Relevant bibliographies by topics / Powder detergent

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Powder detergent'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Powder detergent"

1

Stankovic, Mirjana, and Lato Pezo. "Powder detergents production plant." Chemical Industry 57, no. 2 (2003): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0302079s.

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The IGPC Engineering Department designed basic projects for powder detergent production plant, using technology developed in the IGPC laboratories, in 1998. - 2000. Several projects were completed: technological, machine, electrical, automation. On the basis of these projects, a production plant with a capacity of 25,000 t/y was manufactured, at "Delta In", Zrenjanin, in 2000.This technology was an innovation, because new approach in mixing a powder materials was used, as well as introducing a new type of dryer in detergent production. The product meets all quality demands for detergents with high specific weight (1000 g/l), as well as environmental regulations. The detergent production process is fully automatized, and the product has uniform quality. There is no waste material in detergent zeolite production, because all products with unsatisfactory quality are returned to the process. The production process can be controlled manually, which is necessary during start-up, and repairs.
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Afreen, Sadia. "Developing A New Combination And Proportion Of Chemicals For The Production Of Laundry Detergent At Low Cost In Context Of Bangladesh." Journal of Chemical Engineering 26 (March 24, 2012): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v26i1.10184.

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This work proposes a new combination and proportion of chemicals available in the local market to prepare laundry detergent at low cost in context of Bangladesh. The proposed formula ensures good foaming and washing quality of the detergent that can compete the existing other laundry detergents in the market. The pH of the product is maintained at 10 which is close to that of other detergent powder being sold in market now. The cost analysis in accordance with the proposed formula shows that the production of 1 kg detergent powder costs 20-25 BDT; therefore, can be sold at a price lower than the other detergents available in market. The proposed formula can reduce the selling price of the detergent at 40-45 BDT, whereas the other companies are selling it from 50-140 BDT in the market. This offers a new scope to produce laundry detergent at a very low cost as well as good washing performance of the product using the locally available chemicals in Bangladesh. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v26i1.10184 JCE 2011; 26(1): 50-53
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Rachmawati, Putri Anggraeni. "BIODEGRADABLE DETERGEN DARI SAPONIN DAUN WARU DAN EKSTRAKSI BUNGA TANJUNG." Indonesian Chemistry and Application Journal 2, no. 2 (March 19, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/icaj.v2n2.p1-4.

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The use of powder detergent in Indonesia begin to increase drastically since 1990. The material that use in formulation of detergen is an active material, support materials, additives, fragrance material that and antifoam. The active material of detergent likeLinear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) used to increase cleaner power. Waru leave contain of metabolites namely alkaloid, triterpenoid, tanin, flavonoid, and saponin. Saponin has important role as foam producer in detergent industry, soap, and shampoo. The purpose of experiment is to know about effectivenessof waru leave exstract as an aditif in the production of detergent. This experiment include analysis phytochemicals characteristic because it need : pH level, viscosity and foam stability. The data analysed theoreticallybased on observation result. The observation result show that waru leave can be used as liquid detergent with biodegradable characteristic.
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Hu, Shan, Bo Zhang, and Yi Xu. "Using electric flocculation to treat domestic laundry wastewater with different types of detergents." E3S Web of Conferences 261 (2021): 04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126104008.

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Laundry wastewater contains a large number of surfactants, suspended solids and other pollutants, and the COD value is high. If the wastewater is discharged into the water without harmless treatment, it will cause serious environmental pollution. The electrocoagulation process was selected as a promising environmentally friendly technology for treating domestic laundry wastewater. In this paper, the contribution of the liquid and powder detergents to the composition of domestic laundry wastewater was investigated. Combination of stainless steel and aluminum anode electrodes were compared. The effect of electrolysis time and current density on the removal of COD, LAS and turbidity of liquid detergent and powder detergent laundry wastewater were evaluated. The experimental results showed the electrocoagulation process has significant removal. It was found that the electrolysis time in 25 minute, current density in 5 mA/cm2 had optimum efficiency when considering efficient removal and economic energy consumption. For Liquid detergent laundry wastewater, COD, LAS and turbidity removal rates were 84%, 93% and 96%. For powder detergent laundry wastewater, COD, LAS and turbidity removal efficiency were 80%, 83% and 91%, respectively. Energy consumption in the optimum conditions for liquid detergent and powder detergent laundry wastewater by electrocoagulation were 7.324KWh/m3, 3.642KWh/m3, respectively, while using combination of stainless steel and aluminum anode electrodes equals 1 to 1.
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Sarkar, Dev Narayan, and Kaushik Kundu. "Safed Detergent Powder: Regional Brand with Rural Focus." Asian Case Research Journal 23, no. 02 (December 2019): 457–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927519500196.

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Safechem Industries was the leading manufacturer of detergents and allied products in Eastern India under the brand name of ‘SAFED’. Safed had local factories to service the eastern market at a lower cost than other organized players and this also enabled it to compete with the unorganized sector, especially in the rural markets. The case presents a situation in which the General Manager for Marketing & Strategy at Safechem Industries had to formulate the marketing and growth strategy for the future. The company is based mainly in rural parts of Eastern India. The case describes the detergent industry in India with a special focus on rural markets. It also elaborates on the strengths and weaknesses of Safechem with respect to the detergents market and the strategies adopted by it. The General Manager is expected to choose an appropriate marketing and strategic option to help the company achieve its growth plan.
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Murtomaa, Matti, Kalle Ojanen, Ensio Laine, and Jutta Poutanen. "Effect of detergent on powder triboelectrification." European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 17, no. 4-5 (December 2002): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0928-0987(02)00167-7.

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Nisa, Adninda Huda, Mela Firdaust, and Bayu Chondro Purnomo. "DESKRIPSI KUALITAS DAN KUANTITAS LIMBAH CAIR USAHA LAUNDRY DI KELURAHAN SUMAMPIR KECAMATAN PURWOKERTO UTARA KABUPATEN BANYUMAS TAHUN 2018." Buletin Keslingmas 38, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31983/keslingmas.v38i2.4875.

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Background The development of laundry business in the increasingly rapid in Sumampir village make the aquatic environment in the region to be foamy and overgrown with microalgae. Research purposes to describe and to know the quality and quantity of waste water of laundry in Sumampir Village. Type of research, descriptive research. The subjects 9 laundry business, parameters measured are phosphate content of waste water, detergent type, detergent composition, detergent dosage, volume of waste water, frequency of waste water disposal and waste water management from laundry business.The results 89% of laundry business with average phospate 0,76 mg/L (content appropriate) and 11% laundry business with phosphate level of 5.84 mg/L (did not appropriate), 67% of the laundry business used liquid detergent, soft and matic top load type and 33% of respondents used powder detergent, hard and matic front load, 44% of respondents did not use detergents according to the type of washing machine. Detergent composition used by laundry business that is 25% Total Surfactant, Antibacterial Agent, Sodium Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate and Natrium Carbonate 20%. The majority of the detergent dosage used by the laundry business is 23 ml. The average volume of waste water produced from 9 laundry business 1038.57 liters/day. Average frequency of waste water disposal from 9 laundry business 13 times/day and 100% laundry business does not manage the waste water and does not have a waste water treatment facilities. Conclusion, the quality and quantity of wastewater at laundry business in Sumampir Village is at risk of environmental pollution
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8

Yao, Xiaoyan, Hongsing Tan, Daitao Geng, Leping Dang, and Hongyuan Wei. "Dissolution Kinetics and Mechanism of Powder Detergent in Water." Asian Journal of Chemistry 27, no. 9 (2015): 3468–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2015.18920.

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Moulay, Saâd, Bentaleb Halim, and Abdessemed Mohamed. "Algerian montmorillonite as a builder in a detergent powder." Journal of Surfactants and Detergents 6, no. 2 (April 2003): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11743-003-0253-6.

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Hannu, Timo J., Vesa E. Riihimäki, and Päivi L. Piirilä. "Reactive Airways Dysfunction Syndrome from Acute Inhalation of Dishwasher Detergent Powder." Canadian Respiratory Journal 19, no. 3 (2012): e25-e27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/150919.

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Reactive airway dysfunction syndrome, a type of occupational asthma without a latency period, is induced by irritating vapour, fumes or smoke. The present report is the first to describe a case of reactive airway dysfunction syndrome caused by acute exposure to dishwater detergent containing sodium metasilicate and sodium dichloroisocyanurate. The diagnosis was based on exposure data, clinical symptoms and signs, as well as respiratory function tests. A 43-year-old nonatopic male apprentice cook developed respiratory symptoms immediately after exposure to a cloud of detergent powder that was made airborne by vigorous shaking of the package. In spirometry, combined obstructive and restrictive ventilatory impairment developed, and the histamine challenge test revealed bronchial hyper-responsiveness. Even routine handling of a strongly caustic detergent, such as filling a dishwasher container, is not entirely risk free and should be performed with caution.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Powder detergent"

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Hewitt, Christopher David. "Powder build-up in detergent packing lines." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6851/.

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Build-up is a fouling process in which a small fraction of a powder becomes a film adhered to a surface. Specifically buildup in auger fillers which is the focus of this thesis is a significant problem for industry leading to equipment downtime for cleaning, drives tripping due to high torque and reduced powder quality. The work presented in this thesis shows that for a unblended powder with a particle size similar to that of the auger fillers auger/tube clearance, build-up will be formed when powders have b-1 Kawakita parameter of less than 0.5 MPa and tablet strengths below 0.6 MPa post compression to 58 MPa. It is proposed based upon results the work of Crutchley and Bridgewater [29] and Calvert et al. [30] that powders which form build-up due so due to the stresses they experience as they pass through the auger/tube clearance. Additionally this stress is a function of the ratio of the powder’s particle size to the magnitude of the auger/tube clearance C. Work presented in Chapter 8 supports this conclusion showing that once C/D90 is greater than 3.5, build-up is not formed.
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Salvi, Paulo Sergio. "A influência dos detergentes em pó comercial na solidez da cor à lavagem doméstica dos substratos têxteis." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/100/100133/tde-19012018-165818/.

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A presente pesquisa consiste em analisar a solidez da cor dos substratos têxteis à lavagem, perante a utilização de detergentes em pó comerciais, e comparar com a utilização do detergente pó padrão previsto na norma ABNT NBR ISO 105-C06: Têxteis Ensaios de solidez da cor parte C06: Solidez da cor à lavagem doméstica e comercial. Para que as variáveis do substrato têxtil: a) composição; b) preparação para o tingimento; c) processo de tingimento; d) intensidade da cor; e) classe de corante. E as do processo de lavagem: temperaturas não comprometessem a conclusão da pesquisa, contemplou-se o controle de todas elas, de forma que, a única variável foi o tipo de detergente em pó utilizado, para tanto, levou-se em consideração: a) utilizado substratos 100% algodão, 100% poliéster, 100% poliamida e 100% acrílico; b) preparação para garantir a homogeneidade das amostras; c) substratos tintos em cores claras, médias e escuras; d) utilizadas classes de corantes que possuem boa solidez à lavagem; e) lavagem a 40ºC e a 60ºC. Foi utilizado um ambiente integrado contemplando equipamentos de laboratório para preparação, tingimento das amostras e para os ensaios de solidez da cor à lavagem, segundo a norma técnica específica. Os corpos de prova, após o processo de lavagem, foram submetidos à avaliação da alteração da cor, de acordo com a norma ABNT NBR ISO 105-A05: Têxteis Ensaios de solidez da cor parte A05: Avaliação instrumental da alteração da cor para classificação na escala cinza. Os resultados dos ensaios apontaram que somente os substratos 100% algodão e 100% poliamida, cor clara, lavados com detergentes comerciais apresentam resultados divergentes dos lavados com detergente padrão. Já os demais substratos não apresentaram alterações significativas quando comparados aos resultados obtidos na lavagem com o detergente padrão, o que aponta que o tipo de detergente utilizado no ensaio não influencia no resultado
The present research consists in analyzing the fastness of colors in textile substrates to washing, in relation to the use of commercial powder detergents, and compare it with the use of the standard detergent powder according to ABNT NBR ISO 105-C06: Textiles - color fastness of C06: Color fastness to domestic and commercial washing. So that the variables of the textile substrate: a) composition; b) preparation for dyeing; c) dyeing process; d) color intensity; e) dye class. And the of washing process: temperature, did not compromise the conclusion of the research, it was contemplated the control of them all, so that the only variable was the type of detergent powder used, for that, it was taken into consideration: a) used 100% cotton, 100% polyester, 100% polyamide and 100% acrylic substrates, because they are the most consumed fibers in Brazil; b) preparation to guarantee the homogeneity of the samples; c) red substrates in light, medium and dark colors; d) classes of dyes, which have good wash fastness, were used; e) washing at 40 ° C and at 60 ° C. An integrated environment was used, contemplating laboratory equipment for preparation, dyeing of the samples and the tests of color fastness to the wash, according to the specific technical standard. After the washing process, the specimens were submitted to the color change evaluation according to ABNT NBR ISO 105-A05: Textiles - Color fastness tests part A05: Instrumental evaluation of the color changing for Classification on the gray scale. The results of the tests indicated that only the 100% cotton and 100% polyamide substrates light colored washed with commercial detergents showed divergent results from the standard detergent washings. However, on the other substrates, did not present significant alterations when compared to the substrates obtained in washing with standard detergent, which indicates that the type of Detergent used in the test does not influence the result
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Gregorová, Martina. "Analýza ekonomických a environmentálních efektů kompaktace pracích prášků." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-149891.

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This master thesis studies environmental effects of a detergents' compactation project. The theoretical part describes negative environmental effects of detergents' use and foreign initiatives having successfully led to decrease of these effects. The analytical part evaluates the information campaign focused on customer behavior and detergent dosage through a market survey. Lower detergent consumption is a prerequisite of a decreased negative environmental impact. Market data showing real detergent consumption are compared to expected development. Results of the market survey and the market data analysis show that a change in consumer behavior was not sufficient; and therefore, the compactation project was not successful.
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Lee, Patrick Seo Thin. "A feasibility study of a recycled paper scoop, a dosing device for synthetic powder laundry detergents /." Online version of thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11592.

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Farshchi, Amin. "The influence of slurry formulation on the multi-scale structure and functional properties of spray dried detergent powders." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21912/.

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Globally, spray drying is the most commonly used process by which detergent slurries can be transformed into low-density and free-flowing powders. The structure and formulation of these granules have a profound effect on the functional properties, e.g. flow behaviour, storage stability and dissolution rate, of the final product. Nevertheless, little is known about the structure and functional properties of the spray-dried powders due to the lack of scientific works in the public domain. In this thesis, four simple model formulations based on linear alkyl benzene sulphonate (NaLAS) and sodium sulphate were used to probe the influence of initial slurry water content and binder, SiO2:Na2O molar ratio of sodium silicate, on the structure. Moreover, flow behaviour and water sorption characteristics were chosen to be investigated as the findings of these studied can provide a better understanding of the influence of slurry formulation on the granule structure. The complex multiscale structure of these granules was characterized using a complementary range of techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), image analysis, x-ray micro-tomography, wide angle and small angle x-ray scattering (WAXS, SAXS). A complex composite structure is revealed due to the multiphase nature of the starting slurry and its evolution during the drying process. The structure revealed can be viewed as a continuous matrix consisting of NaLAS, sodium sulphate and binder in which large, dense, crystals of sodium sulphate are embedded. These were initially undissolved in the slurry and are consequently reduced in number in the product made from higher water content slurry. Air is also dispersed in this matrix at two length scales, large vacuoles, at sizes of the order of the particle diameter which are the result of ‘puffing’ i.e. water boiling, and micro-scale porosity which evolved during the crystallisation of the drying matrix. The matrix is a composite structure of binder, dried surfactant liquid crystalline phase and sub-micron scale crystallites of sodium sulphate. Changes in the initial composition, water content or binder, of this phase are seen to change both the sulphate polymorphs present and the d-spacing of the NaLAS phase. Morphology and surface characteristics are also seen to change with the high initial moisture content particles producing more irregular structure and a rougher surface. The SAXS data were further analysed by reconstructing electron density profiles (EDP) of the one-dimensional repeat of bilayer stacking by Fourier analysis, and the parameters of lamellar d-spacing, bilayer thickness (dHH ) and water layer thickness (dW ) were determined. The relative humidity was found to be a critical factor determining the number of coexisting lamellar polymorphs. The greater the RH value, the fewer is the number of lamellar polymorphs. The presence of binders is another factor, due to its hygroscopic properties, controlling the short-range order structures of self-assembled surfactants. To investigate the influence of relative humidity on the microstructural evolution and moisture sorption behaviour of spray-dried detergent powders, the samples were stored at various relative humidity. The moisture sorption isotherms of the powders were gravimetrically determined using a dynamic vapour sorption (DVS) technique. The extent of moisture uptake in these samples was found to be determined by the solid state of sodium silicate. The powder flowability was investigated using a Schulze ring shear tester. The initial water content of the slurries was found to have a profound effect on the flowability of the resulting spray-dried powders. The powders produced from high-water content showed a better flow behaviour. This was attributed to the influence of water content on the matrix composition. The chemical composition of the detergent powders was also probed using Raman confocal microscopy techniques. The powders containing lower surface concentration of surfactant had a better flowability. Sodium silicates significantly improved the flow behaviour of the particles. The silicate is thought to form a glassy continuum linking sulphate crystals and surfactant domains, which consequently increases the apparent granule strength, and hence improves the flow behaviour.
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"A study of the importance of various elements of the marketing-mix in the purchase of laundry detergent powder." 1990. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5886342.

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by Monica Cheung Wai, Eppie Wong Yuen Yee.
Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990.
Bibliography: leaf 65.
ABSTRACT --- p.ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii
ACKNOWLEDEGMENTS --- p.v
Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter II. --- STUDY OF THE PURCHASE OF DETERGENT POWDER
Chapter 2.1 --- Market Situation for Detergent Powderin Hong Kong --- p.3
Chapter 2.2 --- Rationale of the Study --- p.4
Chapter 2.3 --- Scope of the Study --- p.5
Chapter 2 .4 --- Objectives of the Study --- p.6
Chapter III. --- LITERATURE REVIEW
Chapter 3.1 --- Relevance of Understanding Consumer Purchase Behaviour in the Marketing Concept --- p.8
Chapter 3.2 --- Howard Model of Consumer Behaviour --- p.8
Chapter 3.3 --- "Engel, Kollat and Blackwell Model" --- p.9
Chapter 3.4 --- Definition of Detergent Powder Purchase --- p.10
Chapter 3.5 --- Research Findings : Hoyer --- p.11
Chapter 3.6 --- Choice Tactics in Detergent Powder Purchase --- p.13
Chapter 3.7 --- Product Information in Memory --- p.16
Chapter 3.8 --- Applicability of Hoyer's Research Findings --- p.17
Chapter 3.9 --- Relevance of Judgmental Models in Detergent Powder Purchase --- p.17
Chapter IV. --- METHODOLOGY AND FRAMEWORK FOR ATTACK
Chapter 4.1 --- The Pilot Study --- p.21
Chapter 4.2 --- The Observation Phase --- p.22
Chapter 4.3 --- The Questionnaire Survey --- p.23
Chapter V. --- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH FINDINGS
Chapter 5.1 --- Observation Survey --- p.27
Chapter 5.2 --- Salience of Various Evaluative Criteria --- p.28
Chapter 5.3 --- Propensity for Brand Switching --- p.29
Chapter 5.4 --- Consumers' Evaluation of the Product Attributes of their Current Brand --- p.32
Chapter 5 .5 --- Attitude --- p.34
Chapter 5.6 --- Difference in Purchase Behaviour among Consumers across Demographic Profiles --- p.35
Chapter 5.7 --- Demographic Profile of the Sample --- p.38
Chapter VI. --- DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS
Chapter 6.1 --- Decision Process Behaviour and Advertising Strategy --- p.43
Chapter 6.2 --- Brand Switching Behaviour and Promotional Strategy --- p.45
Chapter 6.3 --- Satisfaction with Current Brand and Relevance of Promotional Efforts --- p.46
Chapter 6.4 --- Salience of Evaluative Criteria -- Pricing and Product --- p.47
Chapter 6.5 --- Purchase Behaviour among Consumers across Demographic Profiles -- and its Marketing Implications --- p.48
Chapter 6.6 --- Limitations of the Study and Suggestions for Further Research --- p.49
APPENDICES
Chapter Appendix A: --- Observation Sheet --- p.51
Chapter Appendix B: --- Schedule of Questionnaire Survey --- p.52
Chapter Appendix C: --- The Questionnaire (English and Chinese versions) --- p.53
Chapter Appendix D: --- Research Data --- p.58
Chapter Appendix E: --- T-test Table- --- p.61
Chapter Appendix F: --- F-test Table --- p.63
BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.65
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Rahmanian, Nejat, M. H. Halmi, D. Choy, R. Patel, S. Yusup, and Iqbal M. Mujtaba. "An experimental investigation on seeded granulation of detergent powders." 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18401.

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Yes
Granulation is commonly used as an enlargement process of particles produce granules with desirable characteristics and functionality. Granulation process transforms fine powders into free-flowing, dust-free granules with the presence of liquid binder at certain operating conditions. The main focus of this research is on seeded granulation of detergent powders, a new phenomenon of granulation in which a layer of fine powders surround the coarse particle. This is already proven for calcium carbonate (Rahmanian et al., 2011). Here, detergent granules were produced in a 5 L high shear Cyclomix granulator using different fine/coarse powder ratio (1/3, 1, 3) and different binder ratio of 10 %, 20 % and 30 %. The granules were then characterized for their particle size distribution, strength and structure. It was found that a high percentage (70 wt. %) of granules in the desired size range between 125 - 1,000 µm were produced using the powder ratio of 1/3 and a binder content of 10 %. Low mean crushing strength (3.0 N) with a narrow distribution was obtained using this condition. Structure characterization of the detergent granules produced in the granulator shows that consistent seeded granule structures are produced under the optimum process and formulation conditions of 1/3 powder ratio with 10 % binder.
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XU, MING-CHUAN, and 許銘川. "A study on super-detergent power for nonionic surfactant." Thesis, 1989. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06679429522174677901.

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Wu, Cheng-Wang, and 吳政旺. "A Study on the Rheological Behavior of Detergents for Powders." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/60071474253153872736.

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碩士
嘉南藥理科技大學
化妝品科技研究所
99
With the increase in living standards, there has been an increase in the variety of detergents available in the market today. It is not only demanded that these products be sanitary and safe, but that they should also be effective in improving the appearance of our skin. For years, manufacturers have added powders, which are able to exfoliate the stratum corneum, to have anti-aging effects, and to give an appearance of beauty. However, if the powders are not evenly dispersed within the detergent, the efficacy and the appearance of the product is affected. This paper examined the proper way to disperse powders effectively in the detergents. The experiment was divided in two parts. The first part was to evaluate the suspension ability of the powders by adding them into different surfactant formulations. The second part was to evaluate powders that were in detergents currently in the market. The results of the two parts were then compared. Through centrifugation we were able to evaluate the amount of powders in the detergents that sunk within a given period of time, and we were able to assess the suspension ability of powders over a given time in different surfactant formulas. According to our results, the rheological behavior of the detergent formulations were shear-thinning and the viscosity was affected by attractiveness for opposite charges, hydrophobic chain effects, and swelling of polymers. NaCl, Xanthan gum, and Acrylates/C10-30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer were the thickening agents in the formulations, which increased the viscosity of the detergent. However, Sodium acrylates/acrylonitrogens copolymers did not increase viscosity, and upon further speculation it was observed that it was because the crystalline solid could not be dissolved in the detergents. As a result, NaCl was the best for increasing the viscosity of the detergents, and Acrylates/C10-30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer was the best for increasing the suspension in the detergents. From the experiment, the suspension ability of the detergents was effected by the viscosity and the chemical structure. This research could be used as a reference point of how to add powders to detergents effectively.
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Books on the topic "Powder detergent"

1

Waschmittel: Chemie, Umwelt, Nachhaltigkeit. 4th ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2010.

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Byrne, M. S. Powder versus liquid: An exercise on the marketing of detergents : a role play exercise designed for the use of tertiary level science students. London: Education Division, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.

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Minestroni, Laura. Dash: Più bianco non si può : storia, cultura e comunicazione di una marca che è cresciuta insieme a noi. Milano, Italy: FrancoAngeli, 2010.

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Dash: Più bianco non si può : storia, cultura e comunicazione di una marca che è cresciuta insieme a noi. Milano, Italy: FrancoAngeli, 2010.

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Powder Versus Liquid. Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.

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1956-, Showell Michael S., ed. Powdered detergents. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1998.

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Showell, Michael. Powdered Detergents (Surfactant Science). CRC, 1997.

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Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 World Outlook for Powder Detergents. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 Outlook for Powder Detergents in India. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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Inc, ICON Group International. The 2000-2005 Outlook for Powder Detergents in Africa. Icon Group International, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Powder detergent"

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King, Margaret M., and Evelyn M. Sabino. "An Overview of the Use of XRD as A Tool in the Total Analysis of Powdered Household Laundry Detergents." In Advances in X-Ray Analysis, 485–92. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9996-4_54.

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Boerefijn, Renee, Prasanna-Rao Dontula, and Reinhard Kohlus. "Chapter 14 Detergent granulation." In Handbook of Powder Technology, 673–703. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-3785(07)80049-2.

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Winetzky, Deborah, Edmundo Larenas, and Scott Power. "Powder-Detergent Formulations for Improved Cellulase Performance." In Proceedings of the 4th World Conference on Detergents. AOCS Publishing, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439822142.ch16.

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Mentzen, B. F. "Modeling Diffusion Pathways in MFI Materials by Time-Resolved Powder Diffraction Techniques." In Zeolites as Catalysts, Sorbents and Detergent Builders - Applications and Innovations, Proceedings of an International Symposium, 477–84. Elsevier, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2991(08)61003-4.

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Aust, E., W. Hilgert, and G. Emig. "Measurement of Hydrocarbon Diffusion Coefficient in a Non-Isobaric Chromatographic Column of Zeolite Crystal Powder." In Zeolites as Catalysts, Sorbents and Detergent Builders - Applications and Innovations, Proceedings of an International Symposium, 495–504. Elsevier, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2991(08)61005-8.

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Showell, Michael S. "Powdered Detergents." In Powdered Detergents, 1–19. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203742716-1.

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Raney, Kirk H. "Surfactant Requirements for Compact Powder Detergents." In Powdered Detergents, 241–84. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203742716-8.

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Matzner, Edwin A. "Overview of Regulation and Environmental Issues Affecting Laundry Detergents." In Powdered Detergents, 313–44. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203742716-10.

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Capeci, Scott, and Robert Gary Welch. "Compact Powdered Detergent Process Technologies." In Powdered Detergents, 21–42. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203742716-2.

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Rieck, Hans-Peter. "Builders: The Backbone of Powdered Detergents." In Powdered Detergents, 43–108. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203742716-3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Powder detergent"

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Tayfur, Sundus, Ayoub Al-bayti, and Asmaa Al-bayati. "Histopathological effect of powder detergent on the livers of laboratory mice Mus musculus." In Proceedings of the 1st International Multi-Disciplinary Conference Theme: Sustainable Development and Smart Planning, IMDC-SDSP 2020, Cyperspace, 28-30 June 2020. EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.28-6-2020.2298169.

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Siikanen, Sami, Marko Savolainen, Michael Groombridge, Chandana Ratnayake, Akhilesh Kumar Srivastava, Timo Kauppinen, and Marko Paavola. "Examining short-wavelength infrared hyperspectral imaging for do-it-yourself-for-you laundry detergent powder fablab quality control." In Thermosense: Thermal Infrared Applications XLIII, edited by Joseph N. Zalameda and Arantza Mendioroz. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2587631.

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Kauffman, Robert E. "Simple Analytical Techniques to Determine the Disperant Capacity and Metal Deactivator Additive Concentration of JP-8+100 and Other Jet Fuels." In ASME 1997 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/97-gt-077.

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The US Air Force is developing an additive package to improve the thermal stability of JP-8 fuels by 100°F. Consequently, JP-8 fuels containing the developed additive package are referred to as JP-8+100 fuels. Field tests of the JP-8+100 fuels have shown that the additive package greatly reduces maintenance cost and labor in comparison to JP-8 fuels by minimizing fuel system malfunctions caused by fuel deposition, e.g., fuel control changeouts, combustor damage, etc. The developed additive package contains three components: antioxidant, dispersant/detergent, and metal deactivator. This paper presents simple analytical techniques that can be performed on-site or in the laboratory to determine the dispersant capacity and metal deactivator additive concentrations of JP-8+100 fuels. Since several dispersant/detergent candidates are being evaluated for use in the JP-8+100 additive package, the analytical techniques were developed to measure the dispersant capacity of the additive package instead of the concentration of one particular dispersant/detergent. The dispersant capacity test measures the ability of a fuel sample to suspend a metal oxide powder/water/isopropanol mixture. The dispersant capacity test can be used to identify jet fuels which contain the JP-8+100 additive package and to rate the dispersant capacity of a JP-8+100 fuel. In contrast to the dispersant capacity test, the metal deactivator additive (MDA) tests were designed to determine the concentration of N,N′-disalicylidene-1,2-propanediamine which is the primary MDA used in jet fuels. The MDA tests use fuel soluble compounds or aqueous extraction to chemically react MDA to form colored species. The color of the MDA compound is measured visually for qualitative determinations or spectrometrically for quantitative determinations. Combination of the different MDA tests allows MDA to be detected down to 0.1 ppm regardless of fuel color, age, or type.
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Bartholomew, Robert D., and Emory H. Hull. "Preoperational Cleaning Requirements for HRSG Units." In ASME 2004 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2004-52033.

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There have been no generally agreed upon practices regarding preoperational chemical cleaning of new heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs). Some have been cleaned only with warm detergent solutions while others are cleaned using alkaline detergents followed by iron oxide removal and passivation stages. Thorough inspection and monitoring of waterside surfaces from fabrication through commissioning are necessary to assess unit cleanliness. However, these activities are sometimes neglected. In some cases, there is no contingency plan should inspection reveal fouled or corroded surfaces. Poor waterside cleanliness has caused startup delays and problems during subsequent operation. This paper summarizes the recommended requirements for both companies that plan to clean and for those companies that do not expect to clean.
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Adiwibowo, Muhammad Triyogo, Muhammad Ibadurrohman, and Slamet Slamet. "Stability and detergency of nanofluidic detergents containing palm oil-based primary alkyl sulfate surfactant and zinc oxide: Effect of carboxymethyl cellulose." In SolarPACES 2017: International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5064353.

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Kloter, Simon, Neil F. Ashford, and Duncan R. Fitchett. "Laboratory and On-Site Findings Demonstrating the Greater Effectiveness of Biphase Water-Based Compressor Cleaners Over Monophase Cleaners." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-90340.

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Abstract Compressor washing is a widely applied method to reduce the fouling rate of compressor blades by on-line washing and restore lost power by off-line washing. One of the factors influencing the effectiveness of a wash procedure is the efficiency of the detergent used for washing. This especially in the presence of hydrophobic contamination such as oily and carbon type deposits that can be difficult to penetrate and loosen by water-based detergents. In this paper, a comparison of cleaning performance is made between monophase water-based compressor cleaners and a biphase water-based compressor cleaner. Most of the currently used water-based compressor cleaners are monophase solutions. Their main active ingredients are surfactants which lower surface tension and interfacial tension allowing detachment and emulsification of foulant from a compressor blade. Biphase compressor cleaners are also formulated with surfactants, however due to their sub-micron heterogeneous nature they not only provide detachment and emulsification but a much more effective capability to solubilize even hydrocarbon type contamination. Cleaning efficiencies of these cleaners were evaluated in the laboratory using various test methods including US MIL-PRF-85704C. All of these performed tests confirm the significantly higher effectiveness of the biphase compressor cleaner. To validate the results from the laboratory tests a direct comparison of a monophase cleaner and a biphase cleaner was performed at a power station in the UK. After about four years of frequent washing with the monophase cleaner on two engines, one GT was then washed three times consecutively offline within a time period of six months with the biphase cleaner. In the second GT, washing was continued with the monophase cleaner. The visual inspection during a major overhaul very clearly showed a significantly higher removal of contamination from the GT washed with the biphase compressor cleaner.
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Ingistov, Steve. "Interstage Injection System for Heavy Duty Industrial Gas Turbine Model 7EA." In ASME Turbo Expo 2001: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2001-gt-0407.

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This paper describes new methods of cleaning large multistage axial compressors that are the part of Gas Turbine Unit (GTU). Existing, standard method of compressor cleaning are on-line and off-line. In both cases of compressor cleaning clean water and appropriate detergents are mixed to remove dirt deposits from the blade surface. The on-line system is attractive because the cleaning is done when GTU is under full load. The on-line compressor cleaning slows down inevitable dirt depositing. Offline cleaning is much more effective than on-line cleaning. The negative side of off-line cleaning is that GTU must be shut down. In case of large GTU the processes of shut down and start up require significant amount of time. This paper also incorporates the efforts required to install Inter-stage Injection System (IIS) in one GTU in Watson Cogeneration Company (WCC).
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Caguiat, Daniel E., David M. Zipkin, and Jeffrey S. Patterson. "Compressor Fouling Testing on Rolls Royce/Allison 501-K17 and General Electric LM2500 Gas Turbine Engines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30262.

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As part of the Gas Turbine Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) Program, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division Code 9334 conducted compressor fouling testing on the General Electric LM2500 and Rolls Royce/Allison 501-K Series gas turbines. The objective of these tests was to determine the feasibility of quantifying compressor performance degradation using existing and/or added engine sensors. The end goal of these tests will be to implement an algorithm in the Navy Fleet that will determine the optimum time to detergent crank wash each gas turbine based upon compressor health, fuel economy and other factors which must be determined. Fouling tests were conducted at the Land Based Engineering Site (LBES). For each gas turbine, the test plan that was utilized consisted of injecting a salt solution into the gas turbine inlet, gathering compressor performance and fuel economy data, analyzing the data to verify sensor trends, and assessing the usefulness of each parameter in determining compressor and overall gas turbine health. Based upon data collected during these fouling tests, it seems feasible to accomplish the end goal. Impact Technologies, who analyzed the data sets for both of these fouling tests, has developed a prognostic modeling approach for each of these gas turbines using a combination of the data and probabilistic analysis.
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Stalder, Jean-Pierre. "Gas Turbine Compressor Washing State of the Art — Field Experiences." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-420.

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Technology development in gas turbine compressor washing over the last 10 years and today’s state of the art technology is presented in this paper. Based on various long term field tests and observations, correlation between rate of power degradation and atmospheric conditions can be established. Questions about compressor on line washing with water alone against the use of detergents, as well as washing frequencies are also addressed in this paper. Performance degradation behavior between gas turbines of different sizes and models can be explained with an index of sensitivity to fouling. The implementation of an optimised regime, of on line and off line washing in the preventive turbine maintenance program is important, it will improve the plant profitability by reducing the costs of energy production and contribute to a cleaner environment.
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Fielder, James. "Evaluation of Zero Compressor Wash Routine in RN Service." In ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38887.

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In order to maintain engine performance and prevent the build up of airborne particles within compressor systems, the Royal Navy (RN) has traditionally employed a compressor cleaning routine on all marine gas turbines. This routine consists of turning the engine using the starter motor whilst spraying the cleaning medium (water or water and detergent) into the intake. The cleaning medium is driven through the engine, cleaning the compressor as it goes. The wash effluent is then drained away via the engine drains. Although most gas turbine users use similar routines, the harsh, salt laden marine environment presents a unique challenge to the Naval operator. In order to evaluate the current level of compressor washing, ascertain effects on performance and corrosion and investigate potential cost savings, the RN initiated a trial whereby 2 Rolls-Royce SM1C marine Spey’s were subject to a zero wash routine. The two ships involved, HMS Richmond & HMS Northumberland, accumulated approximately 750 and 1500 unwashed operating hours respectively. As the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM), Rolls-Royce was closely involved with the project and inspected the engines throughout the trial. The trial concluded that significant operational benefits could be gained by modifying the existing wash routine, adopting a new cleaning medium and extending the wash periodicity. In addition, the report concluded that engine performance and cleanliness would not be affected by altering the wash routine. The paper will discuss the background to the trial, explain the methodology used, explore the conclusions and discuss the benefits derived from the trial, including applicability to other marine gas turbines.
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