Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Poverty porn'

South Africa as integral part of the global village has been affected by the global economic meltdown that affected some parts of the globe. The Government has her other three monsters to deal with which exacerbated after the meltdown, inter alia; poverty, unemployment and inequality. The heat is felt most on unemployment and poverty. The masses on the ground are the greatest victims. Missionvale just like other small areas is not immune to the scourge caused by the crisis alluded to before. The ripple effect of the crisis is felt in classroom, when manifestations emerge in different forms, leaving victims by the way side. Poverty is rife in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality as a consequence to that the title of the study on poverty alleviation came into being. South Africa as a country rich in natural and human resource experiences a high rate of unemployment and harbours the majority of people living in squalor and chronic poverty. Methodology approach to gather information for this study is through relevant literature consisting of books, legislation and interviews with knowledgeable individuals in the field. The study points out the major role the municipality in collaboration with other stakeholder, inter alia; social development, and other sister departments and NGO‟s can play towards poverty alleviation in Missionvale.

Seminario para optar al título de Ingeniero Comercial, Mención Economía
This seminar addresses child poverty in Chile from the new poverty measurement methodology (released in January 2015 by the Ministry of Social Development), both from an income and a multidimensional approach. The objective is to emphasize the importance of developing appropriate tools to measure and characterize child poverty, given its overrepresentation on poverty measures in the country and the gravity of the negative consequences poverty has over a child’s future development. This work analyzes the evolution of child poverty patterns in time, measured with data from the CASEN Household Survey, from 1990 to 2013 for the traditional methodology, and from 2006 to 2013 for the new methodology. The overrepresentation of children in poverty measures is shown using a monetary approach. Then this work analyzes the dynamics of income and multidimensional poverty, to finish with a deeper study of the specific deprivations children experience at a household level and a description of aggregated multidimensional poverty measures. The Alkire & Foster (2007) methodology is used to measure aggregated multidimensional indicators, which allows to analyze certain sub groups of the population. Results show that although indicators for the multidimensional measure are not child-specific, the aggregated indicators show a higher poverty rate for children than for adults, which is also the case using a monetary approach. In addition, its shown that using a multidimensional measure does add value, since both methodologies identify different segments of the population, having an overlap of less than 40% of the income poor.
El presente seminario aborda la pobreza infantil en Chile desde la nueva metodología de medición de pobreza (publicada en Enero de 2015 por el Ministerio de Desarrollo Social), tanto con un enfoque por ingresos como con un enfoque multidimensional. El objetivo es enfatizar la importancia de desarrollar herramientas para medir y caracterizar adecuadamente la pobreza en la niñez, dada su sobrerrepresentación en las medidas de pobreza en el país, y dada la gravedad de las consecuencias negativas que esta puede generar en el desarrollo futuro de un niño o adolescente. Este trabajo analiza cómo se comportan los patrones de pobreza infantil en el tiempo, medido a partir de los datos de la Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica, desde 1990 hasta 2013 para la metodología tradicional, y desde 2006 hasta 2013 para la nueva metodología. Primero se utiliza el enfoque monetario para mostrar la sobrerrepresentación de la población infantil en la población pobre del país, luego se analiza la dinámica entre la pobreza por ingresos y la multidimensional, y para concluir se ahonda en las privaciones que vive la población infantil desde un enfoque multidimensional. Se utiliza la metodología de agregación de Alkire y Foster (2007) para calcular los indicadores de pobreza multidimensional, lo que permite analizar ciertos subgrupos de la población. Los resultados muestran que a pesar de los indicadores no ser específicos para niños, todas las medidas agregadas de pobreza multidimensional son mayores para la población infantil que para la población adulta, al igual que con el enfoque monetario. Además se muestra que sí existe un valor al medir la pobreza desde una perspectiva multidimensional, ya que ambos enfoques identifican a segmentos diferentes de la población, existiendo un overlap de menos del 40% de los pobres por ingresos.

As poverty alleviation projects are being established in communities in order to reduce the impact of unemployment, crime, and inequality as well as other factors propagating poverty, numerous projects fail to democratically meet the needs of the poor majority. Development initiatives brought forth by government and non-governmental organisations, which adopt a top-down approach in order to accelerate development, do not always have a positive effect on the community, especially on the poor majority, which development is meant to empower and benefit. This results in the short life span of the project and leads the community into immense poverty. Thus, the focus of this research paper was to evaluate the extent to which poverty alleviation projects such as the Seki Women’s Foundation, contribute towards the alleviation of poverty in its community, located in New Brighton, Port Elizabeth. This evaluation study focused more on aspects of development concerning community participation, empowerment through skills training and project sustainability. The objectives of the study were to investigate the values, aims and objectives of the Seki Women’s Foundation; how these values, aims and objectives were fulfilled; the challenges faced by the project towards effective community development and the determinants of the long-term sustainability of the project. The research study adopted a qualitative approach, which allowed the researcher to collect meaningful knowledge from the volunteers and stakeholders by conducting semi-structured interviews and a focus group which were guided by open-ended questions. The data was thematically analysed where important concepts were coded in order to obtain accurate information so that valid results could be reached. The main findings of the research study suggested that the contribution made by the Seki Women’s Foundation towards poverty alleviation and community development is to empower the volunteers and community through skills training in baking, gardening and sewing. The volunteers share these skills amongst community members, enabling them to be self-sufficient and implement the skills in their own surroundings. The project builds strong partnerships with the stakeholders by being accountable and transparent about the utilisation of funds through report formulation. Although the project implements some principles of community development, the full participation of volunteers in the development process remains a concern, especially in decision making. The challenges faced by the project are concerned with burglary of clothing containers, stealing of vegetation and garden tools and the community not buying the products sold by the project. The research study recommends that the volunteers reason with the community and instil trust and honesty to avoid crime. The project should instil authentic participation in all development processes and form a partnership with local shops in convincing them to sell their produce as this will allow some income to generate within the project and community.

Poverty is one of the issues that affects the development in our country. the strategies that are used differ from one to person to another. development is said to be measured through a lot of things but mostly through economic growth which influenced by poverty. the purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the strategies being used to alleviate poverty in the Motherwell township, in Port Elizabeth. The study focused mainly on Vukuzenzele gardening project, where a sample of 15 participants were purposovely selected to be part of the study. Furthermore, the aim of the study was to contribute towards community development by investigating the social issues that directly influence poverty eradication.

After 17 years of democratic freedom, South Africa is faced with a variety of challenges. Such challenges include crime, which is driving South African professionals of all ethnic groups to emigrate, discourages foreign investments and hampers growth; the spread of HIV/AIDS and unemployment which is steadily increasing. The country also inherited vast inequalities in education, health and basic infrastructure such as access for safe water, sanitation and housing (Hoogeveen and Ozler 2006, p.2). According to the Education and Training Unit for Democracy and Development (ETU), South Africa has a small wealthy population and a medium sized middle income and poor populations. There is a big difference between the wealthy and the poor people and if one looks at it, it looks like we have two nations, developed and developing living side by side in one country. This report will look at the role of the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality in alleviating poverty in one of its critically distressed wards, the Walmer Township near the Port Elizabeth Airport. Even though welfare is national and provincial government’s role, municipalities are expected by the government to play a developmental role. The findings of this report revealed that the problem of poverty is still a challenge in the metro and a review of the current policies was advised and involving the people living in poverty in the processes.

Poverty is one of the major problems that Republic of South Africa is dealing with at the particular moment and the lack of unemployment makes it even worse. According to the South African Government, they are trying their best level to decrease the level of poverty. Yet according to the standard of living of the poor people nothing has been seen that make a difference on the way these community members are affected by the poverty. This chapter will outline the structure of this study pertaining on how the information will be gathered, what is going to be collected, who will be involved, where would this study be focused, which area and which department will take part in order to address the answers to the above topic. It will also give the background of why these projects were created.

This research focuses on using criteria developed with the help of complexity theory to assess development projects, with special reference to a poverty alleviation project. As a test case it specifically addressed MES Port Elizabeth Poverty Alleviation Program. The first objective of the research was to use the principles of complexity theory and sustainable development to help develop a list of criteria for assessing whether or not any poverty alleviation program is worthwhile. These were laid out in terms of four categories: poverty alleviation, general complexity, social complexity and sustainable development. The second objective was to gather together as much information as possible on how the MES Poverty Alleviation Program operates. For this exploratory case study, a document analysis was conducted and the program leader of the MES Program was interviewed in depth. The final objective was to critically assess to what extent the MES Poverty Alleviation Program meets the criteria laid out for a worthwhile project. The results obtained from the analysis indicate that while the MES program makes a significant impact on the lives of participants, it experiences multiple challenges, particularly in relation to social complexity and sustainable development that reduce its effectiveness as a poverty alleviation program. It is concluded that complexity theory provides useful assessment criteria that enables us to identify diverse kinds of weakness within a program. It is recommended that the MES program should try to improve in its specific areas of weakness. Specifically it should redefine its policy on sustainable development, form more partnerships with external local organizations, increase pressure on government for policy change and increase the investment in service units of the project.

The study strives to highlight the factors contributing to unemployment in South Africa, specifically economic factors. The primary focus of the study is to analyse the impact of unemployment within the economy. The core the underlying causes of unemployment within the economy are low standard of education, low standard of living, and ineffective macroeconomic policies such as Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR). The assumption of the study is that unemployment is a socioeconomic issue which the government is struggling to address adequately. The study outlines the challenges faced by the government in tackling unemployment. It also uses the Kuyga Township as a case study, analysing the impact of unemployment and poverty within the community. The government has made efforts to address the aforementioned issue. It established specific macroeconomic policies to remedy the situation. However, these policies fell short and were ineffective. The apartheid system created an environment that continues to perpetuate both unemployment and poverty especially within poor communities. Kuyga Township has a high rate of unemployment which contributes to poverty. The study’s aim was to investigate the impact of unemployment in Nelson Mandela Bay area, determine the rate of unemployment, and compare strategies, projects and or programmes creating job opportunities in the area. It evaluated the success and failure of policies and strategies formulated to combat unemployment and alleviate poverty. The study also strived to determine the number of individuals affected by unemployment in Kuyga Township and the Nelson Mandela Bay area. The study makes recommendation and proposes plausible measures which the government could implement in order to manage and curtail the prevalence of unemployment and poverty within the Kuyga Township. It also highlights the role thatbusinesses can play in creating employment opportunities within the community.

Income generating projects represent one strategy adopted by the Department of Social Development to alleviate poverty. The purpose of this study is to explore challenges of an income generating project funded by the Department of Social Development in Kwa-Nobuhle, Uitenhage of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa., A sample of thirty respondents was drawn from ten income generating projects funded by the Department of Social Development. The sampling method of this study was purposive sampling. Data was gathered through semi-structured questionnaires. Related literature has been reviewed that focuses on income generating projects for poverty alleviation. Various recommendations have been made on the findings of the study. The findings of the study indicated the need for regular visits from the officials of the Department, to conduct monitoring and evaluation. Project members also need training on financial management so they cannot mismanage their finances. The research findings indicated clearly that strategies that were used by the Department were not effective enough to achieve desired goals of poverty alleviation.

South Africa is characterised by inequitable growth and development, a high degree of poverty, increasing demands and limited resources and the challenge of integration. The need for improved standards of living and access to better infrastructure which are seen as crucial issues in addressing poverty have necessitated the introduction of Integrated Development Planning (IDP). The IDP looks at the economic and social development of the area as a whole. It aims to coordinate the work of the local government in a coherent plan to improve the quality of life for all the people living in an area. In view of the above there is a need for proper planning and implementation of projects, as well as monitoring and assessment of success on the part of local government in order to help to eliminate poverty in the community. In this study I investigated the implementation of IDP as a mechanism to alleviate poverty in Port Elizabeth in the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality. Due to the vastness of the problem and the extensive nature of the geographical area of Port Elizabeth, this study focused exclusively on Motherwell and KwaZakhele. For the purposes of this study, a mixed methods research approach was employed. This means that the study followed both the qualitative and quantitative approaches for in-depth understanding and verification. The data collection tools/techniques and instruments used in this study were mainly closed-ended questionnaire and structured interview questions. Data was collected from residents by conducting surveys, making use of questionnaires. Structured interviews were conducted with municipality officials and councillors in order to understand the situation better. The findings of the study revealed that there is a lack of adequate public consultation. It is indicated that people are left in the dark and projects are implemented without proper consultation with the community.

Aquesta tesi té com a principal objectiu identificar factors que afavoreixen i dificulten la sortida de les dones del cercle de la pobresa. La proposta teòrica recorre a la teoria de les capacitats bàsiques, en els seus aspectes relacionats amb el desplegament de l’agència i la conformació i ajust de les preferències en condicions d’adversitat i introdueix una perspectiva teòrica-metodològica d’explicació per mecanismes que identifica alguns microfundaments del fenomen en estudi. S’organitza en dos grans blocs informatius interrelacionats: a) la descripció del medi social circumdant, el conjunt d’oportunitats de les dones i els programes de transferències monetàries i b) els aspectes cognitiu-decisionals: identificació i anàlisi d’agència, dissonàncies, tensions i mecanismes subjacents. El disseny metodològic correspon a una Investigació Qualitativa Longitudinal (IQL) que estudia el cas de 21 dones beneficiàries de programes de transferències monetàries a la ciutat de Viña del Mar-Xile. El model d’anàlisi considera dues fases de recollida de dades, el bienni 2005-2006 i el bienni 2017-2018. Per a la recollida d’informació es van realitzar 28 entrevistes en profunditat amb dones en situació de pobresa i 10 entrevistes semiestructurades amb persones expertes en el disseny, gestió i execució de programes socials. La tesi presenta dos catàlegs de mecanismes psicosocials per a identificar patrons recurrents i seqüències causals que ajudin a explicar el perquè d’algunes de les decisions que prenen les dones en contextos restrictius, així com el paper de la política pública en el desenvolupament, o no, de les capacitats bàsiques i el desplegament de l’agència. Els resultats de la recerca apunten a 3 grans tendències. En primer lloc, després de dotze anys, les dones mantenen situacions de pobresa crònica i multidimensional, on la manca d’ingressos i la privació simultània de capacitats bàsiques es retroalimenten entre si, oferint un escenari complex en el qual les transferències monetàries, encara que necessàries, són insuficients per a generar canvis significatius en l’economia de les famílies. En segon lloc, els relats apunten a la presència d’un patró dominant de dones realistes que desenvolupen processos adaptatius conscients, sense recórrer a l’autoengany, i que no són passives ni es resignen davant l’adversitat. En tercer lloc, s’observa que darrera de decisions aparentment subòptimes s’amaguen cognicions, estratègies, racionalitat ecològica i sabers pràctics que permeten l’adaptació i la supervivència en condicions de gran precarietat. Per la combinació d’aquests factors, les dificultats de les dones per a trencar el cercle de la pobresa no derivarien d’un problema de passivitat, falta d’esforç o d’eleccions individuals subòptimes, sinó que, respondrien a les restriccions del conjunt d’oportunitats. Gran part de les decisions de les dones, encara que intencionals, no tenen capacitat d’impactar, transformar o millorar la seva situació. Per la seva part, els programes de transferències monetàries no semblen ampliar el conjunt d’oportunitats i llibertats disponibles per a les dones. La introducció de les condicionalitats, a partir de l’any 2013, actua en sentit contrari i reforça un model de “maternalització” i familiarització del benestar que coresponsabilitza a les dones, en tant mares, de la consecució dels seus objectius i incentiva sortides laborals precàries, com l’autoocupació o els micro emprenedories en el sector informal de l’economia. Els resultats suggereixen que, considerar les conseqüències de les condicionalitats, la manera particular en què les dones experimenten la pobresa i els factors (econòmics, socials i cognitius) que li resten capacitat d’agència permetria dissenyar programes de reducció de la pobresa més eficients, justos i sensibles. Programes en els quals les dones siguin un fi en si mateixes i no un mer mitjà per a aconseguir el benestar d’uns altres.
Esta tesis tiene como principal objetivo identificar factores que favorecen y dificultan la salida de las mujeres del círculo de la pobreza. La propuesta teórica recurre a la teoría de las capacidades básicas, en sus aspectos relacionados con el despliegue de la agencia y la conformación y ajuste de las preferencias en condiciones de adversidad e introduce una perspectiva teórica-metodológica de explicación por mecanismos que identifica algunos microfundamentos del fenómeno en estudio. Se organiza en dos grandes bloques informativos interrelacionados: i) la descripción del medio social circundante, el conjunto de oportunidades de las mujeres y los programas de transferencias monetarias y ii) los aspectos cognitivo-decisionales: identificación y análisis de agencia, disonancias, tensiones y mecanismos subyacentes. El diseño metodológico corresponde a una Investigación Cualitativa Longitudinal (ICL) que estudia el caso de 21 mujeres beneficiarias de programas de transferencias monetarias en la ciudad de Viña del Mar-Chile. El modelo de análisis considera dos fases de recogida de datos, el bienio 2005-2006 y el bienio 2017-2018. Para la recogida de información se realizaron 28 entrevistas en profundidad con mujeres en situación de pobreza y 10 entrevistas semiestructuradas con personas expertas en el diseño, gestión y ejecución de programas sociales. La tesis presenta dos catálogos de mecanismos psicosociales para identificar patrones recurrentes y secuencias causales que ayuden a explicar el porqué de algunas de las decisiones que toman las mujeres en contextos restrictivos, así como el papel de la política pública en el desarrollo, o no, de las capacidades básicas y el despliegue de la agencia. Los resultados de la investigación apuntan a 3 grandes tendencias. En primer lugar, tras doce años, las mujeres mantienen situaciones de pobreza crónica y multidimensional, donde la carencia de ingresos y la privación simultánea de capacidades básicas se retroalimentan entre sí, ofreciendo un escenario complejo en el que las transferencias monetarias, aunque necesarias, son insuficientes para generar cambios significativos en la economía de las familias. En segundo lugar, los relatos apuntan a la presencia de un patrón dominante de mujeres realistas que desarrollan procesos adaptativos conscientes, sin recurrir al autoengaño, y que no son pasivas ni se resignan ante la adversidad. En tercer lugar, se observa que tras decisiones aparentemente subóptimas subyacen cogniciones, estrategias, racionalidad ecológica y saberes prácticos que permiten la adaptación y la sobrevivencia en condiciones de gran precariedad. Por la combinación de estos factores, las dificultades de las mujeres para romper el círculo de la pobreza no derivarían de un problema de pasividad, falta de esfuerzo o de elecciones individuales subóptimas, sino que, responderían a las restricciones del conjunto de oportunidades. Gran parte de las decisiones de las mujeres, aunque intencionales, no tienen capacidad de impactar, transformar o mejorar su situación. Por su parte, los programas de transferencias monetarias no parecen ampliar el conjunto de oportunidades y libertades disponibles para las mujeres. La introducción de las condicionalidades, a partir del año 2013, actúa en sentido contrario y refuerza un modelo de “maternalización” y familiarización del bienestar que corresponsabiliza a las mujeres, en tanto madres, de la consecución de sus objetivos e incentiva salidas laborales precarias, como el autoempleo o los microemprendimientos en el sector informal de la economía. Considerar las consecuencias de las condicionalidades, la manera particular en que las mujeres experimentan la pobreza y los factores (económicos, sociales y cognitivos) que le restan capacidad de agencia permitiría diseñar programas de reducción de la pobreza más eficientes, justos y sensibles.Programas en los que las mujeres sean un fin en sí mismas y no un medio para el bienestar de otros
The thesis aims to identify factors that favour and hinder women’ s escape from the circle of poverty. The theoretical proposal follows the capability approach, especially its insights on the development of agency and the phenomenon of adaptive preferences in adverse conditions. The thesis uses a theoretical-methodological perspective based on a mechanism-based explanation that identifies the micro-foundations of the phenomenon of study. The thesis uses a Qualitative Longitudinal Research (QLR) method that studies the case of a 21 women beneficiaries of cash transfer programs in the city of Viña del Mar-Chile. The analysis considers two phases of temporal analysis, the biennium 2005-2006 and the biennium 2017-2018. The empirical work is organized into two interrelated information blocks: a) the description of the surrounding social environment, the set of opportunities for women and the cash transfer programs and b) the cognitive-decisional aspects: identification and analysis of agency, dissonances, tensions and underlying mechanisms. 28 in-depth interviews with women in poverty and 10 semi-structured interviews with experts in the design, management and execution of social programs were conducted. The thesis presents two catalogues of psychosocial mechanisms to identify recurring patterns and causal sequences that explain the reason for some of the decisions that women make in restrictive contexts, as well as the role of public policy in the development, or not, of the basic capabilities and deployment of the agency. The interviews and the analysis revel 3 significant trends. First, after twelve years, women maintain situations of chronic and multidimensional poverty, where the lack of income and the simultaneous deprivation of basic capacities feed each other, offering a complex scenario in which monetary transfers, although necessary, are insufficient to generate significant changes in the economy of families. Second, the interviews point to the presence of a dominant pattern of realistic women, who develop conscious adaptive processes, without resorting to self-deception, and who are neither passive nor resigned to adversity. Third, behind apparently suboptimal decisions lie underlying strategies, ecological rationality and practical knowledge that allow adaptation and survival in conditions of great precariousness. Under these conditions women’ s difficulties in breaking the cycle of poverty do not derive from a problem of passivity, lack of effort or suboptimal individual choices, but rather, are the result of the restrictions of their set of opportunities. Much of women’ s decisions, although intentional, cannot impact, transform or improve their situation. For their part, cash transfer programs do not seem to expand the set of opportunities and freedoms available to these women. The introduction of conditionalities, starting in 2013, works in the opposite direction and reinforces a model of “maternalism” and familiarization of well-being that makes woman, as mothers, responsible for the achievement of their objectives and encourages precarious employment opportunities, such as self-employment or micro-enterprises in the informal sector of the economy. The findings call for more social policy and better design with less conditionality and more attention to women’ s real opportunities.

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FAPEMAT - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Mato Grosso
Trata-se de investigação dos impactos da ação das políticas sociais no combate à desigualdade, exclusão e pobreza, por meio do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF). Propomos uma reflexão da intervenção do Estado, diante a incapacidade dos sujeitos, inseridos em uma situação de vulnerabilidade prover seu próprio sustento. Famílias em situação de riscos e socialmente vulneráveis, incapazes de suprir suas necessidades de acesso a alimentos, as condições adequadas de habitação, educação, desprovidas de trabalho e renda, condições que geram insegurança e desproteção social. O caminho percorrido no texto propõe um alargamento da reflexão sobre os modos de enfrentamento da pobreza, percebida como reflexo das desigualdades, compreendida do mesmo modo, como instrumento de iniquidade, fenômeno persistente e de longa duração. Investigar a pobreza e as desigualdades como instrumento da exclusão social, remete-as ao campo multifacetado de sua abrangência. Desse modo, situar o debate em torno da questão social, revelará o processo histórico pelo qual foram concebidas as orientações do Estado, as lutas, conflitos e conquistas no campo da afirmação dos direitos. Ressalta-se que aqueles, são concebidos no processo sócio-histórico como universais, no entanto se perdem diante dos interesses sistêmicos das políticas reformistas. Cabe destaque, ao movimento da sociedade civil, na denúncia constante dos antagonismos que engendraram a distribuição das riquezas, construídas por todos, mas apropriada por poucos. Um novo paradigma sócio-político requer a redistribuição dos ativos, de modo a prover novas oportunidades e capacidades, que poderão ser ofertadas aos sujeitos, emancipando-os da distribuição focalizada/regulada de renda.
It is investigating the impacts of the action of social policies in tackling inequality, exclusion and poverty through the Bolsa Family Program (BFP). We propose a reflection of state intervention, given the inability of the subjects, placed in a vulnerable situation to provide their own support. Families at risk and socially vulnerable, unable to meet their needs for access to food, adequate housing, education, lack of employment and income conditions that generate insecurity and lack of social protection. The path in the text proposes an extension of reflection on ways of fighting poverty, seen as a reflection of inequalities, understood the same way as an instrument of injustice, and persistent phenomenon of long duration. To investigate the poverty and inequality as an instrument of social exclusion, refers them to the multifaceted field of its coverage. Thus, locating the debate on social issues will reveal the historical process by which the guidelines were designed by the State, the struggles, conflicts and achievements in the affirmation of rights. It is emphasized that these are conceived in socio-historical process as universal, but are lost before the interests of systemic reform policies. It is worth mentioning, the civil society movement, the constant complaint that the antagonisms engendered the distribution of wealth, built by everyone, but by few. A new socio-political paradigm requires the redistribution of assets in order to provide new opportunities and capabilities that may be offered to individuals by freeing them from the distribution focused/adjusted income.

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Este estudo tem por objeto o dinamismo das trajetórias de pessoas em situação de pobreza, examinando, mais precisamente, as expectativas e valores que as motivam para um processo de luta por reconhecimento. A investigação versa sobre as condutas de trabalhadores que, em situação de grande precariedade laboral e social, lutam por dignidade sem aceitar de forma apática a sua condição. Estudos têm evidenciado que a vida dos pobres pode conduzir à reflexão e a uma luta para mudar o olhar da sociedade a seu respeito. Parece consensual que essa mudança de olhar supõe ou engendra uma luta por reconhecimento, na qual se busca sair de um lugar considerado humilhante, de impedimento, para um lugar mais humanizado e com possibilidades de falar sobre si. Para compreender este dinamismo, o referencial teórico da dissertação comporta autores que articulam uma análise objetiva da estrutura social com a subjetividade dos agentes envolvidos, trazendo conceitos como habitus precário, humilhação social, ressentimento e luta por
This study concerns the dynamic of the trajectories of poor people, examining the expectancies and values that give them motivation for a struggle process for recognition. We discuss the behavior of these workers, who face hard working and social conditions and struggle for dignity without accepting their situation in an apathetic manner. Studies have evidenced that the lives of the poor might produce reflection and also the struggle to change the way poor people are seen by society. It seems consensual that this change presumes or engenders a struggle for recognition, in which one aims leaving this place considered humiliating, of obstruction, to get to a more humanized place and having possibility of talking about oneself. To understand this dynamic, the theoretical literature of the dissertation includes authors that articulate an objective analysis of the social structure with the subjectivity of the agents involved, employing concepts such as precarious habitus, social humiliation, resentment and struggl

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The Capability Approach (CA) is a normative framework initially developed by Amartya Sen in the seventies, featuring human development as the process of expansion of the range of opportunities available to and valued by individuals. Although the CA has undeniable contributions to welfare assessment - as the creation of the HDI, MPI and other indicators published by UNDP - its critics point out to the huge gap between its key concepts and the real possibilities to use this normative framework in empirical applications, primarily for evaluation issues as quality of life, poverty and inequality. Meanwhile, the field of direct multidimensional poverty measurement is one of the most prominent fields of CA operationalization. In this sense, five central challenges to CA operationalization were first identified and then related to the multidimensional poverty measurement methodology developed by Alkire and Foster (2007, 2011a), focusing on understanding - in general – which are the conditions for empirical applications based on AC framework and - in particular - to what extent the AF methodology responds to these difficulties. The challenges identified relates to the conversion of the intrinsic complexity of measuring human well-being into synthetic indicators : (1) the choice of dimensions, indicators and relative weights, (2) the contrafactual character of the problem of measurement of individual liberties, or capabilities, (3) the question of individual methodological focus or collective, (4) access to data and (5) data aggregation in multiple dimensions. It is concluded that the AF methodology is able to generate multidimensional poverty measures that are consistent with the CA framework, provided that some operational conditions described in the literature are respected. Furthermore, AF has important innovations to public policy as the measure (M0) of multidimensional poverty incidence adjusted to intensity, the adjusted multidimensional poverty gap (M1) and its squared gap (M2) that can be further disaggregated by family, individual or subgroup, making possible to identify simultaneous deprivations suffered by the same unit of analysis
A Capability Approach ou Abordagem das Capacidades (AC), marco normativo desenvolvido inicialmente por Amartya Sen nos anos setenta, caracteriza o desenvolvimento humano como o processo de expansão do leque de oportunidades acessíveis aos indivíduos e por estes valorizadas. Embora as contribuições oriundas da AC para a avaliação do bem-estar sejam inegáveis – como a criação do IDH, IPM e demais indicadores publicados pelo PNUD - seus críticos apontam para a grande lacuna entre seus conceitos essenciais e as possibilidades de operacionalização deste marco normativo em aplicações empíricas. Paralelamente, o campo da mensuração direta da pobreza é uma das áreas de maior possibilidade de operacionalização deste marco normativo. Neste sentido, foi possível identificar na literatura cinco dificuldades centrais à operacionalização da AC, relacionando-as com a metodologia de mensuração de pobreza multidimensional desenvolvida por Alkire e Foster (2007, 2011a). Os objetivos desta análise foram - em geral - compreender quais os condicionantes para plena operacionalização dos conceitos centrais da AC e - em particular – em que medida a metodologia AF responde a tais condicionantes. Os desafios identificados são relacionados ao problema da conversão da complexidade intrínseca da medição do bem-estar humano em indicadores sintéticos, tais como (1) a escolha de dimensões, indicadores e pesos relativos, (2) o problema do caráter contra factual da medição das liberdades individuais, ou capabilities, (3) a questão do foco metodológico: individual ou coletivo, (4) o acesso a dados e (5) a agregação de dados em múltiplas dimensões. Conclui-se que a metodologia AF é capaz de gerar medidas condizentes com o marco normativo em que está inserida, desde que observadas algumas condições de operacionalização previstas na literatura, sistematizadas nesta dissertação. Ademais, AF apresenta inovações importantes para políticas públicas como a medida de incidência da pobreza multidimensional ajustada à intensidade (M0), o hiato de pobreza multidimensional (M1) e seu quadrado (M2) com possibilidade de desagregação no nível do indivíduo, permitindo identificar privações simultâneas por indivíduos, domicílios e dimensão

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Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil
Introdução: A leptospirose tem emergido como um importante problema de saúde pública no mundo. Esta zoonose é responsável por epidemias anuais que acometem principalmente indivíduos residentes em comunidades negligenciadas como as existentes em Salvador. Poucos estudos longitudinais foram realizados com objetivo de identificar os fatores de risco para infecção, fontes de transmissão e compreender a real dimensão da leptospirose nessas comunidades. Objetivo: Identificar fatores de risco para infecção prévia e novas infecções por leptospiras no contexto ambiental e socioeconômico em uma comunidade em Salvador Bahia. Métodos: Estudos de soroprevalência e coorte foram conduzidos na comunidade de Pau da Lima, com a realização de entrevistas domiciliares, avaliação peridomiciliar, coleta de material biológico e análises espaciais para mensurar a associação epidemiológica entre fatores de risco ambientais e as infecções. O teste de microaglutinação foi utilizado para avaliar amostras sorológicas obtidas. Resultados: Residir próximo aos esgotos abertos e do fundo do vale proximidade do domicílio a acúmulo de lixo e baixa renda foram associados com as infecções. A incidência anual de infecções secundárias foi de 2,3 vezes maior que as infecções primárias. Conclusão: O presente estudo sugere que medidas preventivas devem focalizar nas deficiências de infraestrutura que servem como fontes de transmissão. Intervenções mais efetivas precisam se concentrar especialmente nos adultos jovens e nos grupos populacionais mais desfavorecidos nestas comunidades.
Introduction: Leptospirosis has emerged as an important public health problem in the world. This zoonosis is responsible for annual epidemics affecting mainly individuals living in disadvantaged communities as existing in Salvador. Few longitudinal studies have been conducted in order to identify risk factors for infection, transmission sources and understand the real dimension of leptospirosis in these communities. Objective: To identify risk factors for early infection and new infections by Leptospira in environmental and socioeconomic context in a community in Salvador Bahia. Methods: Seroprevalence and cohort studies were conducted in Pau da Lima community, conducting home interviews peridomicilary review, collection of biological material and spatial analysis to measure the epidemiological association between environmental risk factors and infections. The agglutination test was used to evaluate serum samples obtained. Results: Residing next to open sewers and the valley floor near the homes of waste accumulation and low income were associated with infections. The annual incidence of secondary infections was 2.3 times higher than primary infections. Conclusion: This study suggests that preventive measures should focus on infrastructure deficiencies that serve as sources of transmission. More effective interventions need to focus especially on young adults and the most disadvantaged population groups in these communities.

Orientador: Elisabete Dória Bilac
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: Esta dissertação insere-se nos estudos empíricos sobre famílias e pobreza e tem como objetivo geral realizar uma análise multidimensional da pobreza segundo a "perspectiva das capacidades". Argumenta-se que a pobreza envolve um conjunto de privações de capacidades vivenciadas em um contexto familiar e domiciliar. A partir dos dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) e da Pesquisa de Condições de Vida (PCV), verifica-se a existência de interdependência entre organização domiciliar e privações de capacidades, sendo que o arranjo domiciliar constitui a unidade de análise. De modo específico, são discutidos os conceitos de família e domicílio e as possibilidades metodológicas de uso das informações da PNAD e da PCV para uma análise da pobreza conforme a "perspectiva das capacidades". Assim, desenvolve-se uma comparação metodológica dos planos de amostragem, dos questionários dessas pesquisas domiciliares e dos efeitos de diferentes formas de operacionalização dos conceitos de família e domicílio sobre a estimativa de arranjos domiciliares. Os resultados da análise da pobreza para o Estado de São Paulo em 2006 evidenciam a existência de privações de capacidades associadas a determinadas formas de organização dos arranjos domiciliares, em ambas as pesquisas. Confirma- se a sobre-representação de arranjos com crianças e adolescentes, pessoas de referência jovens e pessoas portadoras de necessidades especiais entre os arranjos domiciliares pobres. A desigualdade de renda, a limitada participação feminina no mercado de trabalho associada à desigualdade de gênero, uma elevada ocorrência de pessoas de referência sem ensino fundamental completo, o acesso restrito a instituições públicas de educação infantil, a escassez de equipamentos sociais próximos aos domicílios pobres e a falta de garantia legal de posse da moradia constituem componentes importantes da pobreza. No entanto, há uma limitada presença do Estado junto às comunidades pobres em termos do acesso à rede de segurança social e das oportunidades sociais relacionadas a serviços e equipamentos de educação, saúde, esporte, cultura e lazer
Abstract: This dissertation is connected to the empirical studies about families and poverty and has as general purpose to conduct a multidimensional analysis of poverty according to the "capabilities approach". It is argued that poverty involves a set of capabilities deprivation experienced in a family and household context. From the data of the National Survey by Household Sampling (PNAD) and from the Research on Living Conditions (PCV), one can observe the existence of interdependence between household organization and capabilities deprivations, with the household arrangement constituting the unit of analysis. In a specific perspective, the concepts of family and household as well as the methodological possibilities of usage of the information from PNAD and PCV for an analysis of poverty according to the "capabilities approach" are discussed. Thus, a methodological comparison of the sampling plans, of the questionnaires of these household surveys and of the effects of different forms of operationalization of the concepts of family and household on the estimate of household arrangements are developed. The results of the analysis of poverty for the Brazilian Federal State of São Paulo in 2006 exhibit the existence of capabilities deprivations associated to certain forms of household arrangements' organization, in both surveys. One can confirm the overrepresentation of arrangements with children and adolescents, young individuals and people with special needs among the poor household arrangements. Income inequality, the limited female participation in the job market associated with gender inequality, a high level of individuals with incomplete elementary education, the restricted access to public institutions of childhood education, the shortage of social equipment near the poor households and the lack of legal guarantee of household possession constitute important components of poverty. However, there is a limited presence of the State along the poor communities in terms of access to the social security network and of the social opportunities related to services and equipment of education, health, sports, culture and entertainment
Mestrado
Demografia
Mestre em Demografia

Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional
Esta dissertação é dedicada à compreensão do processo de deterioramento do rendimento feminino e sua vulnerabilidade à pobreza. Optou-se por abordar o caso de mulheres responsáveis por famílias monoparentais, considerado o mais relevante pela literatura sobre o tema. Propõe-se um foco no Brasil, associado ao papel executado pelo Estado nesta questão. Recorreu-se à revisão teórica sobre a feminização da pobreza, as suas causas e consequências, assim como o papel das políticas públicas no alívio da pobreza. Procedeu-se à recolha de dados estatísticos sobre a situação das mulheres no Brasil e outras variáveis relacionadas. Apresenta-se, ainda, os programas de assistência social no país e sua a interseção com a promoção da igualdade de género. A análise empírica centrou-se na realização de entrevistas a mulheres responsáveis por famílias monoparentais no Brasil. Conclui-se que as premissas previstas na literatura se confirmam, mas que há ainda aspectos positivos decorrentes da responsabilidade monoparental, como a perceção das entrevistadas de maior margem de liberdade e autonomia.
This dissertation is aimed at understanding female poverty and their rising economic vulnerability. It is focused on female-headed families, one of the most relevant topics regarding the subject, in Brazil. It is also focused on public policies and their relevance to gender equality. First, a literature review on feminization of poverty is undertaken, involving its causes and consequences, as well as the role of public policies in tackling poverty. Data on the situation of Brazilian women has been collected, along with information on social assistance programs. The empirical analysis was based on interviews conducted with female heads of household. It is concluded that although the pauperization of female-headed households exposed in the literature is confirmed, there are some positive outcomes perceived by the interviewee, such as freedom and autonomy.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A pobreza, embora tenha declinado nas últimas décadas, continua sendo um dos maiores desafios a serem enfrentados no século XXI. Este estudo investiga os efeitos da liberalização comercial sobre a pobreza em diferentes regiões em desenvolvimento do mundo. A análise ocorre de forma indireta, observando os impactos sobre a renda real e o bem-estar destas regiões. É utilizado o modelo de equilíbrio geral computável Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP), sendo realizadas três simulações de liberalização comercial, buscando comparar os benefícios da abertura dos países desenvolvidos em relação à liberalização plena, com contrapartida dos países em desenvolvimento. Os resultados revelam que os ganhos de renda real e bem-estar das regiões em desenvolvimento são maiores quando elas próprias participam do processo de abertura ao lado das regiões desenvolvidas. As simulações vão ao encontro dos resultados de Hertel et al. (2009), em que a liberalização comercial realizada em todas as regiões se mostrou mais benéfica aos países mais pobres do que a liberalização comercial com ênfase apenas em países desenvolvidos, como é o caso da Rodada Doha.
Poverty, although declining in recent decades, remains one of the greatest challenges to be faced in the twenty-first century. This study investigates the effects of trade liberalization on poverty in different developing regions of the world. The analysis occurs indirectly, examining the impacts on real income and welfare of these regions. It used the model of computable general equilibrium Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP), and held three trade liberalization simulations, to compare the benefits of the opening of developed countries with regard to full liberalization, with consideration for developing countries. The results show that the real income gains and welfare of developing regions are larger when they participate in the liberalization process together with the developed regions. The simulations are in line with the results of Hertel et al. (2009), in which trade liberalization carried out in all regions was more beneficial to the poorest countries that trade liberalization with emphasis in developed countries, such as the Doha Round.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
This work aims to analyze social and educational actions at Pastoral da Crian?a, using education as a survival tool. This was done at Parque dos Coqueiros, a neighborhood in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte. The methodology for data collection was composed of comprehensive interview (Jean Kaufmann), participant observation (Robert Bogdan) and documental analysis (Le Goff); all os which bring reflections related to concepts such as strategies, tatics and know how (Michel de Certeau), configuration (Nobert Elias), and control technology (Michel de Foucault), care ethics (Leonardo Boff) and etno-theories (Nat?lia Ramos). Pastoral da Crian?a is a social action organism that belongs to the National Conference of Bishops of Brazil, originated at Florest?polis, Londrina (Paran?), in the year of 1983. These actions have been an expression of a new logic of actions of the Catholic Church. It values the participation of laymen in the activities of the Pastoral. Thus, the parish is seen as a nucleus that irradiates the Church s Social Doctrine. At Rio Grande do Norte this institution has guided poverty stricken families on issues related to children s health as well as working with laymen for volunteer work. This is considered devotion, that is firmed by an individual and group mystique. The social and educational actions are done in three axes: 1) Monthly home visits, where there is mother-child support; 2) Life Celebration Day, where they weigh children and promote nutritional surveillance; 3) Meeting for Evaluation and Reflection, that aims to articulate community leaders to think about problems attached to the social actions they realize. This action tripod , as it is called by the Pastoral Agents are the types of actions that fundament survival education for poor children ranging from 0 to 6 years old. The families learn to deal with prevention, the essential, the alternative and probabilities of survival tactics due to exclusion matters or even social extermination. The Pastoral da Crian?a aims to recover childhood emotions in poverty stricken areas. It also has influence in the diminishing of malnutrition and mother and child mortality. This education for survival is the base on the art of teaching and learning of poverty stricken children. It is a social educational action, non assistencialist, but considered a shy action in order to promote mobilization of the communities that are accompanied for the emancipation and change of social conditions
Esta pesquisa, desenvolvida no Bairro Parque dos Coqueiros, na cidade de Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, analisa a a??o socioeducativa da Pastoral da Crian?a como pedagogia da sobreviv?ncia, cultivada entre as popula??es pobres. Utiliza os pressupostos te?rico-metodol?gicos da entrevista compreensiva (Jean Kaufmann), observa??o participante (Robert Bogdan) e an?lise documental (Le Goff); trazendo ? reflex?o conceitos como estrat?gias, t?ticas e as artes de fazer (Michel de Certeau), configura??o (Nobert Elias), tecnologias de controle (Michel de Foucault), ?tica do cuidado (Leonardo Boff) e etnoteorias (Nat?lia Ramos). A Pastoral da Crian?a ? um organismo de a??o social da Confer?ncia Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil, criada no munic?pio de Florest?polis, Londrina (Paran?), no ano de 1983. Expressa uma nova l?gica de a??o da Igreja Cat?lica, valorizando a participa??o dos leigos na a??o pastoral e elegendo a par?quia como n?cleo irradiador da Doutrina Social da Igreja. Desde 1985, no Rio Grande do Norte, a institui??o vem orientando fam?lias pobres quanto ao cuidado com a sa?de dos filhos, e conta com a participa??o efetiva dos leigos num trabalho volunt?rio, que tamb?m ? devo??o, firmado numa m?stica individual e de grupo. A interven??o possui tr?s eixos: 1) a visita??o domiciliar mensal para o acompanhamento materno-infantil; 2) o Dia da Celebra??o da Vida, para a pesagem das crian?as que promove a vigil?ncia nutricional; 3) e a Reuni?o de Avalia??o e Reflex?o, que articula os l?deres comunit?rios, para pensarem sobre os problemas presentes na a??o socioeducativa que realizam. Esse trip? da a??o , assim denominado pelos Agentes Pastorais, ? modalidade de a??o estrat?gica que fundamenta uma pedagogia para a sobreviv?ncia das crian?as pobres de 0 a 6 anos de idade. Os familiares aprendem a lidar com a preven??o, o essencial, o alternativo e as probabilidades, na produ??o de t?ticas de escape, frente ?s condi??es de exclus?o ou mesmo de exterm?nio social. Dessa maneira, a Pastoral da Crian?a recupera o sentimento de inf?ncia nos bols?es de pobreza e trabalha para diminuir os ?ndices de desnutri??o e mortalidade materno-infantil. Essa pedagogia da sobreviv?ncia firma-se no ensinar-aprender as artes de cuidar da crian?a pobre. Trata-se de uma a??o social e educativa, n?o assistencialista, mas ainda t?mida em mobilizar as comunidades acompanhadas para a emancipa??o e mudan?a da condi??o social

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There was a significant decline in hospitalizations for acute diarrhea in children younger than 1 year of age in Brazil between 1992 to 2001. The less economically developed state of Rio Grande do Norte is a case example of the national trend. In this work, we show a significant association between improvements in socioeconomic variables as well as increased access to sanitation and the decreased rate of hospitalization. Additionally, we observed a positive, seasonal correlation between rainfall and hospitalizations. Most notably, however, we show that improvements in income and inflation were positively correlated with a decline in hospitalizations. Improvements in public health infrastructure, socioeconomic variables like education and literacy, and increased investment in health services were important in reducing severe early childhood diarrheas. However, the data suggests that increased buying power and reductions in poverty played an equally crucial role in reducing hospitalizations for acute diarrhea in infants in Brazil. The work includes elements of the demography of the period for the age groups involved, children under one year, women in fertile age and fertility rate
Entre 1992 e 2001 houve um decl?nio significativo dos internamentos por diarr?ia em lactentes no Brasil. O Rio Grande do Norte, um dos estados menos desenvolvidos do Brasil, ? exemplo desta tend?ncia nacional. Neste trabalho foi observada uma associa??o significante entre as melhorias das vari?veis socioecon?micas e de acesso ao saneamento, com o decl?nio das hospitaliza??es por diarr?ia. Adicionalmente foi encontrada uma correla??o sazonal positiva entre chuvas e internamentos por diarr?ia. Associa??o significante entre as vari?veis que monitoraram melhorias na renda e controle da infla??o com o decl?nio dos internamentos por diarr?ia foi tamb?m observada para o per?odo de estudo. Melhorias na infra-estrutura, educa??o, alfabetiza??o e aumento dos investimentos nos servi?os de sa?de foram importantes na redu??o da morbidade das doen?as prevalentes na inf?ncia. Os dados indicam tamb?m que a estabilidade do poder de compra e redu??es dos n?veis de pobreza desempenharam papel igualmente crucial na redu??o dos internamentos por diarr?ia aguda em lactentes no Brasil

Entre 1890 et 1910, les prix des concours artistiques officiels vont en Espagne à des toiles qui représentent les souffrances des couches sociales les plus défavorisées de la société de la Restauration. Pauvres et vagabonds, migrants et chômeurs, mendiants et prostituées, ouvriers et paysans précaires sont les figures de proue d’un nouveau répertoire pictural qui déclasse la peinture d’histoire et remporte un succès public et critique considérable. La présente étude a pour ambition de faire l’histoire de cette peinture de la détresse sociale, en cherchant à comprendre les raisons de son triomphe dans les Salons d’un régime peu enclin à considérer la misère comme un scandale, voire même comme une question politique. Ce travail croise pour ce faire deux historiographies : l’histoire de l’art, en participant de la redécouverte d’une production qui, bien que légitime et couverte d’éloges en son temps, n’eut par la suite aucune fortune critique; et l’histoire culturelle, l’enjeu étant de mettre au jour les représentations sociales produites ou véhiculées par cette peinture. L’analyse des regards portés sur ces tableaux permet parallèlement de cerner l’évolution des sensibilités face à la pauvreté, mais aussi d’identifier les croyances et représentations largement partagées en matière de légitimation des inégalités. En faisant dialoguer ces approches, cette recherche vise à proposer un premier travail de synthèse sur ce chapitre absent jusqu’ici de l’histoire culturelle du XIXe siècle espagnol
Between 1890 and 1910, most prizes awarded in Spain by official art exhibits went to depictions of the hardships faced by the poorest subjects of the Restoration. Destitutes and vagrants, migrants and the unemployed, beggars and prostitutes, day laborers and poor peasants were the icons of a new repertoire of pictorial forms which not only superseded history painting but also proved immensely popular both with critics and the public. This thesis aims to write the history of this art of social destitution, by elucidating how it could triumph in the Salons of a Regime which was certainly not inclined to consider poverty as outrageous or as a legitimate political concern. This task has entailed melding two distinct historiographic traditions together: whereas the methods of art history were used to rediscover this body of work and explain why, shortly after having been officially sanctioned and showered with praise, it could be spurned by critics; those of cultural history were mustered to identify the different social constructs fashioned or promoted by these pieces. Moreover, the study of how these depictions of social destitution were perceived might help to determine how the feelings towards poverty evolved and what shared beliefs and preconceptions were used to legitimize inequality. By bringing these approaches together, this thesis hopes to offer the first synthetic study of a neglected chapter of Spanish, 19th century, cultural history

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Na última década, em Porto Alegre, o aumento dos homicídios e dos acidentes de transporte tornaram as causas externas o principal grupo de causas de morte entre 5 e 34 anos de idade. A identificaçao de grupos expostos a fatores correlacionados à violência é fundamental para sua prevençao. O objetivo geral é analisar a distribuiçao espacial das residências das vítimas de homicídios no município de Porto Alegre, em 1996, visando identificar o seu contexto sócio-espacial. Foram utilizados indicadores demográficos e sócio-econômicos, provenientes do censo demográfico de 1991 e contagem populacional de 1996, para caracterizar os setores censitários que compoem o município, através de análise de aglomerados, pelo método K-means. A mortalidade por homicídios, acidentes de transporte e suicídios, proveniente do sistema de informaçoes sobre mortalidade de 1996, foi localizada pontualmente em malha digital de arruamento, através do sistema de informaçoes geográficas do município. A distribuiçao espacial dos óbitos e da populaçao foi analisada através de métodos de alisamento de kernel. A análise do índice de homicídios, construído através da razao entre estas distribuiçoes, permitiu a identificaçao de microáreas de diferentes índices de homicídios. Estas microáreas foram caracterizadas pelos indicadores sócio-econômicos e pela presença de escolas, serviços de saúde, delegacias e postos de polícia militar. Foram identificados quatro grupos que delimitaram microáreas sócio-econômicas, diferenciados com maior peso dos indicadores relacionados às condiçoes de moradia. As microáreas da periferia urbana, onde se concentram as favelas, com piores indicadores sócio-econômicos apresentaram maior índice de homicídios. Por outro lado, os dois grupos de melhor renda e escolaridade apresentaram índices de homicídios menores, mas com níveis de homicídios muito diferenciados entre si. Quando o município foi dividido em microáreas de três níveis de índices de homicídios, as médias dos indicadores que se diferenciaram entre os níveis foram: o número de habitantes por cômodo, renda, instruçao e medianas etárias, mas com grande variabilidade interna. A distribuiçao dos equipamentos públicos de segurança e educaçao, mostrou-se deficitária nas microáreas com alto índice de homicídios. A classificaçao de microáreas através de indicadores sócio-econômicos mostrou capacidade limitada para identificar populaçoes expostas aos homicídios. Pode-se inferir que as condiçoes sócio-econômicas nao determinaram, por si só, os comportamentos violentos. Esta determinaçao depende da combinaçao com outros fatores que têm participaçao importante no perfil de cada local. Sugere-se a busca de novos indicadores que sejam capazes de diferenciar os grupos vulneráveis, com maior precisao. Os métodos espacias utilizados permitiram a identificaçao de microáreas que concentram óbitos, cujas populaçoes devem ser enfocadas no planejamento de açoes de prevençao das mortes violentas.
During the last decade, violent causes of death became the main group of mortality among people between 5 and 34 years old in Porto Alegre City due to an increasing of homicides and traffic accidents. The identification of groups exposed to factors correlated to violence is a major task for its prevention. The general objective of this study is to analyze the spatial distribution of the victims' homicide residences in the municipality of Porto Alegre, in 1996, aiming to identify its social and spatial context. Demographic and socioeconomic indicators were used, based on data from the demographic census of 1991 and population counting of 1996, to characterize the municipal census tracts through cluster analysis, using the K-means method. The mortality by homicides, traffic accidents and suicides, from the mortality information system was located as points on the street digital map, through Geographic Information System. Spatial distribution of deaths and population were analyzed through Kernel smoothing method. Analysis of homicide index, calculated through the ratio between these distributions, allowed the identification of microareas with different homicide indexes. These microareas were characterized by socioeconomic indicators and by the presence of schools, health services and police stations. Four groups were identified defining socioeconomic microareas in which the dwelling condition indicators played a major role in their differentials. Urban peripheric microareas, where slums are concentrated, with worst socioeconomic indicators, presented higher homicide index. On the other hand, the two groups with better income and education levels presented lower homicide indexes, however, with very differentiated homicide levels between them. When analyzing the municipality by microareas of three homicide index levels, the indicators: household crowding, income, education and age, presented wider differences among microareas, although with large internal variability. Police stations and schools were unequally distributed throughout homicide index microareas. The microareas classification through socioeconomic indicators presented a limited capability to identify exposed groups. Socioeconomic conditions by themselves did not determine the violent behaviors. Other factors can have an important participation in the determination of violence depending on each local combination of factors. New indicators must be incorporated for the precise differentiation of vulnerable groups. The used spatial analysis methods allowed the identification of microareas that concentrate deaths. The target populations should be focused by actions aiming to prevent violent deaths.

This thesis captures and describes the stereotypes of teenage and underage mothers regularly represented in British and American reality shows, broadcasted in the United Kingdom. The task of this paper is to explore and define the most frequent stereotypes presented by these TV shows on randomly selected samples. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part deals with the phenomenon of teenage and underage mothers in the UK as a result of underclass demonisation, poverty shaming and social stigma in the context of British culture and society. The second part of this thesis applies the theoretical findings and analyses the common stereotypes represented and displayed in particular reality shows broadcasted in the UK using qualitative content analysis.

OBJECTIVES: We conducted a mixed methods study of delayed access to emergency obstetrical care among preeclamptic and non-preeclamptic women in Port au Prince, Haiti, grounded in the Three Delays model of Thaddeus and Maine. The primary objectives were to identify factors affecting delays in accessing care and clinical consequences of delays. METHODS: 524 surveys were administered to women admitted to the Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) obstetric emergency hospital. Survey questions addressed demographic, clinical, and behavioral risk factors; first (at home), second (transport) and third (health facility) delays; and clinical outcomes for women and infants. Bivariate statistics were used to assess relationships between preeclampsia status and delay, and between risk factors and delay. Twenty-six survey participants with lengthy delays (> 6 hours) were chosen for interviews, which elicited details about delays women experienced. Data were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. RESULTS: We found long delays to accessing care for preeclamptic women (median 5.0 hours, IQR 10.5, vs. 4.0 hours, IQR 5.0, for non-preeclamptic women, p<0.01), primarily due to delays at home before leaving for the hospital (median 2.6 hours, IQR 10.6). No demographic, clinical, or behavioral factors were related to access to care. Women's health prior to pregnancy was not associated with delays, with the exception of preeclamptic women who had previously seen a doctor, who had significantly longer delays than women who had not previously seen a doctor (22.8 hours versus 11.2 hours, p=0.02). Long delays for both preeclamptic and non-preeclamptic women were not associated with poorer clinical outcomes. Although the MSF hospital is free of charge, financial barriers at other hospitals limited access to emergency obstetric care for many women, who commonly experienced non-evidence-based care, including inappropriate education from antenatal care providers when diagnosed with hypertension or preeclampsia. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnant women with preeclampsia in Port au Prince reported significant delays in accessing emergency obstetric care. Many delays stemmed from poor quality antenatal care services, which fail to screen, treat, or educate women appropriately. Improvements should be made in education and supervision for antenatal care providers, and in accessibility of emergency services at public hospitals in Port au Prince.

Orientação: Isabel Rodrigues Sanches
As pesquisas acerca do sucesso acadêmico dos estudantes dos meios populares ainda caminham a passos lentos com vistas às investigações voltadas ao fracasso escolar que nestes meios parece ser uma realidade provável. No entanto, correm por uma via paralela alguns estudantes que conseguem ultrapassar com êxito as adversidades do seu meio, reunindo os recursos necessários para suplantar dificuldades engajadas à sua condição socioeconômica e que interferem sobremaneira em seu percurso acadêmico. Assim, esta investigação visa compreender a trajetória destes estudantes rumo à Universidade e as estratégias utilizadas para vencer as dificuldades surgidas em todo processo de escolarização e, sobretudo, no Ensino Superior. Para isto foram realizadas entrevistas com dez estudantes do Ensino Superior da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco – Campus Garanhuns, moradores da residência estudantil deste campus e cursando para além da metade da formação. As falas destas entrevistas semiestruturadas foram transcritas e analisadas a partir do referencial teórico da análise de conteúdo de Bardin (2016), tendo como obras de referência para conceitos e ideias o “Sucesso Escolar nos Meios Populares: as razões do improvável” (Lahire, 2004) e “Por que uns e não outros? Caminhada de jovens pobres para a universidade”(Silva, 2003). Foram muitos os motivos que à fortiori os fizeram pensar em desistir: a situação econômica, as desigualdades sociais, a dificuldade de engajamento quanto às exigências da vida universitária, a vivência do trabalho informal e ou agrícola, o preconceito e as críticas sofridas tanto por pessoas da própria família, quanto por amigos de dentro e fora da comunidade em que vivem. Os jovens entrevistados não conseguem precisar quais as estratégias utilizadas por si como recursos facilitadores em suas trajetórias, mas falam que, a cada dificuldade no sentido de manter-se no ensino superior, eram feitos planejamentos, tendo a mãe como um suporte afetivo e incentivador para o seguimento da escolaridade, mesmo que a família, a comunidade e a escola, não tenham representado um suporte significativo no desenvolvimento escolar. Por unanimidade, os jovens entrevistados elegem os programas de apoio acadêmico como o principal indicador de acesso, manutenção e permanência universitária, projetos sem os quais, não seria possível estar ali. Além deste recurso material, foi identificada uma intensa disposição pessoal ao rompimento de obstáculos muito comuns a todas as trajetórias, um plano subjetivo que julgamos como condição de resiliência, a fim de nomearmos a superação das dificuldades inerentes a todo processo de escolaridade. Conclusivamente o estudo mostrou a emancipação dos estudantes de um lugar de fracasso pela sua origem socioeconômica, como assim alimenta o discurso excludente da deficiência cultural e cognitiva dos pobres, para o lugar do êxito acadêmico através de ações centradas na resistência, na iniciativa pessoal e no amparo das políticas sociais e inclusivas.
Researches about academic success of students from popular media into secondary education still are walking slowly, with a view to investigations aimed at school failure, which in these media seems to be a probable reality. However, a number of students who succeed in overcoming the adversities of their environment run parallel paths, gathering the necessary resources to overcome difficulties that are involved in their socioeconomic condition and that interfere greatly in their academic course. Thus, this research aims to understand the trajectory of these students towards the University and the strategies used to overcome the difficulties that have arisen in every schooling process and, above all, in Higher Education. For this purpose, interviews were conducted with 10 students from the Federal University of Pernambuco - Campus Garanhuns, residents of the student residence of this campus and attending more than half of the training. The speeches of these semi-structured interviews were transcribed and analyzed from the theoretical framework of Bardin's (2016) content analysis, with reference to concepts and ideas being "School Success in Popular Media: The Reasons for the Unlikely" (Lahire, 2004) and "Why some and not others? Walk from poor youth to university " (Silva, 2003). Many reasons motivated them to give up: the economic situation, the social inequalities, the difficulty of engagement in the demands of university life, the experience of informal and agricultural work, prejudice and criticism suffered by people of the family itself, as well as friends from within and outside the community in which they live. The young people interviewed are not able to specify what strategies they use as facilitators in their trajectories, but they say that, with each difficulty in maintaining higher education, planning was done, with the mother as an affective and incentive support for the follow-up of schooling, even if the family, the community and the school, have not represented significant support in school development. Unanimously, the young people interviewed chose the academic support programs as the main indicator of access, maintenance and university permanence, projects without which it would not be possible to be there. In addition to this material resource, an intense personal disposition was identified for the breakdown of obstacles very common to all trajectories, a subjective plan that we judge as a condition of resilience, in order to name the overcoming of the difficulties inherent to every schooling process. Conclusively the study showed the emancipation of students from a place of failure due to their socioeconomic origin, as it feeds the exclusion discourse of the cultural and cognitive deficiency of the poor, to the place of academic success through actions centered on resistance, personal initiative and social and inclusive policies.

Dissertação de mestrado em Economia Monetária Bancária e Financeira
O microcrédito define-se como um empréstimo de pequeno montante concedido a indivíduos em situação de pobreza e exclusão social, ou sem acesso ao sistema bancário tradicional, mas com capacidade de iniciativa e empreendedorismo para criar o seu próprio negócio. Desde as primeiras iniciativas, na década de 1970, até aos dias de hoje, o microcrédito expandiu-se pelo globo terrestre, sendo considerado uma ferramenta eficaz contra a pobreza dos indivíduos mutuários e suas famílias, contra a exclusão social, e potenciador do desenvolvimento económico, em todo o mundo. O presente estudo tem como principal objetivo analisar e identificar dimensões do microcrédito associadas ao indicador de pobreza “número de pobres com $2 ou menos por dia”, no continente asiático, controlando com variáveis socioeconómicas. Usando informação estatística do World Bank, do United Nations Development Programme e do Mix Market, pretende-se verificar se o microcrédito está a ser usado pelos pobres. O modelo econométrico estimado permite concluir que, entre 2008 e 2012, as variáveis mais influenciadoras do “número de pobres com $2 ou menos por dia” são: o “PIB per capita”; o “índice de Gini”; o “desemprego”; os “agentes de crédito”; os “empregados de instituições financeiras do sexo feminino”; e a “margem de lucro” das instituições de microcrédito. Por exemplo, uma maior taxa de “desemprego” está associada a um maior “número de pobres com $2 ou menos por dia”. De forma a ultrapassar problemas de escala na variável dependente, estimaram-se outros modelos com novas variáveis dependentes: “hiato de pobreza da população que vive com $2 ou menos por dia”; “hiato de pobreza da população na linha nacional de pobreza”; “proporção de pobres que vivem com $2 ou menos por dia”; e “proporção de pobres a nível nacional”. Os resultados obtidos para estas quatro variáveis coincidem com os resultados alcançados para a variável dependente “número de pobres com $2 ou menos por dia”. O trabalho desenvolvido pretende contribuir para a investigação sobre o impacto do microcrédito sobre a pobreza e a exclusão social, dado que revela casos em que o microcrédito não está a ser usado pelos mais pobres. Espera-se que este trabalho possa ajudar a melhorar as decisões dos intervenientes envolvidos no microcrédito, especialmente no mercado asiático.
Microfinance is defined as a small loan granted to individuals experiencing poverty and social exclusion, or without access to traditional banking, but with initiative and entrepreneurship capacity to create their own business. Since the first experiments, in the 1970s, up to today, microcredit has expanded throughout the globe and is considered an effective tool against poverty of borrowers and their families, against social exclusion, as well as an enhancer of economic development around the world. The present study aims to analyse and identify dimensions of microcredit associated with the poverty indicator “number of poor people with $2 or less per day”, in Asia, controlling for socioeconomic variables. Using statistical information from the World Bank, the United Nations Development Programme and the Mix Market, we intend to find out whether microcredit is being used by the poor. The estimated econometric model allows us to conclude that, between 2008 and 2012, the most influential variables of the “number of poor people with $2 or less per day” are: “GDP per capita”; the “Gini index"; the “unemployment”; the “loan agents”; “female employees at financial institutions”; and microfinance institutions “profit margin”. For example, a higher “unemployment” rate is associated with a higher “number of poor with $2 or less per day”. In order to overcome scale problems in the dependent variable, other models were estimated with new dependent variables: “poverty gap in the population with $2 or less per day”; “poverty gap of the population in the national poverty line”; “proportion of poor people with $2 or less per day”; and “proportion of poor people at national level”. The results for these four variables coincide with the results for the dependent variable “number of poor people with $2 or less per day”. The present work whishes to contribute to research on the impact of microcredit on poverty and social exclusion, as it reveals cases in which microcredit is not being used by the poorest. It is hoped that this work helps improve the decisions of agents involved in microfinance, especially in the Asian region.