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Journal articles on the topic 'Poultry feathers'
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1
Šafarič, Riko, Lidija Fras Zemljič, Miroslav Novak, et al. "Preparation and Characterisation of Waste Poultry Feathers Composite Fibreboards." Materials 13, no. 21 (2020): 4964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214964.
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The growth of poultry meat production is increasing industrial waste quantities every year. Feathers represent a huge part of the waste, and international directives and restrictions prevent landfilling of such biodegradable materials with high burning values. Furthermore, with their unique properties, poultry waste feathers are already a reliable resource for many byproducts, such as keratin extraction, fibres, hydrogel production, etc., all trying to achieve a high-added value. However, mass reduction of waste feathers into useful applications, such as development of alternative building materials, is also an important aspect. To take advantage of feathers’ thermal insulation capabilities, sound damping, and biodegradability, we worked towards mixing waste feathers with wood residues (wood shavings, dust, and mixed residues) for production of composite fibreboards, comparable to the market’s medium density fibreboards. The emphasis was to evaluate waste poultry feathers as the component of natural insulation composites, along with mixed waste wood residues, to improve their mechanical properties. Various composite fibreboards with different shares of wood and feathers were produced and tested for mechanical, thermal, and acoustic properties, and biodegradability, with comparison to typical particle boards on the market. The addition of waste feather fibres into the fibreboards’ structure improved thermal insulation properties, and the biodegradability of fibreboards, but decreased their bending strength. The sound transition acoustic loss results of the presented combination fibreboards with added feathers improved at mid and high frequencies. Finally, production costs are estimated based on small scale laboratory experiments of feather processing (cleaning and drying), with the assumption of cost reduction in cases of large industrial application.
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Wrześniewska-Tosik, Krystyna, Ewa Wesołowska, Joanna Ryszkowska, et al. "Thermal Characteristic of Keratin Fibres from Poultry Feathers and their Suitability to Conversion into Thermoset Biobased Composites." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 27, no. 4(136) (2019): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1827.
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The possibility of using animal wastes in the form of feathers for the production of various types of composites is an extremely original concept, opening to researchers a wide field for experiments and interdisciplinary scientific research. This article presents the results of studies on the thermal stability of keratin from feathers originating from various poultry slaughterhouses, as well as an example of the use of feathers for the production of thermosetting composites. The keratin protein contained in feathers, like any protein, is very sensitive to various external factors, e.g. high temperature. The scientific goal of the research presented in the article was a deep analysis of changes occurring in the structure of keratin protein in feathers during heating. The technological goal was to develop new thermosetting composites based on spun-bonded nonwovens with the addition of keratin fibres from poultry feather wastes.
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Kumari, Mannu, and Jitendra Kumar. "Chicken feather waste degradation by Alternaria tenuissima and its application on plant growth." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 12, no. 3 (2020): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v12i3.2345.
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The use of chicken as food is rising day today and as byproduct 8.5 billion tons, poultry feathers are produced worldwide, whereas India contributes about 350 million tons per annum. It is a waste product of poultry industries, are considered a potential high-quality protein supplement owing to their crude protein content of more than 85%. In the present study Alternaria tenuissima a keratinophilic fungus was used for feather degradation in submerged state fermentation and soil. Total Protein releases were studied in submerged state fermentation by A. tenuissima are 122µg/ml and 238µg/ml in 15 and 25 days respectively. Lysine, Methionine, Cysteine and Valine were found 15.8, 6.8, 20.2, 7.5 µg/ml in 25 days, respectively. Chicken feathers were mixed with soil and inoculated with spore suspension for degradation of complex keratin protein into simpler organic forms. A. tenuissima degraded feathers in soil and enhances nutritional value. Five-gram feathers in 250 g soil mixtures were found better growth enhancers and increased height. This work will reduce the solid waste generated in the form of feathers from the poultry industry, and convert it into a simpler organic form that can be used by plants.
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Adejumo, Isaac Oluseun, and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji. "Production and evaluation of biodegraded feather meal using immobilised and crude enzyme from Bacillus subtilis on broiler chickens." Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences 5, no. 10 (2018): 405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.051017.
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The management of solid wastes has been a major concern to many cities of the world due to daily increasing rural-urban migration and globalization. Due to a greater consumption of poultry meat, the disposal of feather wastes has contributed to the daily increasing environmental pollution. Agricultural wastes (such as poultry feathers) are disposed by burning, which consequently constitute environmental pollution and their chemical or mechanical conversion into animal feed normally leads to minimization of amino acids. The application of biotechnology through the utilisation of enzymes is considered an easy and inexpensive means of producing valuable products from poultry feather wastes. Bacillus subtilis was isolated from a dumping site and the plates were incubated on nutrient agar. The treatments containing 200 mL each of crude enzyme, immobilized enzyme and sterilized water were added to the bioreactor for biodegradation of chicken feathers. After hydrolysis, the feathers were dried and the products labelled microbial biodegraded feather meal. The effect of temperature, keratinolytic activity and the influence of the immobilised and crude enzyme-degraded feather meal on broiler chickens were assessed. The optimal activity and biodegradative potential of the keratinolytic enzyme was observed as 45 oC and 48 h after fermentation, respectively. The weight gain of the birds fed immobilised enzyme-degraded feather meal-based diet compared with the control. The enzyme-degraded feather meal is safe for inclusion in broilers' diet and slight feeding manipulations could improve their performance.
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Cristol, Daniel A., Jessica L. Armstrong, Justine M. Whitaker, and Mark H. Forsyth. "Feather-Degrading Bacteria do not Affect Feathers on Captive Birds." Auk 122, no. 1 (2005): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/122.1.222.
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Abstract Attention has recently been focused on microbes that occur in the plumage of wild birds and can degrade feathers under laboratory conditions and in poultry-waste composters. In particular, Bacillus licheniformis, a soil bacterium, was found in the plumage of many birds netted in eastern North America, and poultry feathers were rapidly broken down when incubated in a suspension of this bacterium (Burtt and Ichida 1999). If feather-degrading microbes affect wild birds under normal conditions, they may have played an important role in the evolution of molt, plumage color, and sanitation behavior, such as sunning and preening. We performed the first test on whether a feather-degrading bacterium can degrade feathers of live birds housed outdoors under seminatural conditions. We found no evidence that B. licheniformis degraded wing feathers of Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) when applied twice (with a two-week interval) during the winter, despite the fact that it degraded Northern Cardinal feathers when incubated in our laboratory. In a second experiment, we found no evidence that B. licheniformis degraded feathers of European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) when applied twice (with a one-week interval) during the summer, despite the fact that birds were housed in humid conditions that should have favored the growth of B. licheniformis. Las Bacterias que Degradan Plumas no Afectan las Plumas de Aves en Cautiverio
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Wu, Xiao Qian, Li Chen, Zhang Jun Cao, and Mei Hua Zhou. "Feather Degradation and Keratinase Production by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia DHHJ." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 1400–1403. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.1400.
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Feathers, as a waste, are produced in large quantities from poultry processing industry every year. In this paper, feathers were biodegraded by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia DHHJ which was isolated from soil samples. The results show that the optimal conditions for the feather degradation and the keratinase production are 2.5% feather as substrate, the initial pH of 7.8 and cultivation at 40 °C for 5 days. Salts, KCl and NaCl, can increase feather degradation slightly. The proper concentration of Tween 80 can enhance keratinase production significantly. EDTA, as a metalloprotease inhibitor, greatly inhibits keratinolytic activity.
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Choi, Jong-Myung, and Paul V. Nelson. "Developing a Slow-release Nitrogen Fertilizer from Organic Sources: II. Using Poultry Feathers." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 4 (1996): 634–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.4.634.
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The structure of feather keratin protein was modified in attempts to develop a slow-release N fertilizer of 12 weeks duration or longer by steam hydrolysis to break disulfide bonds, enzymatic hydrolysis with Bacillus licheniformis (Weigmann) to break polypeptide bonds, and steam hydrolysis (autoclaving) to hasten mineralization followed by cross-linking of the protein by a formaldehyde reaction to control the increased rate of mineralization. Release of N in potting substrate within elution columns from ground, but otherwise untreated, raw feathers occurred mainly during the first 5 weeks with a much smaller release occurring from weeks 8 to 12. Steam hydrolysis resulted in an increase of N during the first 5 weeks and a decrease during weeks 8 to 11. Cumulative N release over 11 weeks increased from 12% in raw feathers to 52% for feathers steam hydrolyzed for 90 minutes. This favored an immediately available fertilizer but not a slow-release fertilizer. Microbial hydrolysis with B. licheniformis resulted in a modest reduction of N release during the first 5 weeks and a small increase during weeks 8 to 11. Both shifts, while not desirable for an immediately available fertilizer, enhanced the slow-release fertilizer potential of feathers but not sufficiently to result in a useful product. Steam hydrolyzed feathers cross-linked with quantities of formaldehyde equal to 5% and 10% of the feather weight released less N during the first 5 weeks, more during weeks 6 and 7, and less during weeks 9 to 12 compared to raw feathers. The first two shifts were favorable for a slow-release fertilizer while the third was not.
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Pourjavaheri, Firoozeh, Farzad Mohaddes, Robert A. Shanks, Michael Czajka, and Arun Gupta. "Effects of Different Purification Methods on Chicken Feather Keratin." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 1184–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.1184.
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Every year billion kilograms of unused feathers result from the poultry industry worldwide, which in effect impose a difficult disposal process to the environment. Chicken feathers are considered as a valuable and renewable keratin protein source, which could be used advantageously in a number of applications as alternatives to feather meal and feather disposal. Although the potential applications of keratin derived from chicken feathers have been investigated, the initial purification phase has not been fully described in the literature. Original chicken feathers contain many biological organisms along with other contaminants after plucking. Unprocessed chicken feathers are considered as potentially hazardous biological materials due to the presence of blood borne pathogens; therefore, the decontamination process is very important. The purpose of this work is to compare the effects of different purification techniques on chicken feathers prior to keratin isolation. These processes include surfactant washing, soxhlet extraction with ethanol, ozone, and sodium chlorite solutions. Thermogravimetric analysis, vibrational spectroscopy, and wide angle X-ray scattering were used to characterise the purified feathers prior to keratin extraction.
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Kumar, Jitendra, and Ranjana Yadav. "Keratinolysis of chicken feather and human hair by nondermatophytic keratinophilic fungi isolated from soil." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 12, no. 4 (2020): 568–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v12i4.2398.
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Development in food industry increases consumption of chicken by people and it is estimated that tons of poultry feathers are produced by poultry farms. Hairs are other forms of keratinous waste which is generated in huge amounts by leather industries and parlours worldwide. Chicken feathers and hairs are waste contains high-quality protein, hard to degraded. Eleven nondermatophytic keratinophilic fungi were isolated from soil by hair baiting method and were used to deteriorate hairs and feathers. Pictographic authentication showed that the microbial incidence started with surface colonization of keratinous substrate, mechanical interference of substrate by penetrating hyphae and development of broad perforating organs. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of degraded and undegraded hair and the feather was made. In the sulphoxide region at 1073, the band corresponding to S-O was observed with low intensity and poorly visible in control feathers, while in degraded feather intensity of the band was high in case of Chrysosporium indicum and Chrysosporium tropicum. In Hairs, S-O band was more intense in C indicum as compared to C. tropicum while it was absent in undegraded human hair. The present work observed keratin degradation activity on human hair and chicken feather by FTIR spectra which are useful in the study of structure and mechanism of keratinolysis. Keratinous waste degradation has great potential to convert them into various byproducts such as enzymes, amino acids, biofertilizer and animal feed.
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Mézes, Lili, Tibor Bíró, János Tamás, and Mihály Petis. "Heat treatment and microbial digestion of poulty feather for biogas production." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 27 (November 15, 2007): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/27/3128.
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The aim of this research was the elaboration of the technological parameters of heat pre-treatment and microbial digestion of poultry feathers for biogas production. Feathers were treated at 70, 100, 140 °C, and subsequently digested by Bacillus licheniformis, or keratin disintegrator bacteria. Investigations focused on the optimalization of parameters influencing poultry feather biodegradation. The optimal range of pH, temperature,feather size and bacillus:feather ratio were determined in the experiments, as well as the analysis of relationship between the examined parameters. In order to be able to track the dynamics of the biodegradation, we determined the extinction level of the liquid phase of the biodegraded material in the different experimental treatments. The results showed that the rate of hydrolysis was significantly higher in the treatments with bacteria than in the treatments without it. Regarding the pretreatments at 70, 100 and 140 °C, the digestion of feather was the most intensive at 70 °C. The most extensive digestion was observed in case of 1:3 feather:water ratio. The highest intensity of feather digestion wasdetected in the treatment with 1% microbe ratio.
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Tronina, Przemysław, and Fabiola Bubel. "Production of organic fertilizer from poultry feather wastes excluding the composting process." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 10, no. 2 (2008): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10026-008-0025-3.
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Production of organic fertilizer from poultry feather wastes excluding the composting process Chicken feathers generated in large quantities by the poultry industry are hazardous for the natural environment because of their poor digestibility and their potential as a source of microbiological pathogens. Currently, the main method of feather waste management is the production of feather meal by steam pressure cooking. This technology requires a high energy input. The high costs of hydrothermal degradation of these wastes are conducive to finding other alternative possibilities of poultry wastes management. This paper describes the feather-utilization method with calcium oxide treatment in a rotational reactor, which leads to the production of organic-mineral fertilizers. The effectiveness of this method has been tested in chemical and microbiological analyses. The results of the study confirm the possibility of the environmental usage of utilization-products.
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Cornejo, Javiera, Ekaterina Pokrant, Magdalena Krogh, et al. "Determination of Oxytetracycline and 4-Epi-Oxytetracycline Residues in Feathers and Edible Tissues of Broiler Chickens Using Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry." Journal of Food Protection 80, no. 4 (2017): 619–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-320.
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ABSTRACT Antibiotics have been widely used in poultry production for the treatment of bacterial diseases. However, drug residues can remain in products derived from animals after the cessation of the drug therapies. Feathers, in particular, have shown an affinity for antibiotics such as tetracycline, suggesting the persistence of these drugs in nonedible tissue. After the birds are slaughtered, feathers are ground into feather meals, which are used as organic fertilizer or an ingredient in animal diets, thereby entering into the food chain and becoming a potential risk for public health. To evaluate the depletion of oxytetracycline (OTC) and its metabolite 4-epi-oxytetracycline (4-epi-OTC) in the muscles, liver, and feathers, 64 broiler chickens, bred under controlled conditions, were treated orally with a commercial formulation of 10% OTC for 7 days. The analytes were quantified using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. OTC and 4-epi-OTC were found in the feathers for 46 days, whereas they were found in the muscle and liver for only 12 and 6 days, respectively. These results prove that the analytes remain in feathers in higher concentrations than they do in edible tissues after treatment with tetracyclines. Thus, feather meals represent a potential source of antimicrobial residue contamination in the food chain.
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Pasayev, Nazim, and Onur Tekoglu. "The use of chicken feather fibers as filling material in Winter clothes for heat insulation purposes." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 31, no. 2 (2019): 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-11-2017-0181.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate if the fibers obtained from chicken feathers have a possibility to be used or not used in Winter outerwears as a filling material in terms of thermal insulation parameters. Design/methodology/approach In the study, thermal properties of the heat-resistant interlining samples produced from the chicken feathers fibers were analyzed in comparison with the samples produced from the industrial filling materials. Findings In the study, it was revealed that the use of chicken feathers fibers as filling material in Winter outerwears was possible. Practical implications The use of chicken feather fibers in Winter outerwears as a filling material will be an extremely low-cost alternative to pile flies of water birds which are sufficiently expensive filling materials. Social implications A significant portion of the chicken feather, which is released as a by-product in the production of chicken meat, is destroyed as industrial waste by digging or burning. Some of this product is used in the production of such cheap products as poultry feed. In the case of the production of fibers from the chicken feather, the use of these fibers as a filler in Winter clothing along with environmental protection will allow the use of this product for the production of products of higher cost. Originality/value The use of feathers’ material as a filling material in Winter outerwears has been known since ancient times. Due to the rough structure and low elasticity of chicken feathers, chicken feathers are not the best raw material for this purpose. This study revealed that it is possible to use chicken feathers as a filling material in terms of heat protection. The study is original in this respect.
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Salhi, Ahmed, Salah Kaci, and Abderrahim Boudenne. "Development of Bio-Composites Based of Polymer Matrix and Keratin Fibers: Contribution to Poultry Biomass Recycling." Materials Science Forum 714 (March 2012): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.714.237.
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Processing of the poultry feather biomass into useful products presents interesting opportunities of recycling agricultural waste material. According to a chemical process developed in our laboratory, poultry feathers were converted into wool, fibers or powder so as to meet several applications in many fields. Due to of their unique structure and to their physical properties, a suitable molding technique was performed in order to produce composite samples highly filled. The concentration range was varied from 10 to 50% by weight with an increase of 10, because of practical reasons. The morphological, thermophysical and mechanical investigations of polyester matrix filled with several concentrations of the keratin fibers show interesting results.
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Voit, Marielu, Roswitha Merle, Katrin Baumgartner, et al. "Validation of an Alternative Feather Sampling Method to Measure Corticosterone." Animals 10, no. 11 (2020): 2054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10112054.
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The most common feather sampling method for feather corticosterone measurement is by plucking the feathers from the bird’s skin. This procedure performed on living, restrained birds is qualified as an animal experiment according to German/European legislation, which has to be applied for from the competent authorities. The Directive 2010/63/EU requires the full implementation of the 3-R Principle of Russel and Burch in animal experiments, which means not only to replace the use of animals, but also to reduce the number of animals used and to refine procedures whenever possible. In response to this issue, the aim of this study was to validate an alternative, less invasive sampling method by cutting feathers close to the skin in comparison to the gold standard of plucking them. For this proof-of-principle study, a conventional poultry husbandry with trial groups of geese (Anser anser domesticus) and ducks (Anas sterilis) was selected. All birds were kept under the same living conditions to standardize the influencing factors regarding husbandry, and thus, their stress levels. Feather samples were collected between the shoulders from 46 geese and 51 ducks, both by cutting as well as by plucking, directly after slaughter for meat production. Feather corticosterone levels were measured with Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results were compared using Bland–Altman plots and concordance correlation coefficients (CCC). It could be seen that concordance between corticosterone levels in cut and plucked feathers was rather poor: 0.38 for Anser, and 0.57 for Anas. However, comparing the mean corticosterone values in pg/mm of each species with their respective standard deviations, the differences between the methods were negligible. As the results showed that the differences between the individuals were markedly greater than the differences between the methods, the determination of corticosterone levels in cut feathers is valid compared to using plucked feathers. The validation tests of ELISA showed only acceptable repeatability and reliability. Hence, the results should be verified in further studies. In conclusion, it is recommended for future research to use cut instead of plucked feathers for corticosterone measurement.
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Matikevičienė, Veslava, Danutė Masiliūnienė, and Saulius Grigiškis. "DEGRADATION OF KERATIN CONTAINING WASTES BY BACTERIA WITH KERATINOLYTIC ACTIVITY." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (August 3, 2015): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2009vol1.1107.
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The aim of this study was to select keratin-degrading bacteria from JSC “Biocentras” collection and poultry processing plant wastewater, and to study their ability to degrade chicken feathers. Isolated from poultry processing plant wastewater bacteria was grown in basal media with feathers meal and showed high keratinolytic activity and protein content throughout the cultivation time. Bacterial strains B. licheniformis 511, B. subtilis I1, B. subtilis 717, and B. subtilis 103 suggested strongly of bacteria that produces keratinolytic activity in the cell free culture supernatants. The obtained results showed that maximum activity of keratinase is a function of cultivation time by the bacteria tested. B. subtilis 103 reached to its maximum level of keratinase production (152 U/mL) after 24 hrs, when over bacteria (148-242 U/mL) after 48 hrs. The good ability of selected bacteria to degrade feathers was detected. The best biodegradation of feathers was obtained using B. subtilis I-1. Over bacillus good degraded feathers as well.
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Reddy, Narendra. "Non-food industrial applications of poultry feathers." Waste Management 45 (November 2015): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.05.023.
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Anbu, P., S. C. B. Gopinath, A. Hilda, N. Mathivanan, and G. Annadurai. "Secretion of keratinolytic enzymes and keratinolysis byScopulariopsis brevicaulisandTrichophyton mentagrophytes: regression analysis." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 52, no. 11 (2006): 1060–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w06-067.
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A survey on keratinophilic fungi from poultry-farm soils at Namakkal and from feather dumping soils at Chennai, India, revealed the existence of 34 species of fungi. Most of the fungi exhibited variable efficiency in producing extracellular keratinase when grown in plates with chicken feathers as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. The fungi Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus versicolor, Chrysosporium state of Arthroderma tuberculatum, Paecilomyces carneus, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Trichoderma viride, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes were efficient candidates to degrade the feathers. However, when cultivating the strains in submerged conditions in a medium containing chicken feathers as the sole nutrients source, Aspergillus glaucus, Chrysosporium keratinophilum, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium solani, and Penicillium citrinum also proved to be potent. Among all species, S. brevicaulis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes produced higher amounts of keratinase in both methods. Conditions for keratinase production were optimized by statistical design and surface plots. The highest keratinase activity was estimated by S. brevicaulis (3.2 KU/mL) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (2.7 KU/mL) in the culture medium with chicken feathers and shows (79% and 72.2% of degrading ability, respectively).Key words: keratin, keratinase, keratinophilic fungi, regression analysis, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes.
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GEORNARAS, IFIGENIA, AMELIA E. de JESUS, ELSABÈ van ZYL, and ALEXANDER von HOLY. "Bacterial Populations of Different Sample Types from Carcasses in the Dirty Area of a South African Poultry Abattoir." Journal of Food Protection 60, no. 5 (1997): 551–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-60.5.551.
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Bacterial populations associated with three different sample types from carcasses in the dirty area of a South African poultry abattoir were compared. The three sample types from carcasses before and after scalding included neck skin only, feathers only, and a neck skin and feather combination. The neck skin of carcasses after defeathering was also sampled. Aerobic plate counts, Enterobacteriaceae counts, and Pseudomonas spp. counts were performed on all sample types, as well as on water, air, and equipment samples from the same area. The prevalence of potential pathogens was also investigated. Neck skins sampled before and after scalding consistently exhibited the lowest counts for all bacterial types, and feathers the highest. In most cases, the bacterial numbers of the neck skin samples from pre- and postscalded carcasses were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of feather samples and neck skin and feather combination samples. Scalding of carcasses resulted in a consistent decrease of bacterial populations, reflected by all three sample types. Neck skins sampled after defeathering, however, exhibited increased bacterial numbers compared to neck skins sampled postscalding, implicating the rubber fingers of the defeathering machine as contamination sources. These equipment surfaces exhibited aerobic plate counts as high as 7.7 log CFU/cm2. Potential pathogens were isolated from product as well as selected environmental samples. The prevalence of the potential pathogens was found to vary depending on the sample type.
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Cybulska, Krystyna, and Teresa Krzyśko-Łupicka. "Antibiotics Resistance in Enterococcus Isolates From Poultry Waste." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 27, no. 2 (2020): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2020-0020.
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AbstractThe aim of the study was to evaluate the drug resistance of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from different types of poultry waste. The study material consisted of feather samples (duck, turkey, chicken), sludge and centrifuge sediment, originating from three poultry farms. The study was conducted in two stages; isolation and identification of Enterococcus bacteria from the waste and evaluation of their drug resistance using Kirby-Bauer method. Contamination of the poultry waste with Enterococcus isolates included E. faecium species (79 %) and E. faecalis (21 %). The most contaminated were sludge and sediment from the centrifuge as well as chicken feathers, irrespective of the place and time of sampling. Tested isolates showed multiple resistance and similar reaction to all antibiotics used in the study and E. faecalis strain was more resistant. Enterococcus isolates showed the highest resistance to streptogramins, carbapenems, fluoroquinones, aminoglycosides and penicillins, and the lowest for nitrofurantions and phenicols.
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Solcova, Olga, Jaroslav Knapek, Lenka Wimmerova, et al. "Environmental aspects and economic evaluation of new green hydrolysis method for waste feather processing." Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 23, no. 6 (2021): 1863–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-021-02072-5.
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Abstract In recent years, an increase in the chicken meat process industry has been growing quickly, which brings a large amount of difficult to process waste, chicken feathers. These billions of kilograms create a serious waste problem over the world, furthermore, poultry feather processing is not only particularly difficult but also relatively expensive. In fact, there is no technology suitable for processing such huge quantities of feathers to guarantee sustainable development of the chicken meat industry together with processing of waste feathers. This article introduces a newly designed and original, highly efficient and environmentally friendly method of physicochemical hydrolysis of waste feathers. The hydrolysis is carried out in the presence of a weak organic carboxylic acid; thus, the resulting hydrolysate does not contain any salts or ashes. Therefore, a resulting hydrolysate, which includes a mixture of amino acids, peptides, proteins, glycoproteins and free fatty acids, is suitable for a variety of applications; e.g. as a chondroprotective agent in the treatment of joint diseases, nutrients for crop plants or targeted biostimulants for agriculture. This paper is focused not only on the process scale-up but also on environmental aspects and economic evaluations to bring general view of the process. Graphic abstract
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Brenner, Markus, Crisan Popescu, and Oliver Weichold. "Anti-Frothing Effect of Poultry Feathers in Bio-Based, Polycondensation-Type Thermoset Composites." Applied Sciences 10, no. 6 (2020): 2150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10062150.
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The formation of polycondensation-type thermoset resins from natural reactants such as citric and glutaric acid, as well as 1,3-propanediol and glycerol, was studied. Monitoring the mass loss by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) allowed the rate constants of the esterification to be calculated, which were in the order of 7·10−5 s−1 for glutaric acid and approximately twice as high for citric acid. However, the combination citric acid/glycerol was previously reported to froth up at high conversions, giving rise to foams, which makes the preparation of compact engineering composites challenging. In light of this, we observed that shredded poultry feathers not only increased the conversion and the reaction rate of the combination citric acid/glycerol, but increasing the amount of feathers continuously decreased the number of visible bubbles. The addition of 20 wt% of feathers completely prevented the previously reported frothing and gave rise to compact materials that were macroscopically free of defects. Besides this, the addition of feathers also improved the fire-retardant properties. The tensile properties of the first specimens are still rather low (σ = 11.6 N/mm2, E = 750 N/mm2), but the addition of poultry feathers opens a new path for green thermoset resins.
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Mazotto, Ana Maria, Rosalie Reed Rodrigues Coelho, Sabrina Martins Lage Cedrola, et al. "Keratinase Production by Three Bacillus spp. Using Feather Meal and Whole Feather as Substrate in a Submerged Fermentation." Enzyme Research 2011 (August 1, 2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/523780.
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Three Bacillus species (B. subtilis LFB-FIOCRUZ 1270, B. subtilis LFB-FIOCRUZ 1273, and B. licheniformis LFB-FIOCRUZ 1274), isolated from the poultry industry, were evaluated for keratinase production using feathers or feather meal as the sole carbon and nitrogen sources in a submerged fermentation. The three Bacillus spp. produced extracellular keratinases and peptidases after 7 days. Feather meal was the best substrate for keratinase and peptidase production in B. subtilis 1273, with 412 U/mL and 463 U/ml. The three strains were able to degrade feather meal (62–75%) and feather (40–95%) producing 3.9–4.4 mg/ml of soluble protein in feather meal medium and 1.9–3.3 mg/ml when feather medium was used. The three strains produced serine peptidases with keratinase and gelatinase activity. B. subtilis 1273 was the strain which exhibited the highest enzymatic activity.
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TODA, Yasuhiro, and Michio NONAKA. "Utilisation of Poultry Waste Feathers -1. Industrial Phase." Shigen-to-Sozai 114, no. 6 (1998): 432–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai.114.432.
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Kaul, Sanjana, and Geeta Sumbali. "Keratinophilic fungi from feathers of Indian poultry birds." Mycologist 14, no. 4 (2000): 148–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-915x(00)80028-2.
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Kumar, Jitendra, and Suman Mahal. "Isolation of Chrysosporium indicum from poultry soil for keratinase enzyme, its purification and partial characterization." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, no. 2 (2021): 744–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i2.2609.
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Keratinases are produced by microorganisms as fungi, actinomycetes and bacteria and have the capacity to degrade tough insoluble keratin proteins, including feathers. Feathers are waste produced from the poultry industry worldwide and accumulated as solid waste. Therefore, keratinolytic fungal strains Chrysosporium indicum were isolated by hair baiting method from poultry farm soil of Punjab, India. Isolated C. indicum were screened for proteolytic activity on skimmed milk agar. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FeSEM) analysis confirmed morphological characters as C. indicum. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis was studied for the structural and mechanism analysis of feather degraded during keratinase production. Keratinase enzyme was purified 48.03% recovery by ammonium sulphate precipitation, dialysis for desalting and chromatography. Diethylaminoethyl sepharose (DEAE sepharose) and Sephadex-G75 column were used to perform chromatography and partial characterization of the keratinase for temperature, pH, and substrate. The maximum keratinase activity was observed at 500C, at pH 10. The maximum enzyme activity of 289.1 U/ml was observed with keratin powder as substrate and minimum enzyme activity 67.1 U/ml with keratin azure. This is the first report on the purification and characterization of keratinase by C. indicum using DEAE sepharose as affinity chromatography for the purification of the keratinase enzyme.
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Vilchez, Victoria, Elena Dieckmann, Tekla Tammelin, Christopher Cheeseman, and Koon-Yang Lee. "Upcycling Poultry Feathers with (Nano)cellulose: Sustainable Composites Derived from Nonwoven Whole Feather Preforms." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 8, no. 38 (2020): 14263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c04163.
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Chauhan, Deepak K., Padma L. Patnam, Sudip K. Ganguly, and Suman L. Jain. "A two in one approach: renewable support and enhanced catalysis for sweetening using chicken feather bound cobalt(ii) phthalocyanine under alkali free environment." RSC Advances 6, no. 57 (2016): 51983–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra06842a.
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Taghiyari, Hamid R., Jeffrey J. Morrell, and Antonios N. Papadopoulos. "Wollastonite to Improve Fire Properties in Medium-Density Fiberboard Made from Wood and Chicken Feather Fibers." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (2021): 3070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073070.
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Poultry is a crucial global protein source.However, processing creates sizable quantities of feathers as a by-product. Identifying suitable uses for these feathers poses a major challenge. One possible use would be as an extender in medium density fiberboards (MDF). At the same time, feathers might also modify the inherent fire resistance of the resulting panels, suggesting the need for additives to enhance fire performance. The potential for using feathers to supplement wood in MDF panels was evaluated in conjunction with the addition of wollastonite. The effects of using 5% or 10% feathers with or without 10% wollastonite were investigated. Adding 5% feathers did affect properties. However, simultaneous addition of 10% wollastonite resulted in panels with improved fire performance properties and increased the ability of panels to dissipate heat. The results suggest that feathers could be a resource for extending timber supplies for MDF production, especially with wollastonite to improve fire performance.
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George, Brian R., Anne Bockarie, Holly McBride, David Hoppy, and Alison Scutti. "Utilization of Turkey Feather Fibers in Nonwoven Erosion Control Fabrics." International Nonwovens Journal os-12, no. 2 (2003): 1558925003os—12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925003os-1200212.
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Currently, between two and four billion pounds of feathers are produced annually by the poultry processing industry (1). These feathers present a disposal problem, and are usually converted to animal feed. A method of effectively stripping the feather fibers from the quill without damaging the fibers has been patented, and as a result research is being conducted to determine uses for these fibers (4). Current research has focused on creating latex bonded fabrics containing turkey feather fibers for utilization as erosion control fabrics. These fabrics have been compared with currently available erosion control fabrics to determine their suitability for this particular purpose. The turkey fiber fabrics performed similarly to the commercially available erosion control fabrics tested in terms of light and water transmittance. None of the fabrics significantly affected the pH, nitrogen or phosphorus content of the soil even though the turkey fabrics had fully decomposed by the conclusion of the experiment. The turkey fabrics increased soil moisture content and decreased soil compaction, which are critical properties for successful ecological restoration of habitats. One significant drawback of the turkey fabrics was difficulty in handling and installation on the site compared to the two commercial erosion control fabrics tested.
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Suo, Decheng, Peilong Wang, Zhiming Xiao, et al. "Multiresidue Determination of 27 Sulfonamides in Poultry Feathers and Its Application to a Sulfamethazine Pharmacokinetics Study on Laying Hen Feathers and Sulfonamide Residue Monitoring on Poultry Feathers." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 67, no. 40 (2019): 11236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02782.
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Cao, Lintao, Xianming Shi, Xuran Liu, and Jianlin Wu. "Laboratory study on the properties of plastering mortar modified by feather fibers." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 20, no. 3 (2013): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2012-0065.
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AbstractThis laboratory study explores the development of plastering mortar modified by feather fibers, so as to lay the groundwork for utilizing poultry feathers in thermal-insulation materials and removing them from waste streams. The laboratory testing measured the consistency value, porosity, compressive strength and thermal conductivity of various cement mortar mixes as a function of feather fiber dosage. The experimental data were used to determine the appropriate weight fraction of feather fibers in the mortars for thermal insulation. The results indicate that the incorporation of feather fibers decreased the consistency value of fresh mortar and increased the surface roughness and porosity of hardened mortar. Under the investigated conditions, as the content of admixed fiber increased, both the compressive strength and thermal conductivity of hardened mortar decreased remarkably before leveling off. The desirable dosage of feather fibers falls in the range of 0.2–0.7% by mass of dry mixture.
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Chiramba, Rue, Gratitude Charis, Nonhlanhla Fungura, Gwiranai Danha, and Tirivaviri Mamvura. "Production of activated carbon from poultry feathers for waste water treatment." Water Science and Technology 80, no. 8 (2019): 1407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.388.
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Abstract Contamination of water bodies by heavy metal ions is a challenge many developing nations like Zimbabwe face, with negative environmental and socio-economic repercussions. Treating affected bodies usually requires a costly consignment of chemicals and activated carbon. This research investigates the possible use of an abundant waste resource – poultry feathers – to make activated carbon for heavy metal ion removal. Poultry consumption in this nation generates more than five million tonnes of feathers a year, with very few uses of this by-product. This research was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of activated carbon synthesized from poultry feathers with sodium hydroxide as the activating agent. It was tested for removing heavy metal ions from waste water at Lake Chivero and the experimental work done showed that it had a removal efficiency as high as 97%, with a high affinity for lead ions as compared with chromium ions. Upon characterization, the activated carbon showed an iodine number of 520 mg and it worked best at a pH value of 8. The efficiency removal also increased with increasing adsorbent concentration as well as contact time up to a period where these factors ceased to be the limiting factors of the reaction.
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Pulidori, Elena, Simone Micalizzi, Emilia Bramanti, et al. "One-Pot Process: Microwave-Assisted Keratin Extraction and Direct Electrospinning to Obtain Keratin-Based Bioplastic." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 17 (2021): 9597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179597.
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Poultry feathers are among the most abundant and polluting keratin-rich waste biomasses. In this work, we developed a one-pot microwave-assisted process for eco-friendly keratin extraction from poultry feathers followed by a direct electrospinning (ES) of the raw extract, without further purification, to obtain keratin-based bioplastics. This microwave-assisted keratin extraction (MAE) was conducted in acetic acid 70% v/v. The effects of extraction time, solvent/feathers ratio, and heating mode (MAE vs. conventional heating) on the extraction yield were investigated. The highest keratin yield (26 ± 1% w/w with respect to initial feathers) was obtained after 5 h of MAE. Waste-derived keratin were blended with gelatin to fabricate keratin-based biodegradable and biocompatible bioplastics via ES, using 3-(Glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) as a cross-linking agent. A full characterization of their thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties was performed by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, uniaxial tensile tests, and water permeability measurements. Their morphology and protein structure were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and attenuated total reflection-infrared spectroscopy. All these characterizations highlighted that the properties of the keratin-based bioplastics can be modulated by changing keratin and GPTMS concentrations. These bioplastics could be applied in areas such as bio-packaging and filtration/purification membranes.
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Gladiy, M. V., Yu F. Melnik, V. G. Kebko, Yu P. Polupan, and I. I. Murzha. "MODERN TECHNOLOGIES OF PROCESSING OF POULTRY WASTES AND PRODUCTION OF HIGH-PROTEIN FEED ADDITIVES: DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN EXPERIENCE." Animal Breeding and Genetics 51 (March 28, 2018): 302–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.51.41.
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The article highlights different technologies of aviculture wastes recycling, first of all feather raw materials, for fodder purposes, in particular hydrothermal method, extrusion method, thermochemical method, and method of high temperature and high pressure. Hydrothermal method of recycling of meat and bone wastes in the horizontal vacuum boilers has quite satisfactory results, but ineffective in the processing of feather raw materials. More effective methods of raw feathers processing are ones with the use of extrusion process and thermochemical machining, but due to the complexity of processes, large amount of outlay and unsatisfactory sanitary and environmental conditions these technologies are not widely used in manufacturing. European experience of non-waste production and processing of aviculture wastes deserves deeper studying, particularly recycling of raw feathers, by processing method with high temperature and high pressure at continuous technological process and the possibility of using these technologies in the domestic large-scale production at poultry farms of industrial type.
 The purpose of the work was to study domestic and foreign advanced technologies of processing of non-food wastes of poultry products and production of high-protein feed additives and to consider the widespread introduction of the most effective ones in domestic manufacture on an industrial scale.
 The main wastes of processing of poultry products are gastrointestinal tract and its content, bone frame in the case of deep processing of carcasses, heads, legs, and other expired products, blood and, above all, feather raw materials, which totally constitute 20% of poultry weight. Recycling of meat and bone wastes from poultry slaughtering is carried out in horizontal vacuum boilers (so called Laps boilers), which are mainly used for animal origin wastes at sanitary-veterinary factories, united in association "Ukrvetsanzavod."
 The vacuum horizontal boiler for the production of fodder flour from animal raw materials wastes at the sanitary-veterinary utilization factories is a cylindrical metal frame located on stilts, which has a loading manhole and unloading pipes and on the outside of a cylindrical frame – a shell for heating of the frame with pipes for filing and withdrawal of the heat carrier and shaft, which is mounted along the length of the frame, with a mixer, fixed on the ends by bearings. Hot steam is the heat carrier for temperature processing of raw materials, which is supplied directly from the boiler room into the frame shell.
 In order to improve horizontal vacuum boiler for producing fodder flour from animal raw material wastes and to reduce its prime cost the special device was designed for its heating by using electricity. To do this on the outside of boiler (for its heating) there is a bullet made of the refractory material with three electric heaters, covered with a layer of insulation.
 In our country animal origin feed production has recently decreased, and the price of imported fodder is extremely high due to the reduction in livestock numbers and their processing. At the same time, Ukraine has gained intensive development of the poultry industry, particularly growing the broiler chickens and processing their meat at the large poultry farms of industrial type. Herewith, the substantial amount of non-food wastes from poultry products processing (gastrointestinal tract, bone frame in the case of deep processing of carcasses, dead poultry, blood, feather raw materials etc.) is not used for fodder purposes in many poultry farms. Furthermore, in order to get rid of wastes from poultry and livestock products processing, and instead of organizing high protein feed additives production from them, the technologies of destruction them by burning are developed, which can’t be considered reasonable solution to this problem. It is not only the reason of significant losses of valuable high-protein raw material for animal origin fodder, but also leads to environmental pollution. Therefore, in the conditions of a shortage of animal origin fodder, the use of non-food poultry products processing wastes is not only a great resource saving value, but simultaneously solves some environmental problems.
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Berendsen, Bjorn J. A., Gerrit Bor, Henk W. Gerritsen, Larissa J. M. Jansen, and Tina Zuidema. "The disposition of oxytetracycline to feathers after poultry treatment." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 30, no. 12 (2013): 2102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2013.843026.
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Okanovic, Djordje, M. Ristic, S. Kormanjos, S. Filipovic, and B. Zivkovic. "Chemical characteristics of poultry slaughterhouse byproducts." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 25, no. 1-2 (2009): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0902143o.
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In this study, nutritional components that are obtained during poultry slaughtering having significance with respect to processing into animal feeds were investigated. By-products obtained during poultry slaughtering are considered very valuable raw materials for production of highly valuable animal feeds and energetic feeds. Recognition of chemical and physical characteristics of the raw materials represents essential prerequisite for conduction of any technological process, for proper raw materials handling as well as for the equipment and machines design that are necessary for acceptance and processing of the inedible slaughterhouse by-products. Authors have found that the nitrogen complex of the examined raw materials contains predominantly proteins. Digestible nitrogen for all investigated raw materials equals approximately with total nitrogen content, indicating that all proteins from these raw materials are accessible for utilization in animal organism, with exception of feathers that need special technological processing. Basic chemical composition, nitrogen fractions and amino acid composition of the inedible by-products from poultry slaughterhouses indicate that the processing of these raw materials could be directed into production of swine and pet feeds production, as well in production of bio fuels and biogas. Blood and feathers anyhow represent significant protein source, and soft wastes, heads and legs, as well as the mixed raw material, besides as protein source, can be regarded as raw fat source. .
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Evans, Michael R., and David L. Hensley. "Plant Growth in Plastic, Peat, and Processed Poultry Feather Fiber Growing Containers." HortScience 39, no. 5 (2004): 1012–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.5.1012.
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A biodegradable container made from processed waste poultry feathers was developed, and plant growth was evaluated in plastic, peat, and feather containers. Under uniform irrigation and fertilization, dry shoot weights of `Janie Bright Yellow' marigold (Tagetes patula L.), `Cooler Blush' vinca [Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don.] and `Orbit Cardinal' geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum L.H. Bailey) plants grown in feather containers were higher than for those grown in peat containers, but lower than those grown in plastic containers. Container type did not significantly affect dry shoot weights of `Dazzler Rose Star' impatiens (Impatiens walleriana Hook.f.). `Better Boy' tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L.) dry shoot weights were similar when grown in peat and feather containers. Feather containers were initially hydrophobic, and several irrigation cycles were required before the feather container walls absorbed water. If allowed to dry, feather containers again became hydrophobic and required several irrigations to reabsorb water from the substrate. Peat containers readily absorbed water from the substrate. Substrate in peat containers dried more rapidly than the substrate in feather containers. Plants grown in peat containers often reached the point of incipient wilting between irrigations, whereas plants grown in feather containers did not. This may have been a factor that resulted in higher dry shoot weights of plants grown in feather containers than in peat containers. Tomato plants grown in feather containers had higher tissue N content than those grown in plastic or peat containers. The availability of additional N from the feather container may also have been a factor that resulted in higher dry shoot weights of plants grown in feather containers than in peat ones. Under non-uniform irrigation and fertilization, dry shoot weights of impatiens and vinca grown in feather containers were significantly higher than those of plants grown in plastic or peat containers. When grown under simulated field conditions, geranium dry shoot weights were significantly higher for plants initially grown in feather containers than for those initially grown in peat containers. Container type did not significantly affect dry shoot weights of vinca when grown under simulated field conditions. As roots readily penetrated the walls of both feather and peat containers, dry root weights of vinca and geranium were not significantly affected by container type when grown under simulated field conditions.
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Sello, Cornelius Tlotliso, Chang Liu, Yongfeng Sun, et al. "De Novo Assembly and Comparative Transcriptome Profiling of Anser anser and Anser cygnoides Geese Species’ Embryonic Skin Feather Follicles." Genes 10, no. 5 (2019): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10050351.
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Geese feather production and the quality of downy feathers are additional economically important traits in the geese industry. However, little information is available about the molecular mechanisms fundamental to feather formation and the quality of feathers in geese. This study conducted de novo transcriptome sequencing analysis of two related geese species using the Illumina 4000 platform to determine the genes involved in embryonic skin feather follicle development. A total of 165,564,278 for Anser anser and 144,595,262 for Anser cygnoides clean reads were generated, which were further assembled into 77,134 unigenes with an average length of 906 base pairs in Anser anser and 66,041 unigenes with an average length of 922 base pairs in Anser cygnoides. To recognize the potential regulatory roles of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during geese embryonic skin feather follicle development, the obtained unigenes were annotated to Gene Ontology (GO), Eukaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) for functional analysis. In both species, GO and KOG had shown similar distribution patterns during functional annotation except for KEGG, which showed significant variation in signaling enrichment. Anser asnser was significantly enriched in the calcium signaling pathway, whereas Anser cygnoides was significantly enriched with glycerolipid metabolism. Further analysis indicated that 14,227 gene families were conserved between the species, among which a total of 20,715 specific gene families were identified. Comparative RNA-Seq data analysis may reveal inclusive knowledge to assist in the identification of genetic regulators at a molecular level to improve feather quality production in geese and other poultry species.
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Horn, Tamara Bianca, Juliana Granich, Júlia Horn Körbes, Guilherme Liberato Da Silva, and Noeli Juarez Ferla. "Mite fauna (Acari) associated with the poultry industry in different laying hen management systems in Southern Brazil: a species key." Acarologia 58, no. 1 (2018): 140–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24349/acarologia/20184233.
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This study is based on results from a large project on the mite diversity in commercial laying hen systems in Brazil. It aims to identify potential biocontrol agents amongst mites present in poultry farms, with a focus on one feather mite pest Megninia ginglymura. A secondary goal is to provide an operational identification tool to help the development of biological control in poultry farms. Sampling was conducted from August 2013 to August 2014, with 43 sampling events, in three different laying hen management systems. We used traps, laying hen feathers, and abandoned wild bird nests to collect the mites. A total of 38,862 mites belonging to 23 families and 39 species were found, including 17 species exclusively found in traps, six in wild bird nests, and one in feathers. The most abundant and frequent ectoparasitic species was M. ginglymura (76.3%; observed in all management systems). Amongst other mites, Tydeidae showed the highest richness with five species (Brachytydeus argentinensis (Baker, 1970), Brachytydeus australensis (Baker, 1970), Brachytydeus obnoxia (Kuznetzov and Zapletina, 1972), Brachytydeus oregonensis (Baker, 1970), and Brachytydeus tuttlei (Baker, 1965)), followed by Cheyletidae with four species (Chelacheles bipanus Summers and Price, 1970, Cheyletus eruditus (Schrank, 1781), Cheyletus malaccensis (Oudemans, 1903), and Cheletomimus (Hemicheyletia) wellsi (Baker, 1949)). Potential predatory species for biological control were C. malaccensis (9.4%), Typhlodromus transvaalensis (Nesbitt, 1951) (0.8%), Blattisocius keegani (Fox, 1947) (0.7%), and Blattisocius dentriticus (Berlese, 1918) (0.4%). A dichotomous key is provided to identify 48 species dwelling in Brazilian layer farms.
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Bale, O. O. J., A. A. Sekoni, and C. N. Kwanashie. "A case study of possible health hazards associated with poultry houses." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 29, no. 1 (2021): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v29i1.1538.
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This study on layer and broiler houses is expected to give basic information on the nature of microbes, their occurrence, health hazard they could constitute and the possibilities for disease control measures. Modern husbandry practices, state or local concentration of the industry, high stocking densities, uniform age distribution of birds and continuous feeding may promote the spread of poultry diseases. Illness due to contaminated food, poultry wastes, poultry and poultry by products are one of the most widespread problems of the contemporary world. From the poultry houses investigated, bacteria and fungi were isolated from swabs of window nets dust, feed stock, roof dust, faeces, floors, feeders, drinkers, feathers, cages and egg trays using standard microbiological media and biochemicals procedures.The isolates encountered include: Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, Streptococcus faecalis, Bacillus sp., Pasteurella gallinarum, Pasteurella multocida, Klebsiella sp., Eschericia coli, Salmonella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Yeast and Rhodotorula spp., which were nol typed. Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, Bacillus sp., Pasteurella gallinarum, Klebsiella sp., Eschericia coli, Yeast and Rhodotorula Sp., were present in both layers and broilers houses structures and materials in varying proportions. However, Pasteurella Multocida, Salmonella sp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from egg trays, feathers, faeces, and feeders respectively from poultry house materials only and none from the structures of layers and broilers houses. The layer house structures and materials tend to yield more microbes mir than broiler house structures and materials. There were no acid-fast organisms observed from the sediments of washed swabs materials for culture using Ziehl-Neelsen stain
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Jana, Arijit, Suman Kumar Halder, Diptarka Dasgupta, et al. "Keratinase Biosynthesis from Waste Poultry Feathers for Proteinaceous Stain Removal." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 8, no. 48 (2020): 17651–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c04378.
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Mokrejs, Pavel, Petr Svoboda, Josef Hrncirik, Dagmar Janacova, and Vladimir Vasek. "Processing poultry feathers into keratin hydrolysate through alkaline-enzymatic hydrolysis." Waste Management & Research 29, no. 3 (2010): 260–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x10370378.
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Tursunova, Dilnozaxon, and Mohlaroy Yusupova. "THE USEFUL FEATURES OF POULTRY FEATHERS AND THEIR CHEMICAL PROPERTIES." JOURNAL OF AGRO PROCESSING 2, no. 1 (2019): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9904-2019-2-10.
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GENIGEORGIS, C., M. HASSUNEH, and P. COLLINS. "Campylobacter jejuni Infection on Poultry Farms and its Effect on Poultry Meat Contamination during Slaughtering." Journal of Food Protection 49, no. 11 (1986): 895–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-49.11.895.
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In 1984, we monitored 4 ranches with a total of 24 houses (15,000–20,000 birds/house) for 3 consecutive generations (January–August). On epidemiologic grounds, infection of birds did not originate at the hatcheries or the central water and feed. Considering all lots of birds, the infection rate increased from 2.3% by the 10th day to 9.5, 29.7, 47.9, 65.7, 78.6 and 81.8% by the 20th, 30th, 40th, 45th, 50th day and at slaughter times, respectively. Transmission from one generation of chickens to the next via the old litter is suspected, but not proven microbiologically. A 5-log reduction of Campylobacter jejuni was shown in experimentally inoculated litters stored at 17 and 30°C for 6 d and 8°C for 11 d. The houses remained empty for 9–29 d before being filled with new chicks. Carrier flocks contaminated the slaughterhouse equipment to such an extent that negative flocks processed afterwards resulted in contaminated meat. Lack of effective sanitation at the end of the day contributed to the contamination of meat from Campylobacter-free birds processed the next day. Feather picker drip water was positive 94% of the sampling times at levels of log10 3.4 (1.0–4.7). Scalding temperatures did not affect the level of contamination in the finished products (P>0.2). An ELISA based on heat-stable antigens was adapted for the detection of circulating antibodies. Of 56 broilers aged 50 to 68 d, only 2 (3.5%) 68 d old with log10 5.4 C. jejuni/g of feces were considered as positive. Birds considered negative harbored C jejuni in their ceca at levels of log10 2.0 to 5.4/g of feces. Five out of 6 (83%) 18 month-old hens were considered as positive. Yet, none of these birds were found carrying C. jejuni in their feathers or ceca.
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Yamamoto, Yu, Kikuyasu Nakamura, Manabu Yamada, and Masaji Mase. "Persistence of Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) in Feathers Detached from Bodies of Infected Domestic Ducks." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 16 (2010): 5496–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00563-10.
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ABSTRACT Asian lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) continues to cause mortality in poultry and wild bird populations at a panzootic scale. However, little is known about its persistence in contaminated tissues derived from infected birds. We investigated avian influenza virus (H5N1) persistence in feathers detached from bodies of infected ducks to evaluate their potential risk for environmental contamination. Four-week-old domestic ducks were inoculated with different clades of avian influenza virus (H5N1). Feathers, drinking water, and feces were collected on day 3 postinoculation and stored at 4°C or 20°C. Viral persistence in samples was investigated for 360 days by virus isolation and reverse transcription-PCR. Infectious viruses persisted for the longest period in feathers, compared with drinking water and feces, at both 4°C and 20°C. Viral infectivity persisted in the feathers for 160 days at 4°C and for 15 days at 20°C. Viral titers of 104.3 50% egg infectious doses/ml or greater were detected for 120 days in feathers stored at 4°C. Viral RNA in feathers was more stable than the infectivity. These results indicate that feathers detached from domestic ducks infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) can be a source of environmental contamination and may function as fomites with high viral loads in the environment.
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Nikolaeva, Yu V., and O. O. Danchenko. "Features of the influence of oat extract on the antioxidant activity of goose liver." Animal Biology 23, no. 2 (2021): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/animbiol23.02.041.
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The use of antioxidants in poultry feeding helps to relieve stress of various etiologies. Natural antioxidants have a number of advantages over synthetic ones. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of Avena sativa oat extract on the peculiarities of the functioning of the antioxidant system of goose liver during the physiological stress of contour and juvenile feather formation (from the 14th to the 56th day). The state of the antioxidant system in liver tissues was determined by the coefficient of antioxidant activity, the content of the final products of lipoperoxidation, the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the content of fat-soluble vitamins. The results of the experiment showed that the goslings of the control group during the formation of contour feathers have a decrease in antioxidant activity of the liver by 2.36 times, and juvenile — 1.90 times compared to the initial value of this indicator. Adding oat extract to the diet of geese during feather formation increases the antioxidant activity of their liver. Under the influence of the extract, the physiological stress associated with the formation of contour feathers (28 days) is significantly reduced by reducing the content of the main substrate of lipoperoxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, despite the decrease in the activity of all antioxidant enzymes. Increasing antioxidant activity in the liver during the formation of juvenile feathers is due to the inclusion of alternative mechanisms of antioxidant protection, implemented by increasing the activity of endogenous antioxidants: superoxide dismutase by 29.6 (P≤0.05), catalase by 34.6% (P≤0.05), glutathioperoxidase by 41.2% (P≤0.01), and the content of vitamin E by 32.7% (P≤0.05) and β-carotene by 30.9% (P≤0,05). Under the influence of the extract there is not only a significant increase in the weight of geese at the end of the experiment, but also an improvement in their pterylographic performance. Therefore, in the future, it would be advisable to conduct similar studies on wild bird species in kennels, as the process of feather formation is of fundamental importance for these birds.
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Adebambo, O., C. O. N. Ikeobi, M. Ozoje, J. A. Adenowo, and O. A. Osinowo. "COLOUR VARIATIONS AND PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INDIGENOUS CHICKEN OF SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 26 (March 11, 2021): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v26i1.2822.
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The survey of indigenous chicken was carried out in 8 states comprising 119 local government of South Western Nigeria between October 1994 and May 1995 to evaluate colour variation relative to performance characteristics as selection criteria for development of improved indigenous poultry types for the Nigerian market. The colours recorded were those of the skin of the shank, the earlobe, the comb and the beak as well as that of the feathers. Significant differences were recorded for the feather colour effect on the liveweight, breast girth and breast length (P < 0.05). The shank and earlobe colours significantly affected the birds shank length, comb height, live weight ad backbone length (P < 0.05) with a highly significant (P < 0.05) earlobe effect on the breast girth Out of the 2032 birds analysed with complete records, 45.9% had mottled feather colour. The black white and brown colours were 17.4; 16.4; and 19.98% respectively while only 0.34% were red. Birds with yellow shanks were 35% while black, white/ash, white and piebald (yellow or white laced with black spots) were 23.3; 28.1; 10.8 and .8% represented 28.4 and 29.9% of the population whilst white earlobe was found in 53.4% of the birds. Though 45.9% of the birds had mottled feather colour, highest shank length of 8.04 and 8.05cm and liveweight of 1.37 and 1.41kg were black feather colours respectively. Eggs laid varied from 30.5 to 37.4 for the black and white feathered chicken with 25.65 to 30.98 hatched (i.e % hathability of 81.06 – 88.78%) by the mottled and white feathered chickens. A highly significant (P < 0.001) positive correlation of 0.982 between eggs laid and eggs hatched and correlations of 0.517 and 0.497 between these variables and those of comb height indicate their usefulness as selection criteria. Coupled with a high heritability estimate of 0.597 and 0.513 for liveweight, and the phenotypic colour variance of feather and shank, selection based on these colour variances could be effective in breed development.
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RĂUT, Iuliana, Mariana CĂLIN, Ana-Maria GURBAN, et al. "A Biotechnological Process for Valorizing Poultry Feathers through Keratinolytic Cladosporium Isolates." Proceedings 57, no. 1 (2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020057033.
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Papadopoulos, Manthos C. "Processed chicken feathers as feedstuff for poultry and swine. A review." Agricultural Wastes 14, no. 4 (1985): 275–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-4607(85)80009-3.
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