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1
Buchanan, Nancy P. "Organic poultry production and forage digestibility." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4309.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2005.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 73 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
2
Loc-Carrillo, Catherine M. "Bacteriophage control of campylobacters in poultry production." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416725.
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Alinezhad, Saeid, and Amir Mirabdollah. "Production of recombinant keratinase for poultry feather degradation." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-19589.
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The keratinase gene (kerA) of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC®53757 was PCR amplified and subsequently cloned into Bacillus megaterium expression vector; pHIS1525.SPlipA and transformed in Bacillus megaterium ATCC®14945. The kerA gene carrying the recombinant plasmid pKERHIS1525.SPlipA was expressed in Bacillus megaterium under xylose inducible promoter, purified using Ni-NTA affinity column chromatography and consequently produced an extracellular keratinase activity of 29 U ml-1 after 18 h of incubation. The recombinant strain was further examined for feather degradation of intact chicken feathers. The chopped chicken feathers were partially degraded by the recombinant strain after 3days and the total macroscopic digestion was ultimately observed after seven days resulting in a yellowish peptide rich fermentation broth.
4
Cambaza, dos Muchangos Ana Bela M. V. "Prerequisites for HACCP in small-scale poultry production." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30947.
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Food borne diseases, and more especially diarrheal diseases, are an important cause of morbidity and
mortality (WHO, 2007). Food borne diseases due to bacteria in the food usually manifest as episodes of
gastro-intestinal disease (South African DVS, 2007). Most of food borne illnesses occurring annually are
caused mainly by three bacteria; Campylobacter spp., nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars, and pathogenic
Escherichia coli, including E. coli O157:H7 (Zhao et al, 2001; Mead, 2004).
The prevalence of food borne pathogens and epidemiological knowledge of the extent, sources, and
causative factors that lead to food borne illness remain unknown in many parts of the world. In most
developing countries data are not collected on such a basis that an assessment of the amount of illness
or the causes can be made, but food borne illness is probably second only to malnutrition as the cause of
death among children (Lund et al, 2000).
In Mozambique the situation is similar to other developing countries. The risk of eating poultry meat from
formal and informal small scale producers processed in the formal abattoirs and at informal points of
slaughter is unknown. However, the diarrheal diseases remain an important cause of mortalities
according to data from the Mozambique National Ministry of Health. The objective of the study were to investigate and describe the value chains for small scale poultry
production in Maputo, indicating possible stages at which there was the risk of a hazard that would
influence the final product and estimate the magnitude of this risk by using microbiological risk
assessment in poultry meat. It included the informal and formal producers and processors. In the study
area it was estimated that only 40% of total poultry production was processed in the formally abattoirs.
The remaining 47% were sold live and 13% processed by informal processors at point of sale if the
customer asked for the fowl to be slaughtered.
The method used was participatory risk analysis. The participants included state veterinary services,
municipal health authorities, poultry farmers, poultry processors and vendors at live bird markets in
Maputo. To quantify the magnitude and nature of the risks, microbiological risk assessment was used on
water, equipment surfaces and hands of operatives (as a prerequisite to HACCP) and poultry carcases
(at identified CCP’s during the slaughter and dressing of fowls). Samples of poultry carcasses, water and
swabs from surfaces and hands of operatives, were taken from poultry farms, live bird markets and
poultry abattoirs. The samples were sent for laboratory examination where the tests included E.coli and
Coliform Count and Aerobic Plate Count to verify if the carcasses were produced in a hygienic manner
and if the poultry processing was controlled adequately.
The quality of the poultry carcasses collected from the three sectors was not satisfactory. Poultry meat
from formal abattoirs was not found to be much safer than meat purchased at live bird markets and farms
using informal slaughtering processes. To improve prerequisites, Hygiene Management Systems (HMS)
and Hygiene Assessment Systems (HAS), using an appropriate audit system tailored to the type of
processing (ie formal or informal) was proposed for all three value chains with a focus on critical control
points.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Paraclinical Sciences
MSc
Unrestricted
5
Prudencio, Da Silva Junior Vamilson. "Effects of intensity and scale of production on environmental impacts of poultry meat production chains : Life Cycle Assessment of French and Brazilian poultry production scenarios." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NSARB221.
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Actuellement, la production animale est en hausse significative en réponse à une demande croissante, résultant de la croissance économique et démographique principalement dans les économies émergentes. Récemment, le Brésil a dépassé la France comme exportateur de volaille. Le secteur de la volaille au Brésil est en plein essor, ce qui entraîne une forte augmentation de la densité de volailles dans certaines régions du pays. Pendant ce temps, en France, le secteur de la volaille se contracte en raison de la concurrence directe avec les économies émergentes qui peuvent offrir le produit pour le marché Européen et du Moyen-Orient à un moindre coût. Les préoccupations concernant les impacts environnementaux associés à la production de volailles nécessitent des études des systèmes de production de volailles, utilisant des méthodologies appropriées. L'Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV) est une méthodologie qui fournit une base scientifique solide pour effectuer une quantification multicritère des impacts des systèmes de production animale en matière d'environnement. L'approche ACV utilise un concept basé sur la comptabilité d'entrée / sortie au long du cycle de vie du produit, souvent révélateur que la production de viande dans les systèmes d'élevage intensif optimise l'utilisation des ressources, générant moins d'impact par kg de produit que dans les systèmes extensifs. L'objectif scientifique de ce travail est d'analyser les effets de "l'intensité" et "l'échelle" de la production sur les impacts environnementaux des filières de production de volaille à travers une comparaison de filières contrastées de production de viande de poulet. L'intensité fait référence aux pratiques de production visant à accroître la production par animal et / ou unité de terre occupée. Les systèmes intensifs utilisent des niveaux plus élevés d’intrants (engrais, aliments, bâtiments) que les systèmes extensifs. Les systèmes intensifs ont souvent une densité plus élevée (plus grand nombre d'animaux par m²) que les systèmes extensifs. L'échelle de production représente la taille des installations de production (bâtiments) et le nombre d'animaux élevés sur une même ferme. L'étude de cas de l'ACV appliquée aux systèmes de production de poulets de chair au Brésil et en France a confirmé les plus faibles impacts environnementaux pour les systèmes plus intensifs, mais a également montré que la distance de transport (des aliments jusqu’à la ferme et de la viande au consommateur) ont eu une influence plus grande sur les impacts environnementaux que l'échelle de production. D'un point de vue environnemental, l'importation de poulet en provenance du Brésil était préférable à la production de poulet en France avec du soja brésilien, pour les impacts changement climatique et l'occupation des terres, qui sont des impacts globaux. En ce qui concerne l'acidification, écotoxicité terrestre et la demande d'énergie, le poulet importée du Brésil avait des impacts environnementaux plus marqués que le poulet produit en France. Dans tous les systèmes étudiés, il était clair que l'étape de production d'aliment avait le plus contribué aux impacts environnementaux de la production de viande de poulet. Cette étude a été réalisée en utilisant une approche novatrice pour l'estimation des impacts causés par la production de soja au Brésil, car elle considère une estimation de la superficie déboisée (et ses impacts sur l'environnement). En outre, l'étude a également montré que dans les études ACV impliquant le soja en provenance du Brésil, nous devrions tenir compte de leur région d'origine, comme les différentes régions ont des niveaux d'impacts environnementaux différentsCurrently, livestock production is increasing significantly in response to growing demand, resulting from economic and population growth mainly in emerging economies. Recently, Brazil overtook France as a poultry exporter. The Brazilian poultry sector is booming, resulting in increased poultry density in certain areas of the country. Meanwhile, in France the poultry sector is contracting due to direct competition with emerging economies that can offer the product for the European and Middle East market at a lower cost. Concern about the environmental impacts associated with poultry production requires the study of poultry production systems, employing appropriate methodologies. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a methodology that provides a solid scientific background to perform a multicriteria quantification of livestock production systems’ environmental impacts. The LCA approach uses a concept based on input/output accounting throughout the product life cycle, often revealing that meat production in intensive livestock systems optimizes the use of resources, generating less impact per kg of product than in extensive systems. The scientific objective of this work is to analyse the effects of “intensity” and “scale” of production on the environmental impacts of poultry production chains through a comparison of contrasting chicken meat production chains. Intensity refers to production practices aiming to increase output per animal and/or unit of land occupied, intensive systems use higher levels of inputs (fertilizer, feed, buildings) than extensive systems. Intensive systems often have a higher density (greater number of animals per m²) than extensive systems. The production scale represents the size of production facilities (buildings) and the number of animals raised on the same farm. The LCA case study on broiler production systems from Brazil and France confirmed the trend of lower environmental impacts for more intensive systems, but also showed that the transport distance (of both animal feed and meat to the consumer center) had a larger influence on environmental impacts than the production scale. From an environmental point of view, importing chicken from Brazil rather than producing it in France with Brazilian soybeans, was better with respect to climate change and land occupation, which are both global impacts. With respect to acidification, terrestrial ecotoxicity and energy demand chicken imported from Brazil had larger impacts than the chicken produced in France. In all studied systems, it was clear that the broiler’s feed production stage contributed most to the environmental impacts of chicken meat production. This study was conducted using an innovative approach for the estimation of impacts caused by soya production in Brazil, since it considered an estimate of deforested area (and its environmental impacts). In addition, the study also showed that in LCA studies involving soybeans from Brazil, we should take into account their region of origin, as different regions have different levels of environmental impacts
6
Ibrahim, Sami Balla. "Modified poultry diets : an approach to sustainable animal production." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq25070.pdf.
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Hover, Nicholas Andrew. "Factors affecting the production of poultry meat for processing." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2003. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4302/.
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The link between poultry animal production factors and poultry meat processing has not been studied in detail. The effect of factors such as genotype, sex, age, diet and muscle type on meat processing capabilities such as post-mortem pH, soaked, cooked yield, texture and binding of whole and comminuted meat are reported here. To determine the processing capabilities of the meat, various methods were employed, including muscle fibre typing, microscopy and electrophoresis. The breast muscle was more suited to processing that the thigh, particularly with regards to texture. Genotype was the most significant production factor for processing capabilities: broiler-type birds produced meat which gave higher soaked and cooked yields, was less tough and improved meat bind. Generally, older animals produced meat less suitable for processing. Diet had little effect on the processing capability of the meat. The addition of salt and phosphates to poultry meat had a more significant effect on processing behaviour than any animal production factor. Phosphate increased the soaked and cooked yield, reduced toughness and increased meat bind. Salt improved the processing performance more than phosphate. Salt and phosphates added together improved processing performance more than either alone. This synergistic result was independent of animal production factors. These findings indicate that muscle location, genotype and bird age are the most significant animal production factors. Additionally, salt and phosphate affect the processing capability of meat more than any of the animal production factors. Muscle fibre type has no affect on meat processing capability. Microscopic observations suggest that protein dispersion, decrease in porosity and void size increased cooked yield and meat binding. The electrophoresis results showed that actin and myosin are the two proteins most dispersed by the action of salt and phosphate.
8
Nyeleti, Charles. "Persistence of salmonella in the poultry production chain environment." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414175.
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Nayak, Rajesh R. "Foodborne pathogens in poultry production and post-harvest control." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1266.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2000.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 180 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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Coetzee, Christél Blanché. "The development of water quality guidelines for poultry production in southern Africa." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-12192006-131925.
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Ranwedzi, Ndivhuho Emmanuel. "An evaluation of family poultry production systems in the Northern region." Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/93.
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Introduction : Family Poultry (FP) are birds of indigenous breeds living in almost symbiotic relationship with human communities. The chickens are usually free ranging, or have very limited restrains on their access to the village environment. African livestock population statistics for 1995 indicates poultry to be the most numerous species of farm animal (Anonymous, 1996a). More than 80% of poultry are kept in rural areas and contribute substantially to annual egg and meat production (Sonaiya, 1997). Throughout Africa poultry production stems from ancient traditional practices. FP is the most important type of poultry kept on the continent. In general, village producers keep small flocks of between 5 and 20 birds per household (Gueye, 1997a). Women and children play a key role in their management (Kitalyi, 1996). Because of its productivity, FP production has been neglected and is frequently considered by farmers as an insignificant occupation compared with other agricultural activities. Nevertheless, outside urban centers and especially in non-coastal areas, FP provides the population with a vital source of protein and income. In addition, they play an important role within the context of many social and/ or religious ceremonies. Although this type of poultry constitutes an important part of food security for rural households in South Africa, scientists have not explored this area of research for improving or recording this production system. Yet, FP survived for decades without being wiped out, in the interim, their keepers have gathered and stored a wealth of knowledge and experience, ensuring the survival of this genetic resource. The objective of this study was to collect the baseline data on FP production systems, determine their production constraints and achieve data for future use in the intervention strategies.
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Massey, Joseph W. "Comparison of broiler breeder production and fertility in a colony cage system with two different floors versus a slat-floor system." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2447.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2002.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 46 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 29-31).
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Manning, L. J. "Development of a quality assurance model for poultry meat production." Thesis, Coventry University, 2008. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/bd90e402-5959-3143-b469-4581341759c5/1.
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The study has defined the position with regard to existing and evolving United Kingdom (UK) and European Union (EU) legislation, world trade agreements and institutions, global trade in chicken meat and market Quality Assurance (QA) standards in a series of peer-reviewed published papers and working papers. The development of global food supply chains can be a key driver in the harmonisation of international legislation, product and private assurance standards. Indeed compliance with legislation and retailer requirements has been a key market driver in the development of private assurance standards. The key objectives of the research were to examine current assurance schemes within the integrated poultry meat supply chain and the influence of regulation and external market drivers within the integrated poultry meat supply chain; develop and test a QA model for the poultry meat supply chain with a view to both baseline and higher level standards including the development of a business benchmarking system utilising a pre-requisite programme (PRP) and key performance indicators (KPI); and to assess the ability of the QA model to deliver regulatory and policy compliance whilst meeting varied business and market needs for an internationally traded product. This study has shown that a QA model is capable of providing a framework within which the poultry meat supply chain can operate. The legislative and performance requirements have been translated into quantifiable performance indicators which can be used to measure supply chain performance. This can assist differentiation of products at the point of consumption and give a quantifiable measure of the extrinsic value that has been added. This approach will therefore aid the communication of the benefits of differing methods of poultry meat production and afford the consumer the opportunity to make a more informed choice when purchasing meat products.
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Darnell-Middleton, Sally Louise. "The relationship between eggshell quality and bone biology in the laying hen." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1999. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/30935/.
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(1). In this thesis the relationship between eggshell quality and bone biology was examined over the laying life of two strains of hen; a highly selected commercial line and the relatively unselected J.Line. (2). The efficiency of using osteocalcin as a marker of osteoid formation, in collaboration with established markers of bone mineralisation and bone resorption, during eggshell calcification was ratified. (3). It was established that magnesium is actively removed from bone hydroxyapatite during resorption and transported to the shell gland pouch for incorporation into the palisade layer of the eggshell. (4). A relationship was demonstrated between hatched eggshell quality and the bone biology of newly hatched chicks. (5). The association between high egg output and poor bone structure was evident in the commercial laying strain hen. No such deficit in skeletal quality occurred in the relatively unselected J.Line. (6). The commercial line demonstrated a significantly higher rate of bone remodelling at late lay concomitant with osteoporosis. (7). The unselected J.Line demonstrated significantly higher rates of bone remodelling throughout lay. It was hypothesised that this was due to a greater propensity for bone upkeep during the inter-egg interval. (8). The provision of a prelay diet influenced neither bone volume nor mineral composition at the beginning of lay. (9). The feeding of a prelay diet led to a longer period of sustained high production and an earlier increase in egg weight. This was accompanied by a delay in the increase in osteoid formation and decreased levels of blood ionised calcium. This led to high "on farm" seconds at late lay due to abnormally high fracture toughness and the Incidence of type B's within the mammillary layer. (10). The reason for the observed decrease in hatchability associated with poorly pigmented eggshells in a commercial guinea fowl flock was related to premature expulsion of the egg. These thinner shelled eggs may have resulted from the process of artificial insemination.
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Silva, Júnior Vamilson Prudêncio da. "Effects of intensity and scale of production on environmental impacts of poultry meat production chains." Florianópolis, SC, 2011. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/94857.
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Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia AmbientalMade available in DSpace on 2012-10-25T17:09:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 301331.pdf: 3167607 bytes, checksum: b1f673fd134f1e49f4d3a6e8d0e77403 (MD5)
Currently, livestock production is increasing significantly in response to growing demand, resulting from economic and population growth mainly in emerging economies. Recently, Brazil overtook France as a poultry exporter. The Brazilian poultry sector is booming, resulting in increased poultry density in certain areas of the country. Meanwhile, in France the poultry sector is contracting due to direct competition with emerging economies that can offer the product for the European and Middle East market at a lower cost. Concern about the environmental impacts associated with poultry production requires the study of poultry production systems, employing appropriate methodologies. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a methodology that provides a solid scientific background to perform a multicriteria quantification of livestock production systems' environmental impacts. The LCA approach uses a concept based on input/output accounting throughout the product life cycle, often revealing that meat production in intensive livestock systems optimizes the use of resources, generating less impact per kg of product than in extensive systems. The scientific objective of this work is to analyse the effects of "intensity" and "scale" of production on the environmental impacts of poultry production chains through a comparison of contrasting chicken meat production chains. Intensity refers to production practices aiming to increase output per animal and/or unit of land occupied, intensive systems use higher levels of inputs (fertilizer, feed, buildings) than extensive systems. Intensive systems often have a higher density (greater number of animals per m²) than extensive systems. The production scale represents the size of production facilities (buildings) and the number of animals raised on the same farm. The LCA case study on broiler production systems from Brazil and France confirmed the trend of lower environmental impacts for more intensive systems, but also showed that the transport distance (of both animal feed and meat to the consumer center) had a larger influence on environmental impacts than the production scale. From an environmental point of view, importing chicken from Brazil rather than producing it in France with Brazilian soybeans, was better with respect to climate change and land occupation, which are both global impacts. With respect to acidification, terrestrial ecotoxicity and energy demand chicken imported from Brazil had larger impacts than the chicken produced in France. In all studied systems, it was clear that the broiler's feed production stage contributed most to the environmental impacts of chicken meat production. This study was conducted using an innovative approach for the estimation of impacts caused by soya production in Brazil, since it considered an estimate of deforested area (and its environmental impacts). In addition, the study also showed that in LCA studies involving soybeans from Brazil, we should take into account their region of origin, as different regions have different levels of environmental impacts.
Atualmente, a criação de animais tem aumentado significativamente em resposta à demanda que resulta do crescimento econômico e populacional principalmente das economias emergentes. Recentemente, o Brasil ultrapassou a França em exportação de carne de aves. O setor de avicultura encontra-se em plena expansão, aumentando a concentração em determinadas áreas do país. Ao mesmo tempo, na França, este setor encontra-se em contração devido à concorrência direta com países em desenvolvimento que conseguem oferecer o produto para o mercado europeu e oriente médio a custo mais baixo. Os impactos ambientais associados à produção de aves fazem surgir uma crescente preocupação, que demanda estudos destes sistemas produtivos, com o emprego de metodologias adequadas. A Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) é um método que apresenta uma base científica sólida para realizar a quantificação de impactos ambientais de criações de animais. A abordagem da ACV usa um conceito baseado na computação de todas as entradas e saídas ao longo do ciclo de vida de um produto, muitas vezes revelando que a criação em sistemas intensivos otimiza o uso dos recursos, gerando menos impacto por kg de produto do que sistemas extensivos. O objetivo científico deste trabalho é analisar os efeitos da intensidade e também da escala de produção sobre os impactos ambientais de cadeias produtivas de frango, através da comparação entre cadeias com características contrastantes. A intensidade diz respeito à praticas produtivas que objetivam aumentar as saídas por animal ou por unidade de área ocupada. Sistemas intensivos usam altos níveis de insumos (fertilizantes, alimentos, construções) do que os sistemas extensivos. Sistemas intensivos podem ter uma alta densidade (maior número de animais por m²) do que os extensivos. Já a escala de produção representa o tamanho das instalações e a quantidade de animais criados na mesma propriedade. Um caso de estudo de ACV aplicada à sistemas de produção de aves no Brasil e na França, confirmou a tendência de menores impactos ambientais em sistemas intensivos, mas também mostrou que a distância de transporte (tanto dos alimentos até as granjas quanto dos frangos até o centro consumidor) têm mais influencia nos impactos ambientais do que a escala de produção. Do ponto de vista ambiental, importar frangos do Brasil em detrimento aos frangos produzidos na França à base de soja importada do Brasil, é mais vantajoso pelo menos com relação às mudanças climáticas e ocupação de terras, que são ambos impactos globais. Já com relação à acidificação, ecotoxicidade terrestre e demanda de energia, os frangos importados do Brasil apresentam maiores impactos do que os produzidos na França. Em todos os sistemas estudados, ficou claro que a etapa de produção de ração é a que mais contribui para os impactos ambientais da produção de carne de frango. Este estudo foi realizado usando uma nova abordagem para estimar os impactos da produção de soja no Brasil, por considerar uma estimativa da área desmatada (e seus impactos sobre o meio ambiente). Além disso, o estudo também mostrou que nos estudos de ACV envolvendo soja do Brasil, devemos levar em conta as suas áreas de origem, já que a soja produzida em diferentes regiões têm diferentes níveis de impactos ambientais.
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Kelebemang, Gertrude Nurse. "Efficiency of broiler production : a case study of two commercial enterprises around Gaborone (Botswana)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50334.
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Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study investigated the performance of broiler production III two enterprises around Gaborone. The main emphasis was on performance and feed efficiency of four major production parameters, which include feed intake (FI), age at slaughter, body weight (BW) and feed conversion ratio (FeR). The averages for slaughter age, BW (live weight), FI and FeR for the two enterprises combined were 39.6 days, 1.8 kg, 3.41 kglbird and 1.96, respectively. For the entire rearing period the average performance efficiency factor for the two enterprises was 224. The results of the current study showed that age at slaughter, BW, cumulative FI, FeR and mortality in the two farms declined significantly (P
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Satir, Benhur. "A General Production And Financial Planning Model For Integrated Poultry Organizations." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/105840/index.pdf.
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For the last two decades, demand for poultry meat has been soared, since it is
healthier and less costly than its substitutes. In order to meet this increasing demand,
integrated poultry organizations have been established all over the world.
Usually, an integrated poultry organization has the divisions of breeder coops,
incubation house, broiler coops, feed mill, slaughterhouse and marketing. This
complex structure makes production planning activities more difficult for integrated
poultry organizations. The aim of this study is to propose a production
and financial planning model for Önder Integrated Poultry Incorporation using mathematical modelling techniques and statistical methods.
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Sung, Hwa-Tsung. "Health and production service needs in the broiler poultry industry of Taiwan." Thesis, University of Reading, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359095.
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Castillo, Acosta Jose I. "Potential for poultry slaughterhouse near states with large number of laying hens." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35286.
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Master of AgribusinessDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Allen Featherstone
This thesis addresses the need for a community slaughter facility for poultry. By definition, a slaughterhouse is a place where animals are killed and processed for consumption. The location of the slaughterhouse is located in an area with more than 55% of the Mexican national egg production. This creates an issue regarding disposal of old hens. Old hens create a problem for the industry because their production decreases with age and directly affects the cost and expenses of the operation resulting in a loss of profitability for birds that are not producing at an economic level. In the current situation, hens are discarded, but not in the best ways. Sometimes chickens are killed by asphyxia en masse, or are killed individually by workers. Slaughtered chickens are either buried or burned in big ovens. This current method constitutes a waste product and has negative environmental effects. These issues are corrected via the development of an avian slaughterhouse that will use 100% of hens that are no longer profitable, including the crest, neck, breast, wings, and legs. Products that have been identified for development from “waste” include blood and feather flour; meat flour using the head and intestines; and pasta made from the bones and carcass of the bird. This thesis illustrates the economic feasibility for building the slaughterhouse. In the current environment, value added developments such as this could greatly impact and improve the poultry market in Mexico by increasing competitiveness and benefitting the communities in which such facilities are located.
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Seiter, Jennifer M. "The fate and speciation of arsenic in soils and poultry production systems." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 327 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1833621191&sid=7&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Wang, Zihua. "Persistence of ESBL E. coli in Poultry Production Free of Antibiotic Application." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1524047763189613.
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Wetzel, Sharon. "The application of thermophilic anaerobic digestion in the degradation of poultry waste." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391214.
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Paxton, Heather. "Locomotor design constraints and musculoskeletal compromises in the broiler chicken." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.572144.
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Molia, Sophie. "Avian influenza and Newcastle disease in poultry in Mali : epidemiological investigations and modelling for improved surveillance and control." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.701657.
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Kaiser, Daniel Eric. "Use of poultry manure as a phosphorus source for corn production in Iowa." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2006.
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Ahmed, Hossain 1955. "Extension strategies important and feasible for the improvement of poultry production in Bangladesh." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277136.
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The study identified the "most important" and the "most feasible" poultry extension strategies for the improvement of poultry production in Bangladesh during the next five years. Eighty-two poultry Extension agents of the Bangladesh Department of Livestock assessed the importance of the poultry Extension strategies and 15 Extension administrators assessed the feasibility of the "most important" strategies as identified by the agents. The response rate was 82.4% for the extension agents and 100% for the administrators. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse their responses. The respondents identified 38 "most important" poultry Extension strategies and 12 of these strategies as being also "most feasible" for the improvement of poultry production in Bangladesh. In addition, using the Spearman rank order correlation (rs, the study found that there was no significant difference between poultry Extension agents who were Veterinary Science graduates and Animal Husbandry graduates in their ranking of the importance of the poultry extension strategies despite the differences in their educational preparation.
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Montoro, Dasí Laura. "Effect of Farm Management on Antimicrobial Resistance and Intestinal Microbiota in Poultry Production." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/172610.
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Tesis por compendio[ES] La concienciación social con respecto al bienestar animal, la seguridad alimentaria, las resistencias antimicrobianas y la salud medioambiental ha incrementado en los últimos años, promoviendo la implementación de sistemas de producción que incluyan el concepto 'One Health' en su diseño. Por ello, en el sector avícola se han propuesto alternativas a nivel de campo centradas en la mejora de la bioseguridad, el uso de estirpes rústicas y de crecimiento lento y la implementación de ganadería de precisión. En este contexto, la microbiota intestinal tiene un papel importante, tanto en la salud de los animales, como en la diseminación de resistencias antimicrobianas y la transmisión de patógenos zoonósicos a lo largo de la cadena alimentaria. El bienestar animal promueve la presencia de microbiota beneficiosa y la integridad del epitelio intestinal, reduciendo las interacciones con las bacterias ambientales. Por ello, sería posible conseguir una reducción en la administración de antibióticos y reducir la presencia de patógenos en la cadena alimentaria. Salmonella spp. es la principal causa de brotes alimentarios en la Unión Europea, y la principal fuente de infección son los productos avícolas. Entre los principales serotipos se encuentra S. Infantis, actualmente muy prevalente en pollos de engorde. Por todo ello, el objetivo general de esta tesis doctoral fue evaluar el efecto de sistemas alternativos de producción avícola sobre el desarrollo y la composición de la microbiota, la evolución de las resistencias antimicrobianas y la epidemiología de Salmonella. En el primer experimento, se estudió el efecto de la estirpe genética, comparando una estirpe comercial de crecimiento rápido frente a una estirpe alternativa de crecimiento lento. Los objetivos fueron caracterizar la microbiota cecal e investigar la dinámica de las resistencias y multirresistencias antimicrobianas a lo largo del ciclo. Respecto a la composición de la microbiota, los resultados mostraron que Firmicutes fue el filo dominante y los géneros predominantes fueron Oscillospira spp., Ruminococcus spp., Coprococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp. y Bacteroides spp. Por otro lado, los resultados obtenidos en el estudio de resistencias antimicrobianas mostraron que, al inicio del ciclo, los animales de la estirpe de crecimiento rápido presentaron un mayor porcentaje de resistencia, pero al final del periodo no se encontraron diferencias. En el segundo experimento, se evaluó el efecto de las condiciones de manejo, comparando las condiciones comerciales de densidad y ventilación, frente a condiciones mejoradas. Los objetivos fueron caracterizar la microbiota cecal, evaluar la evolución de las resistencias y multirresistencias antimicrobianas, e investigar el desarrollo de S. Infantis y sus resistencias antimicrobianas a lo largo del periodo de engorde. Los resultados obtenidos en la evolución de la microbiota, mostraron un mayor nivel de diversidad en el grupo producido bajo condiciones mejoradas. Además, Firmicutes fue el filo dominante durante todo el ciclo y los géneros predominantes fueron Oscillospira spp., Ruminococcus spp., Bacteroides spp. y Coprococcus spp. Los resultados obtenidos en el estudio de resistencias antimicrobianas mostraron altas tasas de resistencia a lo largo de todo el ciclo, sin diferencias entre grupos. Por último, los recuentos más altos de excreción de Salmonella se observaron el día de sacrificio en ambos grupos. Además, el 100% de las cepas aisladas fueron multirresistentes tras la primera semana post-infección. En conclusión, los principales resultados obtenidos en esta tesis doctoral incluyen que la diversidad y la composición de la microbiota están en constante desarrollo a lo largo del periodo de engorde, viéndose afectadas por los factores de manejo estudiados. Además, las resistencias antimicrobianas están presentes en las bacterias comensales desde el día de llegada, y aumenta hasta el final del ciclo, destacando la necesidad de controlar la administración de antibióticos en todas las etapas de la producción avícola. En cuanto a la epidemiología de S. Infantis, la continua excreción durante todo el periodo de engorde y su capacidad de adquirir resistencias, independientemente de las condiciones de manejo en granja, sugieren la necesidad de realizar más estudios para poder establecer mejores programas de control de la bacteria a lo largo de la cadena alimentaria.
[CA] La conscienciació social amb respecte del benestar animal, la seguretat alimentaria, les resistències antimicrobianes i la salut mediambiental han incrementat en els últims anys, promovent la implementació de sistemes de producció alternatius que incloguen el concepte 'One Health'. Per aixó, en el sector avícola s'han proposat diverses alternatives en granja, centrades en la millora dels protocols de bioseguretat, l'ús d'estirps més rústiques i de creixement lent, així com la implementació de la ramaderia de precisió. En aquest context, la microbiota intestinal té un paper clau en la salut dels animals, la diseminació de resistències antimicrobianes i la transmissió de patògens zoonòsics al llarg de la cadena alimentària. El benestar animal promou la presència de microbiota intestinal beneficiosa i la integritat de l'epiteli intestinal, reduïnt les interaccions amb els bacteris ambientals. D'aquesta manera, es pot aconseguir una reducció de l'administració d'antibiòtics i la presència de patògens en la cadena alimentària. Salmonella spp. és la principal causa de brots alimentaris en la Unió Europea, i la principal font d'infecció són els products avícoles. Entre els principals serotips relacionats amb aquestos brots es troba S. Infantis, actualment molt prevalent en pollastres. Per tot açò, l'objectiu general d'aquesta tesi doctoral va ser avaluar l'efecte de sistemes alternatius de producció avícola sobre el desenvolupament i la composició de la microbiota, l'evolució de les resistències antimicrobianes i l'epidemiologia de Salmonella. En el primer experiment, es va estudiar l'efecte de l'estirp genètica, comparant una estirp comercial de creixement ràpid front a una estirp alternativa de creixement lent. Els objectius van ser caracteritzar la microbiota fecal i investigar la dinàmica de les resistències i multirresistències antimicrobianes al llarg del cicle productiu. Els resultats de la composició de la microbiota mostraren que Firmicutes va representar el fil dominant i els gèneres predominants van ser Oscillospira spp., Ruminococcus spp., Coprococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp. i Bacteroides spp. D'altra banda, els resultats obtinguts en el estudi de resistències antimicrobianes van mostrar que, a l'inici del cicle, els animals de l'estirp de creixement ràpid van presentar un major percentatge de resistència, però al final del període no es van encontrar diferències. En el segon experiment, es va avaluar l'efecte de les condicions de maneig de la granja, comparant les condicions comercials de densitat i ventilació, front a condicions millorades. Els objetius van ser caracteritzar la microbiota fecal, avaluar l'evolució de les resistències i multirresistències antimicrobianes, i investigar el desenvolupament de S. Infantis i les seues resistències antimicrobianes al llarg del cicle productiu. Els resultats obtinguts en la evolució de la microbiota van mostrar un major nivell de diversitat en el grup produït davall condicions de maneig òptimes. A més, Firmicutes va ser el fil dominant i els gèneres predominants van ser Oscillospira spp., Ruminococcus spp., Bacteroides spp. i Coprococcus spp. Els resultats obtinguts en el estudi de resistències antimicrobianes, van mostrar altes tases de resistència al llarg del període, sense diferències entre grups. Per últim, els recomptes més alts d'excreció de Salmonella es van observar en la en el dia de sacrifici en ambdós grups. A més, el 100% dels ceps aïllats van ser multirresistents després de la primera setmana post-infecció. En conclusió, els principals resultats obtinguts en aquesta tesi doctoral inclouen que la diversitat i la composició de la microbiota es troben en constant desenvolupament al llarg del període d’engreixament, veient-se afectades per els factors de maneig estudiats. A més a més, les resistències antimicrobianes es troben presents en els bacteris comensals des del dia d’arrivada, i augmenta fins al final del cicle, destacant la necessitat de controlar l’administració d’antibiòtics en totes les etapes de la producció avícola. Quant a l’epidemiologia de S. Infantis, la contínua excreció durant tot el període d’engreixament i la seua capacitat d’adquirir resistències, independentment de les condicions de maneig en granja, sugereixen la necessitat de realitzar més estudis per poder establir millors programes de control del bacteri al llargo de la cadena alimentària.
[EN] Social awareness regarding animal welfare, food safety, antimicrobial resistance and environmental health has increased, promoting the implementation of alternative sustainable production systems that include the 'One Health' concept. For this reason, in the poultry sector different alternatives at field level have been proposed, centred on the improvement of biosecurity protocols, the use of rustic slow-growing breeds and the implementation of precision livestock farming. In this context, intestinal microbiota play an important role in poultry health, in the spread of antimicrobial resistance and in the transmission of zoonotic pathogens throughout the poultry production chain. Animal welfare promotes the presence of beneficial microbiota and the integrity of the intestinal epithelium, reducing the interactions between environmental and intestinal bacteria. This way, it could be possible to achieve a reduction in antibiotic administration at field level, and also the presence of zoonotic pathogens in the food chain. Salmonella spp. is the main cause of human foodborne outbreaks in the European Union, and the main sources of infection are poultry products. Between the main serovars related to these outbreaks is S. Infantis, which is currently the most prevalent serovar isolated in broiler chickens. Therefore, the general objective of this doctoral thesis was to evaluate the effect of alternative production systems of poultry production on the microbiota composition development, antimicrobial resistance dynamics and Salmonella epidemiology. In the first experiment, the effect of the genetic breed was studied by comparing a commercial fast-growing breed vs. an alternative slow-growing breed. The objectives were to characterise the caecal microbiota and to investigate antimicrobial resistance and multidrug-resistance dynamics throughout the growing period. Regarding microbiota composition, results showed that Firmicutes represented the dominant phylum for both systems, and the most predominant genera were Oscillospira spp., Ruminococcus spp., Coprococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp. and Bacteroides spp. On the other hand, results obtained in the study of antimicrobial resistance showed that at the onset of the cycle, fast-growing day-old-chicks showed higher antimicrobial resistance rates. However, at the end of the period no significant differences were found. In the second experiment, the effect of the farm management conditions was evaluated by comparing commercial density and ventilation conditions vs. improved conditions. The objectives were to characterise the caecal microbiota, to evaluate antimicrobial resistance and multidrug-resistance dynamics, and to investigate the development of S. Infantis and its antimicrobial resistance throughout the growing period. Results obtained in microbiota development showed a higher level of microbiota complexity in the group reared under optimal farm conditions at the end of rearing. Moreover, Firmicutes was the dominant phylum during all the growing period, and the predominant genera were Oscillospira spp., Ruminococcus spp., Bacteroides spp. and Coprococcus spp. Results obtained in the study of antimicrobial resistance showed high antimicrobial resistance rates throughout rearing, and no statistical differences were observed between groups. Finally, Salmonella shedding showed that the highest counts were observed at slaughter day for both groups. Moreover, 100% of the isolates were multi-resistant after the first week post-infection. In conclusion, the main results obtained include that microbiota diversity and composition are in constant development throughout the growing period, and antimicrobial resistance is present as of the arrival day and increases until the end of rearing. Regarding S. Infantis epidemiology, it has been demonstrated the continuous shedding throughout the growing period and its ability to gain antimicrobial resistance.
Montoro Dasí, L. (2021). Effect of Farm Management on Antimicrobial Resistance and Intestinal Microbiota in Poultry Production [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/172610
TESIS
Compendio
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Kiess, Aaron S. "Prevalence of Campylobacter in a turkey production facility." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2224.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 90 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-66).
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Van, Heerden Ilse. "Evaluation of a phytogenic product from two western herbal medicines to replace an antimicrobial growth promoter in poultry production." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28482.
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Antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) are substances that are added to feed in sub-therapeutic levels in intensive animal production to improve weight gain and conversion of feed (FCR) into body mass. AGPs have been used widely as growth promoters in broiler and pig production under high-density growth conditions. Despite the observed efficacy, the use of AGPs has been criticized due to its possible role in the development of antibiotic resistance in human pathogens. Directive 183/2003 of the European Parliament, issued in 2003, banned of the use of all antibiotic agents as growth promoters in the European Union from 2006. The new context caused an increase in the search for alternative growth promoters. The aim of this study was to produce a commercially viable prophylactic antibacterial phytogenic product from Ginkgo biloba and Hypericum perforatum with a low potential to develop resistance, as an alternative to AGPs in poultry production. The first objective of this study based on earlier results of the Phytomedicine Programme, was to evaluate the activity and potentize extracts from Ginkgo biloba and Hypericum perforatum for optimal activity against relevant bacterial pathogens. Extracts of ethyl acetate (EA), hexane, dichloromethane (DCM) and acetone (in order of activity) from a direct extraction procedure of powdered G. biloba leaves were active against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringens. The EA, hexane and DCM extracts were 2 to 3 times more active than the acetone extract (average total activity 1728 ml/g dry extract for the 3 pathogens). The DCM-, EA-, acetone- and hexane extracts (in order of activity) from the direct extraction procedure from H. perforatum were only active against C. perfringens with the first three extracts having a total activity of between 1026 and 1333 ml/g dry material and the hexane extract a total activity of 333 ml/g dry material. The spectrum of activity of G. biloba corresponds to that of Zn-bacitracin, which is commonly used an antibiotic growth promoter in the poultry industry. The second objective in this study was to combine extracts or fractions of extracts of G. biloba and H. perforatum to optimise activity against selected bacterial pathogens. A synergistic effect could be observed when combining a ratio of 1:5 of G. biloba: H. perforatum (hexane extracts) or 1:15 (acetone extracts) against E. faecalis while only an indifferent (neutral) effect was observed against C. perfringens. After elucidation of the quantitative and qualitative aspects involved in the antimicrobial activity, the major antibacterial compound from G. biloba was isolated and characterized as ginkgolic acid (C17:1). It was also determined whether activity against E. faecalis and C. perfringens in an extract or fraction of and extract of G. biloba can be attributed only to ginkgolic acid or whether synergism or other interactions also play a role in the antibacterial activity. It was shown that synergistic interactions are at play between constituents in the hexane and EA fraction, with the last mentioned fraction not containing any ginkgolic acid. These results support the use of the whole extract as opposed to isolated compounds as antimicrobial agents against pathogenic organisms. Two important pharmacodynamic parameters were investigated i.e. resistance development to a hexane extract and the isolated ginkgolic acid from G. biloba against E. faecalis and secondly the time-kill dynamics of this hexane extract over 24 h against E. faecalis. The bactericidal nature of the hexane extract from G. biloba as well the absence of decreased susceptibility to this extract (and the isolated ginkgolic acid) in the resistance studies against E. faecalis indicate that this extract has potential to be exploited as a alternative to AGPs in the poultry industry. The final objective was to determine the effect of extracts of G. biloba alone or in combination with H. perforatum extracts on the performance of broiler chickens over a 35 day period. The effect of these extracts on C. perfringens in the intestine of broilers was also investigated. No significant differences were found with relation to any of the production parameters studied (FCR, live weight or % survival) although a trend towards more favourable European Performance Efficiency Factor index values were observed for treatments containing G. biloba (5% improvement) or a combination of G. biloba and H. perforatum (2.1% improvement) compared to the untreated control. Similarly, Zn-Bacitracin resulted in a 5.5% improvement compared to the untreated control. There was a general trend (not statistically significant, P=0.05) towards a reduction in C. perfringens scores in the feed supplemented with G. biloba- in combination with H. perforatum extract which can probably be ascribed to the direct antimicrobial effect. The rate of colonization was however too low to cause infection probably due to lack of virulence of the C. perfringens challenge and the absence of predisposing factors due to the hygienic growth conditions used. It is necessary for an effective disease model to be developed in order for the efficacy of any new treatment method to be properly evaluated. Such a model will require a much higher incidence of disease and reproducibility than was achieved in this project. The safety of using extracts of G. biloba with ginkgolic acid as the prime antibacterial compound was considered. The active dose was at least 42 times lower than safe dosage recommended in the literature. The combination of extracts of G. biloba and H. perforatum holds promise as a potential growth promoter in poultry production. Better results may be achieved if potentized extracts are used and compared with Zn-Bacitracin and a negative control under industrial growth conditions where the birds are stressed and natural infections would take place. CopyrightThesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009.
Paraclinical Sciences
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Machethe, Tanya Ashley. "Economic and marketing analysis of smallholder broiler production in Mopani District of Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1724.
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Thesis (MSc. (Agricultural Economics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016The broiler industry in South Africa consists of both small-scale and commercial poultry farmers. It provides the cheapest source of protein, absorbs labour and contributes massively to the agricultural sector. Broiler industry absorbs labour from the labour market, both skilled and unskilled; therefore it is a good source of employment. The specific objectives of the study included determining factors influencing productivity among smallholder broiler producers in Mopani District using Stochastic Frontier Production Function and technical efficiency analysis. The profitability of smallholder broiler production in the study area was also estimated using the Gross Margin Analysis. Furthermore, determinants of market participation among smallholder broiler producers in the study area were analysed using the Logit model. The Stochastic Frontier Production Function results revealed a positive relationship between the productivity of the farmers in their broiler production and labour, feeds, stock size and vaccines. The results also showed that feeds was significant at 1% while stock size was significant at 10% level. The technical efficiency results indicated that smallholder broiler farmers in Mopani District could save an average of 23.4 % in production costs and realize a maximum cost saving of 95.8% in production costs. The Gross Margin Analysis revealed that the cost of feeds were the highest incurred, taking up 70.61% of the total costs of production and the second highest being cost of stock comprising of 15.11% of the total production costs. The Logit results on the determinants of market participation showed that household size, income received per month, experience, land size, access to market information, distance to the market, profitability and land ownership are statistically significant in determining participation in the market. Based on the findings from the study, it is recommended that linkages between the formal markets and the smallholder farmers be established for farmers not participating in the market. Farmers who making profit and have more experience in broiler production should be provided with a platform to grow into commercial farming. This could be through subsidies or provision of other incentives that are key to enhancing expansion, such as land and funds.
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Van, Marle-Koster Este. "Genetic and phenotypic characterization of native fowl populations in South Africa." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2001. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08192008-124216.
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Tarleton, Becky Jean. "Associations of egg production with the major histocompatibility complex in broiler breeder hens." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=716.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1999.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 48 p. : ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 25-47).
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Du, Plessis J. J. P. (Johannes Jacobus Pieter). "The effect of different dietary levels of energy and protein on the production and body composition of broiler breeders." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51966.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A flock of 500 Hybro broiler breeders were employed to study the effect of different levels of protein and energy on production and body composition. The daily lysine intake of the birds were 900, 1050, 1200 and 1350 mg respectively, each fed in diets with a daily energy intake of 1800 and 2000 kJ ME to provide a 4 x 2 factorial design. Lysine was used as the reference amino acid in the experiment and all other amino acids were kept in a constant ratio in every experimental diet. The total production was divided into 3 periods of 13 weeks each (week 23 - 35; week 36 - 48 and week 49 - 61) to determine the effect of the treatments over time. Production was evaluated by hen day production; egg weight (g/egg); egg mass (g/day); fertility; hatchability; chicks/hen/week; feed conversion and day old chick weight. Hen day production was significantly (P < 0,05) lower at the high energy intake for period week 49 to 61. Energy and protein levels significantly increased egg weight. Effect of protein was consistent during all three periods of production. Egg mass output had a significant (P < 0,05) response to increasing levels of protein for the total period of production. The birds on the high energy diet produced a significant higher egg mass per hen during the first period of production (week 23 - 35). Hatchability was reduced (P < 0,05) by the higher energy intake for the total period of production and this effect was very significant (P < 0,01) during the final period of production. Similar to hen day production, the higher energy had a significant (P < 0,05) negative effect on the amount of chicks produced. The well-known correlation between egg weight and chick weight was confirmed with the regression equation: Chick weight = 10,5 + 1,22 x Egg weight. Both energy and protein had a significant (P < 0,01) positive effect on chick weight. The feed conversion was lower at increasing levels of amino acid intake (P < 0,01). Higher energy intake significantly (P < 0,05) increased hen weight and protein had a very significant effect during the first period of production (P < 0,01). The isotope dilution technique (tritiated water) was used to estimate the body composition of the breeders. This was done at 5 different periods (week 27, 35, 43, 52 and 61) of the production period to establish changes in requirements over time. Significant correlation were found between carcass moisture and waterspace (R2 = 0,76); fat % and carcass moisture (R2 = 0,78); protein % and waterspace (R2 = 0,35) and fat % and waterspace (R2 = 0,46). The regression equations obtained from these correlation were employed to determine excess energy and lysine consumed at different ages. Energy requirements were calculated according to the effective energy (EE) system and the conventional ME system. According to effective energy the lower energy intake was not sufficient and the maximum requirement was calculated to be 1942 kj EE/day. The metabolizable energy calculations indicated sufficient intakes at every treatment with the maximum requirement 1746 kj ME/day. The lysine requirement was found to be in excess of 1050 mg lysine per day. The recommendation for daily lysine intake is 1200 mg/day and the energy intake of breeders should be 1900 to 2000 kj ME/day from week 23 to 35 and can be reduced to 1800 kj ME/day in the final period of production.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Om die effek van verskillende vlakke energie en proteïen op produksie en liggaamsamestelling te ondersoek is 'n trop van 500 Hybro braaikuiken teelouers gebruik. Die daaglikse lisien inname van die henne was onderskeidelik 900, 1050, 1200 en 1350 mg, wat elk by 'n daaglikse energie inname van 1800 en 2000 kJ ME verskaf is, in 'n 4 x 2 faktoriale ontwerp. Alle aminosure is in 'n konstante verhouding met die verwysings aminosuur lisien in die rantsoen ingesluit. Om te evalueer of daar veranderinge oor 'n tydperk plaasvind weens die verskillende behandelings is die produksie periode in drie periodes van 13 weke elk verdeel (week 23 - 35; week 36 - 48 en week 49 - 61). Die produksie standaarde wat gemeet is, is hen dag produksie, eiergewig (g/eier), eiermassa (g/dag), vrugbaarheid, uitbroeibaarheid, kuikens/hen/week, voeromset en dagoud kuikenmassa. Hen dag produksie was betekenisvol (P < 0,05) laer by die hoër energie innames in die laaste periode van 49 tot 61 weke. Energie en proteïen het eiergewig betekenisvol (P < 0,01) verhoog. Die effek van hoër vlakke proteïen was konstant in alle produksie periodes. Die daaglikse eiermassa (g/dag) het ook saam met stygende vlakke proteïen verhoog en hierdie effek was vir die totale periode van produksie. Energie het die eiermassa in die eerste periode van produksie (week 23 - 35) verhoog. Uitbroeibaarheid is verlaag (P < 0,05) vir die totale periode van produksie deur die hoër energie inname en die effek was selfs groter (P < 0,01) in die finale periode van produksie. In ooreenstemming met die hen dag produksie is die aantal kuikens geproduseer negatief beïnvloed deur die hoër energie inname (P < 0,05). Die korrelasie wat bestaan tussen eiermassa en kuikenmassa is bevestig deur die regressie: Kuikenmassa = 10,5 + 1,22 x Eiermassa. Energie en proteïen het kuikenmassa betekenisvol (P < 0,01) verhoog. Voeromset was laer by stygende vlakke van proteïen inname (P < 0,01). Die hoër energie inname het henmassa ook betekenisvol (P < 0,05) verhoog en proteïen het dieselfde effek slegs in die eerste periode van produksie gehad (P < 0,01). Die liggaamsamestelling van teelhenne is bepaal met behulp van die isotoop verdunnings tegniek (tritium water). Dit is bepaal op 5 verskillende stadiums in die produksie periode (week 27, 35, 43, 52 en 61) om die moontlike verandering in behoeftes oor tyd vas te stel. Betekenisvolle korrelasies is gevind tussen karkasvog en die waterspasie (RZ= 0,76); vet % en karkasvog (R2 = 0,78); proteïen % en waterspasie (R2 = 0,35) en vet % en waterspasie (R2 = 0,46). Die regressie vergelykings van hierdie korrelasies is gebruik om die hoevelheid surplus energie en lisien ingeneem te bepaal. Die" effective energy" sisteem en die konvensionele ME sisteem is gebruik in die bepaling van energie behoeftes. Volgens die " effective energy" was die energie inname nie voldoende by die laer energie innames nie en die maksimum behoefte is bereken as 1942 kJ EE/dag. Die maksimum energie behoefte volgens metaboliseerbare energie is bereken as 1746 kj ME/dag. Die lisien behoefte moet hoër as 1050 mg/dag wees. Die aanbeveling van die daaglikse lisien inname is 1200 mg/dag en die energie inname moet 1900 tot 2000 kj/dag wees tot 35 weke produksie en kan daarna verlaag word na 1800 kJ ME/dag.
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Alabi, Olushola John. "Effect of lysine to energy ratio on the productivity and carcass characteristics of indigenous Venda chickens aged one to thirteen weeks and raised in closed confinement." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1397.
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Thesis (Ph. D. (Animal Production )) -- University of Limpopo, 2013Eight experiments were conducted to determine the effect of dietary lysine to energy ratio on the productivity and carcass characteristics of indigenous Venda chickens aged one to thirteen weeks and raised in closed confinement. The eight experiments were based on four different energy levels of 11, 12, 13 and 14 MJ of ME/kg DM. Each dietary energy level had four different levels of dietary lysine (8, 9, 11 and 14 g lysine/kg DM). Thus, different dietary lysine to energy ratios were calculated. Experiments 1 to 4 determined the effect of dietary lysine to energy ratio on productivity of unsexed Venda chickens aged one to seven weeks. Each experiment commenced with 160 unsexed day-old indigenous Venda chicks with an initial live weight of 30 ± 3 g per bird and was carried out for seven weeks. In each experiment, the chicks were randomly assigned to four treatments with four replications, each having 10 chicks. A complete randomized design was used for each experiment. All data were analysed by one-way analysis of variance. Where there were significant differences, the Duncan test for multiple comparisons was used to test the significance of differences between treatment means. A quadratic regression model was used to determine the ratios for optimum productivity in each experiment while a linear model was used to determine the relationships between dietary lysine to energy ratio and optimal responses in the variables measured. Results indicated that dietary lysine to energy ratio for optimal responses depended on the variable of interest. In Experiment 1, feed intake, growth rate, live weight, ME intake and nitrogen retention were optimized at different dietary lysine to energy ratios of 0.722, 0.719, 0.719, 0.670 and 0.712, respectively. There was a positive and strong relationship (r2 = 0.950) between dietary lysine to energy ratio and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Results from Experiment 2 indicated that feed intake, growth rate, FCR, live weight, ME intake and nitrogen retention were optimized at dietary lysine to energy ratios of 0.719, 0.742, 0.788, 0.742, 0.734 and 0.789, respectively. In Experiment 3, dietary lysine to energy ratio did not have any effect (P>0.05) on all the parameters measured. However, quadratic analysis indicated that dietary lysine to energy ratios of 0.817, 0.883, 0.920, 0.898, 0.895 and 0.955 optimized feed intake, growth rate, FCR, live weight, ME intake and nitrogen retention of the chickens, respectively. Experiment 4 results showed that feed intake, growth rate, FCR, live weight ME intake and nitrogen retention were v optimized at different dietary lysine to energy ratios of 0.906, 0.964, 1.023, 0.966, 0.963 and 0.951, respectively. Experiments 5 to 8 determined the effect of dietary lysine to energy ratio on productivity, carcass characteristics, sensory attributes and haematological values of female indigenous Venda chickens aged eight to thirteen weeks. The layouts, treatments, design and execution were similar to those described for Experiments 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, except that Experiments 5 to 8 were for female indigenous Venda chickens aged eight to 13 weeks. These chickens were different from those used in Experiments 1 to 4. They were raised on a grower mash (16 % crude protein, 11 MJ of ME/kg DM and 180 g of lysine) prior to commencement of the study. Each experiment commenced with 120 eight weeks old female Venda chickens with an initial live weight of 412 ± 3 g per chicken. In each experiment, the chickens were randomly assigned to four treatments with five replicates, each having six chickens. Results obtained from Experiment 5 showed that feed intake, growth rate, FCR, live weight, ME intake, carcass weight, dressing percentage, breast meat, drumstick, wing weight, breast meat drip loss, juiciness, flavour, haemoglobin and pack cell volume were optimized at different dietary lysine to energy ratios of 0.672, 0.646, 0639, 0.649, 0.655, 0.656, 0.664, 0.669, 0.665, 0.663, 0.631, 0.708, 0.623, 0.556 and 0.609, respectively. In Experiment 6, the diets were formulated to have higher lysine to energy ratios than those in Experiment 5 by using a dietary lysine level of 9 g lysine/kg DM. Results from this experiment showed that feed intake, FCR, nitrogen retention, carcass weight, dressing percentage, breast meat, gizzard weights and breast meat pH at 2, 12 and 24 hours after slaughter were optimized at dietary lysine to energy ratios of 0.798, 0.613, 0.777, 0.742, 0.753, 0.729, 0.758, 0.752, 0.802 and 0.797, respectively. Red blood cell and haemoglobin values in this experiment were optimized at dietary lysine to energy ratios of 0.480 and 0.624, respectively. In Experiment 7, dietary lysine to energy ratios of 0.79, 0.85, 0.92 and 1.00 g lysine/ MJ of ME were used. Dietary treatments in this experiment had no effect (P>0.05) on all the production parameters measured except feed and apparent metabolisable energy intakes. Quadratic analysis of the results indicated that dietary lysine to energy ratios of 0.964, 0.912, 0.900, 0.890, 0.910, 1.090, 0.934 and 0.895 optimized feed intake, apparent metabolisable energy, carcass, breast meat, drumstick weights and vi breast meat drip loss, juiciness and flavour, respectively. A positive and very strong relationship (r2 =0.998) was observed between dietary lysine to energy ratio and pack cell volume. Experiment 8 diets were formulated to have higher dietary lysine to energy ratios than the other experiments. Results of this experiment indicated that all the production parameters were influenced (P<0.05) by dietary lysine to energy ratio except mortality. Feed intake, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, live weight, apparent metabolisable energy and nitrogen retention were optimized at dietary lysine to energy ratios of 0.996, 0.980, 0.991, 1.010, 0.957 and 0.993, respectively. Dietary lysine to energy ratios of 0.992, 0.974, 0.991, 0.992, 1.023, 0.981, 0.979 and 0.815 optimized carcass weight, dressing percentage, breast meat, drumstick, liver weights and breast meat tenderness, juiciness and flavour, respectively. There were variations in the optimal lysine to energy ratios for different parameters investigated. In a diet containing 8 g of lysine per kg DM, 11.13 MJ of ME/kg DM and 150 g of CP/kg DM, dietary lysine to energy ratios of 0.719 and 0.649 are recommended for optimal live weight of Venda chickens aged one to seven and eight to 13 weeks, respectively. In a diet containing 9 g of lysine per kg DM, 12.13 MJ of ME/kg DM and 180 g of CP/kg DM, dietary lysine to energy ratios of 0.742 and 0.712 are recommended for optimal live weight of Venda chickens aged one to seven and eight to 13 weeks, respectively. In a diet containing 11 g of lysine per kg DM, 12.51 MJ of ME/kg DM and 220 g of CP/kg DM, dietary lysine to energy ratios of 0.878 and 0.894 are recommended for optimal live weight of Venda chickens aged one to seven and eight to 13 weeks respectively. In a diet containing 12 g of lysine per kg DM, 12.05 MJ of ME/kg DM and 240 g of CP/kg DM, dietary lysine to energy ratios of 0.996 and 1.010 are recommended for optimal live weight of Venda chickens aged one to seven and eight to 13 weeks, respectively. The results obtained in this study showed that different production parameters of Venda chickens were optimized at different lysine to energy ratios. This implies that the nutritional requirements of these chickens are dynamic and thus, dietary lysine to energy for optimal production depends on the production parameter of interest. This has implications on ration formulation for indigenous chickens.
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Nelwamondo, Nditsheni Constance. "Effect of management and socio-economic factors on the performance of the Vhembe District Egg Production Project." Thesis, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1115.
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Thesis (MA.Agricultural Management (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2013The objectives of the study were to evaluate the productivity of the Vhembe egg production project and determine the management and socio-economic factors affecting productivity. The data were collected from 2005 to 2007. Thirty-two farmers from four municipalities were randomly selected. Each household received a once-off unit consisting of a cage with eighteen point of lay chickens 4x50 bags of laying mesh, feeding and drinking troughs. Production records from sampled farmers were used in the analysis. Data included monthly egg production, eggs consumed, eggs sold, income from eggs, production costs, monthly feed utilization and mortality. Primary data on educational standards, socio-economic characteristics (age and gender of the household head, farming size, level of education and alternative income, were collected using a questionnaire. The study revealed that sex, age and educational level had impact on production as low production was associated with older farmers and low level of education. These factors should be considered when planning community projects. Chicken rearing and ownership is often shared among the family members, in this study, the management was predominantly by women (63%) and children (18%). This may be an indication that if assistance efforts are targeted towards women, village poverty could be significantly reduced. It is concluded that the low income accrued from the project explains the reason for high abandonment or neglect of the project. The income received from the project is smaller than the government grants and as such not attractive. It is not surprising that presently most farmers have abandoned the project. It is noted that if labour costs had been taken into consideration, the project would be running at a serious loss and the resultant output would discourage even the most enthusiastic farmers.
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Huang, Ming-Kuei 1969. "The effect of two Lactobacillus strains and an acidophilic fungus on production and immune responses of broiler chickens /." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78383.
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Three potential probiotics, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei and the fungus Scytalidium acidophilum were prepared in different ways. They were evaluated for their effects on performance and immune responses in broiler chickens in two 6-week trials. In the first trial, probiotics were orally administered at the ages of day 1 and day 8. There were no differences between live and disrupted cells. However, cobalt-containing cells had improved effects numerously in comparison with non cobalt-containing cells. As a result, these three disrupted probiotics, each in two different concentrations, were sprayed onto a mash basal feed before pelleting in the second trial. Improved feed intake (up to 6%) and body weight gain (up to 7%) were observed in all probiotic treatments. The anti-KLH IgA and IgG titers of probiotic-treated chickens were not significantly different from the negative controls in both trials. In summary, disrupted and cobalt-containing probiotics were proved to enhance the performance of broiler chickens and are promising for commercial application. In addition, a new fungal mycelium, Scytalidium acidophilum, was suggested to be a good probiotic to improve the growth of broilers.
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Baurhoo, Bushansingh. "Evaluation of purified lignin and mannanoligosaccharides as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in poultry production." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100763.
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The potential of lignin and mannanoligosaccharides (MOS), as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters was evaluated in broilers. Dietary treatments included: (1) negative control (CTL-, antibiotic free); (2) positive control (CTL+, 11 mg/kg virginiamycin); (3) MOS (diet 1 + Bio-Mos: 0.2% to 21 d and 0.1% thereafter); (4) LL (diet 1 + 1.25% Alcell lignin); (5) HL (diet 1 + 2.5% Alcell lignin). Bodyweight and feed conversion were not different when broilers were fed the CTL+, MOS, LL or HL diet. Birds fed MOS or LL had increased jejunum villi height (P < 0.05) and greater goblet cell number per villus (P < 0.05) when compared to those fed the CTL+ diet. MOS and LL increased (P < 0.05) the cecal populations of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria when compared to CTL+ fed birds. However, Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria loads were lowest (P < 0.05) in birds fed the CTL+ or HL diet. Litter E. coli load was reduced (P < 0.05) when birds were fed MOS than when fed the CTL+ diet, but comparable to LL or HL fed birds. In birds challenged with pathogenic strains of E. coli (O2 and O88 serotypes) and fed the MOS or HL diet, the cecal population of total E. coli was lower (P < 0.05) than those fed the CTL+ diet; LL fed birds tended to have lower E. coli load than CTL+ fed birds. In summary, birds fed the MOS or LL diet had comparative advantage over CTL+ fed birds as evidenced by increased cecal populations of Lactobacilli and Bifdobacteria, increased villi height and greater goblet cell number in the jejunum, lower E. coli load in the litter, and lower cecal population of E. coli after an in vivo challenge with pathogenic strains of E. coli. Therefore, MOS and lignin could be regarded as natural alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in poultry production.Key words. Antibiotics, mannanoligosaccharides, lignin, gut health, broilers.
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Sawidou, Soumela. "Selection of a chicken lactobacillus strain with probiotic properties and its application in poultry production." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1141.
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One hundred and eleven lactic acid bacteria, of chicken origin, were tested for possible probiotic properties. One organism, Lactobacillus salivarius Salivarius NCIMB 41606 {Lact. "Salivarius) showed rapid autoaggregation ability, maximum co-aggregation ability with enteropathogens, tolerance to acidic pH and bile salts of the chicken Gl-tract, very good antagonistic activity against several enteropathogens and good adhesive capacity to chicken epithelial cells. It was also found to survive in water for 24h and produce fermented feed, of low pH (
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Megaw, Amanda Margaret. "Detection of critical control points for foodborne pathogens within the poultry production and processing chain." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324855.
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Tshibambe, Ndjibu Zephyrin. "Enhancing competitiveness of small scale poultry egg production farm in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19716.
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Master of AgribusinessAgricultural Economics
Vincent R. Amanor-Boadu
The rapidly changing economic environment in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo) offers significant opportunities for businesses. The food and agribusiness sector is one of the major opportunities for growth given that increasing incomes are going to enhance the food and nutrition security needs of an increasing segment of the population. Animal protein in the form of chicken meat and eggs are relatively inexpensive and offer an opportunity for entry and differentiation in a markets located in DR Congo’s largest cities of Kinshasa and Kananga. This thesis uses the case of Z-CO Farm in DR Congo to explore the strategic opportunities for small-scale egg production in a low-income but growing country. Having been in operation for a number of years, Z-CO Farms has been producing chicken eggs for the general consumer market. This thesis explores the opportunity to differentiate the market that Z-CO Farms targets with the view to enhance its competitiveness, expand the market boundaries and create new value for customers that produce significant rewards. The off-take for the project is the creation of Blue Ocean markets for chicken eggs in a market that is increasingly exposed to food safety risks by assuring consumers a safe product. This project, when implemented, would be the first in DR Congo. However, would it be profitable? Under what conditions would it be profitable? We employ three primary methods to answer the foregoing questions. First, we evaluate the literature and the available secondary data. Second, we use an economic and financial model to develop the foundation for conducting the analyses for assessing the feasibility of building a small-scale table egg production system to address the emerging higher income consumers in DR Congo. We draw on the blue ocean strategy eloquently presented by Kim and Mauborgne for insight and guidance in building a unique product and service offering for the identified markets in Kinshasa and Kananga. We assess four strategies: the base scenario of the current market conditions where Z-CO maintains its commodity red ocean engagement in the market; innovating its feeding program for the birds; pursuing a market segmentation program whereby it offers high value food safety value proposition to the middle and upper-middle class of consumers; and a combination of a feed innovation and market segmentation initiative. The results show that while the first two strategies returned a positive net present value (NPV) in Kananga, they failed in Kinshasa. This is because of the level of competition in Kinshasa compared to Kananga as well as the cost of operations in the two locations. The results also show that while the remaining two strategies were profitable in both markets, they offered higher NPV and internal rates of return in Kananga than in Kinshasa. The best outcome in operating in both cities involved the fourth strategy, producing a combined NPV of about $493,867. The principal driver for this superior performance in Kananga is cost of feed. There is, therefore, value in thinking about how to leverage this cost advantage in Kananga to enhance the profitability in Kinshasa because of the population and income advantage in the latter. The study provides insights for the management of Z-CO to pursue their future investment planning and in selecting the locations and size of their operations to maximize their NPV and IRR. It also identifies the principal sources of risks that Z-CO’s management must avoid or effectively manage to achieve their desired business outcomes.
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Chauke, Rhandu. "Mineralisation and bioavailability of phosphorus from poultry manure and sewage sludge-based phospho-composts for maize production." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1171.
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Thesis (MSc. Agriculture (Soil Science)) -- University of
Limpopo, 2014Phospho-composts of different mix ratios (5:5, 7:3, 8:2 and 9:1) were produced through thermophilic co-composting of poultry manure (PM) and sewage sludge (SS) with ground phosphate rock (GPR). Composted PM and SS without GPR addition were included as control. Cured phospho-composts were chemically characterised and used for both laboratory incubation and greenhouse studies, respectively for phosphorus (P) mineralisation and bioavailability, over a period of 42 days. Results revealed that Bray-P1 concentration measured in compost amended soils at 14, 21 and 42 DAI differed significantly (P<0.05) and ranged between 5.47 and 11.14 mg kg-1 and between 5.28 and 11.78 mg kg-1 in poultry manure and sewage sludge-based phospho-composts, respectively. The maximum amount of cumulative P mineralised of 16.06 and 9.98 mg kg -1, respectively in PM and SS-based phospho-composts were obtained from the 8:2 mix ratio. The content of the acid detergent fibre of the different phospho-composts showed positive and significant correlation with cellulose, lignin and total organic carbon (TOC). Similarly, cellulose as well as C:P ratio showed significant correlation with both lignin and TOC. The polynomial relationship between cumulative P mineralised and the various GRP and manure mix ratios revealed significant and positive R2- values of 0.731 and 0.613 for PM and SS-based phospho-composts, respectively. The maximum amount of maize tissue P uptake of 0.12 and 0.11 mg pot-1 in PM and SS-based phospho-compost respectively were also obtained from the 8:2 mix ratio while the least amount of 0.04 mg P pot-1 was obtained from GPR and unamended pots. Maize tissue P uptake following the phospho-compost application was significantly affected by the differences in soil type. Tissue P uptake was 0.06 and 0.11 mg P/pot, respectively in low potential and high potential soils with a significantly higher value. The use of the different phospho-composts showed great potential for amelioration of P-deficiency problems in crops while thermophilic cocomposting improved the solubility and bioavailability of P from non-reactive GPR. Keywords: Ground phosphate rock; poultry manure; sewage sludge; phosphocomposts; phosphorus mineralisation; soil fertility management.
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Madiya, Arlette Tupela. "Evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of dried bakery products as feed for small-scale broiler production." Diss., Electronic thesis, 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03232005-130034/.
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Markey, Justin C. Davis D. Allen. "Replacement of poultry by-product meal in production diets for the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2007%20Fall%20Theses/Markey_Justin_42.pdf.
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Van, Boeckel Thomas. "Intensive poultry production and highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in Thailand: statistical and process-based models." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209417.
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Le virus de l’influenza aviaire hautement pathogène (IAHP) de type H5N1 apparu en Chine en 1996 constitue une menace pour la santé humaine en raison de sa circulation endémique dans les volailles domestiques et de son potentiel zoonotique. La sévérité de l'infection liée à l'IAHP H5N1 est variable selon les espèces d'oiseaux: certains anatidés sont porteurs sains et asymptomatiques du virus tandis que dans les élevages de poulets, l'IAHP est fortement contagieux et caractérisé par des taux de mortalité supérieurs à 90%. Chez les humains, l'impact de l'IAHP H5N1 reste à ce jour modéré (630 cas humains dont 375 morts, World Health Organization Juin, 2013) en raison de la faible transmission du virus des volailles aux humains et d'humain à humain. Cependant, étant donné les taux de létalité élevés (>50%), un changement des modalités de transmission pourrait mener à un impact beaucoup plus élevé.Depuis son émergence, l'IAHP H5N1 a eu un impact économique important dans de nombreux pays d’Asie du Sud-Est. La Thaïlande, pays qui fait partie des principaux exportateurs mondiaux de viande de volaille, a été sévèrement touchée par les multiples vagues épidémiques entre 2003 et 2005. Ces épisodes ont eu un impact sur les revenus des petits et moyens producteurs, mais également causé des pertes économiques importantes dans le secteur de la production intensive de volailles en raison de l'embargo imposé par les principaux marchés d'exportation.
L'objectif de ce travail est d’étudier quantitativement l'association entre la production intensive de la volaille et la distribution spatio-temporelle de l'IAHP H5N1 en Thaïlande. Deux approches ont été développées pour aborder cette étude: le développement d’une part de modèles statistiques visant à identifier les déterminants du risque d'IAHP H5N1, et d'autre part, de modèles mécanistiques visant à simuler des trajectoires épidémiques sur base de la connaissance des mécanismes de transmission de l'IAHP H5N1, de la structure du secteur de la production de volaille et des mesures d'intervention mises en place.
A l’aide de facteurs environnementaux et anthropogéniques, nous montrons que: (i) la distribution des canards domestiques en Asie peut être prédite en utilisant des modèles de régression non-linéaire, et (ii) la production de volailles peut être désagrégée entre production extensive et intensive sur base du nombre de volailles par éleveur. Enfin (iii), nous montrons en utilisant des arbres de régression boostés ("Boosted Regression Trees", BRT) que les principaux déterminants de la distribution du risque d'IAHP H5N1 sont les canards élevés en systèmes intensifs, le nombre de cycles de culture de riz et la proportion d'eau présente dans le paysage. Finalement, nous illustrons les potentialités des modèles mécanistiques pour évaluer l'efficacité des mesures d'intervention implémentées, tester des scénarios alternatifs d'intervention et identifier des stratégies optimales de prévention et d'intervention contre de futures épidémies
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Teuchert, Nicole. "Comparison of production parameters, gut histology, organ weights, and portion yields of broilers supplemented with Ateli plus." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86448.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Antibiotic growth promoters (AGP’s) have been used in feed of production animals to improve their growth performance and disease resistance. However, there has been an increase in the presence of antibiotic residue in animal products, as well as an increase in untreatable illnesses due to antibiotic resistant bacteria. This led to the European Union banning the use of antibiotic growth promoters, in production animals, in 2006. An alternative to AGP’s is therefore needed in animal feed in order to maintain performance. Plant extracts and essential oils have gained much attention, due to their natural antimicrobial, antibacterial, anticoccidial and antioxidant properties. This study tested the efficiency of Ateli plus®, an oregano plant extract based product, as a replacement to AGP’s on production parameters, carcass characteristics and organ and gut health of broilers. This study consisted of five treatments fed to broilers from hatch till 33 days of age, fed in three phases; starter, grower and finisher. The treatment diets consisted of a negative control (no AGP), positive control (AGP), Ateli plus® at 1kg/ton (Ateli plus® min), Ateli plus® at 2kg/ton for week one followed by 1kg/ton for the remainder of the period (Ateli plus® max), and AGP plus Ateli plus® max (AGP plus Ateli plus® max). Results from this study show that there was no difference in performance parameters between treatments. The performance parameters tested included liveability, average daily gain (ADG), average weekly feed intake, average cumulative feed intake, average weekly live weight, average cumulative weight gains, feed conversion ratio (FCR), cumulative FCR and the European production efficiency factor (EPEF). Broiler breast and thigh muscle pH and colour (L*, a* and b*) reading values were measured, showing a trend for improved L* colour reading value and ultimate pH, in broilers supplemented with Ateli plus®. This leads to an increase in water binding capacity and tenderness, therefore resulting in an improvement in meat quality. No differences were shown for dressing percentage and portion percentages relative to carcass weight. No significant differences were seen for tibia bone Ca and P content, or tibia bone fat, moisture or ash percentages. However a significant decrease in tibia bone strength was found in all broilers supplemented with Ateli plus® diets and the negative control diet, compared to AGP supplemented broilers. Gut morphology showed no consistent effect of treatment on villi height or crypt depth of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. No significant differences between treatments were found for organ pH or organ weights, except the gizzard, which was heavier for Ateli plus® max supplemented broilers. Ateli plus® shows promise on improving meat quality characteristics of broilers, however the significant decrease in tibia bone strength in Ateli plus® supplemented broilers is a major concern and needs to be researched further. Ateli plus® acts as a good AGP replacement, as broiler performance for the Ateli plus® supplemented broilers was maintained, and not decreased, when compared to the AGP supplemented broilers. However, the broilers fed the negative control diet had performance parameters statistically equal to both the Ateli plus® and AGP supplemented broilers, as well as no significant differences between organ weights were found. It can therefore be said that the broilers were raised under good management, and their optimal environmental conditions. Therefore conclusive effectiveness of Ateli plus® as a replacement for AGP on broiler performance cannot be reported from this study.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Antibiotiese groeistimulante (AGP’s) word gereeld as voerbymiddels vir diere gebruik om groei en siekte weerstandbiedenheid te verbeter. Die verbod op die gebruik van antibiotika as 'n groeipromotor in die Europese Unie (sedert 2006) kan toegeskryf word aan die toename in onbehandelbare siektes as gevolg van weerstandbiedende bakterieë, asook die teenwoordigheid van residue in die dierlike produkte. Alternatiewe vir AGP’s in dierevoeding word dus benodig om produksie te handhaaf. Plant ekstrakte en essensiële olies het baie aandag gekry as gevolg van hul natuurlike antimikrobiese, antibakteriële, antikoksidiese en antioksidatiewe eienskappe. 'n Studie is gedoen om die doeltreffendheid van Ateli plus® ('n origanum plant ekstrak gebaseerde produk) op groei produksie parameters, karkaseienskappe, orgaan- en dermgesondheid te bepaal wanneer Ateli plus® as 'n AGP plaasvervanger in die dieëte van braaikuikens gebruik word. Gedurende die proef was vyf verskillende diëte/behandelings vir 33 dae vir braaikuikens gevoer. Die behandelings het bestaan uit 'n negatiewe kontrole (geen AGP), positiewe kontrole (AGP), Ateli plus® teen 1kg/ton (Ateli plus min), Ateli plus® teen 2kg/ton vir die eerste week gevolg deur 1kg/ton vir die res van die tydperk (Ateli plus® max), en AGP plus Ateli plus® max (AGP plus Ateli plus® max). Resultate van hierdie studie toon dat behandelings nie 'n effek op produksie parameters gehad het nie. Die groei produksie parameters wat getoets is sluit in oorlewing, gemiddelde daaglikse toename (GDT), die gemiddelde weeklikse voer-inname, gemiddelde kumulatiewe voerinname, gemiddelde weeklikse lewendige massa, gemiddelde kumulatiewe gewig toename, voeromsetverhouding (VOV) en die Europese produksie doeltreffendheid faktor (EPEF). Die pH en kleur (L*,a* en b* waardes) van die dy- en borsspier is gemeet. Ateli plus® aanvulling in braaikuiken diëte het 'n tendens getoon vir verbeterde L * en finale pH waardes in die spiere, wat lei tot 'n toename in waterhouvermoë en sagtheid en dus verbeterde vleiskwaliteit. Geen verskille tussen behandelings is gevind vir uitslagpersentasie en die massa van porsies (uitgedruk as persentasie relatief tot karkasgewig) nie. Behandelings het nie 'n effek op die vet, vog, as persentasies of Ca- en P-inhoud van die tibia gehad nie. In vergelyking met AGP aangevulde braaikuikens, is 'n beduidende afname in die tibia breeksterkte van kuikens in die negatiwe kontrole groep en kuikens wat met Ateli plus® aangevul is, gevind. Spysverteringskanaal morfologie het getoon dat behandeling geen konsekwente effek op villi hoogte of krip diepte van die duodenum, jejunum en ileum gehad het nie. Slegs die krop massas van kuikens wat met Ateli plus® max aangevul is, was swaarder in vergelyking met hoenders in die ander behandelings; verder is geen beduidende verskille tussen behandelings gevind vir orgaan pH of orgaan gewigte nie.
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Sherlock, Louise. "Gene expression and behavioural responses of broiler chickens to production-based stressors." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.558989.
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Pashi, Katenda. "An economic analysis of the production and utilization of high-oil corn on mixed crop and beef cattle farms in north central Missouri /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3025643.
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Díaz, Gómez Joana. "High-carotenoid maize as feed and food component: mycotoxin contamination, thermal processing, bioavailability and poultry meat production." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/405891.
Full textAbstract:
El panís HC (de l'anglès high-carotenoid) va ser modificat genèticament per acumular alts nivells de carotenoides, utilitzant com a base un panís blanc sud-africà (M37W). Durant tres collites consecutives (2013, 2014 i 2015), es van cultivar el panís HC i la seva línia isogènica (M37W) en un camp experimental a Lleida (Catalunya, nord-est d'Espanya). Fusarium spp. va infectar la majoria de grans de panís d'ambdós tipus, el que va originar que es donés contaminació per fumonisines en les dues varietats de panís en tots els anys d'estudi, tot i que la proporció de grans contaminats va ser substancialment més gran en el panís M37W. El panís collit cada any també va servir com a matèria primera per elaborar pinsos a base de panís i productes derivats del panís. Els pollastres alimentats amb la dieta HC van tenir paràmetres de productivitat i salut similars als pollastres alimentats amb les dietes M37W i comercial (amb pigments), i també van desenvolupar una pigmentació similar als pollastres alimentats amb la dieta comercial (amb pigments). Els carotenoides provitamina A del panís HC van ser biodisponibles, almenys en la mateixa mesura que en els additius sintètics i naturals, i van contribuir als nivells de retinol hepàtic en pollastres. La carn obtinguda a partir de pollastres alimentats amb la dieta HC va tenir una bona qualitat i vida útil sensorial, així com una pigmentació groga-ataronjada de llarga durada. Finalment, els purés elaborats amb panís HC han demostrat no només conservar el contingut inicial de carotenoides, sinó també augmentar-lo a causa de l'extracció de carotenoides de la matriu alimentària.El maíz HC (del inglés high-carotenoid) fue modificado genéticamente para acumular altos niveles de carotenoides, utilizando como base un maíz blanco sudafricano (M37W). Durante tres cosechas consecutivas (2013, 2014 y 2015), se cultivó el maíz HC y su línea isogénica (M37W) en un campo experimental en Lleida (Cataluña, noreste de España). Fusarium spp. infectó la mayoría de granos de maíz de ambos tipos, lo que originó que se diera contaminación por fumonisinas en ambas variedades de maíz en todos los años de estudio, aunque la proporción de granos contaminados fue sustancialmente mayor en el maíz M37W. El maíz cosechado cada año también sirvió como materia prima para elaborar piensos a base de maíz y productos derivados del maíz. Los pollos alimentados con la dieta HC tuvieron parámetros de productividad y salud similares a los pollos alimentados con las dietas M37W y comercial (con pigmentos), y también desarrollaron una pigmentación similar a los pollos alimentados con la dieta comercial (con pigmentos). Los carotenoides provitamina A del maíz HC fueron biodisponibles, al menos en la misma medida que en los aditivos sintéticos y naturales, y contribuyeron a los niveles de retinol hepático en pollos. La carne obtenida de pollos alimentados con la dieta HC tuvo una buena calidad y vida útil sensorial, así como una pigmentación amarilla-anaranjada de larga duración. Por último, los purés elaborados con maíz HC han demostrado no sólo conservar el contenido inicial de carotenoides, sino también aumentarlo debido a la extracción de carotenoides de la matriz alimenticia.
High-carotenoid (HC) maize was genetically engineered to accumulate high levels of carotenoids, using as a basis a South African white maize (M37W). During three consecutive harvest seasons (2013, 2014 and 2015), HC maize and its near isogenic line (M37W) were cultivated in an experimental field in Lleida (Catalonia, Northeastern Spain). Fusarium spp. infected most maize kernels, subsequently, fumonisin contamination was found in both maize varieties in all the years of study, but the proportion of contaminated grains was substantially higher in the M37W maize. Maize grains harvested each year also served as raw material to elaborate maize-based feed and maize-derived products. Chickens fed on the HC diet had similar productivity and health parameters to those fed on the M37W and commercial (plus color additives) diets, and they also developed similar pigmentation to those fed on the commercial (plus color additives) diet. Provitamin A carotenoids from HC maize were bioavailable, at least to the same extent than in synthetic and natural additives, and contributed to liver retinol levels in chickens. Meat obtained from chickens fed on the HC diet had a good quality and sensory shelf life as well as a long-lasting golden pigmentation. Finally, HC maize-based porridges showed not only to preserve the initial carotenoid content, but also to enhance it due to the carotenoid extractability from the food matrix.
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Brena, Maria Camilla. "Effect of different poultry production methods on Campylobacter incidence and transmission in the broiler meat food chain." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2013. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/18837/.
Full textAbstract:
Campylobacter is the main cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Within the EU reported cases are rising each year. Epidemiological studies have identified that chicken meat is one of the major sources of human infection. However, it is poorly understood whether differences in chickens’ rearing and production methods impact on the contamination levels of Campylobacter on chicken meat and therefore the risk of entry into the food chain. To investigate the role of production system, flocks from diverse broiler commercial production systems with differences in welfare standards, bird type and stocking densities were investigated during the whole rearing period and at slaughter. Caecal samples were collected to estimate the flock prevalence. In order to assess the level of carcass contamination during processing, neck skin samples were collected at different production stages. Breast meat samples were also investigated to estimate the risk that chicken meat poses to human health. The objective was to link the flock Campylobacter status to the risk of contamination on the consumer’s plate. All samples were cultured for the presence of Campylobacter species. A quantitative method based on ISO 10272-2:2006, was used to determine the level of flock colonisation and Campylobacter contamination on broiler carcasses and final products. Results show that birds reared indoors under higher welfare standards with decreased stocking density with a slower growing breed (Hubbard JA57) had a reduced prevalence of Campylobacter, compared to the standard fast growing breed (Ross 308) when grown at the same stocking density. The production system with the higher Campylobacter prevalence and the higher Campylobacter count in the caecal contents, also reported a greater Campylobacter prevalence and counts on carcasses. The bacterial numbers on the final product appeared to be strongly associated with the intestinal colonisation of the slaughter batch. Consequently it is crucial to prevent flock colonisation during the rearing period, to ensure negative flocks are entering into the processing plant. The significance of the aforementioned point was also highlighted by the fact that production stages such as final washing and chilling have little impact in the reduction of contamination of the final product. The high level of contaminated carcasses showed clearly that the chicken meat is putting the UK consumers’ health at risk. An increased incidence of welfare issues, such as pododermatitis and hock lesions, was observed among the production system with the higher level of colonisation, which bring to light a link between Campylobacter colonisation and welfare issues. Furthermore, this study emphasised that stressful events such as thinning and transport were followed by an increase in Campylobacter prevalence. This highlights the importance of animal health and welfare interactions with Campylobacter spp colonisation. Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) was used to determine how diverse and distinct the genetic Campylobacter population structure was among the different commercial production systems investigated. Results showed that all production systems could be potential sources of Campylobacter infection in humans with common clonal complexes found. Changes in the prevalence of genotypes associated with the final product compared to those genotypes found in birds arriving from farms were observed. This may reflect the enhanced ability of certain genotypes to resist environmental stressors, such as carcass washing, chilling, chlorine dioxide treatment and oxygen that occur during processing. In this data set, isolates belonging to the ST-257 complex showed a higher tendency to survive in the slaughterhouse environment. Internal contamination of the breast muscle was also reported in our study, hence posing a further public health threat, as the bacteria contained within the muscle are better able to survive cooking. These studies have demonstrated that this pathogen was highly prevalent among the broiler population investigated. Due to the common extent of this pathogen in food and its impact on human health, it is necessary for the Government bodies, food producers and retailers, to raise consumers’ awareness of the Campylobacter issue. Particularly the consumers must be made aware of how to manage the risk appropriately during food preparation.
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Edin, Malin. "Miljöpåverkan av äggproduktion : En jämförelse mellan Lilluns ägg och andra svenska äggproducenter." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-105590.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this report was to compare Lilluns egg production with other Swedish egg producers based on the flow of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) in the egg production systems. The main focus in the report was the utilization rate of the forage and the excess of nutrients per kg egg. Additionally, the purpose was to identify the environmental impact from Lilluns egg production and compare the results with other egg producers. The inflow of nutrients associated with forage and poultry was compared with the nutrients that were exported from the production. All of the egg producers in this study had an excess of nutrients. The utilization rate of the forage for Lilluns egg was 47 %, the other egg producers in this study had an utilization rate between 45-50 %. The results showed that Lilluns egg had an excess of nitrogen of 0,04 kg/kg eggs. Lilluns egg also had an excess of phosphorus and potassium. The excess of phosphorus was 0,01 kg/kg eggs and 0,013 kg/kg eggs for potassium. The results showed that all the egg producers in this study had an excess of all the nutrients. The conclusion is that the egg production systems in this study have a similar utilization rate and the excess of nutrients per kg egg was also similar for all the egg producers.