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Journal articles on the topic 'Pour point depressant'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Yuan, Dong, Qingfeng Liu, Wenhui Zhang, et al. "Synthesis and Performance Testing of Maleic Anhydride–Ene Monomers Multicomponent Co-Polymers as Pour Point Depressant for Crude Oil." Polymers 15, no. 19 (2023): 3898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15193898.

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To address the issue of pipeline blockage caused by the formation of waxy deposits inside pipelines, hindering the flow of petroleum in the Shengli oilfield, eight new-style polyacrylic acid pour point depressants (PPD) for Shengli crude oil were prepared by maleic anhydride and ene monomers with different polar and aromatic pendant chains. The synthesized Pour Point Depressants were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and polarizing optical microscopy (POM). The results were promising and demon

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2

Shyshchak, O. M., P. I. Topilnytskyy, and V. Y. Skorokhoda. "Selection and study of depressant additives to improve the low-temperature properties of high waxy crude oils from the Western region of Ukraine." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 6 (December 2024): 129–35. https://doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2024-157-6-129-135.

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The effect of pour point depressants on crude oil properties is critical for ensuring smooth operations and efficient transportation. This paper presents experimentally determined characteristics of two high waxy crude oils from the Western region of Ukraine: Dolyna and Boryslav. The study demonstrates that selecting optimal additives can significantly enhance low-temperature properties, reducing the pour point and improving flowability. The selection process for depressant additives is justified, and their comparative characteristics are discussed. Considering efficiency, cost, and availabili

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3

U.E., Akpan,, and Achugasim O. "Comparative Evaluation of Ethylene Glycol and Diethanolamine Modified African Pear Seed Oil as Pour Point Depressants for Waxy Crude Oil." Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research 15, no. 4 (2024): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i4310.

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The pour point depression of a Nigeria waxy crude oil was investigated using modified African pear seed oil. Waxy Crude oil sample collected from a marginal field in Delta state. African pear seeds sourced from Choba Port Harcourt were extracted from their oil content and the oil was modified using ethylene glycol and diethanolamine via the esterification and aminolysis reaction respectively. These modified products were applied as pour point depressants. The waxy crude oil was dosed with the modified African pear seed oil of concentrations 0.1ml, 0.2ml and 0.3 ml. The result showed a reductio

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4

Chen, Zhao Jun, Hong Yu Zhang, Chao He Yang, and Hong Hong Shan. "Prediction of the Interaction between Crude Oil Wax-Crystal Fractions and Acrylate Polymers by Monte Carlo Simulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 3158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.3158.

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The interaction between n-alkanes and pour point depressants with different structures was investigated. Using n-hexadecane as the representative component of crude oil n-alkanes, molecular simulation was employed to study the interaction between polyacrylate pour point depressants with different side chain length and n-hexadecane, and the interaction between polyacrylate pour point depressants with different polar building blocks and n-hexadecane. It was shown that during wax precipitation process, the mixed energy is low when the side chain length of acrylate is compatible with n-hexadecane.

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5

Hui Zhao, Hui Zhao, Lu Tian Lu Tian, Kun Zhao Kun Zhao, et al. "Identification of pour point depressant by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy." Chinese Optics Letters 9, s1 (2011): s10505–310507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201109.s10505.

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6

Ke-Jian, Liao, and Liu Guo-Min. "PSM AS POUR POINT DEPRESSANT FOR DIESEL." Petroleum Science and Technology 15, no. 7-8 (1997): 707–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10916469708949683.

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7

Venriza, Oksil, and Cut Reza Wahyuni. "Optimization of Crude Oil Transmission Process by Installing Electric Heat Tracing in Off-Plot Piping." Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas 47, no. 3 (2024): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.29017/scog.47.3.1631.

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Transmisi crude oil merupakan proses penyaluran crude oil dari satu plan ke plan yang lain. Permasalahan yang sering terjadi pada proses transmisi crude oil adalah pembekuan atau kristalilasi parafin apabila suhu di lingkungan menyentuh Pour Point Temperature. Biasanya hal tersebut dapat diatasi dengan penginjeksian Pour Point Depressant ke dalam crude oil. Namun, penggunaan Pour Point Depressant masih belum efektif apabila digunakan secara terus menurus. Hal ini karena Pour Point Depressant dapat mempengaruhi kualitas dari crude oil, meningkatkan risiko lingkungan dan apabila proses trasmisi

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8

Matiyev, K. I., A. D. Agazade, M. E. Alsafarova, and F. M. Akhmedov. "Pour-point depressant for pigh our-point paraffinic oils." SOCAR Proceedings, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5510/ogp20180300359.

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9

Wang, Jing Chang, Jian Tao Zhao, Zhong Hua Du, Chun Ming Liu, and Xu Dong. "Research on Performance of the Monomers about Acrylic Pour Point Depressant." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 884–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.884.

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Kinds of pour point depressants were prepared from common monomers, octadecyl acrylate, maleic anhydride, styrene, acrylamide and vinyl acetate. Because the monomers have various functional groups, the performance of the polymers that were prepared from different monomers showed different. The performance of the pour point depressants on solubility in diesel and the drop of pour point on Daqing crude oil was studied. The results showed that styrene and vinyl acetate could increase the solubility of the pour point depressants; maleic anhydride and acrylamide could improve the drop of crude oil

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10

Riskadarto, Sebastianus, Harry Budiharjo Sulistyarso, and Nur Suhascaryo. "Flow Assurance Improvement by Injecting Pour Point Depressant Chemical through Permanent Coiled Tubing Gas Lift to Heavy Oil at MM-1 Well at MPA Field." Journal of Petroleum and Geothermal Technology 4, no. 1 (2023): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31315/jpgt.v4i1.8717.

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The majority artificial lift used in MPA Field use PCTGL (Permanent coil tubing gas lift). PCTGL is installed on several monobore well or dual monobore well. Some wells in the MPA Field have waxy HPPO oil character with pour point between 85-100oF with API between 30-35. The well "MM-1" has a HPPO character with pour point 95oF. The character high Pour point oil of the well will be problem to be solved. The MM-1 well is produced with PCTGL. From the simulation, a PCTGL design was obtained at a depth of 2250 ft. With the character of HPPO oil, pour point depressant injection optimization is als

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11

Xu, Ying, and Rui Guo. "Synthesis and Properties Measurement of Pour Point Depressant." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 948–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.948.

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The amidation grafted copolymers derived from styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer were prepared and characterized by FTIR. Their intrinsic viscosity and crystal morphology were measured. The prepared polymers were investigated as pour point depressants (PPD) and flow improvers for waxy crude oil, and it was found that the depression effect of PPD modified by mixture amines was more effective than single amine, and the maximum depression was obtained by the sample that modified by mixture amines from 13 °C to 4 °C (ΔPP = 9 °C, at 3 000 ppm). The effect of the PPD modified by mixture amines on th

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12

Khidr, T. T. "Pour Point Depressant Additives for Waxy Gas Oil." Petroleum Science and Technology 29, no. 1 (2011): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10916460903330155.

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13

El-Shamy, O. A. A., T. T. Khidr, and M. M. Doheim. "Polymeric Nonionic Surfactants as a Pour Point Depressant." Petroleum Science and Technology 32, no. 18 (2014): 2195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2013.774015.

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14

Bisengaliev, M. D., A. T. Zholbasarova, A. R. Togasheva, R. Y. Bayamirova, and M. D. Sarbopeeva. "Development of technologies for the pour point depressant treatment of an annular near-wall layer of oil pumped through a main pipeline." E3S Web of Conferences 288 (2021): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128801005.

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The technology of depressant utilization, which essentially depends on the method of its addition to oil, has a substantial impact on the efficiency of the main pipeline. Direct injection of a pour point depressant into the reservoir enables to maintain optimal conditions for oil processing, namely, to cool the oil at an optimal rate and, which is especially important, in static conditions. But in this case, significant capital investments will be required for mixing devices, devices for cooling oil, for the construction of additional tanks, etc. The addition of pour point directly into the pi

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15

Matiev, K. I., A. M. Samedov, and F. M. Akhmedov. "Development of pour point depressants for crude oil and study of their properties." SOCAR Proceedings, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5510/ogp20210100485.

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A pour point depressant additive has been developed to reduce the pour point of paraffinic oils. The depressant contains a (non-ionic) surfactant, a depressant component and a solvent. The depressor properties of the developed compositions have been studied. It has been established that while adding the compositions to the oil mixture, at a concentration of 0.02% wt. the pour point decreases from +31 oC to -3 - +7 оС, and at a concentration of 0.04% wt. up to -5- + 4 оС. Under the effect of the developed compositions the oil viscosity at + 35 оС decreases from 46.3 mPa·s to 22.1-27.7 mPa·s, an

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16

Shittu, O. M., and O. Achugasim. "Modified and Unmodified Jatropha Curcas Seed Oils as Pour Point Depressants for a Nigerian Waxy Crude Oil." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 27, no. 2 (2023): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v27i2.8.

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Transportation of waxy crude oil faces great challenges in pipelines, however, pour-point depressant could be employed to improve flow properties of waxy crude oil by modifying the morphology and structure of wax crystals. In this paper, modified and unmodified jatropha curcas seed oils was used as a green pour point depressants to evaluate the flow properties of a Nigerian waxy crude oil. Jatropha curcas seed oil (49.5%) was extracted using petroleum ether and the oil was analyzed for oil quality parameters (acid value, iodine value, free fatty acid and saponification value) and subsequently

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17

Atta, Ayman M., Rasha A. El-Ghazawy, Fatma A. Morsy, Ali M. S. Hebishy, and Abdullah Elmorsy. "Adsorption of Polymeric Additives Based on Vinyl Acetate Copolymers as Wax Dispersant and Its Relevance to Polymer Crystallization Mechanisms." Journal of Chemistry 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/683109.

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The present work has main target to study the effect of additives molecular weight and composition on the flow characteristics of wax crude oil at low temperature below pour point temperature. In this respect, maleic anhydride ester-co-vinyl acetate copolymers with varied monomers feed ratios and different alkyl ester lengths, namely, dodecyl, stearyl, and behenyl alkyl chains, were prepared. These polymeric materials were characterized by FTIR,1HNMR, and GPC. The performance of these additives as pour point depressants and flow improver for Egyptian waxy crude oil was evaluated through measur

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18

Zamri, Nurul Nizzam, and Hazlina Husin. "REVIEW ON POUR POINT DEPRESSANTS FOR WAXY CRUDE OIL ISSUES." Platform : A Journal of Engineering 7, no. 1 (2023): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.61762/pajevol7iss1art21996.

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Crude oil contains heavy paraffin molecules that cause the deposition of solid wax. Wax deposition is a criticalproblem in the petroleum industry, which results in various production problems. Pour Point Depressant (PPD) is a chemical additive that prevents wax deposition. PPD is employed to lower the pour point temperature allowing crude oil to flow at a significantly lower temperature. Several types of PPD include polymer, nano-composite and a natural organic compound. This review paper provides insights regarding different types of chemical additives to solve waxy crude oil issues. The effe

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19

MATSUMURA, Masatoshi. "Development of High Quality Biodiesel and Pour Point Depressant." Oleoscience 6, no. 10 (2006): 515–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/oleoscience.6.515.

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20

Chen, W. H., X. D. Zhang, Z. C. Zhao, and C. Y. Yin. "UNIQUAC model for wax solution with pour point depressant." Fluid Phase Equilibria 280, no. 1-2 (2009): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2009.03.003.

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21

Shuhua, Xu, Bao Chong, Lu Shaoxin, Zhang Wanyou, and Zhang Fan. "Pour point depressant made from thermally treated shale oil." Fuel Processing Technology 28, no. 1 (1991): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3820(91)90095-t.

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22

Xu, Hongmei, Yanpu Wang, and Kun Wang. "Review on the gelation of wax and pour point depressant in crude oil multiphase system." International Journal of Modern Physics B 35, no. 12 (2021): 2130005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797922130005x.

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The gelation of waxy crude oil multiphase system can result in the formation of network cementitious structure, which seriously impacts the safe and economic production of crude oil. This paper reviews current experimental, theoretical and numerical results on the gelation of wax in crude oil. For the experimental side, the most important problems are in situ measurement and measurement accuracy. On the theoretical side, the present methods own defects of low accuracy and limited application scope. Numerically, the models are of oversimplification, which are hardly applied to the real producti

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23

Ma, Peng, Yuan Xue, Weina Zhao, et al. "Study on the performance mechanism of methacrylate pour point depressant in soybean biodiesel blends." RSC Advances 5, no. 109 (2015): 90144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra15077a.

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24

Gu, Xue Fan, Yun Ma, and Gang Chen. "Preparation and Evaluation of Polymeric Pour Point Depressant for Crude Oil." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 1706–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.1706.

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A series of polyacrylate ester (PAE) was prepared by free-radical polymerization. The PAEs were used as pour point depressant for crude oil from Yumen Oil Field. PAE12 and PAE18 showed potent activity for 2# and 4# samples under the concentration of 500 ppm with the highest Δ pour point of 10-13°C. In the further study, the effect of the concentration on the pour point was investigated.

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25

Berghuis, Nila Tanyela, Zayed Abdulmalik Marwan, Agus Astra Pramana, and Jati Arie Wibowo. "Synthesis of Oleic Acid Derivatives as Pour Point Depressant (PPD)." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 28, no. 1 (2025): 23–30. https://doi.org/10.14710/jksa.28.1.23-30.

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Crude oil is widely used worldwide as an energy source in various fields. Over the years, crude oil production has decreased due to one major problem that continues to occur, namely wax deposition. Wax deposits tend to occur due to the composition of the crude oil itself. Crude oil mostly consists of large amounts of hydrocarbon compounds, such as paraffins. Therefore, an additive, such as a pour point depressant (PPD), is needed to inhibit or prevent wax formation. This study compares the performance of various PPDs synthesized using oleic acid as a base material. The esterification of oleic

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26

Prasenjit Talukdar, Ranjan Phukan, Joyshree Barman, Rituraj Singh, Gaurav Himanta Khaklari, and Bhaskar Jyoti Saikia. "Polymethyl Methacrylate-Graphene Oxide nanocomposite Pour Point Depressant to improve the flow of Waxy Crude Oil through Pipelines." Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 31, no. 3 (2025): 228–37. https://doi.org/10.63278/1374.

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Waxy crude oil is characterized by both light and heavy hydrocarbons, which pose great challenges in processing, transport, and storage due to the formation of paraffin wax and asphaltene. In order to address these flow problems, a nanocomposite-based polymeric pour point depressant (PPD) was synthesized and evaluated. The crude oils used were medium-heavy, with API gravities of 26.8 and 26.5, having a high pour point of 32–36 °C, thus requiring special treatment to ensure flow without interruption. The additives were checked for efficiency through pour point, rheological, and microscopic stud

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27

Jing, Guolin, Ping Ye, and Yanli Zhang. "Pour Point Depressant for Waxy Crude Oil: A Mini-Review." Recent Innovations in Chemical Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering) 9, no. 2 (2017): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2405520408666161021110008.

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28

YASUFUKU, Sachio. "Calorimetric measurements of paraffinic transformer oil containing pour point depressant." Journal of The Japan Petroleum Institute 28, no. 6 (1985): 485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1627/jpi1958.28.485.

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29

Williams, Solomon, and Osokogwu Uche. "Evaluation of Local Pour Point Depressant on Waxy Crude Oil." International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering 11, no. 2 (2022): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepe.20221102.12.

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30

Khidr, T. T., M. M. Doheim, and O. A. A. El-Shamy. "Effect of Ethoxylate on Pour Point Depressant of Fuel Oil." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 37, no. 15 (2015): 1697–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2011.638970.

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31

Guolin Jing, Hailin Yu, Zhengnan Sun, and Zhiwei Zhen. "Research Progress on Biodiesel Pour Point Depressant: a Mini-Review." Petroleum Chemistry 59, no. 9 (2019): 1023–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0965544119090068.

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32

Fang, Long, Xiaodong Zhang, Jinhai Ma, and Botao Zhang. "Investigation into a Pour Point Depressant for Shengli Crude Oil." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 51, no. 36 (2012): 11605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie301018r.

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33

Soriano, Nestor U., Veronica P. Migo, and Masatoshi Matsumura. "Ozonized vegetable oil as pour point depressant for neat biodiesel." Fuel 85, no. 1 (2006): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2005.06.006.

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34

Lim, Young-Kwan, Joung-Min Lee, Choong-Sub Jeong, Jong-Ryeol Kim, and Eui-Soon Yim. "Improvement of Low Temperature Fuel Characteristics by Pour Point Depressant." Journal of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers 27, no. 2 (2011): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.9725/kstle.2011.27.2.109.

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35

Khidr, T. T., M. M. Doheim, and O. A. A. El-Shamy. "Pour Point Depressant of Fuel Oil Using Non-ionic Surfactants." Petroleum Science and Technology 33, no. 17-18 (2015): 1619–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2015.1081942.

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36

Zhen, Zhiwei, Guolin Jing, Zhengnan Sun, Chen Zheng, and Wei Li. "The development and evaluation of novel nano-pour point depressant." Petroleum Science and Technology 36, no. 3 (2017): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2017.1413388.

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37

Agaev, S. G., Z. N. Berezina, M. G. Sheveleva, F. A. Bikbavov, A. P. Smeshkov, and A. G. Kasperovich. "Production of experimental batches of pour-point depressant TyumII 77M." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 30, no. 9-10 (1994): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00728000.

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38

Kudaibergenov, Sarkyt E., Alexander G. Didukh, Zhanar E. Ibraeva, et al. "A regular, hydrophobically modified polyampholyte as novel pour point depressant." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 98, no. 5 (2005): 2101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.22007.

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39

Metiyev, K. I., and M. E. Alsafarova. "Methods for combating asphalt resin and paraffin deposits in the oil industry." Scientific Petroleum, no. 2 (December 30, 2023): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.53404/sci.petro.20230200046.

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A new inhibitor «NDP-22M» was developed to reduce the pour point of highly paraffinic oils and prevent the formation of asphalt, resin and paraffin deposits. The inhibitor contains a nonionic surfactant, a depressant agent and a solvent. The prepared inhibitor has the ability to reduce the pour point and viscosity of oil, as well as to prevent ARPD. The prepared inhibitor was studied on oil brought from the wells of the oil and gas production department of the production association «Azneft», «Oil Pipeline Administration». In this oil, the amount of paraffin is 10.8%. In the course of research

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40

Pramana D.N, Astra Agus, and Teddy Anda Pagpa. "Analisis Keefektifan Pour Point Depressant pada Waxy Crude Oil pada Lapangan TAP." Lembaran publikasi minyak dan gas bumi 57, no. 1 (2023): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29017/lpmgb.57.1.1312.

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Penelitian ini membahas tentang pengaruh inhibitor terhadap nilai pour point dimana nantinya nilai ini dapat menentukan kapan terjadinya pengendapan wax dengan beberapa tujuan diantaranya ialah menentukan faktor yang mempengaruhi nilai pour point, menentukan inhibitor yang paling efektif untuk menurunkan nilai pour point, dan menentukan pengaruh konsentrasi pada inhibitor yang digunakan. Metode yang digunakan adalah melakukan eksperimen pour point test yang dilakukan di laboratorium. Hasilnya menunjukan bahwa inhibitor sangat berpengaruh terhadap penurunan nilai pour point dimana faktor – fakt

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41

Patel, Zarana, Jinal Patel, and Ashish Nagar. "EVALUATION OF CNSL DERIVATIVE AS ECO-FRIENDLY FLOW IMPROVER FOR INDIAN CRUDE OIL." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 17, no. 03 (2024): 1134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2024.1738881.

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Paraffin deposition is a serious flow assurance issue faced by the Petroleum industry which can be mitigated by different techniques among which chemical treatment is the most practical solution to reduce the pour point and improve the cold flow properties of crude oil. However, the utilization of environmentally hazardous chemicals for mitigation of this severe issue also causes additional threats. Thus, motivated by such a problem, current research endeavor to synthesize and application of ecofriendly products for the mitigation of paraffin deposition. Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) collecte

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42

Li, Qifu, Linlin Mo, Feng Yan, and Chaofei Nie. "Study on the Effect of Nano Pour Point Depressant on Wax Oil Crystallization." E3S Web of Conferences 573 (2024): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202457301010.

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The influence of nano pour point depressant (NPPD) on crude oil containing wax is primarily manifested through their interaction with the wax constituents. This study examines the depressant's effects using a polarizing microscope and an atomic force microscope (AFM) to assess morphological and structural changes in the wax crystals within the oil, both before and after the addtion of the NPPD. Additionally, a surface tensiometer measured surface tension, while a rheometer evaluated viscosity and modulus alterations. These methods facilitated insights into NPPD's mechanistic effects. The inter

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43

Morozova, Yana, Ilya Bogdanov, Andrey Altynov, Alina Titaeva, and Maria Kirgina. "The Effect of Individual Hydrocarbons in the Composition of Diesel Fuel on the Effectiveness of Depressant Additives." Inventions 9, no. 4 (2024): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions9040083.

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The use of depressant additives is the most effective and cost-effective way to improve the low-temperature properties of diesel fuels, like the cloud point, cold filter plugging point and pour point. However, the effectiveness of depressant additives depends on the composition of the diesel fuel and the content of certain groups of hydrocarbons in it. In this work, the effect of adding individual hydrocarbons of various groups and structures on the effectiveness of depressant additives is studied. This study is carried out on model aromatic (toluene, tetralin) and n-paraffin hydrocarbons (cet

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44

Baulin, Oleg A., Aigiz Kh Mukhametgalin, Georgiy M. Sidorov, Ildar F. Khafizov, and Fanil Sh Khafizov. "DEVELOPMENT OF POUR-POINT DEPRESSANT AND DISPERSANT ADDITIVES FOR DIESEL FUEL." Oil and Gas Business, no. 2 (April 2019): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/ogbus-2019-2-243-252.

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45

Zhang, Huili, Hailin Yu, Yu Gao, Wei Jiang, and Jinjun Deng. "Research progress of new nanocomposite pour point depressant: a mini-review." Petroleum Science and Technology 39, no. 9-10 (2021): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2021.1877304.

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46

Inoue, Yasuaki. "Functions and Mechanisms of Viscosity Index Improver and Pour Point Depressant." Marine Engineering 57, no. 1 (2022): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5988/jime.57.32.

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Kurniawan, Muh, Jens Norrman, and Kristofer Paso. "Pour point depressant efficacy as a function of paraffin chain-length." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 212 (May 2022): 110250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2022.110250.

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Bahgat, Ahmed. "Polymeric materials as pour point depressant for Egyptian waxy crude oil." African Journal of Engineering Research 7, no. 2 (2019): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30918/ajer.72.19.023.

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Admiral, A., M. K. Abdullah, and A. Ariffin. "Evaluation of Emulsified Acrylate Polymer and its Pour Point Depressant Performance." Procedia Chemistry 19 (2016): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2016.03.018.

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任, 顺顺. "Research Status of Nanocomposite Pour Point Depressant for Waxy Crude Oil." Journal of Oil and Gas Technology 44, no. 04 (2022): 330–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/jogt.2022.444044.

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