Academic literature on the topic 'Poverty; Health inequalities; Low income'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Poverty; Health inequalities; Low income.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Poverty; Health inequalities; Low income"
1
Stephens, Carolyn. "Healthy Cities or Unhealthy Islands? The Health and Social Implications of Urban Inequality." Urbanisation 3, no. 2 (October 23, 2018): 108–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455747118805840.
Full textAbstract:
This paper suggests that governments and international agencies must address the large and often growing levels of inequality within most cities if health is to be improved and poverty reduced. It describes the social and health implications of inequalities within cities and discusses why descriptions of the physical symptoms of poverty (and their health implications) are more common than analyses of the structural systems which produce and perpetuate poverty. It also describes the health problems from which low-income groups in urban areas suffer more than richer groups including those that are not linked to poor sanitary conditions and those that are more linked to relative poverty (and thus the level of inequality) than to absolute poverty.
2
Nelson, Michael. "Childhood nutrition and poverty." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 59, no. 2 (May 2000): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665100000343.
Full textAbstract:
One in three children in Britain lives in poverty (households whose income was less than 50 % average earnings). Low income is associated with poor nutrition at all stages of life, from lower rates of breast-feeding to higher intakes of saturated fatty acids and lower intakes of antioxidant nutrients. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that poor nutrition in childhood is associated with both short-term and long-term adverse consequences such as poorer immune status, higher caries rates and poorer cognitive function and learning ability. These problems arise primarily because parents do not have enough money to spend on food, not because money is being spent unwisely. Policy options to improve the dietary health of poor children include: giving more money to the parents by increasing Income Support (social security) payments, providing food stamps or vouchers, and using food budget standards to inform the levels of income needed to purchase an adequate diet; feeding children directly at school (not only at lunchtime but also at breakfast or homework clubs), by providing free fruit at school, and by increasing entitlement to free food amongst children living in households with low incomes; improving access to a healthy and affordable diet by first identifying ‘food deserts’ and then considering with retailers and local planners how best to provide food in an economical and sustainable way. The value of using food budget standards is illustrated with data relating expenditure on food to growth in children from ‘at-risk’ families (on low income, overcrowded, headed by a lone parent or with four or more children under 16 years of age) living in a poor area in London. Lower levels of expenditure are strongly associated with poorer growth and health, independent of factors such as birth weight, mother’s height, or risk score. The present paper provides evidence that supports the need to review Government legislation in light of nutrition-related inequalities in the health of children.
3
Shackleton, Nichola. "Is there a link between low parental income and childhood obesity?" Journal of Early Childhood Research 15, no. 3 (October 28, 2015): 238–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476718x15606479.
Full textAbstract:
The association between familial socioeconomic status and child obesity has created the expectation that low familial income increases the risk of child obesity. Yet, there is very little evidence in the United Kingdom to suggest that this is the case. This article focuses on whether low familial income and family poverty are associated with an increased risk of child obesity. Data from the Millennium Cohort Study (age 7) are analysed. Sequential logistic regression analyses are used to determine whether income has a direct link to childhood weight. The results show no direct relationship between familial income/poverty and weight in childhood. Numerous robustness checks provide considerable evidence that low familial income has no association with children’s weight status in the United Kingdom. The results demonstrate that social inequalities in child weight are not driven by differences in income.
4
Lu, Chunling, Jorge Cuartas, Günther Fink, Dana McCoy, Kai Liu, Zhihui Li, Bernadette Daelmans, and Linda Richter. "Inequalities in early childhood care and development in low/middle-income countries: 2010–2018." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 2 (February 2020): e002314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002314.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundInequalities in early childhood development (ECD) tend to persist into adulthood and amplify across the life course. To date, little research on inequalities in early childhood care and development in low/middle-income countries has been available to guide governments, donors and civil society in identifying which young children and families should be targeted by policies and programmes to improve nurturing care that could prevent them from being left behind.MethodsUsing data from 135 Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys between 2010 and 2018, we assessed levels and trends of inequalities in exposure to risks of stunting or extreme poverty (under age 5; levels in 85 and trends in 40 countries), early attendance of early care and education programmes (36–59 months; 65 and 17 countries), home stimulation (36–59 months; 62 and 14 countries) and child development according to the Early Childhood Development Index (36–59 months; 60 and 13 countries). Inequalities within countries were measured as the absolute gap in three domains—child gender, household wealth and residential area—and compared across regions and country income groups.Results63% of children were not exposed to stunting or extreme poverty; 39% of 3–4-year olds attended early care and education; and 69% received a level of reported home stimulation defined as adequate. Sub-Saharan Africa had the lowest proportion of children not exposed to stunting or extreme poverty (45%), attending early care and education (24%) and receiving adequate home stimulation (47%). Substantial gaps in all indicators were found across country income groups, residential areas and household wealth categories. There were no significant reductions in gaps over time for a subset of countries with available data in two survey rounds.ConclusionsAvailable data indicate large inequalities in early experiences and outcomes. Efforts of reducing these inequalities must focus on the poorest families and those living in rural areas in the poorest countries. Improving and applying population-level measurements on ECD in more countries over time are important for ensuring equal opportunities for young children globally.
5
Rossouw, Laura, and Hana Ross. "Understanding Period Poverty: Socio-Economic Inequalities in Menstrual Hygiene Management in Eight Low- and Middle-Income Countries." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 2571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052571.
Full textAbstract:
Menstrual hygiene management and health is increasingly gaining policy importance in a bid to promote dignity, gender equality and reproductive health. Effective and adequate menstrual hygiene management requires women and girls to have access to their menstrual health materials and products of choice, but also extends into having private, clean and safe spaces for using these materials. The paper provides empirical evidence of the inequality in menstrual hygiene management in Kinshasa (DRC), Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Rajasthan (India), Indonesia, Nigeria and Uganda using concentration indices and decomposition methods. There is consistent evidence of wealth-related inequality in the conditions of menstrual hygiene management spaces as well as access to sanitary pads across all countries. Wealth, education, the rural-urban divide and infrastructural limitations of the household are major contributors to these inequalities. While wealth is identified as one of the key drivers of unequal access to menstrual hygiene management, other socio-economic, environmental and household factors require urgent policy attention. This specifically includes the lack of safe MHM spaces which threaten the health and dignity of women and girls.
6
Anderson, Annie S. "Nutrition interventions in women in low-income groups in the UK." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 66, no. 1 (February 2007): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665107005265.
Full textAbstract:
In the UK the mental and physical health and well-being of millions of women are influenced by living in poverty. Low educational attainment, unemployment, low pay and poor areas of residence exacerbate the challenges of obtaining optimal food choices, dietary intake and healthy eating patterns. Poorer women are more likely to eat low amounts of fruits and vegetables, whole grains and fish, and higher amounts of sugar and sweetened drinks compared with more affluent women. Diet contributes to the health inequalities evident in high rates of diet-related morbidity (including obesity) and mortality (including IHD and stroke) and in maternal and child health considerations (including breast-feeding and family diet practices). There is a dearth of research on effective interventions undertaken with low-income women, reflecting some of the challenges of engaging and evaluating programmes with this ‘hard to reach’ subpopulation. Intervention programmes from the USA, including WISEWOMAN, the Women's Health Initiative, the American Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants and Children and the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program provide models for changing behaviour amongst women in the UK, although overall effects of such programmes are fairly modest. Lack of evidence does not mean that that policy work should be not be undertaken, but it is essential that policy work should be evaluated for its ability to engage with target groups as well as for the behavioural change and health outcomes.
7
Assari, Shervin. "Neighborhood Poverty and Amygdala Response to Negative Face." Journal of Economics and Public Finance 6, no. 4 (November 26, 2020): p67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v6n4p67.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Considerable research has established a link between socioeconomic status (SES) and brain function. While studies have shown a link between poverty status and amygdala response to negative stimuli, a paucity of knowledge exists on whether neighborhood poverty is also independently associated with amygdala hyperactive response to negative stimuli. Purpose: Using functional brain imaging data, this study tested the association between neighborhood SES and the amygdala’s response to negative stimuli. Considering race as a sociological rather than a biological construct, we also explored racial heterogeneity in this association between non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White youth. Methods: We borrowed the functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The sample was 2,490 nine to ten years old non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White adolescents. The independent variable was neighborhood income which was treated as a continuous measure. The primary outcomes were the right and left amygdala response to negative face during an N-Back task. Age, sex, race, marital status, and family SES were the covariates. To analyze the data, we used linear regression models. Results: Low neighborhood income was independently associated with a higher level of amygdala response to negative face. Similar results were seen for the right and left amygdala. These effects were significant net of race, age, sex, marital status, and family SES. An association between low neighborhood SES and higher left but not right amygdala response to negative face could be observed for non-Hispanic Black youth. No association between neighborhood SES and left or right amygdala response to negative face could be observed for non-Hispanic White youth. Conclusions: For American youth, particularly non-Hispanic Black youth, living in a poor neighborhood predicts the left amygdala reaction to negative face. This result suggested that Black youth who live in poor neighborhoods are at a high risk of poor emotion regulation. This finding has implications for policy making to reduce inequalities in undesired behavioral and emotional outcomes. Policy solutions to health inequalities should address inequalities in neighborhood SES.
8
Schmeer, Kammi K., and Aimee Yoon. "Socioeconomic status inequalities in low-grade inflammation during childhood." Archives of Disease in Childhood 101, no. 11 (July 1, 2016): 1043–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2016-310837.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundFamily socioeconomic status (SES) is an important source of child health disparities in the USA. Chronic stress is one way SES may impact children's physiology with implications for later health inequalities. These processes may work differently across childhood due to differences in exposure and susceptibility to stressors at different ages. We assess associations between family SES and one biomarker of chronic stress exposure—low-grade inflammation detected by elevated C reactive protein (CRP)—and evaluate differences in the associations by child age.MethodsWe used nationally representative data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and Tobit regression models to estimate SES associations with CRP and the moderating effects of age for children age 2–18 years. Our sample was limited to CRP ≤10 mg/l to focus on low-grade inflammation (N=13 165).ResultsChildren whose parent had less than a high school degree had 35% higher CRP than those with a college graduate parent; and, poor children had 24% higher CRP than those with high family income, net of controls. When children's body mass index was accounted for, low education and poverty associations were reduced to 19% and 15%, respectively. Child age interactions were negative and significant for both parental education and family income.ConclusionsThis study provides new evidence that SES is associated with low-grade inflammation in children, and that these associations may be particularly strong during early and mid-childhood. Future research should further our understanding of stressors related to low family SES that may lead to immune system dysregulation during childhood.
9
Hillier-Brown, Frances, Katie Thomson, Victoria Mcgowan, Joanne Cairns, Terje A. Eikemo, Diana Gil-Gonzále, and Clare Bambra. "The effects of social protection policies on health inequalities: Evidence from systematic reviews." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 47, no. 6 (May 9, 2019): 655–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494819848276.
Full textAbstract:
Background: The welfare state distributes financial resources to its citizens – protecting them in times of adversity. Variations in how such social protection policies are administered have been attributed to important differences in population health. The aim of this systematic review of reviews is to update and appraise the evidence base of the effects of social protection policies on health inequalities. Methods/design: Systematic review methodology was used. Nine databases were searched from 2007 to 2017 for reviews of social policy interventions in high-income countries. Quality was assessed using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews 2 tool. Results: Six systematic reviews were included in our review, reporting 50 unique primary studies. Two reviews explored income maintenance and poverty relief policies and found some, low quality, evidence that increased unemployment benefit generosity may improve population mental health. Four reviews explored active labour-market policies and found some, low-quality evidence, that return to work initiatives may lead to short-term health improvements, but that in the longer term, they can lead to declines in mental health. The more rigorously conducted reviews found no significant health effects of any of social protection policy under investigation. No reviews of family policies were located. Conclusions: The systematic review evidence base of the effects of social protection policy interventions remains sparse, of low quality, of limited generalizability (as the evidence base is concentrated in the Anglo-Saxon welfare state type), and relatively inconclusive. There is a clear need for evaluations in more diverse welfare state settings and particularly of family policies.
10
Cheer, Tarin, Robin Kearns, and Laurence Murphy. "Housing Policy, Poverty, and Culture: ‘Discounting’ Decisions among Pacific Peoples in Auckland, New Zealand." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 20, no. 4 (August 2002): 497–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c04r.
Full textAbstract:
This paper explores the links between housing and other welfare policies, low income, and culture among Pacific peoples within Auckland, New Zealand. These migrant peoples occupy an ambiguous social space within Auckland: they represent the visible face of the world's largest Polynesian city, yet are occupants of some of the city's poorest and least health-promoting housing. Through considering the balance between choice and constraint, we examine how housing costs, poverty, and cultural practices converge to influence household expenditure decisions. Specifically, we are interested in the ways health-promoting behaviours (for example, obtaining fresh food) and utilising health care services are ‘discounted’ (that is, postponed or substituted with cheaper alternatives) because of costs associated with structural changes in housing and the broader policy context. We draw on narratives gathered from in-depth interviews conducted with seventeen Samoan and Cook Island families undertaken in the South Auckland suburb of Otara in mid-2000. Our findings illustrate a lack of ‘fit’ between state housing stock and its occupants. We conclude that, although a recent return to a policy of income-related rents may alleviate these conditions, further longitudinal and community-supported research is required to monitor whether health inequalities are in fact lessened through income-related interventions alone.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Poverty; Health inequalities; Low income"
1
Hobbiss, Ann. "Managing dietary information whilst on income support : implications for government policy." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307559.
Full text
2
Jaswal, Surinder Kaur Parmar. "Gynaecological and mental health of low-income urban women in India." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1995. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/4646090/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis reports on the gynaecological and mental health of low-income urban women in Thane, India. The research objectives were to study the women's perception and experience of gynaecological symptoms, their association with mental ill-health and the role of social support and social networks in these two morbidities. A combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods was used in the form of a survey questionnaire and in-depth interviews. Gynaecological morbidity was measured by women's perception of morbidity and prevalence was calculated on women's reporting of symptoms. The Self Response Questionnaire (SRQ-20) was used to calculate mental ill-health 'cases'. Social support and social networks were separately explored for the first time in an Indian community setting using an adapted version of the Close Persons Questionnaire (CPQ). There was a high reporting (50.6%) of gynaecological symptoms in the community with reproductive tract infections, menstrual problems, urinary infections and prolapse being most commonly reported. 17.9% of the women were 'cases' of mental ill-health. Gynaecological morbidity was associated with poor mental health and affected women's social life. Women's age and reporting of a major illness were associated with gynaecological and mental health, whereas unemployment was associated with mental ill-health. Levels of social support were not associated with either morbidity. Higher levels of negative support were received from spouses, by the women. An extensively used social network appeared to protect against mental ill-health. The study's conclusions point to the need to plan more appropriate (participatory) and culturally sensitive programmes for the identification and treatment of gynaecological and mental health at the community level. The research findings emphasize the need for integration of mental health services at the primary health level especially in low income urban communities and the recognition of social networks in maintaining positive health.
3
McKinnon, Brittany. "The impact of financial barriers and health services on inequalities in neonatal mortality in low- and middle-income countries." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=123208.
Full textAbstract:
In 2011, an estimated 3 million children died in their first four weeks of life. The majority of these neonatal deaths are avoidable if effective low-cost interventions, such as clean delivery practices, exclusive breastfeeding, and newborn resuscitation are available. However, these interventions are clearly not reaching many of the women and newborns who need them most. A major challenge is how best to expand access to essential obstetric and newborn interventions, particularly among disadvantaged populations and in areas with poor access to health services. This requires an understanding of the social and geographical patterning of neonatal mortality rates (NMR) as well as evidence about which policies can reduce inequalities in access to essential maternal and newborn care. The three objectives of my thesis addressed these issues directly.First, we described socioeconomic inequalities in NMR across low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) and assessed changes in inequalities over the past decade. Using Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from 24 countries, we estimated absolute and relative socioeconomic inequalities using the Slope Index of Inequality and the Relative Index of Inequality, respectively. In most countries, absolute and relative inequality in NMR declined over the approximate 10-year period. There was, however, considerable heterogeneity both in the magnitude of NMR inequalities between countries and in how inequalities changed over time. Furthermore, there remained a substantial survival advantage for newborns born into wealthier and more educated households, which should be considered in global efforts to further reduce NMR. Next, we evaluated the impact of a policy that removes user fees for facility-based deliveries on health service utilization, neonatal mortality, and socioeconomic inequalities. Using DHS data from ten countries in sub-Saharan Africa, we employed a difference-in-differences regression approach to control for underlying secular trends in the outcomes that are common across countries and for time invariant differences between countries. Reducing fees for delivery services was associated with an increase in facility-based deliveries and a possible reduction in NMR. Furthermore, increases in facility-based deliveries occurred across all socioeconomic groups, with no indication that richer or more educated women benefited more from the policy change.Finally, we assessed the effect of distance to emergency obstetric and newborn care (EmONC) services on early neonatal mortality and examined whether proximity to services contributed to socioeconomic inequalities in early neonatal mortality. Using geographical coordinates collected in both surveys, we linked data from the 2011 Ethiopian DHS with comprehensive facility census data from the 2008 Ethiopian EmONC Needs Assessment. Closer proximity to delivery services and higher level of care were associated with lower early NMR. Distance to EmONC services was a main determinant of total inequality in NMR, although it did not make a significant contribution to socioeconomic inequality. In this thesis, we have identified several barriers that contribute to large and persistent inequalities in neonatal mortality and in the utilization of essential obstetric and newborn care in LMIC. The findings highlight the importance of a multipronged policy approach that addresses geographic accessibility and quality of obstetric and newborn services, affordability barriers, and socioeconomic inequalities to significantly reduce neonatal mortality. Further research examining the relative importance of various access barriers in different settings will help policy makers and planners adopt locally relevant approaches to improve newborn survival.En 2011, environ 3 millions d'enfants sont morts au cours des quatre premières semaines de leurs vies. La majorité de ces morts néonatales peuvent être évitées si des interventions abordables, telles que des accouchements sanitaires, l'allaitement exclusif et la réanimation des nourrissons sont disponibles. Cependant, ces interventions ne sont pas accessibles aux femmes et aux nouveaux nés qui en ont le plus besoin. Un des défis majeurs à relever est de formuler la meilleure stratégie pour étendre l'accès des interventions obstétriques et des interventions aux nouveaux nés aux populations désavantagées et dans les zones qui manquent des services de santé. Cela nécessite une connaissance des dynamiques sociales et géographiques des taux de mortalité néonatale (TMN) et des données concernant les politiques pouvant réduire les inégalités d'accès aux soins essentiels aux mères et aux nouveaux nés. Les trois objectifs de ma thèse explorent directement ces sujets. D'abord, nous décrivons les inégalités socioéconomiques du TMN à travers les pays à bas et moyens revenus (PBMR). Basée sur les données du Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) sur 24 pays, nous calculons les inégalités absolues et relatives. Dans la plupart des pays, les inégalités absolues et relatives du TMN ont diminué sur une période approximative de 10 ans. Il y a toutefois une hétérogénéité considérable quant à la magnitude des inégalités du TMN entre les pays et quant à leur fluctuation dans le temps. De plus, un avantage de survie substantiel pour les nouveaux nés des ménages riches et éduqués subsiste encore. Ensuite, nous évaluons l'impact des politiques supprimant les coûts des accouchements qui ont lieu dans des établissements de santé sur l'utilisation des services de santé, la mortalité néonatale et sur les inégalités socioéconomiques. Avec les données du DHS de dix pays sub-sahariens, nous utilisons l'approche de différence-en-différences dans des modèles de régression pour réguler les tendances séculaires des indicateurs communs à tous les pays ainsi que pour contrôler toute différence fixe dans le temps qui pourrait exister entre les pays. La réduction des coûts liés aux services d'accouchement est associée à une augmentation du nombre d'accouchements dans les établissements de santé et à une réduction potentielle du TMN. De plus, l'augmentation des accouchements en établissements de santé a eu lieu dans tous les groupes socioéconomiques.Enfin, nous évaluons l'effet de la distance entre le domicile et les centres des services obstétricaux et néonataux d'urgence (SONU) sur la mortalité néonatale. Dans ce projet, nous lions les données géographiques du DHS 2011 sur l'Éthiopie avec celles du recensement exhaustif des établissements de santé de 2008 sur l'Éthiopie. La proximité des services d'accouchement et un niveau élevé de soins sont associés à un plus faible taux de mortalité néonatale. La distance des services SONU est un déterminant principal des inégalités totales dans le taux de mortalité néonatale, malgré le fait qu'elle ne contribue pas significativement aux inégalités socioéconomiques. Dans cette thèse, nous identifions plusieurs obstacles qui contribuent aux inégalités larges et persistantes dans le taux de mortalité néonatale et de l'utilisation des soins obstétrique et néonataux essentiels dans les PBMR. Les résultats démontrent l'importance d'une approche politique multidimensionnelle qui prend en considération l'accessibilité géographique, la qualité des services obstétriques et néonataux, et l'accessibilité des coûts et des inégalités socioéconomiques afin de réduire sensiblement la moralité néonatale. D'autres recherches portant sur l'importance relative des obstacles à l'accessibilité dans différents contextes aideront les décideurs politiques et les administrateurs à adopter des approches locales appropriées pour améliorer la survie des nouveaux nés.
4
Piaseu, Noppawan. "Food insecurity and health among low income families living in crowded urban areas in Thailand /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7290.
Full text
5
Pugach, Meghan R. "Low-income women's experiences in outpatient psychotherapy: A qualitative descriptive analysis." Thesis, Boston College, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/3811.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis advisor: Lisa A. GoodmanAs poverty rates in the United States increase, women continue to be disproportionately represented among individuals in poverty. As a result of their poverty, low-income women experience a range of acute stressors and chronic life conditions, within a sociopolitical climate that is highly stigmatizing. Not surprisingly, low-income women experience mental health issues at substantially higher rates than their higher-income counterparts. Despite the clear need for mental health services for this population, rates of access to treatment are low and attrition rates are high. The minimal research examining treatment outcomes for low-income women reveals mixed findings. Further, there is little research on low-income women's qualitative experiences of therapy; the role of their poverty and what they perceive to be meaningful and effective. The present study attempted to fill the gap in our understanding of low-income women's psychotherapy needs and experiences, in an effort to offer new insights about directions for research, training, and practice that can improve mental health services for this high-risk population. This study employed a qualitative descriptive methodology to explore low-income women's (n=10) experiences in traditional outpatient psychotherapy, with a particular focus on how poverty shaped their experiences and what they perceived to be most effective and meaningful. Six clusters emerged from data analysis: Awareness, Instrumental support and flexibility, Building strengths, Respect and dignity, Shared power, and Authenticity. These clusters, in turn, coalesced into three overarching themes: Awareness, Practices, and Relational Quality. Awareness pertains to participants' sense that their therapist understood the nature of poverty and was sensitive to the role of poverty-related stressors in their clients' lives. Practices reflects therapists' willingness to respond directly and actively to participants' poverty-related needs, as these are inextricably intertwined with their mental health. Relational quality refers to the participants' view of how therapists approached relational dynamics; in particular, how they negotiated issues such as power and transparency. Findings are discussed in the context of feminist theory and current research. Limitations are also presented along with recommendations for future research, training, and practice
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2014
Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education
Discipline: Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology
6
Collier, Samuel. "Diabetes Management for Low-Income Patients: Within-Case Analyses in Primary Care." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1545175642997094.
Full text
7
Moellman, Nicholas S. "ESSAYS ON TRANSFER-PROGRAM INTERACTIONS AMONG LOW-INCOME HOUSEHOLDS." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/economics_etds/36.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation consists of three essays examining the role of transfer-program interactions for families and households who participate in the social safety net. The safety net is comprised of many different programs, run by different agencies, governed by different rules, and often administered by disparate and secluded entities. However, many households participate in multiple programs, subjecting them to the milieu of administrative hurdles. In this dissertation, I try to untangle some of the intended and unintended effects of program participation that may be experienced by these households.
In Essay 1, I examine the effect of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA) on food hardship in US households, utilizing food security information from the Food Security Supplement of the Current Population Survey. Because states adopted the Medicaid expansions provided under the ACA at different times beginning in 2014, the cross-state, over time variation allows me to separate the impact of the ACA on food hardship using triple difference specifications. The richness of questions in the Food Security Supplement allows me to examine the effect of the ACA across different measures of food hardship, and also examine differential response for households participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). Examining the mechanisms through which the ACA could affect food insecurity, I find the ACA not only increased average weekly food expenditure, but also the probability a household participates in SNAP. I employ a two-stage, control function approach to address reverse causality between SNAP and food insecurity. I find that the ACA reduced the probability that a household participating in SNAP falls into the two lowest food security categories by 6.5 percentage points and reduced the probability of being food insecure by 14.2 percentage points. Across specifications, I find strong evidence for increasing returns to program participation, and evidence of a differential impact of the ACA across the distribution of food hardship.
In Essay 2, I examine how grant funding and fiscal structure affect program response over the business cycle. I compare child enrollment in Medicaid, a matching grant funding program, with enrollment the State Children's Health Insurance Program, a block grant funded program, utilizing the similarities in beneficiaries, program benefits, and administration to isolate the impact of fiscal structure. I utilize administrative enrollment records, along with individual level participation data, and find a one percentage point increase in the unemployment rate leads to a 7.6% decrease in the number of beneficiaries per person enrolled in block grant funded programs, and a 10% decrease in state expenditure per person decreases the probability of enrollment in a block grant program by 0.58 percentage points. I also find that enrollment is much more persistent among matching grant funded programs, and being enrolled in a block grant funded program the previous period increases the probability of enrolling in a matching grant program this period 75% more than remaining enrolled in the block grant funded program.
Finally, in Essay 3 I explore the effect of the minimum wage on the self-reported value of public assistance program benefits, and the joint effect of the minimum wage and public assistance programs on the income to poverty ratio using data from the 1995-2016 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement. In the first stage, I estimate a Tobit model controlling for the censoring of received benefits from below at zero, and examine the effect of changes in the minimum wage on the self-reported dollar value of benefits received for food stamps/the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)/Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), Supplemental Security Income (SSI), and the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), as well as the total sum of benefits. I find that the minimum wage reduces the value of means-tested benefits, but that this effect is strongest for programs with strong work requirements. Utilizing the residuals from the first stage, I employ a control function approach to estimate the joint effect of the minimum wage and program benefits on the income to poverty ratio. I find the own-effect of the minimum wage provides a small increase in the income to poverty ratio, but that the total effect, accounting for changes in benefits, attenuates by approximately 30%.
8
Aidoo, Magna L. "Explanations of the causes of mental ill-health among low-income women in an urban area : the case of Zambia." Thesis, London South Bank University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245065.
Full text
9
Naqib, Dahlia. "Effect of Medicaid/SCHIP and WIC on Oral Health of Low-Income Children." VCU Scholars Compass, 2005. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1082.
Full textAbstract:
Oral caries is the most prevalent chronic disease among US children, and disproportionately impacts those of low socioeconomic status. Studies have shown that the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women Infants and Children (WIC) improves access to dental care among Medicaid children. This study investigated the impact of WIC, Medicaid, and the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) on the prevalence of dental caries among low-income children. The 1999-2000 and 2001-2002 NHANES data were utilized for this analysis. Children 2-4 years old who participated in WIC, Medicaid, or SCHIP, or who were uninsured, and for whom both interview and complete oral health exam data were available (n = 597) were included in the study. Multivariate logistic regression modeling was conducted to examine the effects of program participation on caries. There was no statistically significant association between dental caries and participation in public assistance programs. The risk of dental caries for children in MedicaidSCHIP only was comparable to the risk for children in WIC and MedicaidSCHIP (OR = 1.04; 95%CI = 0.622, 1.745) and also to uninsured children (OR = 0.96; 95%CI = 0.523, 1.773). Dental caries were not impacted if the child did not have a preventive dental visit in the past 6 months (OR = 0.68; 95% CI = 0.436, 1.063) or did not have a regular dental care provider (OR = 1.15; 95% CI = 0.646, 2.044). Participation in WIC and MedicaidSCHIP does not improve the oral health of low-income children. Because this population is a high-risk group requiring more specialized efforts, improving access to care is not sufficient to improve oral health. In addition to increased utilization of services, the program partnership between WIC and MedicaidSCHIP must provide targeted, educational interventions to prevent dental caries. It may also be necessary to increase the recommended number of preventive visits for low-income children.
10
Borges, Angela Marie. "Psychologists' Experiences Working with Clients in Poverty: A Qualitative Descriptive Study." Thesis, Boston College, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:103740.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis advisor: Lisa A. GoodmanThose in poverty face myriad stressors, traumatic events, and ongoing hardships; and not surprisingly, struggle with a range of mental health issues. Yet, they are less likely to access mental health services than their middle-income counterparts, and when they do, they are more likely to drop out of treatment prematurely. Although researchers have found that when interventions are tailored to address poverty-related stressors outcomes are dramatically improved, the perspectives of those providing such treatment is rarely described. This qualitative descriptive study of twelve experienced psychologists working with clients in poverty aimed to fill this gap. The study explored the extent to which psychologists develop unique practices for working with low-income clients, as well as the personal and contextual factors that support or hinder these efforts. Findings can be distilled into three categories: Practices unique to working with low-income clients include strategies for addressing power dynamics, managing boundaries, and addressing external stressors as part of the therapeutic process. Therapist attributes key to working with low-income clients include possessing a values-based commitment to working with marginalized groups; possessing experience with, knowledge of, and empathy for the realities of living in poverty; possessing a high degree of self-awareness related to poverty; and possessing a willingness to be deeply affected by the work and cope with negative feelings. Contextual obstacles to working with low-income clients include agency-level and social service system-level challenges. Perhaps the most striking finding was participants' understanding of how conceptualizations of appropriate boundaries need to change in the context of work with this population. Many participants described, for example, giving food to their clients when they were hungry or giving them small amounts of money to help them take care of their most basic needs. The discussion section explores these findings in the context of ecological and feminist theoretical models and current research and describes the implications of the results for research, training, and practice
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2014
Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education
Discipline: Counseling, Developmental and Educational Psychology
Books on the topic "Poverty; Health inequalities; Low income"
1
The use of physicians' services by low-income children. New York: Garland Pub., 1993.
Find full text
2
Great Britain. Food Standards Agency and National Centre for Social Research (Great Britain), eds. Low income diet and nutrition survey: Summary of key findings. London: TSO, 2007.
Find full text
3
Holahan, John. Health policy for the low-income population: Major findings from the Assessing the New Federalism case studies. Washington: Assessing the New Federalism, Urban Institute, 1998.
Find full text
4
1936-, Webster Charles, and Socialist Health Association, eds. Health, wealth & poverty: Papers on inequalities in income and health. London: Medical World and Socialist Health Association, 1993.
Find full text
5
Poverty and Place: Cancer Prevention among Low-Income Women of Color. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 2018.
Find full text
6
Yeakey, Carol Camp, Will Ross, Vetta L. Sanders Thompson, Anjanette Wells, and Sheri Notaro. Poverty and Place: Cancer Prevention among Low-Income Women of Color. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 2020.
Find full text
7
Vicente, Navarro, ed. The political economy of social inequalities: Consequences for health and quality of life. Amityville, NY: Baywood Pub. Co., 2002.
Find full text
8
The Political Economy of Social Inequalities: Consequences for Health and Quality of Life (Policy, Politics, Health, and Medicine Series). Baywood Publishing Company, 2000.
Find full text
9
The Political Economy of Social Inequalities: Consequences for Health and Quality of Life (Policy, Politics, Health, and Medicine Series (Unnumbered).). Baywood Pub Co, 2000.
Find full text
10
Miguel, Eve, Florence Fournet, Serge Yerbanga, Nicolas Moiroux, Franck Yao, Timothée Vergne, Bernard Cazelles, Roch K. Dabiré, Frédéric Simard, and Benjamin Roche. Optimizing public health strategies in low-income countries: epidemiology, ecology and evolution for the control of malaria. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789833.003.0016.
Full textAbstract:
During the 20th century, health inequalities among countries have increased. Several factors explain this pattern, such as immunization and massive antibiotherapy, but nutrition, housing and hygiene are key parameters for health improvement. This heterogeneity among countries is well illustrated by malaria, although disappeared from many high-income countries, is still endemic and prevalent in low- and middle-income countries. We question these differences and detail the recommendations proposed by the World Health Organization to tackle malaria. We investigate the optimal combination of actions to deploy in resource-limited countries and the best spatio-temporal window to target. We propose a new framework for health program management based on evolutionary biology approaches to tailor global programs, to improve their local efficiency and avoid resistance. Thus, we explore all components of the ecological niche of the parasite (human, vector and environment) and consider the magnitude of actions to deploy to reach its local.
Book chapters on the topic "Poverty; Health inequalities; Low income"
1
Iddi, Mwanyoka, Haule Kelvin, Shemdoe Riziki, and Roy Manoj. "Health implications of climate change for dwellers of low-income settlements in Tanzania." In Urban Poverty and Climate Change, 92–110. New York, NY : Routledge, 2016. |: Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315716435-6.
Full text
2
Bass, Judith. "The Relationship Between Mental Health and Poverty in Low- and Middle-Income Countries." In The Routledge Handbook of International Development, Mental Health and Wellbeing, 58–68. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429397844-4.
Full text
3
Golin, Carol E., Oluwakemi Amola, Anna Dardick, Brooke Montgomery, Lauren Bishop, Sharon Parker, and Lauren E. Owens. "Chapter 5 Poverty, Personal Experiences of Violence, and Mental Health: Understanding Their Complex Intersections Among Low-Income Women." In Poverty in the United States, 63–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43833-7_5.
Full text
4
Akinbami, C. A. O. "Climatepreneurship: Adaptation Strategy for Climate Change Impacts on Rural Women Entrepreneurship Development in Nigeria." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2143–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_191.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractAdequate and proper adaptation strategies to climate change depend largely on activities in the rural sector, which drives national economy through exploitation of natural resources. Consequently, actions in rural areas are essential to successful climate change adaptation. Rural communities are highly dependent upon natural resources that are affected by climate change, thus affecting their food security, livelihoods, health, and physical infrastructure. Women and their livelihood practices are thereby affected negatively, leading to increased poverty level and low income, because they find it difficult to respond adequately to climate change effects. This study examines the past and existing interventions on climate change adaptation strategies in two rural communities in Oyo State, introduces climatepreneurship strategy, and assesses its effectiveness. This is an explorative study, employing qualitative approach to gather information through in-depth interview (IDIs) from 50 farmers, before and after the interventions. Data collected were analyzed using Atlas ti. This is a powerful workbench for qualitative data analysis using coding and annotating activities to generate different thematic issues for discussions and interpretations with networks. Study revealed that communities had previously experienced some interventions. Such had no impact on livelihood practices because steps to successful intervention were not followed. Socio-cultural practices hinder women development. The newly introduced climatepreneurship strategy improved livelihood practices. Study outcomes will expectedly be integrated into policy framework for sustainable rural women entrepreneurship development and also replicated in other rural areas in Nigeria.
5
Perry, Brian, Bernard Bett, Eric Fèvre, Delia Grace, and Thomas Fitz Randolph. "Veterinary epidemiology at ILRAD and ILRI, 1987-2018." In The impact of the International Livestock Research Institute, 208–38. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789241853.0208.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This chapter describes the activities of the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and its predecessor, the International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD) from 1987 to 2018. Topics include scientific impacts; economic impact assessment; developmental impacts; capacity development; partnerships; impacts on human resources capacity in veterinary epidemiology; impacts on national animal health departments and services; impacts on animal health constraints in developing countries; impacts on ILRI's research and strategy; the introduction of veterinary epidemiology and economics at ILRAD; field studies in Kenya; tick-borne disease dynamics in eastern and southern Africa; heartwater studies in Zimbabwe; economic impact assessments of tick-borne diseases; tick and tick-borne disease distribution modelling; modelling the infection dynamics of vector-borne diseases; economic impact of trypanosomiasis; the epidemiology of resistance to trypanocides; the development of a modelling technique for evaluating control options; sustainable trypanosomiasis control in Uganda and in the Ghibe Valley of Ethiopia; spatial modelling of tsetse distributions; preventing and containing trypanocide resistance in the cotton zone of West Africa; rabies research; the economic impacts of rinderpest control; applying economic impact assessment tools to foot and mouth disease (FMD) control, the southern Africa FMD economic impact study; economic impacts of FMD in Peru, Colombia and India; economic impacts of FMD control in endemic settings in low- and middle-income countries; the global FMD research alliance (GFRA); Rift Valley fever; economic impact assessment of control options and calculation of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs); RVF risk maps for eastern Africa; land-use change and RVF infection and disease dynamics; epidemiology of gastrointestinal parasites; priorities in animal health research for poverty reduction; the Wellcome Trust Epidemiology Initiatives; the broader economic impact contributions; the responses to highly pathogenic avian influenza; the International Symposium on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (ISVEE) experience, the role of epidemiology in ILRAD and ILRI and the impacts of ILRAD and ILRI's epidemiology; capacity development in veterinary epidemiology and impact assessment; impacts on national animal health departments and services; impacts on animal health constraints in developing countries and impacts on ILRI's research and strategy.
6
Hiyoshi, Ayako, and Naoki Kondo. "Historical Overview of Japanese Society, Health, and Health Inequalities from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-first Century." In Health in Japan, 147–62. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848134.003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
In the previous century, Japan rose from poverty and destruction. High levels of social inequalities before World War II were greatly equalized in the 1960–1980 period. Population health, indicated by life expectancy, height, mortality, and self-rated health, improved. Health inequalities were reduced in line with these improvements. In the past 30 years Japan has experienced low economic growth, rapid ageing, and resource constraints, with some widening of income inequalities. All are indicators of a challenging population health situation. However, health inequalities narrowed for a period in the 1990s and the early 2000s. Limited evidence suggests health inequalities have widened in recent years. Narrowing health inequality after 1990 was partly the result of worsening health in high socioeconomic groups. In the past, the combination of social structure, economic growth, culture, and social policies resulted in remarkable health development and limited health inequalities. Increased research and monitoring is needed to understand these trends, and to support policy development to reduce health inequalities as Japan changes.
7
Bagli, Supravat, and Ratan Dey. "Poverty and Inequality of SHG-Member Households." In Advances in Finance, Accounting, and Economics, 365–85. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5240-6.ch018.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter explores the penetration of SHGs and assesses socio-economic status and its inequality for the SHG-member households in North Andaman Island in the union territory Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India. The authors have used the Gini coefficients for computing inequalities and log-linear model for estimating the impact of borrowing on food and non-food expenditure. It is revealed that the incidence and intensity of poverty of the sample households is not so serious. Majority of the sample women under SHG schemes actively participate in group activities and have obtained micro credit. Inequality in household income is lower than the inequality in per capita income. Moreover, inequality for health expenditure is higher compared to the inequality in food expenditure. Borrowing through SHGs accelerates non-food expenditures not investment in income generating activities. However, SHGs inculcates empowerment of the participations.
8
SUBRAMANIAN, S. V., and ICHIRO KAWACHI. "Wage Poverty, Earned Income Inequality, and Health." In Global Inequalities at Work, 165–87. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195150865.003.007.
Full text
9
Hanefeld, Johanna. "Reflections on the UK legacy of health inequities research, from the perspective of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)." In Health Inequalities, 69–80. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198703358.003.0005.
Full text
10
Mackenbach, Johan P. "Patterns of health inequalities explained." In Health inequalities, 97–140. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198831419.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 4 (‘Patterns of health inequalities explained’) is based on in-depth studies of the macro-level determinants of health inequalities, especially conducted for this book. It shows that the persistence of health inequalities is partly due to broader changes in society, such as educational expansion, increasing rates of intergenerational mobility, and more intermarriage of highly educated people. Another factor is that health improvements have been faster in higher than in lower socioeconomic groups, also because higher socioeconomic groups have benefited more from rising prosperity and rising health care expenditure, and have suffered less negative health impacts from rising income inequality and the transition towards liberal democracy in Central and Eastern Europe. Finally, it demonstrates the importance of the continued social patterning of health determinants, particularly poverty and smoking. It ends with a summary of how differences in the magnitude of health inequalities between European regions (North, South, East) should be understood.
Conference papers on the topic "Poverty; Health inequalities; Low income"
1
Huda, MM, M. O’Flaherty, JE Finlay, and AA Mamun. "P7 Trends, determinants and inequalities in adolescent motherhood in 74 low and middle-income countries: a population-based study." In RCPCH and SAHM Adolescent Health Conference; Coming of Age, 18–19 September 2019. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2019-rcpch-sahm.15.
Full text
2
Sukoco, Amin, Harsono Salimo, and Yulia Lanti Retno Dewi. "Biological and Socio-Demographic Factors Associated with Neonatal Mortality: Evidence from Karanganyar District, Central Java." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.110.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Background: The highest risk of childhood death occurs during the neonatal period. Risks of poor outcomes during pregnancy and childbirth are exacerbated by poverty, low status of women, lack of education, poor nutrition, heavy workloads, and violence. This study aimed to examine biological and socio-demographic factors associated with neonatal mortality. Subjects and Method: A case control study was conducted in Karanganyar, Central Java, Indonesia. Study population was infant neonates. A sample of 200 mothers and their neonates, including 50 dead neonates and 150 alive infants was selected by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was infant mortality. The independent variables were maternal mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), maternal age, maternal occupation, family income, and number birth delivery. The data were obtained from medical record and questionnaire. The data were analyzed by a multiple logistic regression. Results: The risk of neonatal death increased with mother working outside the house (b= 0.95; 95% CI= 0.10 to 1.80; p= 0.028). The risk of neonatal death decreased with maternal MUAC ≥23.5 cm (b= -1.21; 95% CI= -2.03 to -0.38; p= 0.004), maternal age 20-35 years (b= -1.06; 95% CI= -1.83 to -0.29; p= 0.007), family income ≥Rp 1,833,000 (b= -1.37; 95% CI= -2.20 to -0.54; p= 0.001), and number of birth delivery 2 to 4 (b= -0.67; 95% CI= -1.39 to 0.05; p= 0.067). Conclusion: The risk of neonatal death increases with mother working outside the house. The risk of neonatal death decreases with maternal MUAC ≥23.5 cm, maternal age 20-35 years, high family income, and number of birth delivery 2 to 4. Keywords: neonatal death, biological factors, socio-demographic factors Correspondence: Amin Sukoco. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: soekotjo78@gmail.com. Mobile: +6281329387610. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.110
3
Fırat, Emine, Emre Ürün, and Aytaç Aydın. "The Relationship of Development and Education: An Evaluation of Turkey’s Education Level by Human Development Index." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01411.
Full textAbstract:
The unfair distribution of income in underdeveloped countries causes the capital to be gathered in the hands of a certain party and thus preventing it from spreading to the society and although national income in these countries is high, the level of development being low creates problems. Education directly relates to issues related to the concept of development such as developing individuals’ social points of view, obtaining the individual’s skills and abilities, shaping the socio-cultural structure, environment, healthy life and guaranteeing rights and freedom.
The fact that frontiers disappeared together with the globalizing world and sharing the incomes in international markets have brought about some problems. The emergence of human-centered approach in development in 1970 and after has been an important opportunity for all societies. Human development has led the way to investigate concepts such as poverty, income equality, health and education and to take action to remove the deficiencies in the aforementioned area.
Education is inevitable for development. In this context, Turkey’s education level will be evaluated in terms of the relationship of human development and education for development. In this study the indicators of Human Development Index (HDI) prepared by UDP annually and Education Index (EI), the sub-index of HDI, for Turkey have been taken into consideration and it has been aimed to determine Turkey’s level of development in education. It was determined in the study that Turkey’s level of human development is not satisfactory and that indicators for education were low.
4
Jakkappanavar, Anita C. "Placemaking as multi-faceted tool in urban design and planning. A strategic approach in case of Hubballi city, Karnataka, India." In Post-Oil City Planning for Urban Green Deals Virtual Congress. ISOCARP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/jeih5897.
Full textAbstract:
Cities are the main engines of economy attracting influx of population from rural to urban areas. They are the major contributors of global GDP and hold high potential for development opportuniites but yet they face many inequalities. These negative effects suppress positive ones if not managed properly. In context to Hubballi (a developing city of North Karnataka), in the past the cultural matrix shared a symbiotic relationship with the green & blue networks that traversed the city in a manner that could be characterized as the urban commons. However, over a few decades, industrialization & changing economic drivers have led to over exploitation of natural resources. Specifically, in the case of Unkal Nullah, a canal which originates from Unkal Lake in the northern end of Hubballi city. The mismanagement of urban development led to self-build practices, poor drainage system and encroachment of low-income houses along the water edges. Lack of maintenance led to waste dumping practices into the canal which was a source of sustenance in the past, to become the backyard or sewer of the city in the present day. This inturn led ecological imbalances which were compromised and neglected to the background. To ameliorate the situation there have been multiple efforts in terms of policies and missions, the most recent one being the ‘smart cities mission’ which also stresses the sustainable development of Indian cities. This paper is an attempt to fulfill the motive of “smart cities makes better cities with healthier people” by assessing Place making as a major tool to configure waterfront dynamics to create public realm, to make people centric approach which contribute to people’s health, happiness and wellbeing. It is necessary to rethink on the matrix of land & water through urban design & planning efforts in making cities more connected with its water-land-people.
Reports on the topic "Poverty; Health inequalities; Low income"
1
Enfield, Sue. Covid-19 Impact on Employment and Skills for the Labour Market. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.081.
Full textAbstract:
This literature review draws from academic and grey literature, published largely as institutional reports and blogs. Most information found considered global impacts on employment and the labour market with the particular impact for the very high numbers of youth, women, migrant workers, and people with disabilities who are more likely to be employed in the informal sector. There has been a high negative impact on the informal sector and for precariously employed groups. The informal labour market is largest in low and middle-income countries and engages 2 billion workers (62 percent) of the global workforce (currently around 3.3 billion). Particularly in low- and middle-income countries, hard-hit sectors have a high proportion of workers in informal employment and workers with limited access to health services and social protection. Economic contractions are particularly challenging for micro, small, and medium enterprises to weather. Reduced working hours and staff reductions both increase worker poverty and hardship. Women, migrant workers, and youth form a major part of the workforce in the informal economy since they are more likely to work in these vulnerable, low-paying informal jobs where there are few protections, and they are not reached by government support measures. Young people have been affected in two ways as many have had their education interrupted; those in work these early years of employment (with its continued important learning on the job) have been interrupted or in some cases ended.