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BACO, ABDUL-AZIZ ISHAK. "TALLOW FOR LAYING HENS (POULTRY, FAT, PERFORMANCE, AMINO ACIDS)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/188112.
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Effects of tallow supplementation on dietary nutrient and minimal amino acid utilization in the laying hen were studied in two experiments. In the first experiment diets contained six levels of animal tallow ranging from 0 to 10%. Percent egg production and egg mass were not significantly affected by tallow. Body weight was significantly increased by 2% tallow was maximum at 6%. Addition of up to 6% fat improved feed conversion without adversely affecting other production characteristics. Metabolizable energy (ME) intake increased from 305.1 to 322.4 kcal/hen/d over the range of 0 to 6% tallow with no further improvement at higher tallow levels. Maximum net energetic efficiency was obtained with 2 and 4% tallow. Ability to digest tallow declined significantly with hen age. Higher tallow ME values were obtained from calorimetry data than from digestibility measurements due to beneficial effects of tallow on digestibilities of fat and protein in the basal diet. No improvement in starch retention was observed with tallow supplementation. In the second experiment, diets containing four levels of protein (15.0, 13.6, 15.0 + methionine and 17.0%) without and with 3% tallow were fed to hens housed in an open cage house or an insulated, evaporatively cooled house. Egg production and egg mass were significantly higher in the insulated house. This study indicates that reducing total protein below the National Research Council (NRC, 1984) recommended level significantly reduced egg production by birds housed in an open house. Supplemental methionine to provide .60% TSAA was required for maximum egg production. Egg production was significantly improved with the low protein diet when 3% tallow was added; however, egg production rate supported by this combination was significantly below that obtained with the 17% protein diet either with or without added tallow. For birds housed in the insulated, evaporatively cooled house the diet based on the NRC amino acid recommendations appeared to be optimal for performance, even with a lower protein level. No additional benefits were obtained in egg production with 3% tallow in any of the diets under these housing conditions.
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Samat, Noraini. "Improvement of phytase efficacy in poultry through dietary fat supplementation." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/18032/.
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Phosphorus in phytate is largely unavailable to chickens unless they are provided with dietary phytase. Phytase was shown to increase phytate degradation in the crop and proventriculus-gizzard and very little phytate degradation occurred in the duodenum-jejunum or ileum. These previous investigations were conducted on chickens fed corn based diets but not with wheat based diet. Increase in digesta passage or mean retention time (MRT) along the gastrointestinal tract could enhance phytase efficacy as the prolonged reaction time between substrates and phytase may further facilitate phytate dephosphorylation. Dietary fat and fibre supplementation have been shown to influence intestinal MRT in chickens therefore it is expected that inclusion of both dietary fat and fibre could be manipulated to further improve phytase efficacy in broiler chickens. Three experiments and preliminary studies were conducted: 1) to assess the effect of methodology on estimation of phytate hydrolysis and P digestibility in young broilers and 2) to investigate whether or not dietary fat and fibre could further improve phytase efficacy in broilers fed diets containing wheat by delaying digesta MRT. In the preliminary study, in order to facilitate analysis of limited digesta samples, a sample preparation protocol involving H2SO4 digestion for sequential analysis of titanium and other minerals in feed and digesta was established. It was also found that blood protein interfered with the colorimetric analysis of P and myo-inositol, thus deproteinization is required. Continuous feeding prior to sampling was recommended to obtain adequate amount of digesta for digestibility related analyses. In the first study, feeding duration (1 h or 5 h) and 1 h feeding followed by feed withdrawal and refeeding prior to sampling significantly affected the concentration of phytate, inositol phosphates and measured degradation and digestibility of phytate-P in different segments of gastrointestinal tract, which could lead to overestimation or underestimation of degradation and digestibility values. Therefore, it is also recommended to collect digesta samples at least 3 h after the start of photoperiod and avoid sampling 4 h prior to dark period when lighting program is applied. In the second study, 5% fat inclusion had no significant effect on growth performance, while phytase supplementation at 1500 FTU/kg improved feed intake (FI) and body weight gain (BWG). However, interactions between both factors additively increased FI from 804g to 1,221g, BWG from 630 g to 904 g, ileal phytate degradation by 44% and ileal P digestibility by 17%. Adding cellulose as filler in pellet-crumbled diet has diluted the nutrient concentration in 5% fat diet that eventually led to poorer FCR. However, phytase supplementation eliminated the negative effect of nutrient dilution by improving performance of chickens as good as those fed those fed 5% fat diet without cellulose addition. In the third study, a combination of 1500 FTU/kg phytase supplementation with 5% fat increased crop digesta MRT and improved phytate-P degradation compared to with 1% fat, providing evidence for the role of fat in improving phytase efficacy in broilers. This thesis has shown the importance of methodology standardization in estimating phytate hydrolysis and P digestibility and the role of dietary fat and fibre in improving phytase efficacy in broilers.
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Greene, Donna Mechelle. "Use of Poultry Collagen Coating and Antioxidants as Flavor Protection for Cat Foods Made with Rendered Poultry Fat." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9848.
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Poultry skins and rendered poultry fat are by-products produced in excess at rendering plants. The use of low value by-products such as poultry collagen, from poultry skins, and fat to improve flavor and quality in dry pet food could be economically attractive. This study examined a poultry collagen coating as a protective barrier against oxidation in dry cat food made with rendered poultry fat. Collagen was extracted from chicken skins, dissolved in an acidic solution, applied to dry cat food and dried to form a surface film. Six treatments were examined: kibble, kibble with fat, kibble with collagen, kibble with fat and collagen, kibble with fat, BHA/BHT and collagen and kibble with fat, tocopherol and collagen. There were two storage conditions: ‘jungle condition’ (42°C and 83% relative humidity) and ‘ambient condition’ (21°C and 51% relative humidity). In ‘jungle conditions’, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was measured
over an eight-day period at day 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8. In ‘ambient conditions’, TBARS was measured over a thirty-day period at day 0, 7, 14, 21, and 30. Water activity and moisture contents were measured. There were significantly higher TBARS (P<0.05) for the control kibble at both storage conditions. There was significantly higher fat percentage (P<0.05) in all treatments with the additional fat coatings. Fatty acid compositions showed slight changes during storage. There were some changes in the aroma profile of the kibble with fat treatment having musty, moldy and plastic aromas at both storage conditions. The volatile aromas might be an indication of oxidation in the poultry fat.Master of Science
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Desjardins, Paule. "Characterization of adipocyte adrenergic receptors in broiler chickens." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69595.
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Radioreceptor binding studies were carried out in broiler chickens in order to characterize adrenergic receptors on their abdominal fat adipocytes. The radioligands ($ sp3$H) DHA and ($ sp3$H) YOH were used to identify $ beta$- and $ alpha sb2$-adrenoceptors respectively. The determination of receptor criteria indicated that the optimal protein concentration for the simultaneous binding of both receptor types was between 0.35 and 1.0 mg/ml. Pharmacological specificity for both $ beta$- and $ alpha sb2$-adrenoceptors was demonstrated using receptor specific antagonists and an agonist. Saturation isotherms indicated that ($ sp3$H) DHA and ($ sp3$H) YOH labelled with high affinity, a homogenous population of non interacting $ beta$- and $ alpha sb2$-binding sites respectively. Scatchard analysis of the saturation data for ($ sp3$H) DHA revealed a Kd value of 8.1 nM and a Bmax value of 420 fmol/mg protein, while ($ sp3$H) YOH binding had a Kd value of 7.0 nM and a Bmax value of 68 fmol/mg protein. The variation in $ beta$- and $ alpha sb2$-adrenoceptor binding parameters was then investigated on the abdominal fat pad adipocytes of male and female broiler chickens at 4, 6 and 9 weeks of age. Scatchard analysis of the binding data for $ beta$-adrenoceptors indicated that Bmax values were greater in male and female broilers at 9 weeks of age (p $<$ 0.05) and that overall Bmax values were greater in females than in males (p $<$ 0.05). Scatchard analysis of $ alpha sb2$-adrenoceptor binding revealed that in females Bmax values remained constant but differed at all ages in males. The $ beta$-adrenoceptor Bmax values were always significantly greater (p $<$ 0.05) than the corresponding $ alpha sb2$-adrenoceptor Bmax values.These results established for the first time the existence of adrenergic receptors on broiler chicken adipocytes using a radioreceptor binding assay. Although the physiological implication of these receptors is not known, it is a critical step toward the understanding of the influence of the adrenergic system on adipose tissue metabolism in avian species.
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Kassama, Lamin Samboujang. "Pore development in meat products during deep-fat frying." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19513.
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The relationships between moisture loss and oil uptake and their effects on porosity, pore size distribution and pore structure during deep-fat frying of chicken breast meat were investigated. Chicken meat samples were deep-fat fried in an industrial fryer. The frying oil temperatures were 170, 180 and 190°C and samples were fried for times ranging from 5 to 900 s.
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Al-Marzooqi, Waleed Said. "Use of supplemental lipase enzyme and detergent to improve fat digestion in poultry." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ33198.pdf.
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Lumbuenamo, Sita Ntula. "Effects of age and diet on exocrine pancreas function and fat digestibility in poultry." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184810.
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Three experiments were conducted to study changes in exocrine pancreas function in relation to age, dietary fat and digestibility in poultry. In the first experiment, 120 White Leghorn and 120 Hubbard chicks were fed a basal diet with or without 5% animal fat. Total units of lipase, amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in pancreas increased linearly with age in Hubbards from 2 to 29 days, but plateaued after 16 days in Leghorns. Hubbards showed higher total pancreatic lipase, amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin activities compared with Leghorns. Addition of 5% dietary fat significantly increased total lipase activity in pancreas, but decreased total amylase activity. Added fat had no well defined effect on total pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin activities. Fat digestibility in Leghorns fed the low fat diet increased significantly from 14 to 30 days of age, but not in Leghorns fed the high fat diet; while Hubbards fed both diets showed a significant decrease in fat digestibility. Fat digestibility was increased with added fat in both breeds. No direct correlation was found between nutrient digestibility and corresponding enzyme activity. In the second experiment, 80 young White Leghorn hens were fed a basal diet with or without 5% animal fat. Fat supplementation did not generally significantly affect lipase activities, but total lipase activity in pancreas decreased after 10.6 and increased after 12.7 mo in pancreata of birds fed both diets and fed the high fat diet, respectively. Fat digestibility was not affected by age, but was higher with fat supplementation. In the third experiment, 96 older White Leghorn hens were fed a basal diet with or without 5% animal fat. Total pancreatic lipase activity showed a U-shaped curve with the lowest value at 15.7 mo and increased after 15.7 mo following either natural or force molting. Fat supplementation did not significantly affect lipase activities. Amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin activities decreased with age from 10.2 to 15.7 mo, but were increased with fat supplementation. Fat digestibility was not affected by age, but was significantly higher with fat supplementation.
8
Bowman, Alan Stuart. "The role of dietary fat in increasing egg weight in the domestic hen (Gallus dometicus)." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23736.
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Smith, Natasha. "The effect of the dietary inclusion of canola oilcake, full-fat canola and sweet lupins on the production performance and fat composition of broilers and pigs." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1215.
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Gilbert, André. "The value of dietary fats for improving reproductive performance of broiler breeder chickens /." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59945.
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The effects of dietary fat on the reproductive performance of broiler breeder chickens have been studied. Individually caged broiler breeders were fed diets with or without added fat during 19-wk reproductive period. In Experiment 1, only the females were subjected to dietary treatments: control (no added fat), 3% animal-vegetable fat blend (A-V fat, 3% corn oil (CO)), while the males received a non-added fat diet. In Experiment 2, only the males were fed diets containing 0 or 3% of either A-V fat or CO while the females were provided a non-added-fat diet.In Experiment 1, added dietary fat produced significantly higher fertility and early embryonic livability. In Experiment 2, inclusion of 3% CO in the males' diets significantly increased late embryo livability and total embryo survival resulting in a significantly higher hatchability. There were no differences in semen characteristics among dietary treatments. These data indicate that the contribution of the male is not restricted to the fertilization of eggs but is also related to embryonic livability. The addition of fat significantly affected the fatty acid composition of the phospholipid fraction of the spermatozoa cells.
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Fotouhi, Ardakani Nasser 1959. "Incidence of growth hormone gene polymorphisms in strains of chicken selected for abdominal fat content or resistance to avian leukosis virus or Marek's disease." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60657.
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Chicken strains divergently selected for either abdominal fat deposition, avian leukosis (ALV) resistance or Marek's disease (MD) resistance were analyzed for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in the growth hormone gene (GH). A total of four polymorphisms were identified, one at a SacI restriction site (PS1) and three at MspI restriction sites (PM1-PM3). Restriction mapping indicated that all polymorphisms were in exons and/or introns and not in flanking regions of the gene. Selection for abdominal fat composition significantly affected the frequency of polymorphisms at PM2, but not at the other restriction sites (p $<$ 0.0004). The PM2$ sp{+}$ allele (presence of a restriction site) was fixed in the fat line and occurred at a frequency of 63% in the lean line. Selection for ALV-resistance resulted in significant differences in the frequency of polymorphisms at PS1 and PM3. Selection for MD resistance also affected the frequency of polymorphisms at PS1 and PM3.
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Dimock, Hugh Douglas. "Plasma levels of insulin, glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide in relation to adiposity in genetically selected fat and lean chickens." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63169.
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Marx, Fábio Ritter. "Biodisponibilidade da gordura em dietas para carnívoros : efeitos dietéticos e da espécie animal." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/143158.
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As gorduras são componentes importantes em dietas para carnívoros, porém o aproveitamento pelos animais sofre influência de fatores inerentes à composição das dietas, principalmente fibras e minerais, que precisam ser melhor estudados. Os trabalhos que avaliam as perdas endógenas de gordura nas fezes (PEGF) e os efeitos na digestibilidade aparente da gordura são escassos e divergentes. Desta forma, os objetivos destes estudos foram: determinar as PEGF em cães e mink; utilizar as PEGF para obtenção dos valores de digestibilidade verdadeira da gordura; além de avaliar os efeitos da composição de fibras dietéticas e a inclusão de emulsificantes no aproveitamento da gordura por cães. No primeiro estudo, as PEGF foram mensuradas em cães adultos. Dietas com níveis crescentes de gordura de frango foram utilizadas e as PEGF dos cães foram determinadas a partir de análises de regressão. As PEGF foram expressas em relação ao peso corporal (PC) dos animais, 155 mg/kg PV/dia, ou em relação ao consumo de gordura na matéria seca (MS), 7,9 g/kg MS consumida. A digestibilidade aparente total da gordura apresentou aumento conforme o consumo. A digestibilidade verdadeira total da gordura, corrigida para PEGF, não variou mediante o consumo de gordura. A relação entre PEGF e consumo de gordura foi maior em dietas com baixa gordura e explica o aumento na digestibilidade aparente da gordura quando concentrações maiores são consumidas. No segundo estudo, as PEGF foram determinadas em mink. Dietas com níveis crescente de óleo de soja foram formuladas e as PEGF avaliadas por regressão. Foi obtido o valor de 0,5 g/100g MS consumida, próximo ao relatado em cães. No terceiro estudo foi avaliada a influência das fibras dietéticas e da lecitina de soja na digestibilidade aparente da gordura em dietas para cães adultos. Foram avaliadas três fontes de carboidratos, amido de milho, celulose e polpa de beterraba, combinadas ou não à lecitina de soja. A polpa de beterraba reduziu a digestibilidade aparente e verdadeira da gordura em cães, aumentou o teor de umidade e elevou o escore fecal, porém ainda dentro da faixa considerada ideal. A lecitina de soja não apresentou efeito de melhora na digestibilidade dos macronutrientes e da energia das dietas.Fats are important components of carnivores diets, however inherent factors of diets composition, mainly fibers and minerals, may affect its use by the animals, requiring further studies. Studies evaluating endogenous fat loss (EFL) and the effects on apparent total tract digestibility of fat are limited and divergent. The objectives of these studies were: to determine the EFL in dogs and mink; apply the EFL to calculated the true total tract digestibility of fats; and to evaluate the effects of dietary fiber composition and an emulsifying agent on fats digestibility in dogs. On the first study, the EFL was evaluated in adult dogs. Diets with increasing levels of poultry fat were used and the EFL was determined by regression analysis. The EFL was obtained according to the dogs’ body weight (BW) as 155 mg/kg BW/day, or according to dry matter (DM) fat intake, as 7.9 g/kg DM intake. The apparent total tract digestibility of fat increases according to the intake level. However, the true total tract digestibility of fat, EFL corrected, remained unaffected by fat intake. The relation between EFL and fat intake is higher for low fat diets and explains why the apparent digestibility increases according to intake. On the second study, the EFL was measured in mink. Diets with graded levels of soybean oil were offered and the EFL evaluated by regression. The value of 0.5 g/100 g DM intake was obtained, close to the reported with dogs. The third study assessed the influences of dietary fibers and soy lecithin on apparent total tract digestibility of fat in adult dog diets. Were evaluated three carbohydrate sources; corn starch, cellulose and beet pulp; combined or not with soy lecithin. The beet pulp decreased apparent and true total tract digestibility of fat in dogs, increased the moisture level of faeces and the faecal score, yet the faeces still had good quality. The soy lecithin did not improve digestibility of macronutrients and energy of diets.
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Gaiotto, Juliano Benedito. "Determinação da energia metabolizável de gorduras e sua aplicação na formulação de dietas para frangos de corte." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-23112004-144905/.
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Foram realizados dois experimentos de metabolismo para a determinação da energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para nitrogênio (EMAn) e digestibilidade aparente (DG) de diferentes gorduras para as fases pré-inicial, inicial, crescimento e final de frangos de corte. Um terceiro experimento foi realizado para avaliar o ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar e viabilidade de frangos de corte alimentados com dietas suplementadas com gorduras com valores energéticos determinados no experimentos de metabolismo. Nos experimentos de metabolismo os tratamentos consistiram de uma dieta referência e 5 dietas obtidas pela substituição de 10%, peso por peso, da dieta referência pelas seguintes gorduras e suas misturas: óleo de soja (OS), óleo ácido (OA), óleo de vísceras de aves (OV), 50% de óleo de soja com 50% de óleo ácido (OS50/OA50), 50% de óleo de soja com 50% de óleo de vísceras de aves (OS50/OV50) no primeiro experimento e as misturas: 75% de óleo de vísceras de aves com 25% óleo soja (OV75/OS25), 75% óleo de vísceras de aves com 25% óleo ácido (OV75/OA25), 50% de óleo ácido com 50% óleo de vísceras de aves (OA50/OV50), 75% de óleo ácido com 25% óleo de vísceras de aves (OA75/OV25), 75% de óleo ácido com 25% de óleo de soja (OA75/OS25) no segundo experimento. A dieta referência era baseada em milho e farelo de soja, formuladas sem gordura suplementar. Em cada experimento foram realizados 4 ensaios correspondentes às fases de criação. Utilizaram-se 4 repetições por tratamento em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. No primeiro experimento os valores de EMA, EMAn e DG do OA mostraram-se inferiores (p<0,05) às demais gorduras. A EMA, EMAn e a DG do OS50/OA50 e do OS50/OV50 não apresentaram diferenças (p>0,05) em relação ao OV e OS nas fases pré-inicial, inicial e crescimento, porém na fase final, essas misturas resultaram em energias metabolizáveis similares ao OV, menores que o OS e superiores ao OA. A DG das dietas com misturas de gordura não diferiu (p>0,05) das dietas com OS e OV em todas as fases estudadas. No experimento 2 os valores de EMA, EMAn e DG para as misturas OA75/OV25, OA75/SO25, OA50/OV50 foram inferiores as demais gorduras nas fases pré-inicial, inicial e crescimento. A EMA, EMAn e a DG do OV75/OS25 foram superiores nas fases pré-inicial, inicial e crescimento. Em ambos os experimentos, os valores de EMA e EMAn das gorduras na fase pré-inicial foram inferiores quando comparados às demais fases. No terceiro experimento utilizaram-se as mesmas fases de criação e os valores de EMAn determinados nos experimentos anteriores. Os tratamentos selecionados foram OA, OS, OV, 75OA/25OS, 50OA/50OS e 50OV/50OS, com 6 repetições e 40 aves por parcela, alimentadas com rações isoprotéicas e isoenergéticas a base de milho e farelo de soja. Foram determinados o desempenho, peso e rendimento da carcaça, peito, coxa, sobrecoxa, gordura abdominal e fígado. O OS resultou em inferior desempenho, peso da carcaça, peito, coxa e sobrecoxa em relação aos demais tratamentos. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos no acúmulo de gordura, peso do fígado, rendimentos da carcaça e das partes.Two metabolism trials were carried out to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) of fats and their mixtures. In trial 1 the treatments consisted of a basal diet and 5 diets obtained by substituting, weight by weight, 10% of the basal diets with the fat sources: soybean oil (SO), acidulated soapstock (AS), poultry offal fat (PF), 50% soybean oil and 50% acidulated soapstock (SO50/AS50), 50% soybean oil and 50% poultry offal fat (SO50/PF50). In trial 2, the following mixtures were fed: 75% poultry offal fat and 25% soybean oil (PF75/SO25), 75% poultry offal fat and 25% acidulated soapstock (PF75/AS25), 50% soapstock and 50% poultry offal fat (AS50/PF50), 75% acidulated soapstock and 25% poultry offal fat (AS75/PF25) and 75% acidulated soapstock and 25% soybean oil (AS75/SO25). The basal diet was based on corn and soybean meal, formulated with no added fat. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a completely randomized design. In each trial there were 4 assays corresponding to the pre-starter (0-10 days), starter (11-21 days), grower (22-35 days) and finisher (36-42 days) phases. In trial 1, AME and AMEn values for AS were lower (p<0.05) than those for the other fats in all phases; this can be due to the elevated level of free fatty acids in AS. AME and AMEn of the mixture SO50/AS50, as well as the mixture (SO50/PF50), were not different from those of SO and PF in the pre-starter, starter and grower phases; however, in the finisher phase these mixtures resulted in metabolizable energy similar to PF (p>0.05), lower than SO and higher than AS (p<0.05). In trial 2, AME and AMEn values were lower in the pre-starter, starter and grower phases for the mixtures AS75/PF25, AS75/SO25 and AS50/SO50 (p<0.05). AME and AMEn were higher for PF75/SO25 in the pre-starter, starter and grower phases (p<0.05). In both trials the metabolizable energy was lower for birds in the pre-starter phase than in the other phases. In a performance trial diets were formulated using the AMEn of fats previously determined for pre-starter, starter, grower and finisher phases. Selected treatments were AS, SO, PF, AS75/SO25, AS50/SO50 and PF50/SO50 with 6 replicates and 40 birds per pen. Diets were isoproteic and isoenergetic. Growth performance and carcass and parts yield were determined. Treatments did not result in significant differences (p>0.05), except for SO which was inferior to the other treatments.
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Racanicci, Aline Mondini Calil. "O efeito do uso do óleo de vísceras de aves oxidado no desempenho de frangos de corte e na estabilidade oxidativa da carne da sobrecoxa." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-29102004-104356/.
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Óleos e gorduras são matérias-primas imprescindíveis nas rações para frangos de corte quando se procura aumentar a densidade energética das rações e maximizar o desempenho das aves. No entanto, estes ingredientes podem apresentar baixa estabilidade e não é incomum o uso de óleos oxidados na fabricação destas rações, o que pode vir a prejudicar o desempenho dos animais e a estabilidade oxidativa da carne. Visando estudar estes aspectos foram realizados três experimentos com o fornecimento de óleo de vísceras de aves oxidado nas rações dos animais. Nestes estudos, o óleo recém extraído (fresco) foi mantido armazenado através do congelamento (-18 oC) e o óleo oxidado foi produzido através do aquecimento prolongado a altas temperaturas. No primeiro experimento, foi conduzido um ensaio de metabolismo utilizando-se 48 frangos machos AgRoss de 31 a 34 dias de idade alojados em gaiolas metabólicas, para determinar os prejuízos da oxidação ao valor biológico do óleo. Foi fornecida uma dieta referência ou esta dieta com a substituição de 10% pelo óleo de vísceras fresco ou oxidado, sendo cada dieta oferecida a quatro repetições de quatro aves. O período de coleta foi de quatro dias com período prévio de três dias de adaptação às gaiolas e às rações. Os resultados obtidos e expressos na matéria original foram, tanto para a energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) como para os valores corrigidos para o nitrogênio (EMAn), 17% inferiores (P<0,0001) para o tratamento óleo oxidado (7.770 e 7.595 kcal/kg, respectivamente) em relação ao tratamento óleo fresco (9.240 e 9.150 kcal/kg, respectivamente). O segundo e o terceiro experimentos foram conduzidos para avaliar os efeitos do fornecimento de dieta com óleo oxidado em comparação à dieta com óleo fresco sobre o desempenho das aves e sobre a estabilidade da carne de sobrecoxa armazenada sob refrigeração e congelamento, respectivamente. As aves experimentais (160 machos Cobb no segundo experimento e 200 machos AgRoss no terceiro experimento), foram alimentadas com rações contendo 4% de óleo de vísceras fresco ou oxidado dos 10 dias de idade até o abate. Em ambos experimentos, o consumo do óleo oxidado não afetou o desempenho das aves, nem tampouco as características da carcaça. Durante o período de armazenamento, as médias de pH e cor (valores de L*, a* e b*) não apresentaram diferenças entre os tratamentos. Contudo, a estabilidade oxidativa da carne de sobrecoxa de frangos alimentados com dietas contendo 4% de óleo oxidado foi menor, tanto para a carne resfriada, como para a congelada. Ao final dos doze dias de armazenamento resfriado, os valores de TBARS foram significativamente (P=0,0016) superiores para o tratamento óleo oxidado em relação ao fresco. Para a carne congelada, os valores de TBARS apresentaram diferença estatística (P<0,10) a partir do sexto mês de armazenamento.Fats and oils are widely used in poultry diets to increase energy density and improve broiler performance. However, some fats and oils are highly sensitive to oxidation during storage and the intake of oxidized feed may lead to poor peformance and decreased oxidative stability of poultry meat. Two experiments were conducted feeding broiler chickens with fresh or oxidized poultry offal fat to measure its effects on performance and meat stability. Fresh poultry fat was supplied by a local rendering and kept fresh by freezing (-18 oC). The oxidized poultry fat was obtained by heating at high temperatures. In the first experiment, a metabolism assay was conducted using 48 AgRoss male broilers, from 31 to 34 days of age. Birds were fed a corn-soy diet or this diet with 10% of fresh or oxidized fat. The results of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and N-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) were 9,240 and 9,150 kcal/kg (as fed-basis) when fed as fresh poultry fat and 7,770 and 7,595 kcal/kg when fed as oxidized poultry fat. These data indicate a 17% reduction on AME and AMEn values (P<0.0001) for the oxidized fat, probably due to the negative effects of lipid oxidation. The second and the third experiments were conducted to evaluate broiler performance and oxidative stability of thigh meat stored chilled and frozen. Birds (160 male Cobb chicks in the second experiment and 200 male AgRoss chicks in the third experiment) were fed a corn-soy diet containing 4% of fresh or oxidized poultry fat from 10 days to slaughter. Intake of oxidized poultry fat had no effect on bird performance and on carcass characteristics. There were no differences on meat pH and color (L*, a* and b* values) between dietary treatments during chilled and frozen storage. The inclusion of oxidized poultry fat in the birds diets depressed oxidative stability of thigh muscle during chilled and frozen storage. For the oxidized treatment, TBARS values were statistically higher (P=0.0016) at the end of 12 days of chilled storage, and were also higher (P<0.10) after six months of frozen storage.
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Alzarug, Hana. "The adding of fats to poultry diets, and additional poultry feeding behaviour phenomena." Thesis, Bangor University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.445991.
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Bushwereb, M. L. "Fats as energy-yielding sources in poultry rations." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378476.
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Seiter, Jennifer M. "The fate and speciation of arsenic in soils and poultry production systems." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 327 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1833621191&sid=7&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Mante, Nii Ofei Daku. "Influence of wood on the pyrolysis of poultry litter." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34973.
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Pyrolytic oils produced from poultry litter differ in physico-chemical properties and the chemical composition. The litter is composed of manure and bedding material with traces of spilled feed and feathers. The type and amount of bedding material was varied to investigate its influence on the pyrolysis of layer manure. 400g of each feedstock: manure, wood (pine and oak), and mixtures of manure and wood in proportions (75:25 50:50, and 25:75 w/w %) respectively were subjected to fast pyrolysis at 450oC in a fluidized bed reactor. The total pyrolytic oil yield ranged from 43.3% to 64.5 wt%. The highest bio oil yield and the lowest char yield were obtained from oak wood. The manure oil had the highest HHV of 29.7 MJ/kg, the highest pH (5.89), the lowest density (1.14 g/cm3) and a relatively low viscosity of 130cSt. The oils had relatively high nitrogen content ranging from 5.88wt% to 1.36 wt%; low ash content (approximately <0.07wt %) and low sulfur content (<0.28wt %). FT-IR, 13CNMR, and 1HNMR analysis showed that manure oil was rich in aliphatic hydrocarbon and primary and secondary amides and the addition of wood introduced oxygenated compounds like aliphatic alcohols, phenols, aromatic ethers, and carbonyl/carboxylic groups into the oil. TG/DTG analysis also showed that the thermal decomposition of the oils were different depending on the amount and the type of wood in the manure/wood mixture.
The parametric variables used for the mixture of 50% manure and 50% pine wood shavings study were; temperature (400-550°C), nitrogen gas flow rate (12-24 L/min), and feed rate (160-480 g/h). The results showed that the pyrolysis product yields, physical properties and the chemical composition of the oil were influenced by all parameters. Temperature was the most influential factor and its effect on the liquid, char and gas yields were significant. It was evident that depending on the gas flow rate and the feed rate, a maximum oil yield (51.1wt.%) can be achieved between 400-500 oC. Also an increase in temperature significantly increased the oil viscosity and decreased the carbonyl/carboxylic and the primary aliphatic alcohol functional groups in the oil.
The study on the influence of wood on the stability of the oils when stored at ambient conditions for 8 months in a 30ml glass bottle showed that the viscosity of the oils increases when stored, however the manure oil was relatively more stable and the oil from the 50/50 mixture for both pine and oak was the least stable. It was found that the stability of the oils from the manure and wood mixtures were dependent on the amount and the type of wood (pine or oak) added to the manure. Also the addition of 10% solvent (methanol/ethanol) to the oil from 50% manure and 50% pine reduced the initial viscosity of the oil and was also beneficial in slowing down the increase in viscosity during storage.Master of Science
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Revell, Kenneth Todd. "The effect of fast pyrolysis biochar made from poultry litter on soil properties and plant growth." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36493.
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Little is known about the effect of biochar created from poultry litter on soil properties and plant growth. Five studies were conducted using biochar made by the fast pyrolysis of poultry litter. Two were greenhouse studies and three were field studies. The greenhouse studies were conducted with a sandy loam soil and a silt loam soil. First, lettuce (Lactuca sativa L) seeds were germinated in the greenhouse across biochar incorporation rates from 0 to 100%, and secondly a trial was conducted in which green peppers (capsicum annum L) were grown in soils with up to 5% biochar by weight. Elemental analysis was completed on the biochar and the soils were analyzed for bulk density (BD), water holding capacity (WHC), pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), soluble salts (SS) and extractable nutrients. The field studies all used the rates of 0, 4.5, and 9 Mg ha-1 biochar and the rates were applied in the early spring of 2009 and 2010. Biochar was surface applied on a tall fescue pasture [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh. (=Festuca arundinacea Schreb. subsp. arundinacea)] and tilled in on two green pepper field sites. The soils were analyzed for carbon (C) content, pH, CEC, Mehlich 1 P, and SS. No significant difference was found in yields at any of the three sites, but differences in forage quality were found. Biochar made from poultry litter showed several benefits as a soil amendment in all the studies, but application rates would be limited by soil test P and pH.Master of Science
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Tarrant, Ryan Carl Allen. "Influence of a Biodegradable Litter Amendment on the Pyrolysis of Poultry Litter." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35126.
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The effects of adding a biodegradable litter amendment (AmmoSoak), developed from steam exploded corncobs, to poultry litter prior to pyrolysis on the product yields and qualities were investigated. Mixtures of litter and AmmoSoak were pyrolyzed in a bench-scale fluidized bed reactor. The objective of the second phase was to start-up a pilot-scale fluidized bed reactor unit.
The poultry litter had a lower higher heating value (HHV), higher moisture, ash, nitrogen, sulfur, and chlorine contents than AmmoSoak. Analysis of the poultry litter indicated a mixture of volatiles, hemicelluloses, cellulose, lignin, ash, and proteins. AmmoSoak had a simpler composition than the litter; mainly hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignin. Bench-scale studies indicated that adding AmmoSoak affected the yields and characteristics of the products.
Addition of Ammosoak increased the bio-oil and syngas yields and decreased char yields. Adding AmmoSoak to the feed decreased the pH, water contents, initial viscosity, and the rate at which the viscosity increased with time, while densities and HHVs increased. The addition of Ammosoak to poultry litter also increased the carbon and oxygen contents of the boi-oils while nitrogen, hydrogen, sulfur, chlorine and ash contents decreased.
A pilot-scale fluidized bed reactor was designed, constructed, installed and investigated for the pyrolysis of poultry litter. Fluidization and thermal equilibrium of the reactor were successfully demonstrated. The reactor was heated by combustion of propane. To ensure complete combustion, the combustion water was collected and compared to the stoichiometric yield. Complete combustion was achieved. Bio-oil yields on the pilot scale were lower than those obtained on the bench-scale pyrolysis unit. The water soluble fractions of the bio-oils were rich in oxygen. Water insoluble fractions were rich in carbon and ash.Master of Science
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Pashi, Katenda. "An economic analysis of the production and utilization of high-oil corn on mixed crop and beef cattle farms in north central Missouri /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3025643.
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Fan, Min. "Fate and transport of herbicides in a sandy soil in the presence of antibiotics in poultry manures." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86927.
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Antibiotics are widely used in the livestock industry for preventing disease and improving feed efficiency. Many antibiotics are not completely absorbed by animals and they are excreted in urine and feces. When manure containing such antibiotics is used as a fertilizer, it can affect the degradation of pesticides since antibiotics inhibit the action of bacteria in soils or kill the bacteria. A ninety-day field lysimeter study was conducted to assess the effects of antibiotics on the degradation of three herbicides, atrazine, metribuzin and metolachlor, in a sandy soil. Poultry manures, respectively containing monensin, narasin and salinomycin, were used to investigate the effects of antibiotics on the degradation of herbicides, and were compared with a control treatment of manure without antibiotics. Herbicides were applied once to the soil surface of lysimeters at the locally recommended rates, followed by the application of poultry manures. The lysimeters were protected from natural rainfall, and the simulated rainfall was applied seven times. Both soil and leachate samples were collected and analyzed at predetermined time intervals. In the experiment, all the three herbicides were found to leach down through the soil profiles, and their concentrations decreased with soil depth and time. The statistical analysis of the results shows that all the three antibiotic treatments yielded a significantly slower dissipation of herbicide levels compared with the non-antibiotic treatment. The mass balance study reveals that the half lives of the three herbicides were significantly longer in the presence of antibiotics as compared to the control treatment without antibiotics. These results indicate that antibiotics in poultry manures can significantly slow down the degradation of the three herbicides in soil and therefore, increase the threat of herbicide pollution in the environment.Les antibiotiques sont couramment utilisés dans l'industrie du bétail pour prévenir les maladies et améliorer l'efficacité flux. Beaucoup d'antibiotiques ne sont pas complètement absorbés par les animaux et ils sont excrétés dans les urines et fèces. Lorsque le fumier contenant des antibiotiques est utilisé comme un engrais, il peut affecter la dégradation des pesticides puisque les antibiotiques contenus inhiber l'action de bactéries dans le sol ou tuer ces bactéries. Une étude de lysimètre de champ de quatre-vingt-dix-jour a été effectuée pour évaluer les effets des antibiotiques sur la dégradation de trois herbicides, atrazine, métribuzine et métolachlore, dans un sol sableux. Trois traitements des fumiers de volaille contenant monensine, narasine et salinomycine ont été utilisés pour étudier les effets des antibiotiques sur la dégradation des herbicides, et ont été comparés avec un traitement de contrôle de fumier sans antibiotiques. Herbicides étaient appliqués une fois à la surface de sol de lysimètres aux taux recommandés localement, suivie par l'application de fumiers de volaille. Les lysimètres ont été protégés des précipitations naturelles, et les précipitations simulées ont été appliqués sept fois. Des échantillons de sol et des échantillons d'eau ont été recueillis et analysées à intervalles de temps prédéterminés. Dans l'expérience, tous les trois herbicides ont été trouvés à s'infiltrer à travers les profils de sol et leurs concentrations ont diminués avec la profondeur du sol et de temps. L'analyse statistique des résultants ont montré que tous les trois traitements antibiotiques ont donnés une dispersion des niveaux d'herbicide sensiblement plus lent par rapport au traitement nonantibiotic. L'étude du bilan massique a révélé que les demi-vies des herbicides ont été significativement plus long avec l'utilisation d'antibiotiques comme par rapport au ce traitement de contrôle s
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McGill, Jeremy Parker Firman Jeffre D. "Effect of high peroxide value fats on performance of broilers in normal and immune challenged states." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6471.
Full textAbstract:
Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 18, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Thesis advisor: Dr. Jeffre D. Firman. Includes bibliographical references.
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Morello, Gabriela Munhoz. "INFLUENCE OF FAN OPERATION ON FAN ASSESSMENT NUMERATION SYSTEM (FANS) TEST RESULTS." UKnowledge, 2011. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/153.
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The use of velocity traverses to measure in-situ air flow rate of ventilation fans can be subject to significant errors. The Fan Assessment Numeration System (FANS) was developed by the USD-ARS Southern Poultry Research Laboratory and refined at the University of Kentucky to measure air flow of fans in-situ. The procedures for using the FANS unit to test fans in-situ are not completely standardized. This study evaluated the effect of operating fan positions relative to the FANS unit for ten 1.22 m diameter fans in two types of poultry barns, with fans placed immediately next to each other and 1.6 m apart. Fans were tested with the FANS unit placed near both the intake and discharge sides of the tested fans. Data were analyzed as two Generalized Randomized Complete Block designs (GRCB), with a 2 (FANS inside or outside) x 6 (operating fan combinations) factorial arrangement of treatments. Results showed significant differences as much as 12.6 ± 4.4% between air flow values obtained under conditions of different operating fan combinations. Placing the FANS unit outside provided valid fan test results. A standardized procedure for using the FANS unit to test fans in-situ was elaborated and presented in this work.
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Sprinkle, Amy Lyn. "Pelletized poultry litter as a nutrient source for turfgrass sports fields." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 85 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1833621181&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Sosienski, Theresa Ann. "The Occurrence and Fate of Steroid Hormones from Manure Amended Agriculture Fields." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78342.
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Hormones are endocrine disrupting compounds, which have been shown to alter the sexual development of aquatic organisms. Animal manure applications to agricultural fields for nutrient management can be a source of environmental hormones. This dissertation investigates the occurrence of hormones in fields applied with various manures and their adjacent streams, as well as the effect of manure application technologies on the fate of hormones in soils, sediments, and runoff. A total of 11 hormone compounds were studied. All studied analytes were quantified using liquid chromatography and triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry following various sample extraction and clean-up strategies.
The spatial and temporal distribution of manure-associated hormones in a manure surface applied agricultural field and adjacent stream was studied at time points up to 7.5 months after a routine manure application. Hormones were detected mainly in the top 0-5cm soils. Significantly higher levels of hormones were found in the drystack applied area of the field when compared to dairy manure slurry applied portion.
New technologies for the subsurface application of poultry litter show promise as a tool to reduce the transportation of environmental hormones in surface runoff. Once adequate
sampling protocols were established; it was determined that subsurface injection of both dairy manure and poultry litter reduced the impact of manure surface runoff. Hormones also showed little vertical and lateral movement in the soil.
The transformation rates of 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione, 4-androstene-3,17-dione and estrone were studied comparing the effects of temperature, soil type, and application type. The calculated half-life of 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione in poultry litter surface-applied soils was 1.9 times higher than that in the poultry litter subsurface-injected soils, indicating a faster dissipation rate in the injection slits. Estrone persisted at detectable levels for the duration of the study in all treatments.
The continued use of best management practices and innovative manure management techniques for the reduction of nutrients, sediment and other contaminants has the potential to also reduce hormone transport to the natural environment. Monitoring many different types of hormones in all areas of an environmental system will continue to provide better information on the occurrence and fate of hormones sourced from manure amended soils.Ph. D.
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Staats, Kristin Estelle. "Phosphorus in alum amended poultry litter systems distribution, speciation, and interactions with aluminum oxides /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 119 p, 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=974435941&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Gandhi, Arpita S. "Analysis of time course microarray data for dynamic inference of gene regulatory networks." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 53 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1605156441&sid=5&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Mukandi, Melody. "Modelling of a bioflocculant supported dissolved air flotation system for fats oil and grease laden wastewater pretreatment." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2637.
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Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.In the recent past, the poultry industry in South Africa has grown due to an increased demand of poultry products as a result of population growth and improved living standards. Furthermore, this has led to poultry slaughterhouses generating high strength wastewater which is laden with a high concentration of organic and inorganic pollutants from the slaughtering process and sanitation of equipment and facilities. As a result, South Africa has promulgated restrictions and a set of quality standards for effluent discharged into the environment to minimize ecological degradation and human health impact. Hence, there is a need for improved Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater (PSW) pre-treatment prior to either discharge into municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) or on-site secondary treatment processes such as anaerobic digesters. Additionally, amongst the pre-treatment methods for Fats, Oil and Grease (FOG) laden wastewater, flotation remains the most popular with Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) system being the most applied. However, modelling and optimization of a biological DAF system has never been attempted before in particular for a bioflocculant supported DAF (BioDAF) for PSW pre-treatment. Process modelling and optimization involves process adjustment to optimize influential parameters. In this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to develop an empirical model of a BioDAF for pre-treatment of PSW, for which a bioflocculant producer including production conditions, flocculant type and its floc formation mechanism, were identified. Twenty-one (n = 21) microbial strains were isolated from the PSW and their flocculation activity using kaolin clay suspension (4g/L) was quantified, with a mutated Escherichia coli (mE.coli) [accession number LT906474.1], having the highest flocculation activity even in limited nutrient conditions; hence, it was used for further analysis in other experiments. Furthermore, the optimum conditions for bioflocculant production achieved using RSM were pH of 6.5 and 36°C conditions which induced instantaneous bioflocculant production with the highest flocculation activity. The bioflocculant produced by the mE.coli showed the presence of carboxyl/amine, alkyne and hydroxyl functional groups, which was indicative that the bioflocculant contained both polysaccharides and some amino acids.
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Licata, Matthew J. "The efficacy of combined infectious bronchitis/Newcastle disease vaccines." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 112 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=1253510101&Fmt=7&clientId=79356&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Sun, Peizhe. "Transformation of veterinary ionophore antibiotics under conditions related to water-soil-litter systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/51880.
Full textAbstract:
Veterinary pharmaceuticals are routinely used in livestock production to treat diseases, prevent infections, and promote growth. However, the potential release of pharmaceuticals from agricultural activities has raised concerns because they may pose detrimental effects to the ecosystems and human health, for example fostering the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the natural environment. A better understanding of the environmental fate of veterinary pharmaceuticals is critical to properly assess and mitigate their risks. This dissertation focuses on a major group of veterinary pharmaceuticals, ionophore antibiotics (IPAs), which is sold at over 4 million kilograms per year and constitutes more than one third of the total antibiotic consumption by the livestock industry in the U.S. Despite the extensive usage of IPAs, their environmental fate was not well-understood. Therefore, this study aimed at achieving a comprehensive understanding of the occurrence, persistence, and transformation of IPAs from poultry litter before and after applications to the agricultural lands. Three of the most commonly used members of IPAs were investigated in this study: monensin (MON), salinomycin (SAL), and narasin (NAR). Based on the common management practices of poultry litter, the potential abiotic and biotic transformation reactions of IPAs were examined under varying conditions relevant to the water-soil-litter systems.
This dissertation consists of three sections. First, a robust analytical method was developed to quantify IPAs in various environmental compartments, especially in high organic-containing matrices such as poultry litter, and soil and runoff from litter-fertilized lands. Efforts were made to optimize the analytical method with respect to improving extraction recovery, reducing matrix effects, and validating a surrogate standard. Second, lab-scale experiments were set up to determine the chemical properties of IPAs in aqueous environments and to study the abiotic transformation of IPAs, including hydrolysis and photolysis. The results showed that IPAs are prone to hydrolytic transformation in acidic environments, which are likely to be encountered in acidic soils, alum-amended litter (alum: Al₂(SO₄)₃•12H₂O), and acidic runoff. Multiple transformation pathways were proposed based on the identified hydrolysis products. It is also noteworthy that the hydrolysis products of MON still exhibited a toxic effect on the selected microorganism (Bacillus subtilis). SAL and NAR were found to undergo direct photolysis under both UV light and sunlight irradiation. In natural water matrix, IPAs were also degraded by indirect photolysis with hydroxyl radicals generated by light-excited nitrate. Dissolved organic matter can shield IPAs from light and slow down their photolysis. Third, the biodegradation potential of IPAs was first tested in litter and soil microcosms. Factor analysis was conducted to delineate the interaction of water and temperature on IPA degradation in the litter. Litter-fertilized and non-fertilized soil microcosms were compared on the degradation of MON and SAL. Furthermore, the inhibition and biotransformation potential of IPAs were assessed under different redox conditions with litter-enriched cultures. Inhibition tests focused on examining IPAs’ impact on microbial community functions, including denitrification, sulfate-reduction, and methane production. Biodegradation tests were conducted with different electron acceptors, including oxygen, nitrate, sulfate, and organic carbons, with efforts to elucidate primary biotransformation products.
On the basis of the results obtained in this study, several recommendations on litter management and IPA selection were made to help mitigate the release and transport of IPAs, as well as enhance their degradation. Overall, this study significantly improved the understanding of the environmental fate of IPAs and the obtained knowledge can aid proper selection of IPAs and management strategies in future applications to minimize the risks of antibiotic micropollutants in the environment.
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Lopes, Gustavo Aníbal Pizarro Bravo Ferreira. "Biodiesel Production from Poultry fat." Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/62147.
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Lopes, Gustavo Aníbal Pizarro Bravo Ferreira. "Biodiesel Production from Poultry fat." Dissertação, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/62147.
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Zhong, Cheng. "Dietary energy manipulation on fat deposition and metabolism in broilers." Thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/37425.
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The objective of this work was to define the effects of
dietary energy intake on broiler fat deposition and
metabolism. Fatty broilers are one of the major problems in
the broiler industry.
The effects of changing calorie to protein (Cal/Pr)
ratios, and the addition of cellulose or dried distiller's byproduct
(DDBP) in the diet, on abdominal fat deposition, liver
lipogenesis and glucose oxidation and broiler performance
indicated that the mean body weight of broilers fed narrower
Cal/Pr ratio diets (124 and 143 for starter and grower,
respectively) were lower (P<.01) than broilers fed diets with
mid-Cal/Pr ratios (138 and 160) and wide Cal/Pr ratios (147
and 171). Feed conversion was better (P<.01) for broilers fed
the diet with wide Cal/Pr ratio than the broilers fed the diet
with narrow Cal/Pr ratio. Abdominal fat deposition increased
(P<.001) with wide Cal/Pr ratio than narrow Cal/Pr ratio. No
significant differences were found in in vitro liver
lipogenesis and glucose oxidation when Cal/Pr ratio was
widened. Mean body weight, feed conversion and abdominal fat
levels of broilers fed 5% cellulose or 10% DDBP diets were not
different when compared to broilers fed diets with the same
Cal/Pr ratio without these two feed ingredients.
The time-course of the deposition of abdominal fat
fitted a negative exponential growth curve. The data also
indicated that the highest potential for abdominal fat
deposition was during the first two weeks of age. When the
feed intakes of broilers were restricted for a 6 day period
beginning at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks of age, the feed efficiencies
of all the restricted broilers were significantly improved
compared with broilers fed ad libitum. No significant
differences were observed in mean body weight between the
different treatments. The percentage of abdominal fat in
broilers restricted-fed starting either at 1 or 2 weeks old
for a 6-day period were lower (P<.05) than broilers fed ad
libitum. Feed restriction from days 7 to 12 reduced the
adipocyte size but not the number. Feed restriction decreased
(P<.05) lipogenesis at 2 and 8 weeks of age. No significant
effects were found in lipolysis between the restricted and ad
libitum-fed broilers. These studies demonstrate that early
feed restriction (days 7 to 12) reduced abdominal fat
deposition which is attributed to the reduction in the
adipocyte size. Smaller size adipocyte resulted from
decreased activity of lipogenesis.Graduation date: 1991
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Hix, Rebecca J. "Effects of saponin-containing extracts on fat digestibility, growth, and nutrient availability in domestic fowl." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/33070.
Full textAbstract:
Numerous properties of Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria have been
studied with respect to the saponins in the plant. These saponins are present in the extract
as well and have been utilized commercially in the food and cosmetic industry for various
products. Saponins have detergent-like properties in the presence of water. The detergent-like
behavior of saponins plays a major role in their membranolytic properties. In
addition, emulsification effects on fat which are characteristic of surfactant-type
substances, may occur as well. Three studies were conducted using adult roosters,
growing broiler chicks, and growing Japanese quail. Various effects of supplementing
Yucca schidigera in the diets of these birds were studied such as: growth performance,
overall health, and nutrient availability. An additional experiment was conducted
comparing effects of Quillaja saponaria and Yucca schidigera extracts on body weight
and fat digestibility in adult roosters.
Addition of Yucca schidigera extract to high fat diets (tallow-based) increased
lipid excretion in roosters, broilers, and quail. In roosters, dose of yucca extract affected
excretion of lipid but no dose effects were seen in broilers or quail. Fat digestibility was
not significantly affected by addition of saponins to the diet of adult roosters. However,
fat digestibility was reduced in broilers and quail consuming a high fat diet. In general,
level of dietary fat seemed to play a role in the effects of Yucca schidigera supplementation in growing birds. Addition of Yucca schidigera to high fat diets resulted in decreased plasma levels of vitamin A and E in broiler chicks.Graduation date: 2000
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Hakimi, Ali Y. "Studies of managerial variables on broiler performance and abdominal fat levels." Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/35826.
Full textAbstract:
Today's consumers have shown a greater concern in the relationship between dietary fat and human health. The demand for leaner meat is continuously on the rise. The reduction of fat deposits in the abdominal area of ready-to-cook fryers, considered a waste product in the poultry industry, has become a major opportunity for the researcher.
Experiments were conducted to evaluate the merit of managerial practices affecting abdominal fat (AF) levels in broiler chickens. Factors studied included seasons of the year, source of the commercial broiler strain crosses, stocking densities, lighting systems, types of housing, dietary salt (NaCl) 1eve1s and feed restriction.
Two housing types (open-sided and windowless) and different seasons were utilized to evaluate the influence on broiler performance and AF levels. Raising broilers from the same strain cross in an open-sided building did not affect performance and AF levels. Mean body weight (BW) were highest
in fall season (1929 g ) and lowest in summer (1735 g) (p<.05) while highest and lowest % AF revels were observed in spring and winter (2.34, and 1.42 respectively).
The comparative effect of feeding regime, (full feed, FF), 95 and 90% FF), dietary salt 1evels (0, 0.25, and 0.5% of the finisher diet), stocking densities (0.06, 0.07, and 0.09 m�� of floor space per bird) and type of housing (battery cages and litter pens) were examined on broiler performance and AF lever. Ninety % FF resulted in significantly lower body weights and AF levers compared to ad libitum feeding. At 49 days of age, mean BW of broilers fed 0.5% salt were higher (P<.05) than the group not provided with salt. Altering stocking densities and rearing in battery cages failed to show any significant improvements performance and % AF.
Lighting regime 12 h light (L): 12 h dark (D), recycled during the rearing period resulted in lower (p<.05) mean BW than continuous lighting regime (CL) when applied from 5 days of age. Broilers raised on 16L:8D after 21 days had comparable performance to CL. Lighting regime of 12L:12D, recycled in combination with increasing stocking densities from 0. 06 to 0.8 m�� floor space/broiler and intermittent righting of lL:3D in combination with the addition of 0.5% salt to the diet resulted in improved (P<.05) BW with no corresponding increases in AF levels.
Factors such as season of the year, feeding of salt, and manipulation of light (up to 8 h dark) can be used as tools in reducing % AF and overall production costs.Graduation date: 1993
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Mahaney, Julie. "The metabolic fate of sorghum polyphenols in poultry." 2000. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/45549253.html.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2000.Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 51-54).
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Wang, Shih-Ping, and 王詩評. "Evaluation of Crude Extract of Abdominal Fats From Poultry on Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Mice Wound Model." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23216139644129448554.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
動物科學系所
99
Skin wound healing is a highly coordinated procedure, especially inflammation is a crucial step for the healing process. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) act as important roles in immune and inflammatory responses and also are the primary precursors of many lipoic mediators with crucial functions in the inflammatory process. The deficiency of PUFAs will cause adverse effects on cutaneous wound healing. Lots of studies showed that poultry abdominal fat contained higher level of PUFAs, therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of raw extracts of poultry abdominal fats on the inflammatory phase of the wound healing process in mice by in vivo and in vitro experiments. The crude extracts from three kinds of poultry abdominal fats(goose, turkey and ostrich) will be added different levels into cell medium, individually then the production of nitric oxide(NO), tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α) and prostaglandin E2(PGE2) by mice macrophages RAW 264.7 were determined to evaluate their efficiency in this study. Moreover, different ointments with crude extracts from goose, turkey and ostrich abdominal fat, individually ,was used to spread on skin wound of mice and the inhibition ability of inflammatory will be evaluated by TNF-α and PGE2. The results were as follow: the major saturated fatty acid of goose, turkey, and ostrich was palmitic acid (C16:0); oleic acid (C18:1) was the highest amount in MUFAs of these three birds; for PUFAs part, linoleic acid (C18:2) was the highest level in n-6 family, and α-linoleic acid (C18:3) was the highest amount in n-3 family. For in vitro experiment, added different levels of crude extract of these poultry abdominal fat did not affect RAW 264.7 cell viability. For NO test, crude extract of these poultry abdominal fat were significantly inhibited RAW 264.7 cell to produce NO, especially 100 mg ostrich fat treatment showed the best inhibition ability. For TNF-α test, crude extract of these poultry abdominal fat had no difference among the treatments and the control group. For PGE2 test, all treatments showed no significant inhibiting efficiency, but the level was exceeded up 200mg/L and resulted in PGE2 increasing. For in vivo experiment, at the 3rd hr after wounding, ostrich and neomycin ointment had better inhibition ability for TNF-α, but there was not distinguished exhibition on PGE2 inhibition. At the 24th hr after wounding, no differences were found among the treatments and positive control (neomycin treatment) on TNF-α inhibition. However, except of the goose ointment treatment a better inhibiting efficiency for PGE2 when compared to that of skin wound at the 3rd hr. In conclusion, the crude extract of poultry abdominal fat showed a significant inhibition for NO in RAW 264.7 cell, also for TNF-α and PGE2 production in mice skin would, especially ostrich abdominal fat demonstrated the best results in this study.
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(9153470), Janae H. Bos. "UTILIZING PHOSPHORUS BUDGETS AND ISOTOPIC TRACERS TO EVALUATE PHOSPHORUS FATE IN SOILS WITH LONG TERM POULTRY LITTER APPLICATION." Thesis, 2020.
Find full textAbstract:
Converting a nutrient management plan from commercial fertilizers to poultry litter helps effectively utilize waste from the nearly 10 billion broiler birds across the United States. Nine field scale watersheds from the USDA ARS Grassland, Soil and Water Research Laboratory near Riesel, TX were evaluated for P inputs and P outputs to determine phosphorus budgets for 15 years of annual application of poultry litter ranging from 75 – 219 kg P ha-1 yr-1 on cultivated and pasture/grazed fields. The cumulative net P continued to increase regardless of the application rate and had a positive relationship with soil level P (Mehlich-3 P) and flow weighted mean concentration (FWMC) for dissolved reactive P for both cultivated and pasture managed fields. We assessed hydrological connectivity within two nested watersheds by using the before-after-control-impact (BACI) design. Results showed hydrological connectivity during high rainfall years whereas low rainfall years had minimal connectivity compared to the controls. These results suggest the P contributions from upstream fields receiving poultry litter, even at high application rates, did not exhibit a treatment effect during the low rainfall years at downslope monitoring stations.
As nutrient source variability increases in nutrient management plans, improving our ability to differentiate P sources and their fate in soils is critical. We evaluated soils with unique P inputs: inorganic P, poultry litter, and cattle grazing for isotopic signatures by forming silver phosphate and determining the δ18OP. Isotopic signatures of the oxygen molecules which are strongly bound to P, provided signatures of 17.09‰, 18.00‰, and 17.20‰ for fields receiving commercial fertilizer, poultry manure, and cattle grazed, respectively. Significant effort was made to determine critical steps in the method to successfully precipitate Ag3PO4 for analysis. Results show adding a cation removal step as well as monitoring and adjusting pH throughout the method increases probability of successful Ag3PO4 precipitation. Findings from this study provide a valuable framework for future analysis to confirm unique δ18OP signatures which can be used to differentiate the fate of different phosphorus sources in agricultural systems.
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Monsalve, David. "Development of predictive models for the growth of Listeria monocytogenes on ready-to-eat meat and poultry products." 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1597597721&sid=9&Fmt=2&clientId=14215&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2008.Title from title screen (site viewed Jan. 15, 2009). PDF text: 197 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 1.61 Mb. UMI publication number: AAT 3315877. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in microfilm and microfiche formats.