment of the population. Animal protein in the form of chicken meat and eggs are relatively inexpensive and offer an opportunity for entry and differentiation in a markets located in DR Congo’s largest cities of Kinshasa and Kananga. This thesis uses the case of Z-CO Farm in DR Congo to explore the strategic opportunities for small-scale egg production in a low-income but growing country. Having been in operation for a number of years, Z-CO Farms has been producing chicken eggs for the general consumer market. This thesis explores the opportunity to differentiate the market that Z-CO Farms targets with the view to enhance its competitiveness, expand the market boundaries and create new value for customers that produce significant rewards. The off-take for the project is the creation of Blue Ocean markets for chicken eggs in a market that is increasingly exposed to food safety risks by assuring consumers a safe product. This project, when implemented, would be the first in DR Congo. However, would it be profitable? Under what conditions would it be profitable? We employ three primary methods to answer the foregoing questions. First, we evaluate the literature and the available secondary data. Second, we use an economic and financial model to develop the foundation for conducting the analyses for assessing the feasibility of building a small-scale table egg production system to address the emerging higher income consumers in DR Congo. We draw on the blue ocean strategy eloquently presented by Kim and Mauborgne for insight and guidance in building a unique product and service offering for the identified markets in Kinshasa and Kananga. We assess four strategies: the base scenario of the current market conditions where Z-CO maintains its commodity red ocean engagement in the market; innovating its feeding program for the birds; pursuing a market segmentation program whereby it offers high value food safety value proposition to the middle and upper-middle class of consumers; and a combination of a feed innovation and market segmentation initiative. The results show that while the first two strategies returned a positive net present value (NPV) in Kananga, they failed in Kinshasa. This is because of the level of competition in Kinshasa compared to Kananga as well as the cost of operations in the two locations. The results also show that while the remaining two strategies were profitable in both markets, they offered higher NPV and internal rates of return in Kananga than in Kinshasa. The best outcome in operating in both cities involved the fourth strategy, producing a combined NPV of about $493,867. The principal driver for this superior performance in Kananga is cost of feed. There is, therefore, value in thinking about how to leverage this cost advantage in Kananga to enhance the profitability in Kinshasa because of the population and income advantage in the latter. The study provides insights for the management of Z-CO to pursue their future investment planning and in selecting the locations and size of their operations to maximize their NPV and IRR. It also identifies the principal sources of risks that Z-CO’s management must avoid or effectively manage to achieve their desired business outcomes.

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.
Thesis research directed by: Veterinary Medical Science. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

While commonly thought of as a waste product, food scraps and residuals represent an important opportunity for energy and nutrient recapture within the food system. As demands on production continue to increase, conservation of these valuable resources has become a priority area. In the wake of new legislation in Vermont, Act 148, the Universal Recycling Law, the fate of microbial species in food waste, scraps and residuals is increasingly important. The presence of antimicrobial resistance genes in all types of foods calls for an increased need to estimate risk of antibiotic resistance transfer and maintenance across all segments of food production and distribution systems, from farm to fork. Specifically, the fate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in these co-mingled food wastes has not been sufficiently characterized; as legislative programs increase in popularity, surveillance of these materials is pressing and should be documented to assess the risk and potential measures for mitigation and management as we approach commercial scales of implementation Previous studies have relied on a combination of targeted techniques, such as 16S rRNA sequencing and qPCR on a specific subset of ARGs; however, these may not cover the full extent of resistance or microorganisms of concern in any given sample. As sequencing technologies improve and costs continue to drop, more comprehensive tools, such as shotgun metagenomic sequencing, can be applied to these problems for both surveillance and novel gene discovery. In this study, we leveraged the increased screening power of the Illumina HiSeq and shotgun metagenomic sequencing to identify and characterize ARGs, microbial communities, and associated virulence factors of food scraps, on-farm composts, and several consumer products. Isolates were also screened for antibiotic resistance to demonstrate the functionality of ARGs identified. The resistome, microbiome, and virulence genes were characterized in all samples. Fifty unique ARGs were identified that spanned 8 major drug classes. Most frequently found were genes related to aminoglycoside, macrolide, and tetracycline resistance. Additionally, 54 distinct virulence factors and 495 bacterial species were identified. Virulence factors were present across the farm setting and mainly included gene transfer mechanisms, while bacteria clustered distinctly into site and farm, as well as separate on farm niches. The relationship between these categories was also assessed by both Pearson correlation and co-inertia analysis, with the most significant relationship being between ARGs and virulence factors (P = 0.05, RV = 0.67). While limited in this study, these patterns reinforce the finding that spread of antibiotic resistance genes may be dependent on the virulence factors present enabling transfer, rather than total microbial community composition.

This dissertation highlights the need for a formal methodology to be developed in order to unpack complicated supply chains and to publish information that explains how the farm value or farm to retail price spread of certain products can be calculated and how these results are to be analysed. It is for this reason that the study reviews and applies the methodology used for the calculation of price spreads and farm values. It applies the methodology to five food supply chains of maize, fresh milk, beef, poultry and sugar. The analysis of farm values and spread has already been developed in an international context but it has not of yet been applied in the South African context. It is therefore the aim of this dissertation to illustrate how this methodology can be applied here and how this can be done on a continuous basis. The main objectives of the study are:

• To review and apply the methodology used for the calculation of price spreads and farm value, as well as to analyse trends of five agricultural commodities in the food sector.
• To understand not so much on what is behind the previous rise in food prices, but rather on why; when the farm or producer prices fall, do retail prices on certain goods not fall by the same margin? The question that needs to be asked is who or what is responsible for this? A detailed analysis of the supply chain of various products could prove invaluable in the process of understanding price movements.
• To investigate the degree of transparency of information in the South African food sector is investigated by looking at the market share that the various supermarket chains hold. Since competition and concentration of role players within this sector of the economy plays such a vital role in the determination of the market’s fairness, it is important that the size and the percentage of market share that the retailers hold in the market is researched and understood. A special section focuses on the market share that some retailers hold as a percentage share of the entire supermarket retail sector.
• To discuss the estimation of the specific cost incurred, at various levels,within the maize-to-maize meal and beef-to-beef products supply chains, in detail. This involves designing a framework for the continuous analysis of food prices and costs contained within these two supply chains and understanding the costs incurred by the different role players.

In applying the methodology to estimate farm value and farm to retail price spread it is determined some of the commodities such as beef, milk and sugar experienced a slight widening of the farm to retail price spread, while the opposite occurred with the price spread of maize meal and broiler meat. A widening farm to retail price spread shows that farmers’ share in terms of the retail price is declining and as a result their share of the final product has become less. Farmers in the beef, milk and sugar sectors experienced this while maize and chicken farmers experienced the opposite, in other words a narrowing spread and as a result they are earning more of the final product. In applying the various econometric tests in order to test for asymmetric price behaviour in the various supply chains it was found that in four of the five supply chains the transmission of increases in producer prices where not smoothly and timely transmitted to the retail price. The models that fared worst in the analyses were those of the sugar, beef, fresh milk and a part of the maize supply chain. The inabilities of the models to show any form of significance, even when tested economic theory is applied indicate that something is amiss within the supply chains. Asymmetric price transmissions, a lack of accurate data or unjust market behaviour by role players within the supply are some of the factors that could be responsible for this. The analysis in chapter 5 is based on these findings. A proposed framework for an in depth analysis of such a supply chain is documented there. The detailed analysis of costs and margins in the maize to maize meal and beef supply chains, have shown that there are many stages along the supply chain, where various costs and profits can have severe influences. In chapter 5 a detailed analysis has been done on this with the objective of developing a framework that can be applied to an industry. This chapter lends specific detail as to where the influences of such costs can be the greatest. The results point out that, of the five supply chains, only two of them, namely chicken and maize (from farm gate to miller), adhered to some form of economic theory, whereas the other three either suffered from insignificant/unrepresentative data or actual price transmission asymmetry. On the basis of this, the supply chains of both super maize meal and the five selected beef cuts were unpacked with the profit margin and the role player’s cost of formation at the different levels within the value chains. A conclusion can be made that parts of the maize supply chain (milldoor to retailer), the beef supply chain, the sugar supply chain and the dairy supply chain all suffer from asymmetric price transmissions or alternatively, a data discrepancy. This conclusion is drawn from the fact that the Error Correction Models ECMs for these specific industries failed most of the diagnostic tests and contained some insignificant variables. The diagnostic tests did not only test for misspecification but included a standard procedure, using the Jarque Bera test for normality, the ARCH LM test for heteroscedasticity, the White test for heteroscedasticity as well as the Breusch Godfrey test for serial correlation. The fact that the ECMs of these supply chains had these problems does give rise to a concern as to the transmission of prices within some of the supply chains within the South African food industry. The applied methodology used in unpacking of the supply chains, was applied with the aim of developing a framework that can be adapted and used for similar analyses in future. The aim of this methodology was solely on developing and applying a methodology to two of the five supply chains, partly based on the results in chapter 4 but also on the importance of the commodities in the South African food industry, and to illustrate, by using real data, how this framework can benefit future research.
Dissertation (MCom(Agric Economics))--University of Pretoria, 2006.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
unrestricted

The diploma thesis deals with the description of the business plan whose main aim is the establishment of an organic poultry eco-farm. The theoretical part specifies the various stages of the business plan and analyzes the current status of organic farms in the Czech Republic. The practical part focuses on the business plan of the establishment of poultry farm and mainly on its creation and there is also the analysis of possible funding from the EU Structural Funds.

Motivation: The investigation of agricultural respiratory hazards has lagged behind the investigation of hazards in mining and other heavy industries. Relatively few epidemiological data are available addressing pulmonary infections in the context of the agricultural work environment, especially for the South African population. Poultry house dust was generally considered nuisance or inert, meaning it has little adverse effect on human lungs. New research shows that because poultry house dust is largely organic and contain bacteria and other bioactive substances, it cannot be considered inert. Several published research manuscripts document that the legal and recommended exposure limits for the toxic substances found in the agricultural environment are to high for concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFO's). In CAFO's there is a mixture of biologically active agents that can work synergistic to produce respiratory and systemic effects at much lower levels. Most of the current legal exposure limits used in South Africa are adopted from international limits and guidelines. Because of the influence of geography, climate and degree of industrialisation on the agricultural air quality, the relevance of the foreign exposure limits is questionable. Aim: To determine if there is a correlation between occupational exposure to poultry farm dust and the lung function of poultry farm workers in the Potchefstroom district, South Africa. Also to determine if the current legal exposure limits used for ammonia and particulate matter (PM) in South Africa, offer adequate worker protection for poultry farm workers exposed to biologically active dust. Methodology: This was an observational, cross-sectional pilot study. A target population of fifty contract workers concerned with the removal and disposal of poultry manure were identified in the Potchefstroom district and a random sample of nineteen was drawn for participation in this study. Exposure to total and respirable dust were determined by means of personal sampling for the full duration of the time averaging period (8-hour TWA). Area monitoring for ammonia and bio-aerosols were done in poultry houses in three specific demarcated areas around Potchefstroom, and weather conditions were taken into account. Lung function tests (spirometry) were conducted before and after each work shift. Interviewer administered questionnaires were used to assess occupational and exposure histories and to detect symptoms of organic dust exposure. Results and conclusions: The mean total- and respirable dust concentrations complied with the legal limits of OSHA, NlOSH and the Regulations for hazardous chemical substances of 1995. However, fifty five percent of the measured total dust concentrations and all of the respirable dust measurements exceeded Donham's recommended values for human health. The spirometric values of the subjects were normal; there was no statistical difference between the mean baseline FEV1/FVC and the mean predicted FEV1/FVC. Results also show no statistically significant cross shift changes in any of the measured variables and there is no significant correlation of the measured dust concentrations to any of the spirometric measurements. It can be concluded that occupational exposure to ammonia, particulate matter and micro-organisms on poultry farms in the Potchefsroom district, South Africa, do not have any adverse effects on the workers' lung function and the workers are adequately protected in the short term, by the legal limits that are currently used in South Africa.
Thesis (M.Sc. (Occupational Hygiene))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

É reconhecida a importância da avicultura para o agronegócio e para o desenvolvimento do Brasil. Mas o País tem enfrentado grande concorrência internacional, que se traduz em barreiras sanitárias e exigências cada vez maiores de controle de seu rebanho por parte dos importadores. Neste sentido, o Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA) publicou uma série de atos legais para viabilizar a organização dos programas de saúde animal, entre eles as Instruções Normativas n° 56/2007, n° 59/2009, n°36/2012 e n°10/2013, para estabelecer os procedimentos para registro e fiscalização de estabelecimentos avícolas comerciais e de reprodução, voltados à biosseguridade do sistema avícola. Como todos os setores produtivos, a avicultura é fortemente influenciada pela sua estrutura de custos, de modo que há um certo sentimento de que a adequação às medidas de biosseguridade, preconizadas pelas normativas, pode impactar a atividade de produção de ovos comerciais de modo a levar, eventualmente, alguns avicultores ao abandono da mesma. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o impacto socioeconômico das políticas sanitárias para estabelecimentos avícolas comerciais de postura da regional agropecuária de Limeira, Estado de São Paulo, analisando o perfil socioeconômico da propriedade e do produtor e, estimando o custo de produção e seu impacto em atendimento às medidas de biosseguridade preconizadas pelas normativas. Para a análise do perfil das propriedades foram utilizados os dados dos 28 estabelecimentos avícolas, levantados por meio de documentação para registro. Para a análise do perfil do produtor e para estimar os custos de produção foram considerados dez estabelecimentos, voluntários à pesquisa, visitados entre os meses de junho e julho de 2013. O resultado do estudo sugere que as adequações à biosseguridade podem ser factíveis de serem realizadas economicamente, sendo o custo relativamente pequeno frente aos possíveis riscos de enfermidades, representando entre 1,61% e 2,09% do custo total de produção. No entanto, as sucessivas alterações nas legislações podem fazer com que o programa de sanidade avícola perca a credibilidade diante da sociedade e dos produtores que demonstram resistência às mudanças nos paradigmas zoosanitários
The importance of the poultry industry for agribusiness and development is recognized in Brazil, but the country has faced strong international competition, translated into sanitary barriers and increasing requests for the control of Brazilian flock by importers. In this regard, the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA) has published a series of legal acts to facilitate the organization of animal health programs, including Regulatory Instructions n°56/2007, n°59/2009, n°36/2012 & n°10/2013, to establish procedures for the registration and inspection of boilers, layer hens and commercial poultry breeding, focused on biosecurity systems. Like all productive sectors, the poultry one is strongly influenced by its cost structure, thus some people believe that the adequacy of biosecurity measures could affect the activity of commercial egg production and, eventually, lead some producers to the abandonment of the activity. The aim of this study was to analyze the socioeconomic impact of health policies on farm eggs of Limeira regional, Sao Paulo State, by analyzing the socioeconomic profile of the property and the producer, estimating the cost of production and its impact on compliance with biosecurity measures recommended by the Regulatory Instructions. For the analysis of the profile of farms we used data of twenty-eight poultry establishments, raised through documentation register. For the analysis of the profile of the producer and to estimate the costs of production, data was raised in ten farm eggs, volunteers of this research, which were visited between June and July 2013. The result of the study suggests that adaptations to biosecurity are economically feasible and costs are relatively small compared to the potential risks of disease, representing between 1.61% and 2.09% of the total production cost, thus not justifying the abandonment of activity. Nevertheless, successive changes in legislation may lead poultry health programs to lose credibility in society and with producers who demonstrate resistance to changes in zoo-sanitary paradigms

Роботу виконано на кафедрі автомобілів Тернопільського національного технічного університету імені Івана Пулюя Міністерства освіти і науки України. Захист відбудеться 22 грудня 2021 р. о 10:00 годині на засіданні екзаменаційної комісії № 20 у Тернопільському національному технічному університеті імені Івана Пулюя за адресою: 46001, м. Тернопіль, вул. Текстильна, 28, навчальний корпус № 9.
Мета і завдання роботи: Метою даної кваліфікаційної роботи магістра є розроблення теоретичних і методичних засад та інструментів формування механізму економічно-організаційної логістизації підприємств галузі птахівництва. Об’єктом дослідження кваліфікаційної роботи магістра є процес формування логістичної системи на підприємствах птахівництва. Предмет дослідження: методичні та теоретичні аспекти створення і імплементації інструментів економічно-організаційного механізму впровадження логістичних систем на підприємствах птахівництва.
1 РОЗДІЛ...7 1.1 Теоретичні основи організаційно-економічної сфери діяльності підприємства...7 1.2 Фінансово-економічний аналіз підприємства...9 2 РОЗДІЛ...15 2.1 Вплив логістики на зростанні ефективності галузі птахівництва...15 2.2 Аналіз логістичної системи птахівничої галузі...22 2.3 Аналіз логістичної діяльності підприємства...29 3 РОЗДІЛ...39 3.1 Організація логістичної системи на підприємствах птахівництва...39 3.2 Маркетинг, дослідження якості продукції ТОВ «Авіас Україна»...44 3.3 План розвитку підприємства з використанням засад логістики...50 4 ОХОРОНА ПРАЦІ ТА БЕЗПЕКА У НАДЗВИЧАЙНИХ СИТУАЦІЯХ...55 4.1 Охорона праці працівників, які залучені до роботи на автомобільному транспорті...55 4.2 Управління безпекою дорожнього руху...57 4.2.1 Організація режиму праці та відпочинку водіїв...58 4.3 Органи управління охороною праці, їх права і повноваження...59 ЗАГАЛЬНІ ВИСНОВКИ...67 СПИСОК ВИКОРИСТАНОЇ ЛІТЕРАТУРИ...68

Thesis (MPhil (Animal Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.
Rickets is described as a disease that affects young growing poultry. Poorly mineralized bones with thickened and irregular growth plates characterize it. The onset of rickets is characterized by a failure of mineralization of cartilage and bone. Other symptoms of rickets include reluctance to movement in affected birds. These birds will sit on their hocks and if startled they use their wings for balance. On necropsy, bones are soft and fragile and they have thickened growth plates. In this study 30% of the chicks aged between 7 and 8 days from a broiler flock, started showing splay leg problems. Affected chicks were unable to support their weight on their legs, some showing paralysis. The bones were soft and rubbery. To try and identify the possible cause, bones from the affected chicks were analyzed for calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) to determine the Ca:P ratio. Blood serum was also analyzed for the mineral content. Ca and P were the main focus of the tests as the problem was suspected to be rickets. The feed was analyzed for protein, Ca and P. The bone analysis showed a Ca:P ratio of less than 2:1, while results of the blood serum showed an inverse Ca: P ratio. The analysis results of the feed as well as the bones showed an imbalance in the Ca:P ratio which according to literature and research done is a possible cause for rickets. These findings combined with the symptoms displayed by the affected birds, lead to the suggestion that the problem in this study was rickets.

Corn production in the United States has become increasingly efficient over the years. The use of nitrogen fertilizers has played a substantial role in this efficiency. Nitrogen drives biomass production which leads to increased yields. Unlike other nutrients, nitrogen is more mobile making it easier to lose through leaching and volatilization. The first part of this analysis uses an econometric model to examine the relationship between nitrogen usage and weather data. This relationship leads to farm management decisions to reduce nitrogen fertilization expenses. In addition to the use of nitrogen fertilizers, farmers in Kentucky take advantage of an abundance of poultry litter as a fertilizer source. Traditional poultry litter fertilization methods are being challenged by new technology, sub-surface injection, which has the potential to increase corn yields as compared to other methods. The second part of this analysis uses a resource allocation linear programming model to determine the economic viability of the sub-surface injection method for both spring and fall fertilizer applications. This model also reveals both farm management implications and provides valuable information for the development and commercialization of the sub-surface injector.

Orientadores: Roberto Funes Abrahão, Julieta Teresa Aier de Oliveira
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T04:07:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dinten_CarolinaAlexandraMarchant_D.pdf: 5090267 bytes, checksum: 917f452349491e37ada48bb7d41f1447 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005
Resumo: Este trabalho, realizado junto a unidades avícolas de uma Cooperativa do interior do estado de São Paulo, teve como objetivo verificar as relações entre as formas de organização do trabalho, a tecnologia empregada na produção e os impactos sobre o trabalho do ponto de vista ergonômico. O método da Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho permitiu identificar os principais fatores relacionados às dificuldades na execução das tarefas. O trabalho em equipe e a colaboração entre os funcionários ajudavam a minimizar esforços e alcançar melhores resultados. Observou-se que, se por um lado, o grau de tecnologia adotado permitia o emprego de um número menor de trabalhadores e tornava o manejo mais fácil e preciso, por outro, criava subtarefas e fazia com que o bom funcionamento dos equipamentos dependesse muito da vigilância dos funcionários, diminuindo constrangimentos físicos como menor transporte de carga, mas criando alguns constrangimentos psíquicos, como a própria vigilância. Observou-se que nas propriedades que adotavam força de trabalho total ou parcialmente familiar obtiveram melhores resultados de produção que as patronais. Esta situação pode ser atribuida ao fato de que estas unidades utilizavam tecnologias mais consolidadas e que os trabalhadores gozavam de uma maior autonomia, o que se refletia em maior motivação para que a produção alcansasse bons resultados
Abstract: This work was performed within production units of a poultry cooperative in São Paulo State and the objective was verify the relations among work organization forms, the technology used in the production and the impacts on the work in face of the ergonomic point of view. The method regarding the Work Ergonomic Analysis allowed to identify the main factors linked to task execution difficulties. The teamwork and the contribution among workers help minimize efforts and achieve better results. The adopted level of technology has taken facilities to a reduced number of workers and it makes the management easier. On the other hand, it created sub-tasks involving equipment functioning which depend on worker¿s vigilance. This technology reduces physical constraints, on the other side, it creates some psychic constraints, as the vigilance itself. The properties in which the workforce composition is totally or partially familiar have reached better production results. This may be due to the fact the workers have more autonomy and use a consolidated level technology which leads to a higher motivation for reaching good results
Doutorado
Maquinas Agricolas
Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Introduction: Poultry workers have an increased risk of respiratory symptoms associated with various irritant and allergenic exposures causing airway inflammation. This study investigated the levels of (1-3)-β-D glucan exposure in several poultry farming processes. The objectives involved categorising the different tasks undertaken in the poultry industry. After which a method was established and validated to detect and quantify the levels of (1-3)-β-D glucan using the Glucatell assay. This assay was used to measure the amount of (1-3)-β-D glucan poultry farm workers were exposed to using personal sampling. Thereafter, general respiratory symptoms were described briefly via the administration of a respiratory questionnaire. Method: A total of 308 personal air samples were collected from several poultry farming processes (rearing, laying, hatchery, broilers, catching) of a large poultry farm in the North West Province. A walkthrough checklist was used to obtain information on various exposure determinants such as farm size, number of chickens, ventilation system, bedding material used and poultry feed used. The Glucatell assay (Associates of Cape Cod, East Falmouth, MA, USA) was used to quantify the concentration of (1-3)-β-D glucans in the air samples. Results: The geometric mean concentrations of (1-3)-β-D glucans ranged from 24.38 to 645.98 ng/m3 across the various poultry farming processes investigated. Workers in the broiler farms were exposed to two times higher levels of (1-3)-β-D glucans compared to those in the breeding farms. The sizes of the broiler farm houses as well as the age of the chickens were among the main determinants of exposure. The larger broiler farm houses (GM=5.2 ng/m3, GSD=3.74) had significantly (p<0.05) lower levels than the smaller broiler farm houses (GM=6.4 ng/m3, GSD=2.14) whilst houses with older chickens had higher (1-3)-β-D glucan levels (G=5.8 ng/m3,

碩士
國立中山大學
生物科學系研究所
98
The avian influenza virus can be transmitted from sick birds to other birds by fecal and oral secretion. Therefore, when birds with avian influenza virus enter domestic bird farms and make contacts, it is possible to carry the virus in and transmit it to domestic birds. Since the outbreak of the avian influenza in Taiwan, most bird farms had set up the screen. Yet, the actual effectiveness of screen coverage rate has not been researched. This study will discuss further regarding the results of different screen coverage rate in preventing wild birds’ entering to poultry farms in Kaohsiung area. Field observations were carried out at the wetlands in Kaohsiung county, including Old Railroad Bridge artificial wetland, Fongshan reservoir and 20 poultry farms which were less than five kilometers away from wetlands from September 2008 to October 2009. Chicken and duck farms were analyzed respectively, and the screen coverage rate was categorized into full, partial and no coverage, respectively. The aims of the study were to investigate the effect of screen coverage on the entrance of wild birds to the farms, and found out the potential bridge species near poultry farms. By observing different levels of screen coverage in poultry farms, migratory birds’ activity, and the contact situation between wild and domestic birds, we can analyze the contact level of high risk species and speculate possible transmission path of the avian influenza, and understand the effectiveness of the screens. Also, showing the correlation between the density of domestic poultry and the number of wild bird enterance. The result showed, in terms of screen with different coverage rates, the number of bird species within the duck farms had significant different in full and no coverage. The number of total birds within the duck and chicken farms with full coverage was significant less than partial coverage. Both in chicken and farms, screen had a great effectively in preventing small sized birds entering, yet not on big sized birds. The density of domestic poultry and the number of wild bird enterance showed negative correlation only in chicken farms with partial coverage. In terms of the wild land birds entering poultry farms, Passeer montanus is the largest species, followed by Hirundo rustica and Streptopelia tranquebarica. As for aquatic birds, it is mainly of Ardeidae, Scolopacidae, Charadriidae and Rallidae. Among all, Passeer montanus, Hirundo rustica, Streptopelia tranquebarica, and Bubulcus ibis are not migratory birds and highly pathogenic avian influenza virus species which move between poultry farms and wetlands. Therefore, they were considered bridge species. Due to the bridge species makes direct contacts with poultry, it might be the spreader of the virus. Decreasing the possibility of wild birds’ contact with poultry is an important mechanism for avian influenza control. Also, based on the model of European Food Safety Authority (ESFA), risk assessments will be conducted on Kaohsiung County wetland’s migratory birds’ highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 transmission to poultry farms.

碩士
東海大學
環境科學與工程學系
97
In this study, I tried to understand the intensities of relative risks when the wild birds utilized the habitat near or in the poultry farms in different temporal scales by observing the activity patterns and habitat utilization. The Habow Wetland is one of the most important sites of the Eastern-Autralia Flyway for wintering, breeding, and stopover. In the Chunghwa Country, there are not only many poultry farms building near the coastal area, but also the major poultry industry in Taiwan. The censuses from 2006 to 2008 including the background species census in Hanbow and the locomotion of the wild birds near and in the poultry farms were the major field works. According the results, the populations of the Charadriiformes and the Anatidae in Feb to Mar reached the relative higher point then other months, and the Laridaes was in Jan. to Mar. In general speaking, the relative risks were different with species and timing. The Chinese bulbuls, the Eurasian Tree Sparrows, the Crested Mynas, and the Feral Pigeons were observed flying into the poultry farms and regarded as the Bridge Species. Because of that, the relative risk of those species were higher than others. And the spreading risks of different species would be changed in different time periods. As the result, the Bridge species were in touch with the poultry farms directly could be become the avian influenza virus transmitters between the wild birds and the poultry farms. It would be the one of the most important controlling factors to prevent the Avian Influenza to reduce the opportunities of the Bridge species contact with the poultry farms. The location of the poultry farm should be considered, and choosing the indoor cultivation would reduce the opportunities, too.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2004.
Title from title page screen (viewed Jan. 11, 2005). Thesis advisor: F. Ann Draughon. Document formatted into pages (x, 111 p. : ill. (some col.), 1 col. map). Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

This thesis was focused on monitoring production of dust particles in poultry farming. This measurement was made with the Dusttrak II 8530 which monitored the environment in the stable every 3 seconds for 24 hours. For monitoring were selected companies in the South Bohemian Region, specifically MTD Ústrašice and Farma u lesa. Results of Dusttrak measurements showed that none of the stables exceeded the permissible limits of dust particles. Additionally microscopic analysis of the samples of dust particles revealed that the main component of source of dust was feed mixture.

碩士
國立中興大學
微生物暨公共衛生學研究所
106
Since 2014, new subtypes of high pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) descendant from H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses have emerged from China and spread to worldwide rapidly through the migrating bird flyway. To date, no human case had been reported, but the new clade of HPAIV has caused among poultry farms, even result in huge socio-economic impacts due to the losses of birds killed by the disease or by culling, and from the disruption of trade and market activities imposed by disease control measures such as movement restrictions and a temporary ban of poultry product exports. From 2015 to 2017 in Taiwan, there were 1004 poultry farms, 37 poultry farms and 182 poultry farms confirmed as HPAIV positive were reported. The subtypes caused the HPAIV epidemic in 2015 were H5N2, H5N3 and H5N8. In 2016, the subtypes of HPAIV were H5N2 and H5N8. And in 2017, the subtypes of HPAIV were H5N2, H5N6 and H5N8. HPAIV causes the serious symptom in poultry, and will be the great threaten in public health if it is possible that HPAIV transmit to human from poultry or human. The objectives of this study is to identify the spatial clusters, hot spot, with Global Moran''s I and Local Moran''s I analysis methods and find out the associated environmental factors resulting in the clustering with the stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis. According to the distribution of the HPAIV case-points, most points were in the western of Yunlin County and in the north of Pingtung County. The result of Global Moran''s I indicated that the distribution of the HPAIV cases in Taiwan had the spatial autocorrelation in the radius of 3km distance. Through the Local Moran''s I, spatial analysis, the hot spots of the HPAIV outbreaks in 2015 to 2017 in Taiwan were in the western of Yunlin County and in the north of Pingtung County. Next, we examined 17 different variables between the hot spots and non-hot spots by the stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis. Based on the result of the stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis, the four risk factors strongly associated with the HPAIV hot spots throughout three consecutive years were the farm density of non-register waterfowl farms, the index of waterfowl-chicken mixed farming per unit area, highly degree of farm density and the coverage of the cropping farms. That meant the outbreaks of HPAIV in Taiwan were related to the concentration of poultry farms were too over, the active area of waterfowl and non-waterfowl were to closed and the exist of resident birds. Final we used the results of the stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis, we developed the risk map and predict the high risk area of the HPAIV outbreak in Taiwan in the future. This study points out the environmental factors and developed the risk map, which will assist in future surveillance and disease control among the poultry farms for avian influenza epidemic in Taiwan.

Summary: Swaziland has long had a disparity between the supply and demand of milk. Even at present milk production continues to be less than the market demand. The quantitative contribution of smallholder dairy farmers to local milk production remains unknown because of poor record keeping. This study was aimed at attaining a clear understanding of the dynamics of smallholder dairying in Swaziland, including the identification and understanding of the constraints faced by farmers in dairying, with the hope of devising workable solutions to them. A sample of 118 smallholder dairy farms were covered in this study, with a total herd of 306 lactating cows, comprising mainly of Jerseys and Holstein Friesians, with some cross breeds. There were no significant differences in mean milk yield/cow with respect to farmer gender (P > 0.05) and Agro-ecological zone location (P > 0.05) of the farms. Milking frequency had a significant effect on milk yield, since cattle milked once a day had lower (P < 0.05) milk yields than those milked twice a day. The cattle had extensively long calving intervals i.e. 448 ± 166 days, ranging from 292 to 1082 days. Low milk yield and poor reproductive performance of cattle were found to be mainly due to poor nutrition, breeding practices and stock quality. These are primarily a result of insufficient farmer training and inadequate technical assistance, scarce availability of quality stock, lack of investment resources and market support that includes favourable milk prices for farmers to make money. This performance of the Swazi smallholder dairy herd was then evaluated by comparing it to the performance of a larger, well-managed herd of known pedigree. Lactation records from 252 Jersey cows and 108 Holstein Friesian cows were obtained from Cedara Agricultural Research Institute, covering the periods; July, 2002 to July, 2004 and November, 2002 to April, 2004, respectively. Cows were grouped by parity and calving season and the gamma function proposed by Wood (Y = An(b) e(-cn)) was used to fit standard lactation curves on group data. The curve parameters A and b increased with parity, while that of c and s (persistency of lactation at peak) decreased, producing standard lactation curves save for the Holstein Friesian summer calvers, which produced atypical curves. The R(2) values (goodness of fit) increased with parity. Animal parity and calving season were found to influence the peak and shape of the lactation curves and their parameter estimates. The performance of the Swazi smallholder herd showed a mean deviation of the observed daily milk yield of the Holstein Friesian breed from the expected yield to be - 3.47 (SD 6.052) kg and that of the Jersey breed was - 16.92 (SD 5.473) kg. The mean proportional deviation of observed milk yield from the expected yield for the Holstein Friesian breed was - 0.3 (SD 0.37) and that of the Jersey breed to be - 0.6 (SD 0.19). The proportional milk yield deviation of the Holstein Friesian breed can be explained using the equation Y = O.1322(SE = 0.1293) x - 2.3581 (SE = 0.20639), where x = expected milk yield and Y is the proportional deviation of the observed milk yield deviation from the expected milk yield. With respect to the smallholder Jersey breed, no relationship was found that could explain the proportional milk yield deviation. The smallholder herd was shown to be underperforming, considering the potential for higher milk yields of the two breeds. In the quest to gain a greater understanding of the dynamics of smallholder dairying, the sample of 118 farmers was further analysed using multivariate statistics to categorise them based on their herd sizes, herd structures, management and success perceptions in dairying. The analysis produced three clusters (categories): cluster 1 had the largest herd sizes and poor milk production efficiency; cluster 2 had intermediate herd sizes, the highest number of farmers and more efficient milk production per cow. This cluster, however, had the highest proportion of calf mortalities. Cluster 3 had the smallest herd size, the lowest calf to cow ratio and the second highest calf mortality. Record keeping across all clusters was very poor and the average milk yield per cow was generally low. Most of the farmers do not appreciate the importance of annual calving of their cows as an integral part of the success of their dairy projects and winter feed supplementation is very poor across all the clusters. There remains a great need for the enlightenment of the farmers on the importance of good nutrition, breeding, calf rearing and record keeping in successful dairying.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.

In this diploma thesis I focus on poultry farms, as a source of dust particles, which are taken from the breeding establishment to the surroundings of poultry breeding. The first theoretical part of the thesis is focused on dust, dust particles and their sources, as well as on housing of poultry and on BAT technology. These particles can be dangerous not only for the animals but also for the staff working in the vicinity of the farm animals. In the second, practical part of the thesis, I focus on the measurement of dust particles PM10 using the DUST TRUK II measuring instrument in a selected broiler breeding facility, as well as on the processing of measurement results and comparison with hygienic regulations and already measured values.

Agricultural activities produce a number of dangerous wastes affecting the environment. One is powder produced in livestock production, in particular in stables factory farms. Particulate emissions from livestock buildings are particularly important for the closest neighborhood stables. It is the subject of conflicts between farmers and their neighbors. The source of dust in livestock buildings are mainly food (fine particles modified cereals and dried plants) renegade animal skin particles, urine crystals and particles of feces. The aim of this work is to determine the concentration of dust in the factory farming of chickens for meat. Secondly, the aim is to compare BAT (Best Available Technique - Best Available Technology) technology used in stables with the reference document BREF (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control - Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control). Measurements were carried out on a Farma U lesa in Sudoměřice u Bechyně on a poultry farm in Horní Miletín.

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
國際企業研究所
103
Price transmission of agricultural and livestock products is one of the issue concerned by mass society. This study utilizes VECM and TVECM to investigate the price transmission of Taiwan major poultry products between farm and retail price during January 1998 to January 2015. The result of Broilers co-integration test shows that there is no long-run relationship exists between farm and retail price. Based on Granger causality test, two prices do not affect each other at 5% significance level. The result of Mule duck co-integration test shows that long-run relationship exists and two prices affect each other at 5% significance level with Granger causality test. Besides, this study evidence figures a threshold effect in the Broilers and Mule duck.

碩士
義守大學
工業管理學系碩士在職專班
101
In the past decade, Taiwan suffered from foot-and-mouth disease, Avian Influenza, and mad cow disease, so that organic food has been paid attention. People’s acceptance of organic food has risen gradually. People realized the value of natural breeding (or cultivating), and they would rather spend more money than before to get the consumption safety. We can define that the bio-industry has been developed into a stable stage so far. On the one hand, awareness of bio-product and the amount of consumer increase steadily; on the other hand, there are still lots of challenges in this industry. After summarized, we can conclude these problems as the following: the supply and demand problem in bio-product (Producers earned limited profit because of their inability to control cost; consumers can’t be attracted by the high price of bio-product as well), the problem in bio-product’s standard certification process (Because the certification is lack of credibility, the market is full of fake product so that consumers are always confused as they are buying product. In the same time, there are also unreal news on media.), and the problem in bio-product’s operation (General farmers only focus on updating the production technique, but are lack of the awareness in marketing and operating. Based on this reason, consumers doubt about the bio-products’ quality as buying bio-product.). In conclusion, there is no win-win situation between customer and producer because of reasons mentioned before. So, the author researches in organic product’s operation and the demand to find out the relationship between producer and consumer. Hope this research could bring positive impact in organic product’s management.

Feeding of animal has become increasingly a big challenge for smallholder farmers in the dry season in most of Sahelian countries. Sheep has an important role in social and economical activity of smallholder farmers. Millet stover (MS) and groundnut haulms (GH) are the main crop residues used. Among concentrates, millet bran (MB) and wheat bran (WB) are mostly used by smallholder farmers in feeding animals. However, these crop residues and concentrates are used inadequately. MS is a poor quality roughage diet, legume residues such as GH and brans are rich in nutritive value. The general objective of this study was to develop a feeding technology transferable to smallholder farmers by supplementing MS with GH, MB and WB to increase the growth performance of sheep during the dry season. The first study evaluated the effect of chopping millet stover (Pennisetum glaucum L. R. Br.) in sheep feeding and the degradability in sacco of feeds. Two Holstein cows were used to determine the degradability in sacco of feeds. The potential dry matter degradability (g/kg) were 846, 809, 730, 410, 550 and 370 for millet bran (MB), wheat bran (WB), groundnut haulms (GH), millet stover, leaves plus sheath and stems of MS respectively. The potential nitrogen degradability (g/kg) of MB, WB and GH were 865, 908 and 817 respectively. The nitrogen content was 7.4, 15.1, 22.0 and 26.2 g/kg for MS, GH, millet bran and wheat bran respectively. The effects of chopping millet stover (MS) on dry matter intake in Oudah bicolor sheep were studied in Maradi, Niger. Four treatments were T0 (unchopped MS), T1 (MS chopped, 50 cm), T2 (MS chopped, 25 cm) and T3 (MS chopped, 10 cm). A randomized block design was applied on 36 sheep, implying 9 sheep per treatment (T0, T1, T2 and T3). The treatment T2 or 25 cm chopping size gave the best MS intake of 560 g/day. The second study evaluated the effects of supplementing millet stover (MS) with groundnut haulms (GH), millet bran (MB) and wheat bran (WB). These supplements can improve the feed value of MS and promote live weight gain of sheep in the dry season. The purpose of this study was to develop a feeding technology transferable to smallholder farmers by supplementing MS. The study was conducted in two successive phases. The phase 1 of 66 days, evaluated the effect of GH, MB and WB supplementations on MS intake and growth performance of sheep, the phase 2 of 14 days, assessed the effect of GH, MB and WB supplementations on intake and digestibility of MS. Six treatments were constituted, namely, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 formed by four levels of GH (0, 200, 400, 600g) and two others (600g GH + 100g MB) and (600g GH + 75 g WB) respectively. A randomized block design was applied on 36 Oudah bicolor sheep, implying 6 male lambs per treatment (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6). The GH supplementation levels had a linear effect (P<0.001) on dry matter intake (DMI) of MS, cell wall and nitrogen. Millet stover intake (MSI) decreased significantly with increasing level of GH. However the total dry matter intake (TDMI) significantly increased with GH levels. MB increased (P<0.05) both TDMI, TOMI and nitrogen intake (NI), (P<0.001). WB increased MSI (P<0.05), TDMI and TOMI (P<0.01), NI (P<0.001) and cell wall intakes. GH supplementation had both a linear and quadratic effect on DM digestibility of MS, cell wall and nitrogen digestibility. GH had a linear and significant effect (P<0.001) on live weight gain (LWG) and efficiency. The maximum average daily gain (80.5 g/day) was obtained with treatment 6 followed by the treatment 5 (68 g/day). The animals of treatment 1 received MS stover alone and lost their weight (-19.13 g/day). It is concluded that groundnut haulms, millet bran and wheat bran had good nutritive value whereas millet stover had low nutritive value. The 25 cm chopping size was the one to propose to smallholder farmers. The supplementation of MS as the basal diet with GH and brans enhanced sheep production through improvements in digestibility and intakes of TDM, TOM, cell wall and nitrogen. Key words: Millet stover; groundnut haulms; millet bran; wheat bran, chopping; intake; degradability; growth performance; Oudah bicolor sheep.
Thesis (M.Sc.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.

Litter conditions are managed during poultry rearing to provide a comfortable environment for the chickens and reduce the potential of odour impact on surrounding communities. This study aimed to identify and quantify the properties of poultry litter in Australian meat chicken sheds that influence odour formation and emissions. Litter conditions were evaluated in terms of litter moisture content, pH, water activity and oxygen concentration. Litter samples collected from meat chicken sheds during the eight week grow-out period showed that litter conditions varied spatially, within the litter profile, during the grow-out and between grow-outs. Litter conditions were measured at discrete positions across the litter and within the profile to describe the full range, rather than measuring average conditions.Water affects many of the chemical, physical and microbial properties of litter and yet research revealed a lack of knowledge in terms of the water balance within meat chicken sheds and litter properties, especially moisture content, water holding capacity and water activity. An equation combining theoretical and empirical inputs was developed to estimate the water addition to litter during a grow-out. This was combined with experimental measurements of water holding capacity and evaporation rate to identify periods of the grow-out when litter conditions were at risk of deteriorating. Addition of manure during a grow-out was found to increase the water holding capacity of litter and reduced water activity, which is a measure of the availability of water within litter that affects friability and microbial growth.Odorant emission rates were measured for different litter conditions in meat chicken sheds and during a laboratory based study where meat chickens were reared in a pen with a litter floor. Emission rates of volatile organic compounds and sulfur compounds (VOC and VSC) from the litter surface were measured using flux hoods and analysed by a combination of TD-GC-MS, TD-GC-SCD and PTR-TofMS methods. Emission rates of some odorants were found to be significantly affected by litter conditions (when litter was characterised as ‘wet’ or ‘dry’) and the length of the grow-out. Odour activity values indicated which individual odorants made the biggest contribution to wet and dry litter odours.

Intensive poultry farming releases contaminated gases, odors, microorganisms and large concentrations of dust particles. Dust particles have a negative effect on the health of humans and animals. Dangerous particles with a diameter of less than or equal to 4 m, which can travel to the gas exchange area of the human respiratory system, pose a great health risk. The aim of this thesis is to measure PM10 dust particles in intensive poultry farms depending on the age of the chickens. Another goal is to compare the results between farms and compare them with the values shown in Table 5.15 on page 157 of document Final TWG meeting for review of the IRPP (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control) BREF (Reference Document on Best Available Techniques). The measurements were carried out at the farm Alas a.s. in Hartmanice and at the farm Farma u lesa a.s. in Sudoměřice u Bechyně.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
化學工程系
97
The poultry or large livestock farms always produce odor in composting of fecal matters. Biofilters are usually used for controlling odorous gases, such as ammonia, methylamine, sulfide and volatile organic compound. Overdue milk and phosphate are usually added to the biofilter and provide the nutrient for biofilm growth. In the present study, recovery of nutrients was assessed from the blowdown of a biofilter from a large chicken farm in Tainan containing 20,000 mg/L of phosphate, 8,000 mg/L of ammonium and 835.8 mg/L of nitrate. Both calcium and magnesium salts were used as precipitants, respectively. Effects of pH and molar ratio of metal to phosphate were examined, and the experimental results were compared with modeling data as predicted by PHREEQC. Results revealed that maximum removal efficiencies of phosphate were 98% and 99% when using MgCl2 and CaCl2, respectively. The precipitates are mostly bobierrite (Mg3(PO4)2•8H2O) and hydroxyapatite (Ca5(PO4)3OH, HAP). Solution pH is also a significant parameter in the process. In general, removal efficiency of phosphate increases with increasing pH value. The favorable pH for magnesium and calcium salts are approximately at pH 9 and 10, respectively. Excess magnesium and ammonium concentrations seem to induce the formation of struvite (MAP) at pH 8.5.

碩士
國立中山大學
生物科學系研究所
101
Avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 was isolated from numerous dead aquatic birds at Qinghai Lake in 2005, and wild migratory aquatic birds have been suggested as the reservoir of influenza A virus. Our laboratory revealed that wild birds used poultry farms oftentimes in 2008 to 2009. In particular, the Cattle Egret was the most possible bridge species to spread avian influenza virus. Cattle Egrets used habitats with migratory birds, but also entered poultry farms as their main area of activity. If the migratory birds infected with avian influenza virus co-habitat with Cattle Egret, it will increase the risk of spread of avian influenza virus to poultry. The aim of this study was to use radio-tracked Cattle Egrets to determine their diurnal behavior and activity patterns between non-breeding season and breeding season at Daliao and Lujhu in Kaohsiung. The interactions between Cattle Egret and migratory birds, domestic birds and poultry were investigated to determine the possibility of spread avian influenza virus by Cattle Egret. The results showed that the average proportion of diurnal behavior was not different among all bird between breeding and non-breeding seasons. The proportion of diurnal behavior between male and female were different in the two seasons. The home range was not different among all individuals between breeding and non-breeding seasons. The home range difference between Daliao and Lujhu only in the breeding seasons. Four Cattle Egrets spent 100% of the daytime, and four spent 83% of daytime in poultry farms, and two individuals spent more than 67% in the poultry farms. Cattle Egret had high proportion of time interacting with poultry. In addition, poultry farms are the main foraging and activity area for Cattle Egret. This increases the opportunity for Cattle Egret to contact with poultry. Large home range over 200 hectares and high density of poultry farms in Taiwan increase the risk of spread of influenza virus between Cattle Egret and poultry.