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1
Arestova, Natalia, and Irina Ryabchun. "Special aspects of the development of harmful objects on the grape mother plants of the original category in the conditions of the Rostov region." BIO Web of Conferences 25 (2020): 06001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202506001.
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The results of monitoring the distribution of phytopathogens and pests under conditions of maintaining mother plantations, improved and propagated in tissue culture, category original in the conditions of the Nizhne-Kundryuchensky sand massif in Rostov region, are presented. In the basic vineyard, conditions are met that exclude the possibility of secondary infection of healthy plants and make it possible to obtain planting material of the elite category. Vineyards have not been cultivated on these areas for at least 10 years, which reduces the risk of the presence of outbreaks of harmful organisms specific to grapes. Before establishing of the basic vineyard, the soil samples were diagnosed for the presence of harmful organisms in it. The results of the survey showed the absence of such pests in the soil as the larvae of scoops, beetles, click beetles, as well as bacterial diseases and nematodes. According to the results of monitoring observations, it was revealed that the mother plants of the basic plants of the ARRIV&W Branch of FSBSI FRANC are mainly spread by the following fungal diseases: powdery mildew, black spot, downy mildew, the intensity of which, due to regular protective treatments, did not exceed 2.5 points. The harmfulness of the main insects (leafhoppers, ticks, thrips) on the basic vineyard, is economically insignificant. Studies confirm the absence of migration of the leaf form of phylloxera. Pesticides were used during protective measures, guided by the principle of rotation of active substances and with the use of an active substance of one name no more than twice a season.
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Merot, Anne, Marc Fermaud, Marie Gosme, and Nathalie Smits. "Effect of Conversion to Organic Farming on Pest and Disease Control in French Vineyards." Agronomy 10, no. 7 (July 20, 2020): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10071047.
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Since 2006, an increasing number of French vineyards have chosen to convert to organic farming. One major change in vineyard practices includes replacing chemical pesticides with copper and sulfur-based products in line with Council Regulation (EC) No. 834/2007. This change can make overall management and pest and disease control more difficult and potentially lead to yield losses. From 2013 to 2016, a network of 48 vineyard plots, in southern France, under conventional management and in conversion to organic farming were monitored throughout the three-year conversion phase to investigate the grapevine phytosanitary management of four major pests and diseases and variations in control efficiency. The severity of downy and powdery mildew, grape berry moths, and Botrytis bunch rot were assessed and linked to the protection strategy. The findings showed that pests and diseases were controlled in the third year of conversion at similar efficiency levels as in conventional farming. However, the first two years of conversion were a transitional and less successful period during which higher incidences of cryptogamic diseases were observed. This demonstrates a need for winegrowers to receive more in-depth technical advice and support, especially on pest and disease control, during this critical transition period.
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Lytkin, Kirill, Vasily Nosulchak, Magamedgusein Agakhanov, Elena Matveikina, Ekaterina Lushchay, Dmitry Karzhaev, Evgenii Raines, et al. "Development of a High-Density Genetic Map for Muscadine Grape Using a Mapping Population from Selfing of the Perfect-Flowered Vine ‘Dixie’." Plants 11, no. 23 (November 25, 2022): 3231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11233231.
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Intraspecific diversity of the immune grape Muscadinia rotundifolia Michaux. can serve as a rich source of valuable resistance loci to the most widespread pathogens and pests of grapevine. While only one Run1/Rpg1 resistance locus has been introgressed from M. rotundifolia to the Vitis vinifera gene pool, a number of other genes conferring resistance to powdery mildew and downy mildew have been identified in various Muscadinia cultivars. A larger introduction of Muscadinia varieties to the European continent would greatly facilitate experiments of interspecific crosses as well as stimulate biotechnological efforts to overcome the main barrier to F1 fertility caused by the differences in chromosome number. For the successful introduction of Muscadinia into the new European environment, it is necessary to overcome the difficulties associated with the physiological characteristics of the species, such as insufficient cold tolerance and very late fruit ripening. To facilitate the further discovery of valuable loci in Muscadinia and their transfer to grapevine breeding programs, we constructed a high-density linkage map using an S1 mapping population obtained from the self-pollination of M. rotundifolia cv. Dixie maintained on the southern coast of Crimea. Using ddRADseq, 3730 SNPs were ordered across 20 linkage groups spanning 2753.6 cM of the total map length. No segregation in resistance to diseases and pests was observed among the ‘Dixie’ S1 population, suggesting the presence of homozygous non-segregating resistant loci in the genetic background of ‘Dixie’. Markers with high segregation distortion showed a bias towards chromosomal intervals on linkage groups 10 and 20, where loci affecting the survival of ‘Dixie’ S1 progeny may be localized. QTLs with significant additive and dominance effects were discovered on LG14 and LG18, affecting the morphological traits associated with the vigor of growth and adaptability of young Muscadinia vines in the conditions of Crimea.
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Dubuis, P. H., G. Bleyer, R. Krause, O. Viret, A.-L. Fabre, M. Werder, A. Naef, M. Breuer, and K. Gindro. "VitiMeteo and Agrometeo: Two platforms for plant protection management based on an international collaboration." BIO Web of Conferences 15 (2019): 01036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191501036.
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The negative effects of plant protection products on the human health and the environment have become a major concern for consumers and politics in Europe. In the last years new policies for risk mitigation and reduction of use of synthetic pesticides has been enforce in Europe and Switzerland. A possible strategy to reduce the use of plant protection products is to spray according to the epidemic of diseases and pests by following decision support systems (DSS). The platform VitiMeteo offers a wide set of forecasting models for viticulture including downy and powdery mildew, black rot, grape berry moth and rust mite. Two research institutes the Staatliches Weinbauinstitut Freiburg (Germany) and Agroscope (Switzerland) developed VitiMeteo jointly. A consortium was built with the company Geosens (Germany) which is in charge of the programming of the different forecasting software. Each institute is running his own internet website with specific tools and feature for each country but the core of the system is the same. The combination of these different DSS allows a significant reduction of plant protection products used. All these forecasting systems and tools are freely available for the winegrowers on the platform www.vitimeteo.de and www.agrometeo.ch. The use of these platforms helps the winegrowers to meet current society's expectations.
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de la Fuente, M., C. Calvo, R. Roda, J. Ruiz, M. Mazzieri, R. Ferrer, and S. de Lamo. "Large-scale implementation of sustainable production practices in the Priorat-Montsant region." BIO Web of Conferences 15 (2019): 01014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191501014.
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The Priorat and Montsant Appellations of Origin are considered to produce some of the finest wines in the Mediterranean area of Spain. Located in the south of Catalonia (North-East Spain), they account for close to 4000 ha cultivated by more than 1300 vine growers under severe Mediterranean climatic conditions and hence threatened by global warming. In this context, sustainable practices are needed for the optimal use of natural resources in order to ensure the durability of high-quality wine production in the region. In addition, these practices allow this region to maintain high levels of biodiversity, a major characteristic of Priorat and Montsant's agricultural landscape, which represents an important touristic attraction. The Project LIFE Priorant+Montsant, funded by the European Union, proposed the implementation of sustainable practices at a regional scale, in order to achieve remarkable reductions of resource consumption in three axes: 1) Irrigation water management, 2) vine fertilization and 3) synthetic pesticide use. Reductions are achieved by providing the necessary technical support to growers to adopt practices, developing optimized strategies and evaluating the viticulture and winery production processes. After the two first seasons of the project, 2017 and 2018, the objectives of reduction of resources consumption have been successfully achieved. A total of 53 vineyard plots, representing the main grape varieties in the region (Grenache, Carignan, Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah) were classified in eight sub-areas and monitored for water consumption. From pea-size to harvest (phenological stages), weekly measurements of phenology, water potential and meteorological data were collected. Irrigation recommendations were then given to growers, to avoid water potential below − 1.4 MPa. Overall, more than 50 irrigation recommendations were emitted to growers. The water consumption with the optimized irrigation strategy ranged from 10 to 63 litres per ha, the recommended dose saved 20 to 87% of the irrigation water per year, according to previous general recommendations in this region. Regarding fertilization, soil samples were provided by growers and leave samples were taken from vineyards to assess nutrient levels and develop the corresponding recommendation of fertilization, depending on the analysis results. The analyzed soil samples from the different sub-areas were grouped by the Principal Component Analysis, in which the first and second principal components accounted for 31.6% and 11.8% of the variability and were related to soil texture and nutrient content of soils, respectively. Overall, the recommended doses of organic fertilizers saved more than 20% of the usual chemical fertilizer application in the region. The reduction of pesticide use will be achieved through three actions related to three main pests and diseases of grapevine: optimized formulations against powdery mildew, alternative products to reduce copper use against downy mildew and, increase of surface under mating disruption strategy against grape berry moth Lobesia botrana. Before implementing these actions, no vineyards were managed under mating disruption in the Montsant area and 207 ha have been monitored in 2018 after two years. In the Priorat area, more than 200 ha have also adopted this strategy during the project. This action has saved more than 500 application doses of synthetic insecticides in those vineyards. Within the same scope, several formulations will be proved in the following years in order to assess their effectiveness against powdery and downy mildew in further specific field trials. Candidate products will be introduced in Integrated Pest Management strategies to achieve the desired pesticide reduction levels. The results will represent specific regional strategies for irrigation, fertilization and plant protection, and are extensible to most of the vineyards in Priorat and Montsant, as well as to other vitivinicultural regions which similar conditions. Keywords: Sustainable management, Irrigation, Fertilisation, Pesticides, Priorat-Montsant.
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Hazelrigg, Ann L., Terence L. Bradshaw, and Gabriella S. Maia. "Disease Susceptibility of Interspecific Cold-Hardy Grape Cultivars in Northeastern U.S.A." Horticulturae 7, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7080216.
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Susceptibility to diseases of economically important grapes is critical to the evaluation of germplasm recommended for commercial production and for the development of sustainable production systems. In 2018–2019, the cold-hardy grape cultivars including ‘Brianna’, ‘Crimson Pearl’, ‘Itasca’, ‘Louise Swenson’, ‘Marechal Foch’, ‘Marquette’ ‘Petite Pearl’, ‘St. Pepin’, and ‘Verona’ were evaluated on non-treated vines for susceptibility to downy mildew, powdery mildew, black rot, anthracnose, Phomopsis leaf spot and fruit rot, and Botrytis bunch rot. No cultivars were consistently disease-free, and all exhibited some degree of black rot and powdery mildew infection. Relative susceptibility to disease was not consistent across both years, but ‘Brianna’ had greater incidence of black rot and ‘Louise Swenson’ showed lower incidence of powdery mildew in both years. The relatively new cultivars ‘Crimson Pearl’ and ‘Verona’ exhibited comparatively moderate disease susceptibility overall. Growers typically manage diseases with fungicides on commercial farms, so cultivar susceptibility is just one component of a sustainable pest management and production system.
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Imperatore, Gaetano, Aurora Ghirardelli, Luca Strinna, Cristiano Baldoin, Alberto Pozzebon, Giuseppe Zanin, and Stefan Otto. "Evaluation of a Fixed Spraying System for Phytosanitary Treatments in Heroic Viticulture in North-Eastern Italy." Agriculture 11, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11090833.
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Modern viticulture cannot be practiced without the use of plant protection products to control diseases like downy mildew, powdery mildew, and pests. In severely sloping vineyards, where mechanization is not possible, pesticide application is realized using spray guns, which is a laborious, expensive, and dangerous application technique. In these vineyards, where viticulture is defined as “heroic viticulture,” vine-growers could seriously take advantage of innovation in spray-technique applications. For this reason, several prototypes of a fixed spraying system (FSS) were realized in recent years. Two prototypes of a fixed spraying system were built in 2019 in two different vineyards in the Veneto region (north-eastern Italy). In both vineyards, the fixed spraying systems were used to perform pesticide application during the 2020 season to control downy mildew, powdery mildew, and pests. With this solution, both vineyards were successfully protected, resulting in comparable infection degrees and yields as the ones protected with airblast sprayers and spray guns. This study contributes to assert fixed spraying systems as an innovation that could improve working conditions, safety, timing, and performances of plant protection products’ application in heroic viticulture areas.
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Ilnitskaya, Elena, Marina Makarkina, and Valeriy Petrov. "Potential of genetic resistance of new table grape hybrids to fungal pathogens." BIO Web of Conferences 34 (2021): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213402001.
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Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) and powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) are the most common and economically significant fungal diseases in vineyards. The task of this work is to study the genotypes of new promising hybrid forms of table grapes for the presence of resistance genes to downy mildew (Rpv10 and Rpv3) and powdery mildew (Ren9) using DNA-markers. The study was carried out on table grape hybrids under the working names Agat dubovskiy, Akelo, Arabella, Artek, Dubovskiy rozovyi, Gamlet, Ispolin, Kishmish dubovskiy, Kurazh, Pestryi, Valensiya and registered variety Liviya. The studied genes were analyzed using markers UDV305 and UDV737 (Rpv3), GF09-46 (Rpv10), CenGen6 (Ren9). The following cultivars were used as reference genotypes: Saperavi severnyi (carries Rpv10 gene) and Regent (Rpv3 and Ren9). It was established that Rpv3 gene is carried by hybrids Kishmish dubovskiy, Agat dubovskiy, Kurazh, Valensiya, Akelo, Gamlet, Dubovskiy rozovyi, Pestryi. Ren9 gene was found in Artek, Agat dubovskiy, Kurazh, Ispolin, Valensiya, Arabella, Gamlet, Dubovskiy rozovyi, Pestryi. The Rpv10 gene was not detected in any of the analyzed grapevine samples. genotypes Agat dubovskiy, Kurazh, Gamlet, Dubovskiy rozovyi, Pestryi, Valensiya carry Rpv3 and Ren9 genes simultaneously. These grapevines have an elegant bunch and large berries that are attractive to consumers.
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Yadav, Rashmi, J. Nanjundan, Ashish K. Gupta, Mahesh Rao, Jameel Akhtar, J. C. Rana, Ashok Kumar, and Kuldeep Singh. "Novel Source of Biotic Stress Resistance Identified from Brassica Species and its Wild Relatives." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (April 8, 2020): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036195.
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In rapeseed and mustard, the major diseases (downy mildew, white rust, Alternaria blight and Sclerotinia stem rot) cause 37–47%loss in pod formation and 17–54% reduction in grain yield. The identification of new sources of resistance is a high priority in breeding programs. About 3000 germplasm accessions of Indian mustard were evaluated under multiple environments (3 seasons) at hot spots (4 locations) and under artificial epiphytophic conditions against insect pests and diseases (aphids, white rust, powdery mildew and Alternaria blight). Accessions IC265495, IC313380, EC766091, EC766133, EC766134, EC766192, EC766230, EC766272 were identified as highly resistant to white rust (A. candida) with disease severity reaction (Percent disease severity Index, PDI = 0) under artificial inoculation. Accession RDV 29 showed the inheritance of resistant source for powdery mildew in Indian mustard. Screening of brassica wild relatives (about 25 species) for white rust found that Brassica fruticulosa, Brassica tournefortii, Camelina sativa, Diplotaxis assurgens, D. catholica, D. cretacia, D. Erucoides, D. Muralis, Lepidium sativum had highly resistance (PDI = 0) to Delhi isolates of white rust. Several traits identified from cultivated and related species will be useful for genetic improvement of rapeseed and mustard.
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Atak, Arif, Zekiye Göksel, and Yusuf Yılmaz. "Changes in Major Phenolic Compounds of Seeds, Skins, and Pulps from Various Vitis spp. and the Effect of Powdery and Downy Mildew Diseases on Their Levels in Grape Leaves." Plants 10, no. 12 (November 23, 2021): 2554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10122554.
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The main purpose of this study is to determine the contents of 3 major phenolic compounds (gallic acid, catechin, and epicatechin) in 22 different grape cultivars/hybrids obtained from 2 different breeding programs. Additionally, changes in these phenolic components in the grape leaves of some resistant/tolerant species were determined in relation to powdery and downy mildew diseases in viticulture. The skin, pulp, and seeds of grape berries were analysed over two years, while changes in the phenolic contents of grape leaves were determined before and after these diseases for two years. The major phenolic contents of new hybrids/cultivars were compared with those of popular cultivars in different parts of the grapes, and significant differences in phenolic contents were found among hybrids/cultivars and different grape parts. Variations in the contents of phenolics in grape seeds, skins, and pulp were high, but seeds contained higher levels of these phenolics than pulp and skin. Analyses of the relationship between two viticultural diseases and phenolic changes in resistant/tolerant cultivars in relation with the susceptible “Italia” cultivar revealed that an increase in the content of the phenolic compounds was found after powdery mildew disease. Hybrids/cultivars with high phenolic contents are recommended to develop new superior cultivars, which are resistant to grape fungal diseases, in breeding programs.
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Vezzulli, S., L. Zulini, and M. Stefanini. "Genetics-assisted breeding for downy/powdery mildew and phylloxera resistance at fem." BIO Web of Conferences 12 (2019): 01020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191201020.
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The genetics-assisted program for resistance to biotic stresses began at the Edmund Mach Foundation in 2007 and has developed on two lines. The first line was based on obtaining resistant materials with parents the historical varieties of Trentino. During the three-year period 2015–2017, 3 Teroldego X Merzling genotypes, 3 Marzemino X Merzling genotypes, 1 Nosiola X Bianca genotype and 1 Nosiola X Kulneany genotype were collected the data related to resistance to various fungal diseases both on the leaf and on the bunch. At harvest the plant production data and the must characteristics were recorded; the grapes were vinified and for each year the wines were subjected to sensorial analysis. 5 resistant selections were considered interesting for all the characteristics found and therefore the data for the registration to the National Register of Grapevine Varieties will be collected. The second line of research was based on the retrieval and both genotypic and phenotypic characterization of potentially parental lines acquired from foreign breeding programs and of wild materials. Once the crossings have been planned and obtained, the evaluation of the progeny takes place following a process of Marker-Assisted Selection optimized in order to maintain a compromise between efficiency and cost containment.
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Sudiro, Cristina, Gregory Saccozza, Federico Guglielmi, Marie Hochart, Damiano Giacomello, and Adriano Altissimo. "Evaluation of the activity of a plant extract against Plasmopara viticola in grapes." BIO Web of Conferences 44 (2022): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20224403003.
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Downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola in grapevine, is one of the most devastating and widespread fungal disease on causing serious harm to grape production. The heavy use of chemical pesticides, necessary to control the pests and pathogens, has caused issues with the resistance, resurgence and residues in food, as well as creating diffuse environmental pollution. In the last decade, biological control started to offer an alternative safe(r) and effective method to control diseases. In this paper, we investigate the potential activity of a plant extract to protect grapevine from downy mildew when used in strategy with a reduced dosage of the conventional fungicides (PPP). Four strategies were tested, with two of them giving the best results. Indeed, the use of LL017 increased the tolerance of the vine against P. viticola compared to its control with the same dosage of PPP, and with an efficacy closer to the full dosage of the PPP. In the tests where the yield was evaluated, the treatment with LL017 always resulted in a higher yield than the respective control with the same dosage of PPP and, in some cases, it gave a higher yield than even the positive control.
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Omer, Saman M., Kayhan Z. Ghafoor, and Shavan K. Askar. "An Intelligent System for Cucumber Leaf Disease Diagnosis Based on the Tuned Convolutional Neural Network Algorithm." Mobile Information Systems 2022 (December 22, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8909121.
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In agriculture farming, pests and other plant diseases are the most imperative factor that causes significant hindrance to cucumber production and its quality. Farmers around the globe are currently facing difficulty in recognizing various cucumber leaf diseases, which is imperative to preventing leaf diseases effectively. Manual techniques to diagnose cucumber diseases are often time-consuming, subjective, and laborious. To address this issue, this paper proposes a tuned convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm to recognise five cucumber diseases and healthy leaves that comprises image enhancement, feature extraction, and classification. Data augmentation methods were utilized as a preprocessing step to enlarge the datasets, and it was also to decrease the chance of overfitting. Automatically features are extracted by using CNN layers. Finally, five cucumber leaf diseases and one healthy leaf are classified. Furthermore, to overcome the lack of a public dataset, a new dataset of cucumber leaf diseases has been constructed that includes spider, leaf miner, downy mildew, powdery mildew, one viral disease, and healthy class leaves. The dataset has a total of 4868 cucumber leaf images. In order to prove the authenticity of the proposed CNN, comparative experiments were conducted using pretrained models (AlexNet, Inception-V3, and ResNet-50). The proposed CNN achieves a recognition accuracy of 98.19% with the augmented dataset and 100% with the publicly plant disease dataset. The experimental results confirm that the proposed CNN algorithm was efficient for recognizing the cucumber leaf diseases compared with other algorithms.
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Vuković, Slavica, Dragana Šunjka, Antonije Žunić, and Dragana Bošković. "Plant protection products in root vegetable." Biljni lekar 48, no. 6 (2020): 654–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2006654v.
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The production, value and quality of root vegetables are endangered by numerous phytopathogenic fungi and pests. Numerous causal agents cause economically significant diseases of root vegetables like carrot leaf blight and black rot of carrots (Alternaria dauci and Alternaria radicina), powdery mildew of carrot and sugar beet (Erysiphe heraclei and Erysiphe betae), Cercospora leaf spot of carrot (Cercospora carotae), black blight (Septoria apiicola), leaf bright parsley (Septo-ria petroselini), downy mildew (Peronospora farinosa f.sp. betae and P. farinosa f.sp. spinaciae), rust (Puccinia spp.) etc. Nine fungicides based on nine different active substances have been registered in the Republic of Serbia for the control of phytopathogenic fungi in root vegetable crops. The most important pests of root vegetables are wireworms (Elateridae), carrot flies (Psila rosae), celery flies (Acidia heraclei), onion flies (Delia antiqua), aphids (Aphididae), common spider mite (Tetranychus urticass), cabbage moth (Mamestra brassicae), cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) and others. The overall number of insecticides, registered in our country, for the control of root vegetable pests is eight, based on seven different active substances. The aim of this paper is to present registered plant protection products for the control of the most economically import-ant pathogens and pests of root vegetables, in the Republic of Serbia, classified according to the mode of action.
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Zito, S., A. Caffarra, Y. Richard, T. Castel, and B. Bois. "Climate change and vine protection : the case of mildews management in Burgundy." E3S Web of Conferences 50 (2018): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185001006.
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Viticulture worldwide is currently facing two major challenges: adapting to climate change and reducing its environmental footprint. Plant protection is a central aspect of these challenges, firstly because pests and diseases development is strongly controlled by climate conditions, and secondly, because viticulture requires in many regions large quantities of pesticides. Phytosanitary protection is even more crucial for terroir-based viticulture areas, because the negative image given by excessive pesticide use impacts the whole region which reputation is partly built on environmental friendly practices. Moreover, most of terroir wines sensory properties and fame rely on specific cultivars, which makes it difficult to replace them using diseases resistant varieties. This study addresses the potential impact of climate change on pesticide use to control powdery and downy mildew in Burgundy. To assess the past evolution of diseases risk, a database composed by yearly number of applications of phytosanitary treatments for powdery and downy mildew diseases was built. This information was collected from 400 grapevine growers originating from 5 sub-regions of Burgundy. The data refer to yearly average number of treatments during the 1995-2014 period. Pesticide applications was related to climate by means of multiple linear regression models between the average number of treatments for powdery and downy mildews control and monthly temperature and monthly rainfall indices from April to July. Models providing the lowest error (estimated trough leave-one-out cross-validation) were selected for each of the 5 Burgundy wine sub-regions. According to each region, mildews yearly treatments number were significantly related to monthly climate data. In most models, May and June average temperature were selected with negative regression coefficients while April and May monthly precipitation were selected with positive regression coefficients. These models were fed with 1980-2100 temperature and rainfall projected data using CMIP5 RCP8.5 scenario from 18 GCM (General Circulation Models) statistically downscaled and debiased to match a daily 12 km target resolution. Increasing temperature and a slight ensemble rainfall increase (depending on the GCM) simulated during spring and early summer had inverse effects on models trend. However, regression models project a decreasing trend of the number of treatments for mildews control along the 21st century, based upon GCM data. Spraying numbers are expected to slightly vary in the future (-4,8 to -34.1% reduction), which strengthens the need for alternative plant protection strategies to match both consumer and policies promoting lower pesticides use for viticulture.
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Marcu, Ioana, Ana-Maria Drăgulinescu, Cristina Oprea, George Suciu, and Cristina Bălăceanu. "Predictive Analysis and Wine-Grapes Disease Risk Assessment Based on Atmospheric Parameters and Precision Agriculture Platform." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 11487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811487.
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In the precision viticulture domain, data recorded by monitoring devices are large-scale processed to improve solutions for grapes’ quality and global production and to offer various recommendations to achieve these goals. Soil-related parameters (soil moisture, structure, etc.) and atmospheric parameters (precipitation, cumulative amount of heat) may facilitate crop diseases occurrence; thus, following predictive analysis, their estimation in vineyards can offer an early-stage warning for farmers and, therefore, suggestions for their prevention and treatment are of particular importance. Using remote sensing devices (e.g., satellites, unmanned vehicles) and proximal sensing methods (e.g., wireless sensor networks (WSNs)), we developed an efficient precision agriculture telemetry platform to provide reliable assessments of atmospheric phenomena periodicity and crop diseases estimation in a vineyard near Bucharest, Romania. The novelty of the materials and methods of this work relies on providing comprehensive preliminary references about monitored parameters to enable efficient, sustainable agriculture. Comparative analyses for two consecutive years illustrate an excellent correlation between cumulative and daily heat, precipitation quantity, and daily evapotranspiration (ET). In addition, the platform proved viable for wine-grapes disease estimation (powdery mildew, grape bunch rot, and grape downy mildew) and treatment recommendations based on the elaborated phenological calendar. Our results, together with continuous monitoring for the upcoming years, may be used as a reference to perform productive, sustainable smart agriculture in terms of yield and crop quality in Romania. In the Conclusion section, we show that farmers and personnel from cooperatives can use this information to make assessments based on the correlation of the available data to avoid critical damage to the wine-grape.
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Rutto, Laban K., Yixiang Xu, Shuxin Ren, Holly Scoggins, and Jeanine Davis. "Results from Hop Cultivar Trials in Mid-Atlantic United States." HortTechnology 31, no. 4 (August 2021): 542–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04727-20.
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‘Hop’ (Humulus lupulus) cultivar trials were conducted at sites in three Virginia counties (Northampton, Chesterfield, and Madison) in response to demand by the craft beer industry for local ingredients. In 2016, a replicated study involving five cultivars (Cascade, Chinook, Newport, Nugget, and Zeus) was established on an 18-ft-tall trellis system at each site. Weather data influencing infectivity of downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora humuli) and powdery mildew (Podosphaera macularis), two economically important hop diseases, was collected, and to the extent possible, similar cultural practices were applied at each site. Climatic conditions favorable to P. humuli and P. macularis were present throughout the experimental period, and P. humuli infection was widespread at all sites starting from 2017. Among common pests, Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) was the only one observed to cause significant damage. Unseasonably high rainfall in 2018 led to crop failure at all but the Northampton site, and harvesting was done at all sites only in 2017 and 2019. Yields (kilograms per hectare by weight) in 2017 were found to be ≥45% lower than second-year estimates for yards in the north and northwestern United States. Quality attributes (α and β acids; essential oil) for cones harvested from the Chesterfield site were comparable to published ranges for ‘Cascade’ in 2019, but lower for the other cultivars. More work is needed to identify or develop cultivars better suited to conditions in the southeastern United States. The influence of terroir on quality of commercial cultivars produced in the region should also be examined.
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Stefanini, Marco, Verena Gratl, Paola Bettinelli, Elena Zini, Thomas Letschka, Sonja Sturm, Riccardo Velasco, et al. "Studi sui tratti di qualità negativa nelle nuove viti mediamente resistenti alle malattie fungine." BIO Web of Conferences 44 (2022): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20224404003.
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The varieties of vines tolerant to the main fungal diseases are the object of growing interest because they require fewer treatments for the production of quality grapes. These varieties are considered qualitatively unsuitable especially for some characteristics such as the foxy aroma, the level of anthocyanin diglucosides and the level of methyl alcohol in wines. In the three-year period 2016-2018, from a population of 74 medium resistant varieties placed in a single collection, in Marlengo (BZ), young leaves were taken for DNA analysis; annually 2 surveys of the OIV 452 453, 455 and 456 descriptors were carried out, and, at 18° Brix, sombunches were collected for the analysis of different metabolites. Nano-vinifications were carried out for 32 genotypes. Genotypes with different levels of stacked loci associated with resistance to downy and powdery mildew were detected, with different resistance behaviors over the years. Only some genotypes have aromas of foxy and only 20% of the genotypes analyzed have levels of anthocyanin diglucosides higher than the levels required by current legislation. Some vinifications showed methanol levels higher than the legal limit set. High percentages of genotypes respected the legal levels of metabolites required by current regulations and only genotypes with the presence of V. labrusca showed the aroma of foxy.
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Viret, O., J. L. Spring, V. Zufferey, K. Gindro, C. Linder, A. Gaume, and F. Murisier. "Past and future of sustainable viticulture in Switzerland." BIO Web of Conferences 15 (2019): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191501013.
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Switzerland is a pioneer country in the development of integrated production (IP) and integrated pest management (IPM). The overall goal is sustainability at the ecological, economic and social level to produce high quality grapes. In 1993, the IP-IPM head-organisation VITISWISS was created. The starting points were the improvement of pest management by the biocontrol of spider mites and the control of grape berry moths by mating disruption and an optimal soil management, followed over the years by state-of-the-art sprayer calibration, development of disease forecasting models (AgroMeteo, VitiMeteo), leaf-area adapted dosage of plant protection products, enhanced biodiversity, water and cover crop management. The efforts and the results gained in a continuous education process by the growers are considerable, but not enough for consumers and politics concerned by the use of plant protection products. The absence of acaricides and insecticides as well as forecasting systems available on the internet (www.agrometeo.ch) for the control of downy and powdery mildew, represent the major progresses. Where mechanisation is possible, herbicides can progressively be replaced by mechanical technics, which is not possible in steep vineyards. The general irrational unscientific trend against “synthetic” plant protection products requests alternatives for the control of fungal diseases and for cover crop management under the vine rows to avoid excessive water-nitrogen competition particularly in the actual context of climate change.
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Ranca, Aurora Maria, Victoria Artem, Ionica Dina, Liliana Parcalabu, Maria Iliescu, Gabriel Tabaranu, and Ancuta Nechita. "Experimentation of grapevine cultivation in organic system, on five different Romanian vineyards." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture 73, no. 2 (November 30, 2016): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:12206.
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In five Romanian vineyards, in 2013-2014 period was experimented organic system growing on grape varieties for wine representative for each area, here are applied organic growing technology in parallel with the conventional (control). White varieties studied are: Chardonnay (Murfatlar and Valea Calugareasca), Sauvignon blanc and Muscat Ottonel(Tarnave), Feteasca regala (Tarnave, Bujoru and Copou-Iasi). Red varieties are Cabernet Sauvignon (Murfatlar and Valea Calugareasca) and Merlot (Bujoru).Concerning evolution of main climatic factors for the years 2013-2014 it is show that the annual average air temperature increase compared with the average of the years 1991-2010; is observed an increasing in mean annual temperature, mean temperature during the growing season and the value of sum of sunshine hours. The water regime was kept constant, registering values close to the annual average, both during the growing season and at entire year. The weeds spectrum is represented both by dicotyledonous as knotweed (Polygonum aviculare), Veronica (Stellaria media), news (Amaranthus retroflexus), bindweed (Convolvurus arvensis) and monocotyledonous as grass thick (Cynodon dactylon).Concerning the phytosanitary status, at Murfatlar were registered problems with oidium attack, with all main disease at Dealu Mare and with downy mildew at Bujoru. In all areas the pest has been found are: grape mouth (Lobesia botrana) and spiders (Tetranichus sp.). Schemes of treatments focused generally on substances bassed on copper and sulfur to combat diseases and for pests have been used pheromonal traps or other certified organic products.The grapes harvest was lower in organic plots with till 25%; their quality being close at both growing variants.
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Prasad, Durga, Shashikant Sharma, Ruhi Sheikh, Vaish navi, Anisha Jee, and Jyotindra Tiwari. "Breeding Strategies for Historically Important Plant Pathogens -A Holistic Approach." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (June 10, 2022): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1106.024.
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Fungi, bacteria, mycoplasma, Spiroplasma, virus, viroid, phanerogamic plant parasites, and other macro pests are all agents, which lead to suffering of plants, this effects the tropic levels above producers who are feeding on them for survival. Science of pathology shouldn’t be confined to humans itself (I mean understanding human diseases), it’s equally important that the science of plant pathology must be given equal importance as medicine. We have seen many epiphytotic in past, Irish famine which led to death of approx 1 million people and migration of 1.5 million Irish, chestnut blight, Dutch elm disease, lethal yellowing of coconut (in Caribbeans and south America), powdery mildew, downy mildew (Europe especially UK and France), rusts and etc. These incidents in past made us realize how important its to have concern towards crop protection orelse people die out of food or this may disturb ecology by eliminating a plant species which was about to happen in elm and chestnut. Hence its responsibility of plant pathologists to serve humanity the way doctors serve human health. Hence emerged methods to deal with plant pathogens and human being in course of history discovered different methods of controlling pathogens which include agronomic cultural methods, botanical sand etc. and then make chemical method as science advanced, chemistry revolutionized however chemicals were used in ancient antiquity i.e., Homer suggested use of Sulphur far back in 1000 BC and Tillet and Prevost suggested use of copper sulphate for smuts. However, after World War 2 the use of chemicals increased in accelerated rate. Apart from using chemicals (Sulphur for PM, Bordeaux mixture for DM, Copper Sulphate for Smut – which were using in past in history). Keeping all these apart, in 19th century ending till 20th century middle emergence of science of genetics and improvements in plant breeding gave us new technology to make disease resistant plants. And in 20th century ending, improvements in biotechnology, and coming together of plant breeding and biotechnology enabled us further to make disease resistant plants easily. The 5th generation breeding which includes markers and biotechnology as enabled us in pyramiding genes, MABC enabled us to transfer genes governing biotic stress resistance from wild plants into agronomically desirable cultivated plants (introgression), the best classic example being transfer of Xa21, xa5 and xa13 genes into Pusa Basmati – 1 making it Improved Pusa Basmati – 1. Even the conventional breeding methods are still in major use to develop disease resistance plants i.e., selection, introduction, hybridization and etc. The review article is made in very holistic manner which includes all major historic important pathogens and breeding strategies employed to improve them and it includes rusts, Panama wilt, Coffee rust, bacterial blight of rice and etc.
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Beresford, Rob. "New Zealand Plant Protection Medal 2016." New Zealand Plant Protection 71 (July 26, 2018): 360–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2018.71.225.
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This medal is awarded by the New Zealand Plant Protection Society to honour those who have made exceptional contributions to plantprotection in New Zealand in the widest sense. The medal is awarded for outstanding services to plant protection, whether through research,education, implementation or leadership.
In 2016, the New Zealand Plant Protection Medal was awarded to Dr Rob Beresford who is one of New Zealand’s most experienced and versatile plant pathologists. Rob started his career in science with an MSc Hons, 1st class, in Auckland in 1978 and was appointed to DSIR Plant Diseases Division at Lincoln in 1979. He was awarded a National Research Advisory Council Postgraduate Research Fellowship to undertake PhD studies at Long Ashton Research Station in the UK from1982 to 1985, returning to Lincoln in 1986. Those studies kicked off a long career in epidemiology and today Rob is New Zealand’s pre-eminent plant disease epidemiologist. For 30 years, Rob has been New Zealand’s strongest advocate for the use of weather-based disease prediction for developing practicaldisease control strategies, particularly to reduce the economic, environmental and market residue impacts of fungicide use. By understanding and modelling relationships between pathogen biology and ecology and weather, Rob has translated complex correlations between biological and physical factorsinto simple practical tools for growers to use for disease control. To date, these have included decision support tools for apple scab, downy mildew in onions, botrytis in grapes and more recently Psa in kiwifruit. He has also developed prediction models for climatic risk of invasive pathogens (potato wart disease and myrtle rust) and for the impacts of climate change on crop diseases.
Recognising the importance of climate and weather in affecting plant diseases, Rob has, for many years, championed a network of weather stations in the key horticultural districts throughout New Zealand to generate data for the decision-support tools. It has been a struggle to keep the network running against shortages of funding and the frequent need to re-assert the value of the network to New Zealand horticulture. Rob has built a team of equally committed colleagues who share this understanding and, through tenacity and persistence, have recently achieved an upgrade of the entire network to internet-based communication systems. It is through his close collaborations over many years with the software company HortPlus that his decision support tools have been delivered to the commercial arena.
Rob was a member of the New Zealand team that argued the case at the World Trade Organisation for the easing of restrictions on New Zealand apples entering Australia. Rob’s superior skills in interpreting climate data, in this case Australian data, in terms of pathogen survival, establishment and spread, and his clarity in presenting the results were instrumental in the success of that case in 2010.
In parallel with Rob’s epidemiological strategy to reduce fungicide use is his interest in the threat of pathogens developing resistance to fungicides. Rob leads research to identify resistance threats to fungicides and also provides liaison between grower associations and agrochemical companies to design and implement robust resistance-management strategies. His focus on resistance started in 2005 when he published updated management strategies for all nine of the then available fungicide groups for the New Zealand Plant Protection Society (NZPPS). In 2007, he re-established the New Zealand Committee on Pesticide Resistance (NZCPR) (which had been in abeyance for 10 years) and chaired the committee’s work on fungicides, insecticides and herbicides from 2007 to 2012. He stepped aside to become NZCPR Science Advisor in 2012 so he could focus on resistance research. Following devastating disease outbreaks of apple scab (Venturia ineaqualis) in the pipfruit industry in 2009, Rob initiated a research programme with Pipfruit New Zealand that showed the cause of the outbreaks to be resistance to two groups of fungicides in use at the time. He has recently coordinated resistance strategy updates for botrytis affecting the wine industry, for summer fruit diseases and is currently leading a programme to monitor resistance of grape powdery mildew to key groups of fungicides. Rob was awarded the 2014 Plant & Food Research Chairman’s Award for his work on fungicide resistance.
Rob is an effective communicator at all levels from heavy science to grower forums and is always willing to share his time, skills and knowledge. He has been involved with undergraduate lecturing for many years and has successfully supervised several PhDs.
NZPP Medal recipients for the previous five years:2015: Gary Barker2014: -2013: Andrew Hodson2012: Margaret Dick2011: Jim Walker
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Pirrello, Carlotta, Gabriele Magon, Fabio Palumbo, Silvia Farinati, Margherita Lucchin, Gianni Barcaccia, and Alessandro Vannozzi. "Past, present and future of genetic strategies to control tolerance to the main fungal and oomycete pathogens in grapevine." Journal of Experimental Botany, December 15, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erac487.
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Abstract The production of high-quality wines is strictly related to the correct management of the vineyard, which guarantees good yields and grapes with the right characteristics required for subsequent vinification. Winegrowers face a variety of challenges during the grapevine cultivation cycle: the most notorious are fungal and oomycete diseases such as downy mildew, powdery mildew, and gray mold. If not properly addressed, these diseases can irremediably compromise the harvest, with disastrous consequences for the production and wine economy. Conventional defense methods used in the past involved the use of chemical pesticides. However, such approaches are in conflict with the growing attention on environmental sustainability and shifts from the uncontrolled use of chemicals to the use of integrated approaches for crop protection. Improvements in genetic knowledge and the availability of novel biotechnologies have created new scenarios for possibly producing grapes with a reduced, if not almost zero, impact. Here, the main approaches used to protect grapevines from fungal and oomycete diseases are reviewed, starting from conventional breeding, which allowed the establishment of new resistant varieties, followed by biotechnological methods, such as transgenesis, cisgenesis, intragenesis and genome editing, and ending with more recent perspectives concerning the application of new products based on RNA interference (RNAi) technology. Evidence of their effectiveness, as well as potential risks and limitations based on the current legislative situation, are critically discussed.
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Goyal, Neetu, Garima Bhatia, Naina Garewal, Anuradha Upadhyay, and Kashmir Singh. "Identification of defense related gene families and their response against powdery and downy mildew infections in Vitis vinifera." BMC Genomics 22, no. 1 (October 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12864-021-08081-4.
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Abstract Background Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) productivity has been severely affected by various bacterial, viral and fungal diseases worldwide. When a plant is infected with the pathogen, various defense mechanisms are subsequently activated in plants at various molecular levels. Thus, for substantiating the disease control in an eco-friendly way, it is essential to understand the molecular mechanisms governing pathogen resistance in grapes. Results In our study, we performed genome-wide identification of various defensive genes expressed during powdery mildew (PM) and downy mildew (DM) infections in grapevine. Consequently, we identified 6, 21, 2, 5, 3 and 48 genes of Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1), Non-Race-specific Disease Resistance (NDR1), Phytoalexin deficient 4 (PAD4), Nonexpressor of PR Gene (NPR), Required for Mla-specified resistance (RAR) and Pathogenesis Related (PR), respectively, in the grapevine genome. The phylogenetic study revealed that V. vinifera defensive genes are evolutionarily related to Arabidopsis thaliana. Differential expression analysis resulted in identification of 2, 4, 7, 2, 4, 1 and 7 differentially expressed Nucleotide-binding leucine rich repeat receptor (NLR), EDS1, NDR1, PAD4, NPR, RAR1 and PR respectively against PM infections and 28, 2, 5, 4, 1 and 19 differentially expressed NLR, EDS1, NDR1, NPR, RAR1 and PR respectively against DM infections in V. vinifera. The co-expression study showed the occurrence of closely correlated defensive genes that were expressed during PM and DM stress conditions. Conclusion The PM and DM responsive defensive genes found in this study can be characterized in future for impelling studies relaying fungal and oomycete resistance in plants, and the functionally validated genes would then be available for conducting in-planta transgenic gene expression studies for grapes.
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Basha, J. Shajith, A. Kamalakannan, S. Saraswathy, I. Johnson, Patil Santosh Ganapati, and K. R. Swarna Lakshmi. "Rapid Detection of Airborne Inocula of Grapevine Mildews Using PCR and LAMP Assay." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, October 27, 2021, 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2021/v33i2230677.
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Grapes powdery mildew and downy mildew caused by Erysiphe necator and Plasmopara viticola respectively are the most devastating diseases worldwide resulting in significant loss of yield and quality. Epidemics of grapevine mildews are caused by airborne inocula such as conidia and sporangia. Rapid detection of airborne inocula will help to face up timely management strategies under field conditions. The aim of the current study was to design a suction spore trap to trap the airborne mildew inocula and their early detection by molecular methods of PCR and LAMP assay. A total of twelve airborne inocula samples were collected the weekly intervals from 3 to 14 standard weeks of 2021 during the cropping season. The presence of airborne inocula of E. necator was detected on standard weeks 3,6,10 and 13 through PCR assay which yielded an amplicon of 470 bp. Similarly, airborne inocula of P.viticola were detected on standard week 6 only through PCR which yielded an amplicon of 520 bp. A rapid, highly specific , sensitive Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was performed to detect the E. necator and P. viticola using six sets of LAMP primers constructed by targeting rDNA region of ITS and the 5S rRNA and CesA4 a gene, respectively. LAMP assay efficiently detected the presence of airborne inocula of E.necator in most of the samples collected from standard week 3 – 14 except 7, 8, and 9. However, the presence of airborne inocula of P.viticola from standard week 3 – 14 was confirmed by LAMP assay. The LAMP assay is absolutely the best in identifying airborne inocula of grapevine mildews compared to PCR and phenotypic microscopic observation.
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Herzog, Katja, Florian Schwander, Hanns-Heinz Kassemeyer, Evi Bieler, Markus Dürrenberger, Oliver Trapp, and Reinhard Töpfer. "Towards Sensor-Based Phenotyping of Physical Barriers of Grapes to Improve Resilience to Botrytis Bunch Rot." Frontiers in Plant Science 12 (February 10, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.808365.
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Botrytis bunch rot is one of the economically most important fungal diseases in viticulture (aside from powdery mildew and downy mildew). So far, no active defense mechanisms and resistance loci against the necrotrophic pathogen are known. Since long, breeders are mostly selecting phenotypically for loose grape bunches, which is recently the most evident trait to decrease the infection risk of Botrytis bunch rot. This study focused on plant phenomics of multiple traits by applying fast sensor technologies to measure berry impedance (ZREL), berry texture, and 3D bunch architecture. As references, microscopic determined cuticle thickness (MSCT) and infestation of grapes with Botrytis bunch rot were used. ZREL hereby is correlated to grape bunch density OIV204 (r = −0.6), cuticle thickness of berries (r = 0.61), mean berry diameter (r = −0.63), and Botrytis bunch rot (r = −0.7). However, no correlation between ZREL and berry maturity or berry texture was observed. In comparison to the category of traditional varieties (mostly susceptible), elite breeding lines show an impressive increased ZREL value (+317) and a 1-μm thicker berry cuticle. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on LGs 2, 6, 11, 15, and 16 were identified for ZREL and berry texture explaining a phenotypic variance of between 3 and 10.9%. These QTLs providing a starting point for the development of molecular markers. Modeling of ZREL and berry texture to predict Botrytis bunch rot resilience revealed McFadden R2 = 0.99. Taken together, this study shows that in addition to loose grape bunch architecture, berry diameter, ZREL, and berry texture values are probably additional parameters that could be used to identify and select Botrytis-resilient wine grape varieties. Furthermore, grapevine breeding will benefit from these reliable methodologies permitting high-throughput screening for additional resilience traits of mechanical and physical barriers to Botrytis bunch rot. The findings might also be applicable to table grapes and other fruit crops like tomato or blueberry.
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Njagi, Alfred, Methuselah Nyamwange Mang'erere, Ezekiel Mugendi Njeru, and Jonah Kiprono Birgen. "Antibacterial effect of Artemisia and ginger extracts in controlling Agrobacterium tumefaciens in roses." Journal of Floriculture and Landscaping, April 5, 2021, 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.25081/jfcls.2021.v7.6386.
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Rose is the world’s most traded cut flowers with 74 % being produced in Kenya. Pests like spider mites, caterpillar, aphids, thrips, nematodes and diseases such as crown gall, downy mildew, powdery mildew and botrytis highly compromise rose production. Crown gall disease caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the most problematic disease of roses in Kenya, causing a production loss of up to 60 % depending on the age and variety of rose. An experiment to determine the antibacterial effect of Artemisia and ginger extracts was carried out in vitro, where the inhibitory zones around filter discs soaked with extracts on Muller Hinton agar was established. The extracts were emulsified with dimethylsulfoxide (50 %) and minimum inhibitory concentrations of Artemisia (125 mg/ml), ginger (62.5 mg/ml) and mixture of Artemisia and ginger (31.25 mg/ml) were used to soak the filter discs whereas the commercial recommended rate of copper hydroxide of 6.25 mg/ml was used. Artemisia and copper hydroxide (commercial antibiotic) had highest inhibition zone of 12.80 mm compared to ginger 10.60 mm. A mixture of Artemisia and Ginger had a slightly lower inhibition zone (10.20 mm) though not significantly different from ginger (P> 0.001). An eight-month greenhouse experiment was also done to determine the efficacy of the extracts on inoculated rose plants. The results showed that crown gall incidence and gall weight were low but not significantly different from copper hydroxide and Artemisia. Crop vigor, which was indicated by stem length was highest for Artemisia treatment with an average of 73.54 cm followed by copper hydroxide (67.25 cm) while ginger and mixture of ginger and Artemisia had 53.44 cm and 64.70 cm respectively. From the results of this research, Artemisia and Ginger extracts are promising alternative to control crown gall and possibly other diseases in field crops. Artemisia performance compares well with copper hydroxide and therefore the best alternative to replace copper hydroxide.
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Töpfer, Reinhard, and Oliver Trapp. "A cool climate perspective on grapevine breeding: climate change and sustainability are driving forces for changing varieties in a traditional market." Theoretical and Applied Genetics, April 7, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-022-04077-0.
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AbstractA multitude of diverse breeding goals need to be combined in a new cultivar, which always forces to compromise. The biggest challenge grapevine breeders face is the extraordinarily complex trait of wine quality, which is the all-pervasive and most debated characteristic. Since the 1920s, Germany runs continuous grapevine breeding programmes. This continuity was the key to success and lead to various new cultivars on the market, so called PIWIs. Initially, introduced pests and diseases such as phylloxera, powdery and downy mildew were the driving forces for breeding. However, preconceptions about the wine quality of new resistant selections impeded the market introduction. These preconceptions are still echoing today and may be the reason in large parts of the viticultural community for: (1) ignoring substantial breeding progress, and (2) sticking to successful markets of well-known varietal wines or blends (e.g. Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Riesling). New is the need to improve viticulture´s sustainability and to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Climate change with its extreme weather will impose the need for a change in cultivars in many wine growing regions. Therefore, a paradigm shift is knocking on the door: new varieties (PIWIs) versus traditional varieties for climate adapted and sustainable viticulture. However, it will be slow process and viticulture is politically well advised to pave the way to variety innovation. In contrast to the widely available PIWIs, competitive cultivars created by means of new breeding technologies (NBT, e.g. through CRISPR/Cas) are still decades from introduction to the market.