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Journal articles on the topic 'Powder detergent'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Stankovic, Mirjana, and Lato Pezo. "Powder detergents production plant." Chemical Industry 57, no. 2 (2003): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0302079s.

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The IGPC Engineering Department designed basic projects for powder detergent production plant, using technology developed in the IGPC laboratories, in 1998. - 2000. Several projects were completed: technological, machine, electrical, automation. On the basis of these projects, a production plant with a capacity of 25,000 t/y was manufactured, at "Delta In", Zrenjanin, in 2000.This technology was an innovation, because new approach in mixing a powder materials was used, as well as introducing a new type of dryer in detergent production. The product meets all quality demands for detergents with high specific weight (1000 g/l), as well as environmental regulations. The detergent production process is fully automatized, and the product has uniform quality. There is no waste material in detergent zeolite production, because all products with unsatisfactory quality are returned to the process. The production process can be controlled manually, which is necessary during start-up, and repairs.
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Afreen, Sadia. "Developing A New Combination And Proportion Of Chemicals For The Production Of Laundry Detergent At Low Cost In Context Of Bangladesh." Journal of Chemical Engineering 26 (March 24, 2012): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v26i1.10184.

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This work proposes a new combination and proportion of chemicals available in the local market to prepare laundry detergent at low cost in context of Bangladesh. The proposed formula ensures good foaming and washing quality of the detergent that can compete the existing other laundry detergents in the market. The pH of the product is maintained at 10 which is close to that of other detergent powder being sold in market now. The cost analysis in accordance with the proposed formula shows that the production of 1 kg detergent powder costs 20-25 BDT; therefore, can be sold at a price lower than the other detergents available in market. The proposed formula can reduce the selling price of the detergent at 40-45 BDT, whereas the other companies are selling it from 50-140 BDT in the market. This offers a new scope to produce laundry detergent at a very low cost as well as good washing performance of the product using the locally available chemicals in Bangladesh. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v26i1.10184 JCE 2011; 26(1): 50-53
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3

Rachmawati, Putri Anggraeni. "BIODEGRADABLE DETERGEN DARI SAPONIN DAUN WARU DAN EKSTRAKSI BUNGA TANJUNG." Indonesian Chemistry and Application Journal 2, no. 2 (March 19, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/icaj.v2n2.p1-4.

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The use of powder detergent in Indonesia begin to increase drastically since 1990. The material that use in formulation of detergen is an active material, support materials, additives, fragrance material that and antifoam. The active material of detergent likeLinear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) used to increase cleaner power. Waru leave contain of metabolites namely alkaloid, triterpenoid, tanin, flavonoid, and saponin. Saponin has important role as foam producer in detergent industry, soap, and shampoo. The purpose of experiment is to know about effectivenessof waru leave exstract as an aditif in the production of detergent. This experiment include analysis phytochemicals characteristic because it need : pH level, viscosity and foam stability. The data analysed theoreticallybased on observation result. The observation result show that waru leave can be used as liquid detergent with biodegradable characteristic.
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Hu, Shan, Bo Zhang, and Yi Xu. "Using electric flocculation to treat domestic laundry wastewater with different types of detergents." E3S Web of Conferences 261 (2021): 04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126104008.

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Laundry wastewater contains a large number of surfactants, suspended solids and other pollutants, and the COD value is high. If the wastewater is discharged into the water without harmless treatment, it will cause serious environmental pollution. The electrocoagulation process was selected as a promising environmentally friendly technology for treating domestic laundry wastewater. In this paper, the contribution of the liquid and powder detergents to the composition of domestic laundry wastewater was investigated. Combination of stainless steel and aluminum anode electrodes were compared. The effect of electrolysis time and current density on the removal of COD, LAS and turbidity of liquid detergent and powder detergent laundry wastewater were evaluated. The experimental results showed the electrocoagulation process has significant removal. It was found that the electrolysis time in 25 minute, current density in 5 mA/cm2 had optimum efficiency when considering efficient removal and economic energy consumption. For Liquid detergent laundry wastewater, COD, LAS and turbidity removal rates were 84%, 93% and 96%. For powder detergent laundry wastewater, COD, LAS and turbidity removal efficiency were 80%, 83% and 91%, respectively. Energy consumption in the optimum conditions for liquid detergent and powder detergent laundry wastewater by electrocoagulation were 7.324KWh/m3, 3.642KWh/m3, respectively, while using combination of stainless steel and aluminum anode electrodes equals 1 to 1.
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Sarkar, Dev Narayan, and Kaushik Kundu. "Safed Detergent Powder: Regional Brand with Rural Focus." Asian Case Research Journal 23, no. 02 (December 2019): 457–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927519500196.

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Safechem Industries was the leading manufacturer of detergents and allied products in Eastern India under the brand name of ‘SAFED’. Safed had local factories to service the eastern market at a lower cost than other organized players and this also enabled it to compete with the unorganized sector, especially in the rural markets. The case presents a situation in which the General Manager for Marketing & Strategy at Safechem Industries had to formulate the marketing and growth strategy for the future. The company is based mainly in rural parts of Eastern India. The case describes the detergent industry in India with a special focus on rural markets. It also elaborates on the strengths and weaknesses of Safechem with respect to the detergents market and the strategies adopted by it. The General Manager is expected to choose an appropriate marketing and strategic option to help the company achieve its growth plan.
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6

Murtomaa, Matti, Kalle Ojanen, Ensio Laine, and Jutta Poutanen. "Effect of detergent on powder triboelectrification." European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 17, no. 4-5 (December 2002): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0928-0987(02)00167-7.

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7

Nisa, Adninda Huda, Mela Firdaust, and Bayu Chondro Purnomo. "DESKRIPSI KUALITAS DAN KUANTITAS LIMBAH CAIR USAHA LAUNDRY DI KELURAHAN SUMAMPIR KECAMATAN PURWOKERTO UTARA KABUPATEN BANYUMAS TAHUN 2018." Buletin Keslingmas 38, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31983/keslingmas.v38i2.4875.

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Background The development of laundry business in the increasingly rapid in Sumampir village make the aquatic environment in the region to be foamy and overgrown with microalgae. Research purposes to describe and to know the quality and quantity of waste water of laundry in Sumampir Village. Type of research, descriptive research. The subjects 9 laundry business, parameters measured are phosphate content of waste water, detergent type, detergent composition, detergent dosage, volume of waste water, frequency of waste water disposal and waste water management from laundry business.The results 89% of laundry business with average phospate 0,76 mg/L (content appropriate) and 11% laundry business with phosphate level of 5.84 mg/L (did not appropriate), 67% of the laundry business used liquid detergent, soft and matic top load type and 33% of respondents used powder detergent, hard and matic front load, 44% of respondents did not use detergents according to the type of washing machine. Detergent composition used by laundry business that is 25% Total Surfactant, Antibacterial Agent, Sodium Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate and Natrium Carbonate 20%. The majority of the detergent dosage used by the laundry business is 23 ml. The average volume of waste water produced from 9 laundry business 1038.57 liters/day. Average frequency of waste water disposal from 9 laundry business 13 times/day and 100% laundry business does not manage the waste water and does not have a waste water treatment facilities. Conclusion, the quality and quantity of wastewater at laundry business in Sumampir Village is at risk of environmental pollution
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8

Yao, Xiaoyan, Hongsing Tan, Daitao Geng, Leping Dang, and Hongyuan Wei. "Dissolution Kinetics and Mechanism of Powder Detergent in Water." Asian Journal of Chemistry 27, no. 9 (2015): 3468–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2015.18920.

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9

Moulay, Saâd, Bentaleb Halim, and Abdessemed Mohamed. "Algerian montmorillonite as a builder in a detergent powder." Journal of Surfactants and Detergents 6, no. 2 (April 2003): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11743-003-0253-6.

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10

Hannu, Timo J., Vesa E. Riihimäki, and Päivi L. Piirilä. "Reactive Airways Dysfunction Syndrome from Acute Inhalation of Dishwasher Detergent Powder." Canadian Respiratory Journal 19, no. 3 (2012): e25-e27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/150919.

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Reactive airway dysfunction syndrome, a type of occupational asthma without a latency period, is induced by irritating vapour, fumes or smoke. The present report is the first to describe a case of reactive airway dysfunction syndrome caused by acute exposure to dishwater detergent containing sodium metasilicate and sodium dichloroisocyanurate. The diagnosis was based on exposure data, clinical symptoms and signs, as well as respiratory function tests. A 43-year-old nonatopic male apprentice cook developed respiratory symptoms immediately after exposure to a cloud of detergent powder that was made airborne by vigorous shaking of the package. In spirometry, combined obstructive and restrictive ventilatory impairment developed, and the histamine challenge test revealed bronchial hyper-responsiveness. Even routine handling of a strongly caustic detergent, such as filling a dishwasher container, is not entirely risk free and should be performed with caution.
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11

Sulastri, Evi, Ni Ketut Sumarni, and Vitasari Vitasari. "Pengaruh Variasi Konsentrasi Zeolit sebagai Builder Agent terhadap Karakteristik Deterjen Cair." MPI (Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana) 2, no. 4 (December 19, 2019): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/mpi.v2i4.1572.

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This study aimed to determine the effect of various concentrations of zeolite as a buider agent in liquid detergent. Zeolite was synthesized from rice husk ash using solution to gel (sol-gel) method, followed by hydrothermal and then characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The synthesized zeolite was then formulated into liquid detergent with sodium lauryl sulfate, glycerin, citric acid, colouring agent, parfume, and three concentrations of zeolite, i.e.: 15% (F1), 20% (F2), and 25% (F3). Liquid detergent was prepared by mixing process using stirrer. The characterizations of liquid detergents were including pH, viscosity, specific gravity, foaming power, foam stability, and detergency power. The XRD showed that the zeolite was type-A zeolite. Moreover, the characterization showed that zeolite with varying concentrations tend to influence in pH, viscosity, and detergency power but relatively similar in specific gravity, foaming power, and foam stability. The result indicated that the detergents with zeolite have better cleaning ability than the control (without builder) and the comparator detergents (with STPP builder). The higher the concentration of zeolite, the higher the detergency power. Therefore, F3 was recommended as formula of detergent with the best detergency power.
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12

Milojevic, Vladimir, Ljubisa Nikolic, Goran Nikolic, and Jakov Stamenkovic. "The influence of sodium-polyacrilic macromolecular chain length to the powder detergents secondary washing performances." Chemical Industry 67, no. 1 (2013): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind120220040m.

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In order to investigate the influence of sodium-polyacrylate polymer as a co-builder in addition to the carbonate/zeolite builders in detergent builder system, secondary washing performances of powder laundry detergent containing equal percentage of sodium polyacrylate with the different weight average molar mass, Mw, have been examined. The value of the degree of whiteness, elongation at break, and total residue content are the most important secondary washing performances that significantly depend on sodium polyacrylates efficiency used as crystal inhibitors, stabilizers for suspended soil, and agents for soil redisposition prevention on fabric surface. The values of the whiteness and elongation at break for cotton fabrics increase with the increase of average weight molecular mass, Mw, up to the value of 70000 g/mol, while in the case of further increase of weight average molar mass up to the 250000 g/mol value of these characteristics begin to decline. The values of the total residue content after combustion indicate an increase in its content with the increase of weight average molar mass of 3000 to 70000 g/mol, while the highest value has been reached in the sample of detergent containing sodiumpolyacrilic with the weight average molar mass of 250000 g/mol. All detergent samples show no significant dependence of the secondary washing characteristics on the number of washing cycles.
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13

Ito, A. "The Packed Type Superplasticizer Developed by using Technology of Powder Detergent." Concrete Journal 53, no. 12 (2015): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3151/coj.53.12_1077.

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Vescan, Amelia Tero, Bianca Eugenia Osz, Madalina Batranu, Amalia Miklos, Cristina Filip, Silvia Imre, and Camil Eugen Vari. "Water Hardness Key Element in Choosing Between Washing Efficiency with Enzyme Detergent and the Lifespan of the Washing Machine." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 12 (January 15, 2019): 3393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.12.6757.

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The use of detergents with enzymatic activity is very popular if we consider their real economic advantages - reducing energy and water consumption but also reducing the environmental impact by using more biodegradable components related to organic and inorganic components. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the impact of environmental factors such as the variability of water hardness in the public water supply network and the temperature applied to the amylolytic, lipolytic and proteolytic enzyme activity of 6 detergents available on the market. The determinations were performed by modified methods from the European Pharmacopoeia 8th Edition in determination the enzymatic activity of the pancreas powder. The determinations show a significant influence of increased water hardness on lipase and protease activity in detergent (p [0.01 *) between extreme hardness values, while amylolytic activity does not vary significantly with increasing water hardness.
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15

Virdi, Ishpreet. "Impact of Perceived Deception on Consumer Behaviour: The Case of Detergent Powder." AIMS International Journal of Management 14, no. 1 (June 13, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26573/2020.14.1.2.

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16

Kenconojati, H., Suciyono, and M. H. Azhar. "The harmful effect of commercial powder detergent on water flea (Daphnia sp.)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 441 (February 25, 2020): 012081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/441/1/012081.

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17

РОДИОНОВ, Ю. В., Д. В. НИКИТИН, С. А. АНОХИН, and А. А. ГУСЬКОВ. "DETERGENT RECIPES FOR WASHING AND DISINFECTING DAIRY EQUIPMENT FOR FARMING." VESTNIK RIAZANSKOGO GOSUDARSTVENNOGO AGROTEHNOLOGICHESKOGO UNIVERSITETA IM P A KOSTYCHEVA, no. 2(50) (June 30, 2021): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36508/rsatu.2021.50.2.016.

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Проблема и цель. Целью исследований являлось сравнение эффективности различных рецептур моющих средств для дезинфекции бактерий группы кишечных палочек (БГКП), стафилококков и Pseudomonas aeruginosa с поверхности нержавеющая сталь марки AISI 316. Методология. Для достижения цели в качестве образцов моющих средств заданных рецептур при равных композициях использовались: озонированная питьевая вода, барботированная в течение 5 мин.; 1 %-й водный раствор азотистой кислоты, 1 %-й водный раствор ортофосфорной кислоты, 1 %-й водный раствор щелочи; механическая смесь кальцинированной соды 20-25 % и горчичного порошка 75-80 ; 2,2 %-й и 5,2 %-й водные экстракты горчичного порошка. Экстрагирование горчичного порошка осуществляли в гидромодулях 1:25 и 1:50 при вакууме 0,6 кПа и температуре 56 °C в течение 40 мин. Для заражения образцов пластин из нержавеющей стали бактериями осуществляли предварительное выращивание микрофлоры на питательной среде (МПА – мясопептонный агар) с последующим её добавлением в молоко с содержанием жира 3,4-4,5 % в соответствии с ТУ 9222- 242-00419785-04. Исследуемые образцы пластин подвергались 15-минутной дезинфекции моющим раствором методом распыления ультрамалого объема. Эффективность дезинфекции оценивалась пробами ватно-марлевого смыва стерильного стержня, помещенного в пробирку с питательной средой с последующим анализом по методу МУК 4.2.2942-11. Результаты. Анализ результатов дезинфекции показал, что механическая смесь кальцинированной соды 20-25 % и горчичного порошка 75-80 %; 2,2 %-й и 5,2 %-й водные экстракты горчичного порошка и озонированная питьевая вода обладают одинаковой дезинфекционной эффективностью по сравнению с образцами химических моющих средств, применяемых в молочной промышленности. Заключение. Предложенные образцы моющих средств заданных рецептур природного происхождения позволят отказаться от химических компонентов в моющих и дезинфицирующих растворах, что повысит экологическую безопасность отработанных растворов и снизить стоимость их дальнейшей утилизации. Problem and purpose. The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of various formulations of detergents for disinfection of bacteria of the group of E. coli (BCG), staphylococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the surface of stainless steel AISI 316. Methodology. To achieve the goal, the following were used as samples of detergents of specified formulations with equal compositions: ozonized drinking water, bubbled for 5 minutes; 1% aqueous solution of nitrous acid, 1% aqueous solution of phosphoric acid, 1% aqueous solution of alkali; mechanical mixture of soda ash 20-25% and mustard powder 75-80%; 2.2% and 5.2% mustard powder aqueous extracts. The extraction of mustard powder was carried out in hydromodules 1:25 and 1:50 at a vacuum of 0.6 kPa and a temperature of 56 ° C for 40 min. To infect samples of stainless steel plates with bacteria, the microflora was preliminarily grown on a nutrient medium (MPA - mesopatamia agar) with its subsequent addition to milk with a fat content of 3.4 - 4.5% in accordance with TU 9222-242-00419785-04. The test samples of the plates were subjected to 15 minutes of disinfection with a washing solution by the ultra-small volume spraying method. The effectiveness of disinfection was assessed by samples of a cotton-gauze washout of a sterile rod, placed in a test tube with a nutrient medium, followed by analysis according to the MUK 4.2.2942-11 method. Results. Analysis of the results of disinfection showed that the mechanical mixture of soda ash 20-25% and mustard powder 75-80%; 2.2% and 5.2% aqueous extracts of mustard powder and ozonized drinking water have the same disinfection efficiency compared to the samples of chemical detergents used in the dairy industry. Conclusion. The proposed samples of detergents of predetermined formulations of natural origin will make it possible to abandon chemical components in detergents and disinfectants, which will increase the environmental safety of waste solutions and reduce the cost of their further disposal.
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Tan, Chao, Hui Chen, and Zan Lin. "Brand classification of detergent powder using near-infrared spectroscopy and extreme learning machines." Microchemical Journal 160 (January 2021): 105691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2020.105691.

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19

ISEDA, Kozo, Atsuya TOWATA, Eiji WATANABE, and Hiroshi TAODA. "Photocatalytic Decomposition of a Commercial Synthetic Detergent for Kitchen Use over TiO2 Powder." NIPPON KAGAKU KAISHI, no. 4 (1997): 297–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/nikkashi.1997.297.

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Bektas, Gulsum, Firuz Balkan, and Arif Hepbasli. "Energy and exergy analyses of a sulphation unit in a powder detergent plant." International Journal of Exergy 8, no. 4 (2011): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijex.2011.041032.

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21

Ahuja, Avneet Kaur, and Manoj Sharma. "Study on the Consumer Preference for Detergent Powder in Kapurthala District of Punjab." Journal of Krishi Vigyan 6, no. 2 (2018): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2349-4433.2018.00038.7.

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22

Knight, P. C., and T. Taylor. "Free-flowing detergent powder containing alkali metal aluminosilicate for dispensing in automatic washers." Zeolites 11, no. 1 (January 1991): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-2449(91)80392-d.

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23

Gaspard, P., and J. Schwartzbrod. "Determination of the Parasitic Contamination of Irrigated Vegetables." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 7-8 (April 1, 1993): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0563.

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In countries with limited water resources, the agricultural use of treated wastewater represents an interesting alternative. The recent World Health Organisation guidelines (1989) for the microbiological quality of treated wastewaters used for crop irrigation require an arithmetic mean of ≤ 1 intestinal nematode egg per litre. In this study diverse methods have been tried for recovering parasitic nematode eggs from vegetables artificially contaminated by Ascaris eggs. The vegetables examined were lettuce and tomatoes. Vegetables were seeded with Ascaris eggs at different levels from 3 to 900 eggs. Eggs elution was realized with chemical solution (distilled water, aceto-acetic buffer pH 4.5, formalin 20%, anionic detergent DDN50®, cationic detergent hyamine®) and/or mechanical treatment (brush - scrub or brush - scrub coupled with glass powder treatment). Concentration was performed by flotation technique with a 55% zinc sulphate solution (d=1.3). Recovery was low for all samples after chemical elution. When we tested the association of chemical and mechanical treatments the percent recovery were ranging from 72 to 100% for vegetables contaminated with 10 to 400 eggs. The method proposed includes an elution with a glass powder suspension in a cationic detergent (50/50), a concentration with ZnSO4 55% solution (d=1.3) and a quantification with a counting cell. The sensitivity threshold of the proposed method lies at about 10 eggs per samples.
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Balashanmugam, Menan, Yuen Sin Cheong, Zayeed Alam, Michael J. Hounslow, and Agba D. Salman. "Dispersion of a semi-solid binder in a moving powder bed during detergent agglomeration." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 110 (June 2016): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2016.03.029.

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Yuliyanti, Mela, Vinsensius Maunia Singgih Husada, Halida Anwar Alzundi Fahrudi, and Widiastuti Agustina Eko Setyowati. "Quality and Detergency Optimization, Liquid Detergent Preparation, Mahogany Seed Extract (Swietenia mahagoni)." JKPK (Jurnal Kimia dan Pendidikan Kimia) 4, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/jkpk.v4i2.32750.

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The use of <em>Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate</em>(LAS) as a surfactant for making detergent can pollute aquatic ecosystem and agricultural soils. Mahogany seed extract can be used as a substitute for LAS because it contains saponin so that it can be used also as a foaming agent to remove dirt on clothes. This research aims to know the optimum liquid detergent formula seen from its suitability with SNI 06-4075-1996 about Liquid Washing Detergents, foam stability and detergency power. The research steps are (1) Making simplicia (2) Extracting mahogany seeds with ethanol solvent (3) Identification of saponin (4) Making liquid detergent preparations (5) Quality test, foam stability test and detergency power. The results showed that formula 2 with a ratio of mahogany seed extract : LAS is 2 : 1 is the most optimum formula because it appropiate with SNI, and has the best foam stability and detergency power. Formula 2 has pH 11.1; specific gravity 1.1; 0.1% free alkaline, foam stability of 70% and detergency without rinsing 91.53% and by rinsing 94.680%.<pre><em> </em></pre>
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Khanmohammadi, Mohammadreza, Amir Bagheri Garmarudi, Mohammad Babaei Rouchi, and Nafiseh Khoddami. "Simultaneous Determination of Some Components in Detergent Washing Powder by Mid-Infrared Spectrometry and Artificial Neural Network." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 94, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 322–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/94.1.322.

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Abstract A method has been established for simultaneous determination of sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate, and sodium tripolyphosphate in detergent washing powder samples based on attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform IR spectrometry in the mid-IR spectral region (800–1550 cm−1). Genetic algorithm (GA) wavelength selection followed by feed forward back-propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) was the chemometric approach. Root mean square error of prediction for BP-ANN and GA-BP-ANN was 0.0051 and 0.0048, respectively. The proposed method is simple, with no tedious pretreatment step, for simultaneous determination of the above-mentioned components in commercial washing powder samples.
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Kowalski, Mateusz, and Renata Salerno-Kochan. "An Effect of Washing on Durability of Hydrophobic Finishes of Membrane Laminates." Autex Research Journal 18, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aut-2017-0028.

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Abstract The aim of the study is to show how the washing process, while considering the type of washing agent and number of wash cycles, determines the durability of hydrophobic finishes of laminated fabrics. The samples of material were subject to multiple wash cycles in clear water and with the use of two types of washing agents, namely, an ordinary washing powder and a detergent recommended by manufacturers of functional clothing. The washed materials were subject to spray test and its waterproofing and degree of surface wetting were evaluated. The tests have shown that waterproofing of membrane laminates with DWR (durable water repellent) coating become deteriorated during washing treatment and the use of special detergent does not guaranty the maintenance of better coating properties than an ordinary washing agent.
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Ampapon, Thiwakorn, and Metha Wanapat. "Dietary rambutan peel powder as a rumen modifier in beef cattle." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 33, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 763–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.19.0342.

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Objective: The experiment was conducted to study the effect of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) fruit peel powder (RP) on feed consumption, digestibility of nutrients, ruminal fermentation dynamics and microbial population in Thai breed cattle.Methods: Four, 2-year old (250±15 kg) beef bull crossbreds (75% Brahman×25% local breed) were allotted to experimental treatments using a 4×4 Latin square design. Four dietary supplementation treatments were imposed; non-supplementation (control, T1); supplementation of RP fed at 2% of dry matter intake (DMI) (low, T2); supplementation of RP fed at 4% of DMI (medium, T3) and supplementation of RP fed at 6% of DMI (high, T4). All cattle were given a concentrate supplement at 1% of body weight while Napier grass was provided as a free choice.Results: The findings revealed that RP supplementation did not negatively affect (p>0.05) DMI of Napier grass, while RP intake and total DMI were the greatest in the RP supplementation at 4% and 6% DMI. Nevertheless, the nutrients (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber) digestibilities were not changed in the RP supplementation groups. Rumen fermentation parameters especially those of total volatile fatty acids, acetate and butyrate were not significantly changed. However, the propionate concentration was remarkably increased (p<0.05) in the RP supplementation. Notably, the ratio of acetate to propionate, the number of protozoa, as well as the methane estimation were significantly reduced in the RP supplemented groups (4% and 6% of DMI), while the counts of bacteria was not altered.Conclusion: Supplementation of RP (4% of DMI) improved rumen propionate production, reduced protozoal population and methane estimation (p<0.05) without a negative effect on feed consumption and nutrients total tract digestibilities in beef cattle. Using dietary rambutan fruit peel powder has potential promise as a rumen regulator.
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Okamoto, K., M. Morita, H. Quan, T. Uehiro, and K. Fuwa. "Preparation and certification of human hair powder reference material." Clinical Chemistry 31, no. 10 (October 1, 1985): 1592–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/31.10.1592.

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Abstract Human hair powder reference material was prepared and certified for elemental composition. Human scalp hair (from Japanese men) was washed in a non-ionic detergent solution in an ultrasonic cleaner, dried, ground in an agate ball mill, sieved through a polyethylene net, blended, bottled (1100 vials, 2 g each), and finally sterilized by 60Co radiation. The prepared material satisfied the homogeneity criteria for a reference material. We determined trace elements by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrometry and investigated matrix interference effects. The material was certified by using the data obtained by various analytical techniques; certified values are provided for Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Sr, and Zn. The elemental composition of this reference material is considered similar to normal values for the male Japanese population.
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Sundberg, Martin, Anders Christiansson, Cecilia Lindahl, Lotten Wahlund, and Carol Birgersson. "Cleaning effectiveness of chlorine-free detergents for use on dairy farms." Journal of Dairy Research 78, no. 1 (December 7, 2010): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029910000762.

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A method for evaluating cleaning effect based on Bacillus cereus spores was developed and tested in a model system designed to resemble actual farm conditions. A test rig with four removable sampling plates was mounted in a milk line. The plates were attached at the end of T-junctions protruding either 1·5 or 3-times the milk pipe diameter from the main loop to reflect different levels of cleaning difficulty. In each cleaning test, B. cereus spores were applied to the four sampling plates to simulate soil. A series of cleaning tests was conducted at 35, 45, 55 and 65°C with six commercial chlorine-free, alkaline detergents; three liquid and three powder-based products. A commercial alkaline detergent with chlorine, a sodium hydroxide solution, a sodium hydroxider/hypochlorite solution and pure water were also tested. Triplicate tests were performed with each cleaning solution, giving a total of 120 cleaning tests. The cleaning effect was evaluated by comparing the number of spores before and after cleaning. At all temperatures, the two chlorine-based cleaning solutions gave significantly greater reductions in B. cereus spores than the chlorine-free products. All six commercial chlorine-free, alkaline detergents generally gave similar cleaning effects, with no differences in the performance of powder-based and liquid forms. The mechanical spore reduction effect with water alone was greater (1·5–1·8 log-units) than the additional chemical effect of sodium hydroxide or chlorine-free detergents (0·5–1·2 log-units). The chlorine-based solutions had a considerably more powerful chemical effect (2–4 log-units depending on temperature). In general, an increase in cleaning solution temperature up to 55°C gave a greater reduction in spores. A further increase to 65°C did not improve cleaning effectiveness.
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Chateau, Marie-Elise, Laurence Galet, Yannick Soudais, and Jacques Fages. "Processing a detergent powder formulation: Direct compression, and high shear wet granulation followed by compression." Powder Technology 157, no. 1-3 (September 2005): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2005.05.026.

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S. P. Duffy and V. M. Puri. "Flowability Parameters and Flow Functions for Confectionery Sugar and Detergent Powder at Two Moisture Contents." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 12, no. 5 (1996): 601–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.25689.

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AINSWORTH, PAUL, and JOHANNE FLETCHER. "A comparison of the disinfectant action of a powder and liquid detergent during low-temperature laundering." Journal of Consumer Studies and Home Economics 17, no. 1 (March 1993): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-6431.1993.tb00154.x.

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Ali, Muzammil, Tariq Mahmud, Peter John Heggs, Mojtaba Ghadiri, Andrew Bayly, Hossein Ahmadian, and Luis Martin de Juan. "CFD modeling of a pilot-scale countercurrent spray drying tower for the manufacture of detergent powder." Drying Technology 35, no. 3 (March 30, 2016): 281–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2016.1163576.

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35

Sampepana, Eldha, and Suroto Hadi Saputra. "Pemanfaatan Metil Ester Sulfonat pada Pembuatan Deterjen Cair." Jurnal Riset Teknologi Industri 7, no. 14 (August 24, 2016): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26578/jrti.v7i14.1544.

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In the manufacture of detergents still using surfactants (which serves as an emulsifier) of crude oil in the form of the AS. (alcohol sulfate) and LAS (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate), where this type of surfactant cannot be degraded by microorganisms when discharged into the environment, causing environmental pollution. Methyl ester sulfonate surfactant is an anionic surfactant which has a composition of C16 - C18 fatty acids are capable of acting against nature deterjensinya, while the C12 - C14 fatty acids contribute to the foaming effect. The purpose of this study was to look for the formulation of methyl ester sulfonate (MES) the right to produce a good detergent by using materials such as methyl ester sulfonate surfactant self-made, methyl ester sulfonate and sodium lauryl market Ester Sulfate (SLS) with a concentration of 15 %, 20 % and 25 %. Detergent results of the study have high detergency ( net ) compared with the detergency of detergent commercial, have a stable emulsion stability, the stability of the foam/foam detergent power made from methyl ester sulfonate surfactant produces less foam, compared with a detergent made from SLS and surfactant SNI 06-4075-1996 standards.
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Ampapon, Thiwakorn, Kampanat Phesatcha, and Metha Wanapat. "Effects of Phytonutrients on Ruminal Fermentation, Digestibility, and Microorganisms in Swamp Buffaloes." Animals 9, no. 9 (September 11, 2019): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9090671.

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This experiment aimed to use dietary sources containing phytonutrients (PTN) such as mangosteen peel powder (MSP) and banana flower powder (BFP) as sources of phytonutrients. Four swamp buffalo bulls fitted with rumen fistulae were used as experimental animals. A digestion trial covering four periods was used according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design with four treatments: Treatment 1 (T1) = control (Cont), T2 = supplementation of PTN1 fed at 100 g/d, T3 = supplementation of PTN2 fed at 100 g/d, and T4 = supplementation of PTN3 fed at 100 g/d. The experiment was conducted for four periods; each period lasted for 21 days. All animals were fed a concentrate mixture at 0.5% body weight, while rice straw, water, and mineral blocks were fed ad libitum. The findings revealed significant increases in the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), while no changes in dry matter feed consumption occurred due to PTN supplementation. Rumen fermentation end-products, such as total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), propionic acid (C3), and butyric acid (C4), were notably enhanced (p < 0.05) and there were the highest in PTN2 and PTN3, whilst acetic acid (C2) was significantly decreased with PTN supplementation groups. Furthermore, the rumen protozoal population was suppressed (p < 0.05), which resulted in decreased rumen methane production (p < 0.05), while the bacterial population was enhanced. Using PTN sources can improve rumen fermentation as well as mitigating rumen methane production.
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Salehi, Hamid, Robert Berry, Richard Farnish, and Mike Bradley. "Temperature and Time Consolidation Effect on the Bulk Flow Properties and Arching Tendency of a Detergent Powder." Chemical Engineering & Technology 43, no. 1 (October 16, 2019): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201900092.

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Tay, Manjun, Guihua Fang, Poh Ling Chia, and Sam Fong Yau Li. "Rapid screening for detection and differentiation of detergent powder adulteration in infant milk formula by LC–MS." Forensic Science International 232, no. 1-3 (October 2013): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.06.013.

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Horrocks, A. Richard, Jane Allen, Sandra Ojinnaka, and Dennis Price. "Influence of Laundering on Durable Flame Retarded Cotton Fabrics — Part 1. Effect of Oxidant Concentration and Detergent Type." Journal of Fire Sciences 10, no. 4 (July 1992): 335–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419201000405.

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Cotton fabrics flame retarded with tetrakis (hydroxymethyl phosphonium chloride (THPC)-urea-ammonia polycondensate (Proban CC, Albright and Wilson Ltd., U.K.) have been subjected to up to 50 simulated hos pital wash cycles. Laundering variables include sodium perborate oxidant con centration, detergent type (liquid with no oxidant, powder with zeolite and sodium perborate and powder with polyphosphate and carbonate and per borate) and water hardness. The flame retardant system resisted all laundering systems in terms of the constancy of burning behaviour assessed by vertical strip (BS 5438) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurements. However, increased perborate con centration changed the thermogravimetric (TGA) response of laundered fabrics. Soft water washing promoted cotton fibre fibrillation independent of deter gent type; increased oxidant concentration promoted secondary wall damage. Hard water washing severely damaged fibre secondary walls and significant depositions of calcium ions often as phosphate occurred on fabric. Presence of the flame retardant was observed to have a stabilising fibrillar binding effect which was offset by a secondary wall crack promoting character.
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Abd Maurad, Zulina, Luqman Chuah Abdullah, Mohd Shamsul Anuar, Nor Nadiah Abdul Karim Shah, and Zainab Idris. "Preparation, Characterization, Morphological and Particle Properties of Crystallized Palm-Based Methyl Ester Sulphonates (MES) Powder." Molecules 25, no. 11 (June 5, 2020): 2629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112629.

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Methyl ester sulphonates (MES) have been considered as an alternative green surfactant for the detergent market. Investigation on the purification of methyl ester sulphonates (MES) with various carbon chains of C12, C14, C16 and C16–18 derived from palm methyl ester is of great interest. These MES powders have been repeatedly crystallized with ethanol and the purity of MES has increased to a maximum of 99% active content and 96% crystallinity index without changing the structure. These crystallized MES with high active content have 1.0% to 2.3% moisture content and retained its di-salt content in the range of 5%. The crystallized MES C16 and C16–18 attained excellent flow characteristics. Morphology, structural and its crystallinity analyses showed that the crystals MES had good solubility properties, stable crystal structure (β polymorphic) and triclinic lateral structure when it is in high active content. The brittleness of MES crystals increased from a β’ to a β subcell. Crystal with high brittleness has the potential to ease production of powder, which leads to a reduction in the cost of production and improves efficiency.
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Stevens, Daryl, Peter Dillon, Declan Page, Michael Warne, and Guang Guo Ying. "Assessing environmental risks of laundry detergents in greywater used for irrigation." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 1, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2011.027.

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The objective of this study was to assess the environmental risk posed to Australian and New Zealand ecosystems by the presence of powdered laundry detergents in greywater used for irrigating gardens. Fifty powdered laundry detergents were assessed and all contained hazards which posed moderate to very high risks from increased alkalinity, sodicity and salinity to plants and soils when used at manufacturer-recommended doses and the resulting greywater used for irrigation. A number of detergents had phosphorus and boron concentrations considered to be a high risk for a number of plants. Risk to groundwater quality was also evaluated and found to potentially be a tighter constraint than risk to plants and soil where irrigation reuse is extensive in arid areas. A detergent environmental performance index was composed on risks assessed for three scenarios to compare with a washability performance index for the same powders. Only one detergent exceeded the 80% environmental index (100% = low risk from all hazards assessed) and maintained wash performance above 85%. The analysis suggests that for poorly drained soils greywater reuse is not recommended for most of the powdered laundry detergents evaluated. However the methodology may provide a basis for environmental labelling of detergents.
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Shastry, Abhishek, Paolo Palacio-Mancheno, Karl Braeckman, Sander Vanheule, Ivan Josipovic, Frederic Van Assche, Eric Robles, Veerle Cnudde, Luc Van Hoorebeke, and Matthieu Boone. "In-Situ High Resolution Dynamic X-ray Microtomographic Imaging of Olive Oil Removal in Kitchen Sponges by Squeezing and Rinsing." Materials 11, no. 8 (August 20, 2018): 1482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081482.

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Recent advances in high resolution X-ray tomography (μCT) technology have enabled in-situ dynamic μCT imaging (4D-μCT) of time-dependent processes inside 3D structures, non-destructively and non-invasively. This paper illustrates the application of 4D-μCT for visualizing the removal of fatty liquids from kitchen sponges made of polyurethane after rinsing (absorption), squeezing (desorption) and cleaning (adding detergents). For the first time, time-dependent imaging of this type of system was established with sufficiently large contrast gradient between water (with/without detergent) and olive oil (model fat) by the application of suitable fat-sensitive X-ray contrast agents. Thus, contrasted olive oil filled sponges were rinsed and squeezed in a unique laboratory loading device with a fluid flow channel designed to fit inside a rotating gantry-based X-ray μCT system. Results suggest the use of brominated vegetable oil as a preferred contrast agent over magnetite powder for enhancing the attenuation coefficient of olive oil in a multi fluid filled kitchen sponge. The contrast agent (brominated vegetable oil) and olive oil were mixed and subsequently added on to the sponge. There was no disintegration seen in the mixture of contrast agent and olive oil during the cleaning process by detergents. The application of contrast agents also helped in accurately tracking the movement and volume changes of soils in compressed open cell structures. With the in house-built cleaning device, it was quantified that almost 99% of cleaning was possible for contrasted olive oil (brominated vegetable oil with olive oil) dispersed in the sponge. This novel approach allowed for realistic mimicking of the cleaning process and provided closer evaluation of the effectiveness of cleaning by detergents to minimize bacterial growth.
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43

Kalak, Tomasz, Krzysztof Gąsior, Daria Wieczorek, and Ryszard Cierpiszewski. "Improvement of washing properties of liquid laundry detergents by modification with N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate sulfobetaine." Textile Research Journal 91, no. 1-2 (June 28, 2020): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517520934161.

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Detergency of commercial liquid detergents before and after modification with SB3C16 (5%, m/m) sulfobetaine (N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate) was examined using colorimetric analysis based on a CIELab system. The EMPA 101 standard cotton fabric soiled with carbon black and olive oil was used in washing tests under the following experimental conditions: the concentration of liquid laundry detergents 1.25–50 g/L, 30 min washing cycle, water hardness 5.35 mval/L, 40℃, 200 rpm. Results of physicochemical analysis of color, form, odor, pH, viscosity, density and content of anionic surfactants in detergents, as well as construction parameters of tested cotton fabrics, showed compliance with the requirements of standards and manufacturers’ declarations. The studies revealed that increasing the concentration of laundry detergent solutions caused a gradual increase in foaming power and detergency. Modification with SB3C16 positively improved washing ability and the maximum values were achieved at 23.7% (m-L1, 50 g/L) and 37% (m-L2, 40–45 g/L), respectively. Detergency efficiency was improved by 6.86% (m-L1) and 10.72% (m-L2) on average. EMPA 101 fabrics before and after washing were subjected to microscopic observations, which showed no serious damage to the fibers, but only slight loosening of individual fibers. In summary, the results clearly indicate that SB3C16 sulfobetaine favorably improves washing performance and can be successfully used in liquid laundry detergents due to its good surface properties.
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44

KHANMOHAMMADI, M., and K. KARGOSHA. "Application of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectrometry to the determination of sodium percarbonate in washing powder detergent." Talanta 65, no. 3 (February 15, 2005): 824–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2004.08.056.

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45

Khanmohammadi, M., H. Rezaee Rudmianeh, A. Bagheri Garmarudi, and K. Ghasemi. "Evaluating the Performance of Detergent Powder Formulations Containing Nano Alumina Using Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy and Pattern Recognition Techniques." Journal of Surfactants and Detergents 18, no. 2 (October 11, 2014): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11743-014-1646-6.

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46

VERRAN, JOANNA, ROBERT D. BOYD, KAREN HALL, and ROBIN H. WEST. "Microbiological and Chemical Analyses of Stainless Steel and Ceramics Subjected to Repeated Soiling and Cleaning Treatments." Journal of Food Protection 64, no. 9 (September 1, 2001): 1377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.9.1377.

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Stainless steel and ceramic surfaces were subjected to repeated soiling and cleaning procedures, using a milk powder soil inoculated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, followed by spraying with water with or without 0.1% (vol/vol) nonionic detergent. Test surfaces were removed after 1, 5, 10, and 20 soiling-cleaning cycles and were analyzed for attached microorganisms (total viable count of bacteria removed by swabbing and percentage of coverage of cells plus soil stained with acridine orange). Surfaces were additionally examined using a range of analytical techniques: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), dynamic and imaging secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), and time-of-flight SIMS. Both microbiological and chemical analyses revealed an accumulation of material over the cycles to a maximum level. Surfaces were conditioned rapidly to saturation with organic material within one cycle (XPS), whereas fouling by microorganisms was less rapid (five cycles). Cleaning with detergent tended to retard the cumulative fouling process when compared with spray cleaning using water alone. The methods described provide a more realistic scenario for testing the cleanability of surfaces routinely found in food processing locations and for screening novel cleaning regimens and/or surface materials. The analytical techniques provide additional information on the kinetics of soiling, which complement the more familiar microbiological methods.
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47

Doan, Chien Thang, Thi Ngoc Tran, I.-Hong Wen, Van Bon Nguyen, Anh Dzung Nguyen, and San-Lang Wang. "Conversion of Shrimp Head Waste for Production of a Thermotolerant, Detergent-Stable, Alkaline Protease by Paenibacillus sp." Catalysts 9, no. 10 (September 24, 2019): 798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9100798.

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Fishery processing by-products have been of great interest to researchers due to their beneficial applications in many fields. In this study, five types of marine by-products, including demineralized crab shell, demineralized shrimp shell, shrimp head, shrimp shell, and squid pen, provided sources of carbon and nitrogen nutrition by producing a protease from Paenibacillus sp. TKU047. Strain TKU047 demonstrated the highest protease productivity (2.98 U/mL) when cultured for two days on a medium containing 0.5% of shrimp head powder (SHP). The mass of TKU047 protease was determined to be 32 kDa (approximately). TKU047 protease displayed optimal activity at 70–80 °C and pH 9, with a pH range of stability from 6 to 11. TKU047 protease also showed stability in solutions containing surfactants and detergents. Based on its excellent properties, Paenibacillus sp. TKU047 protease may be a feasible candidate for inclusion in laundry detergents.
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Serafim, Camila Cano, Fabiola Cristine De Almeida Rego, Jéssica Taboni Fabris, Janaina Fabbris Molina, Camila Roberta Lupo, Marta Juliane Gasparini, Rogério Semchechem, Maria Carolina Ricciardi Sbizera, Marilice Zundt, and Joice Sifuentes Dos Santos. "Consumo de Nutrientes e Perfil Metabólico de Cordeiros Confinados com Diferentes Teores de Soro de Leite em Pó na Dieta." UNICIÊNCIAS 21, no. 1 (August 24, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/1415-5141.2017v21n1p7-11.

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O soro de leite em pó é um coproduto lácteo, que pode ser aproveitado na dieta de cordeiros recém-desmamados, com o intuito de estimular consumo de alimentos sólidos, por ser palatável e por possuir alto teor de carboidratos solúveis, que são rapidamente degradados no rúmen. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de diferentes níveis de soro de leite em pó, em dietas de cordeiros confinados da raça Santa Inês, sobre o consumo dos nutrientes e os parâmetros sanguíneos desses animais. Os tratamentos realizados foram: 0, 5, 10 e 15% de níveis de inclusão na alimentação dos cordeiros, na matéria seca total da dieta. O tempo experimental foi de 69 dias. O delineamento experimental foi um quadrado latino, quatro por quatro, sendo quatro tratamentos e quatro períodos. Foram utilizados 4 animais. A dieta foi composta de volumoso e concentrado à base de milho e soja. Foram realizadas análises bromatológicas do alimento ofertado, sobras e fezes dos animais. As amostras de sangue para análise laboratorial foram colhidas no quinto dia de cada período. Os dados foram analisados pelo pacote estatístico SAS (versão 9.2). O consumo de matéria seca, em função do peso vivo animal não variou entre tratamentos (p>0,05), com média de 4,22%. O consumo de proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido foram diferentes entre os tratamentos (p<0,05), com as seguintes médias 222, 40, 326 e 176g/dia, respectivamente. A inclusão alterou consumo de nutrientes e, também, os parâmetros sanguíneos dos animais.Palavras-chave: Consumo de Matéria Seca. Coproduto Lácteo, Triglicerídeos. Ureia.AbstractWhey powder is a dairycoproduct that can be used in the diet of recently weaned lambs in order to stimulate consumption of solid foods because it is palatable and has a high content of soluble carbohydrates that are rapidly degraded in the rumen. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of different levels of whey powder in confined lamb diets of Santa Inês breed on the nutrient intake and blood parameters of these animals. The treatments were: 0, 5, 10 and 15% inclusion levels in the lambs’ diet, in the total dry matter of the diet. The experimental time was 69 days. The experimental design was a Latin square, four by four, with four treatments and four periods. Four animals were used. The diet was composed of bulky and concentrated corn and soybean. Bromatological analyzes of the food offered, leftovers and the animals’ feces were carried out. Blood samples for laboratory analysis were collected on the fifth day of each period. The data were analyzed by the statistical package SAS (version 9.2). Dry matter intake as a function of live weight did not vary among treatments (p> 0.05), with an average of 4.22%. Crude protein, ethereal extract, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were different among treatments (p <0.05), with the following means 222, 40, 326 and 176g / day, respectively. The inclusion altered nutrient intake and also the animals’ blood parameters.Keywords: Dry Matter Intake, Milk Coproduct, Triglycerides, Urea.
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Khanmohammadi, Mohammadreza, and Mohammadhossein Ahmadi Azghandi. "Application of Doolittle Algorithm as a Multivariate Calibration Method for Infrared Spectrometric Determination of Some Ingredients in Detergent Washing Powder." Analytical Chemistry Letters 1, no. 3 (January 2011): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/22297928.2011.10648221.

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Artilia, Ira. "Modification of surface hydrophilicity of dental materials by ozone." Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry 31, no. 2 (July 31, 2019): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/pjd.vol31no2.15362.

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Introduction: Gypsum, Portland, and apatite cement, and gypsum have been developed as dental materials for a long time. Similarity of the three materials leads to some relevant approaches to improve the characteristic of dental materials. Water reducing agent is commonly used in detergent or soap and also used as a conventional method in the cement industry to increase the handling and mechanical property. Cement paste mixed with water reducing agent is more flowable (ease handling), and the set mass is harder (mechanical property increased). However, it has a problem with biomaterial cement due to the biocompatibility. This water reducing agent is harmful to living tissue. Therefore, a new approach will be demonstrated in this research. Methods: In this study, the hydrophilicity of cement powder was modified by ozone gas treatment. Ozone gas treatment will be applied to modify the hydrophilicity of cement particles; therefore, it can act similar to the water reducing agent. Results: The hydrophilicity of gypsum, Portland, and apatite cement powder was significantly increased after ozone gas treatment. The hydrophilicity improvement of cement powder increased the ability of water to interact with the cement powder. The benefit is the flowability improvement of cement paste. Therefore, the manipulation index would also be increased. The mechanical property would be increased because the water added for manipulation was decreasing. Conclusion: Ozone gas treatment could improve the hydrophilicity of gypsum, Portland, and apatite cement powder.Keywords: Gypsum, Portland, apatite cement, hydrophilic, ozone
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