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1
Liu, Bohan. "Advanced ROCOF protection of distribution systems." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14344/.
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When islanding occurs, power supply from the main grid is interrupted which causes a problem when distributed generators continue to provide power into distributed networks. An islanding situation should be detected accurately soon after the island is formed. Because failure to trip the islanded distributed resource can lead to a number of problems for the resource and the connected load. Although ROCOF islanding detection method is the most commonly employed anti-islanding protection technique, it provides fast detection and easily implementation. It is sensitive to the system disturbance. Therefore, the application of the ROCOF relay to detect system islanding has been limited. This thesis proposes a solution to enhance the performance of the ROCOF relay by cooperation with rate of change of power or v2/p interlock function. During system load variation, the false operation of ROCOF relay can be blocked effectively. It is validated by applied in grid-connected synchronous generator, Doubly-fed Induction generator (both simulation and experiment) and microgrid. The principle of rate of change of power or v2/p interlock function are presented in this thesis. The new interlock function v2/p with ROCOF relays works well for different types of DGs within a short detection time without introducing perturbation into the system, which are the advantages over other active and hybrid islanding detection methods. The performances characteristics of ROCOF relays for DGs islanding detection (i.e. frequency measuring methods, measuring windows, generator inertia constant, relay settings and load power factor) are investigated. In addition, two other islanding detection methods (impedance measurement (active method) and the Total Harmonic Method) are applied to the grid-connected DFIG distributed system, the comparison and effectiveness of these two methods utilized in islanding and load changing conditions are also discussed.
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Mbango, Fessor. "Investigation into alternative protection solutions for distribution networks." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1107.
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Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009Recently, due to concerns about the liberalization of electricity supply, deregulation and global impact on the environment, securing a reliable power supply has become an important social need worldwide To ensure this need is fulfilled, detailed investigations and developments are In progress on power distribution systems protection and the monitoring of apparatus which Is part of the thesis. The main objective of a protection schemes is mainly to keep the power system stable by isolating only the affected components or the section of the electricity network in which the fault has developed while allowing the rest of the network to continue operating. It is important to note that the protection equipment does not prevent faults from occurring, but it limits the damaging effect of the fault and protects other healthy equipment. This is only achieved if the protection system of the electrical network involved complies with the requirements and purpose of the electrical protection standards. These requirements include the Operational speed, Reliability, Security and Sensitivity. In conventional substations that are still existing Within the utilities networks, a number of long cables are then used to complete the links between substation equipment in order for them to communicate (hardwired). This method is uneconomical and is being phased out completely in the near future. Over the last few years a new standard for substation automation communication has been developed Within the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the IEC 61850. This standard defines the integration requirements of multi-vendor compliant relays and other lED's for multiple protection schemes as well as control and automation techniques. In this particular thesis, Distribution protection is the area of interest, particularly the application of Time and Overcurrent protection schemes. A look into different protection alternatives and the application of new technologies for Electrical Power Distribution Systems that unify protection and control units so that they can be incorporated into Intelligent Substation as opposed to the most existing (conventional substation) is analyzed. The proposed algorithm has been verified through simulations of the CPUT and Eureka three phase power distribution systems. A testing Lab is also part of this thesis and Is meant for experiments as well as simulation performance in order to gain knowledge and skills for designing and engineer substations with lEG 61850 standards equiprnents. The results indicate that the reduction of copper wiring cable has increased and the communication speed has improved and simplified.
3
Coffele, Federico. "Adaptive protection solutions for future active power distribution networks." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2012. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18682.
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Power distribution networks are undergoing a continuous evolution from being passive to active in nature, with increasing penetration of distributed generation and the introduction of active network management schemes to facilitate increased distributed generation connections, automatically manage and reconfigure the network, optimise voltages and power losses and improve power supply reliability. The purpose of the research presented in this dissertation is to investigate the protection challenges that this evolution will introduce to the functions of protecting distribution networks, to develop new solutions and implement and demonstrate them in the laboratory. To analyse the potential problems that may be introduced to traditional protection systems, a detailed analysis of the impact of distributed generation, network automation and islanded operation has been undertaken using a hardware in the loop simulation of a network model representative of typical UK rural distribution networks. This analysis has demonstrated certain protection challenges (and disproved others) associated with overcurrent and loss of mains protection of future active power distribution networks. Two solutions to the demonstrated challenges have been developed: a new adaptive overcurrent protection system with automatic settings calculation, which overcomes the demonstrated sensitivity, selectivity and coordination problems associated with overcurrent protection; and a novel adaptive inter-tripping scheme with back-up passive loss of mains protection, which overcomes the demonstrated sensitivity and stability problems associated with loss of mains protection. The developed protection solutions have been implemented on commercially available hardware and tested using an hardware in the loop simulation environment. The performance of both solutions has been compared to traditional overcurrent and loss of mains protection systems, which are configured in accordance with UK distribution network operator protection policy. The results of this comparison have shown the effectiveness of the developed solutions in overcoming the demonstrated protection problems associated with future active power distribution networks.
4
Salomonsson, Daniel. "Modeling, Control and Protection of Low-Voltage DC Microgrids." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Elektriska energisystem, Electric Power Systems, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4666.
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Mahajan, Nikhil R. "System Protection for Power Electronic Building Block Based DC Distribution Systems." NCSU, 2004. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-12052004-233822/.
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The purpose of this research has been to develop an agent based protection and reconfiguration scheme for power electronic building block based (PEBB) DC distribution systems. One of the foremost applications would be in the new zonal DC distribution on naval ships. The research involves the design of an agent based protection scheme which uses the PEBBs for current limiting and circuit breaking purposes. Considerations are given to reduce the system downtime under fault conditions, allow proper coordination and provide backup protection. The research also involves the design of a reconfiguration management scheme based on collaborative agents. The collaboration ensures that the reconfiguration is achieved at a global level, enhancing the system survivability under the conditions of multiple faults and damages. The coordination ensures that only the faulted part of the system is isolated and the reconfiguration makes sure that the power to the healthy part of the system is supplied continuously. The reconfiguration management also performs load shedding if the generation does not meet the load demand of the reconfigured system due to a fault or damage in the generator.
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Aljadid, Abdolmonem Ibrahim. "Control and protection analysis for power distribution in a distributed generation system." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2192.
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Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology.Distributed Generation systems based on renewable energy sources, such as wind or solar are mostly intermittent sources, due to their dependency on the weather, whereas those based on other primary energy sources are non-intermittent. All of them are specially designed to be integrated into distribution systems, in order to improve the power demand of consumers. In the last few decades of the twentieth century, several different factors have played a key role in increasing interest in systems. Distributed Generation (DG) is gaining more and more attention worldwide as an alternative to large-scale central generating stations. The aim of this research project is to investigate the contribution of distributed generation in fault current level in a power distribution system. The simulation results indicate that DG can have a positive or negative impact, on the fault current level in distribution network systems. The DG location and size affect the fault level. The second aim of this research was to suggest a model-based method for design, and implementation of a protection scheme for power distribution systems, by establish algorithms in a hardware environment. The overcurrent relay was chosen for the model development because it is considered a simple and popular protection scheme, and it is a common scheme in relaying applications. The proposed relay model was tested for fault conditions applied on a simple power system in different scenarios. The overcurrent relay model was implemented in MATLAB/Simulink, by using MATLAB programming languages and the SimPowerSystem (SPS) Tool. MATLAB/SIMULINK software is applicable to the modelling of generation, transmission, distribution and industrial grids, and the analysis of the interactions of these grids. This software provides a library of standard electrical components or models such as transformers, machines, and transmission lines. Therefore, the modelling and simulations are executed using MATLAB/Simulink version 2014b
7
Thompson, Jeffrey Craig. "An expert system for protection system design of interconnected electrical distribution circuits." Diss., This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-170345/.
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Haj-ahmed, Mohammed A. "Protection and Automation of Microgrids for Flexible Distribution of Energy and Storage Resources." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1430694499.
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Janssen, Pierre. "Monitoring, protection and fault location in power distribution networks using system-wide measurements." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209366.
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This work takes place in the context of distribution grids with high level of distributed generation, for example in microgrids. With high level of distributed generation, it has been shown that selective, fast and sensitive network protection is expected to be more difficult. Furthermore, during system restoration, the accurate fault location could be more challenging to assess, thereby increasing the average outage duration.Thanks to cost reductions and improvement of information and communication technologies, future distribution networks will probably have advanced communication infrastructures and more measurement devices installed in order to manage the increasing complexity of those networks, which is primarily caused by the introduction of distributed generation at the distribution level.
Therefore this thesis investigates how the monitoring, protection and fault location functions can be improved by using system-wide measurements, i.e. real-time measurements such as synchronized voltage and current measurements recorded at different network locations. Distributed synchronized measurements bring new perspectives for these three functions: protection and fault location are usually performed with local measurements only and synchronized measurements are not common in monitoring applications. For instance, by measuring distributed generators infeed together with some feeder measurements, the protection is expected to be more sensitive and selective and the fault location to be more accurate.
The main contribution of this work is the use of state estimation, which is normally only used for network monitoring, for the protection and the fault location.
The distribution system state estimation is first developed using the classical transmission system approach. The impact of the placement of the measurement devices and of a relatively low measurement redundancy on the accuracy, on the bad data detection and on the topology error identification capabilities of the estimator are discussed and illustrated. This results in recommendations on the placement of the meters.
Then, a backup protection algorithm using system-wide measurements is presented. The coherence of the measurements and the healthy network model are checked thanks to a linear three-phase state estimation. If the model does not fit to the measurements and if the estimated load is too high or unbalanced, a fault is detected. The advantages of the method are that the voltage measurement redundancy is considered, improving the detection sensitivity, and that load models may be considered in the algorithm, avoiding the need to install measurement devices on every line of the network.
Finally, two new impedance-based fault location algorithms using distributed voltage and current recordings are proposed. By defining statistical errors on the measurements and the network parameters, a method to compute a confidence interval of the fault distance estimate is proposed. The fault location accuracy and its sensitivity to the fault conditions (e.g. fault resistance or fault type) and to the different sources of error are assessed on a simulated distribution system.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
10
Mao, Yiming Mui Karen. "Protection system design for power distribution systems in the presence of distributed generation /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2005. http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/handle/1860/501.
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Hewett, Richard James. "Impedance algorithm for distance protection of non-homogenous 33 kv power distribution systems." Thesis, University of Bath, 1999. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.760727.
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Adewole, Adeyemi Charles. "Voltage stability assessment and wide area protection/control using synchrophasor measurements." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2380.
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Thesis (DTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.Electric power systems are being operated closer to their designed stability limits due to the constraints caused by the continuous increase in system loading, and the lack of new power stations and transmission network infrastructure to support this increase in system loading. This coupled with the practice of long distance bulk power transmission and cascading contingencies, makes system instability and consequently blackouts inevitable. In such scenarios, system instabilities like voltage instability becomes a serious threat to the secure operation of the power system, and voltage collapse (system-wide blackouts) are prone to occur. This is often compounded by the unavailability of real-time system measurements for situational awareness from the existing Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)/Energy Management System (EMS) platforms which are usually based on unsynchronized SCADA measurements with a slow reporting rate of 1 measurement every 2-10 seconds. This Doctoral thesis proposes non-iterative algorithms and methods of solution based on the IEEE C37.118 synchrophasor measurements from Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) with a high reporting rate of up to 200 measurements every second (200 fps) for voltage stability assessment and automated wide area Centralised Protection/Control (CPC) against catastrophic voltage instabilities/blackouts in power systems. Extended formulations are proposed for the Optimal Placement of PMUs (OPP) in power systems with respect to voltage stability assessment. The impact of zero injection buses, critical buses, and PMU redundancy is considered in the formulation of the OPP problem solution. The extended formulations made use of Binary Integer programming (BIP) and Modal Participation Factors (MPFs) derived from the eigenvalues of the power flow Jacobian.
13
Jecu, Cristian. "Système de protections novateur et distribué pour les réseaux Moyenne Tension du futur." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00862516.
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Ce travail est lié au système de protection des réseaux de distribution. Les réseaux radiaux dedistribution peuvent être protégés simplement par une protection placée en tête du départ. Maisl'exploitation future des réseaux de distribution, qui se transforment en réseaux intelligents,flexibles et adaptatifs, va sûrement nécessiter une protégeabilité plus complexe. Parconséquent, un nouveau plan de protection pourrait être nécessaire afin d'augmenter la fiabilitédu réseau de distribution et le taux de productions décentralisées. Il pourrait inclure plusieursprotections déployées sur un départ. Le but principal de ce travail est d'étudier comment lesprotections pourraient agir (sur quel genre de grandeurs les protections reposeront, quellecoordination faut-il choisir) et d'analyser les limites de ces nouvelles protections. En déployantplusieurs protections qui divisent le départ en des zones plus petites, le plan de protectionproposé, reposant sur une formulation modifié et optimisée, proche de celle des protections dedistance classiques, déconnectera ainsi moins de consommateurs et de producteurs lors del'apparition de défauts. Cela devrait réduire le temps de coupures brèves et de diminuerl'énergie non fournie. Ce manuscrit présente une solution pour les réseaux HTA radiaux faceaux défauts monophasés.
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Barik, Tapas Kumar. "Modern Adaptive Protection and Control Techniques for Enhancing Distribution Grid Resiliency." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103644.
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Power distribution systems have underwent a lot of significant changes in the last two
decades. Wide-scale integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) have made the
distribution grid more resilient to abnormal conditions and severe weather induced outages.
These DERs enhance the reliability of the system to bounce back from an abnormal situation
rather quickly. However, the conventional notion of a radial system with unidirectional
power flow does not hold true due to the addition of these DERs. Bidirectional power flow
has challenged the conventional protection schemes in place. The most notable effects on
the protection schemes can be seen in the field of islanding or Loss of Mains(LOM) detection
and general fault identification and isolation. Adaptive protection schemes are needed to
properly resolve these issues. Although, previous works in this field have dealt with this
situation, a more comprehensive approach needs to be taken considering multiple topologies
for developing adaptive protection schemes. The most common protective devices widely
deployed in the distribution system such as overcurrent relays, reverse power relays at Point
of Common Coupling(PCC), fuses, reclosers and feeder breakers need to studied in implementing
these schemes.
The work presented in this dissertation deals with simulation based and analytical approaches
to tackle the issues of islanding and adaptive protection schemes. First we propose a multiprinciple
passive islanding detection technique which relies on local PCC measurements, thus
reducing the need of additional infrastructure and still ensuring limited Non Detection Zone
(NDZ). The next step to islanding detection would be to sustain a islanded distribution
system in order to reduce the restoration time and still supply power to critical loads. Such
an approach to maintain generator load balance upon islanding detection is studied next by
appropriate shedding of non-critical and low priority critical loads based upon voltage sensitivity
analysis. Thereafter, adaptive protection schemes considering limited communication
dependency is studied with properly assigning relay settings in directional overcurrent relays
(DOCRs), which are one of the most widely deployed protective devices in distribution
systems by catering to multiple topologies and contingencies. A simulation based technique
is discussed first and then an analytical approach to solve the conventional optimal relay
coordination problem using Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) with the usage of
multiple setting groups is studied. All these approaches make the distribution more robust
and resilient to system faults and ensure proper fault identification and isolation, ensuring
overall safety of system.Doctor of Philosophy
With widespread integration of inverter-based distributed energy resources (DERs) in the distribution grid, the conventional protection and control schemes no longer hold valid. The necessity of an adaptive protection scheme increases as the DER penetration in the system increases. Apart from this, changes in system topology and variability in DER generation, also change the fault current availability in the system in real-time. Hence, the protection schemes should be able to adapt to these variations and modify their settings for proper selectivity and sensitivity towards faults in the system, especially in systems with high penetration of DERs. These protection schemes need to be modified in order to properly identify and isolate faults in the network as well as correctly identify Loss of Mains (LOM) or islanding phenomenon. Special attention is needed to plan the next course of action after the islanding occurrence. Additionally, the protective devices in distribution system should be utilized to their maximum capability to create an adaptive and smart protection system. This document elaborately explains the research work pertaining to these areas.
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Xu, Ke. "INVESTIGATION OF PROTECTION ISSUES AND METHOD FOR THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM WITH DISTRIBUTED GENERATIONS." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/54.
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Because DGs are introduced into distribution systems, the coordination of fuses and reclosers doesn’t work well. It means the original protection schemes are not available for the distribution systems with DGs. This thesis paper presents the study on the impacts of DGs on the fault current and voltage in the distribution system by the simulation of a model distribution system. After we study the impacts of DG on distribution systems, there is an introduction of current several current protection schemes and fault locations methods. At last, an adaptive protection scheme with a more efficient fault location method for the distribution systems is discussed in this thesis paper.
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Montoya, Higinio Ariel. "Protection Against Ungrounded Single Phase Open Circuit Faults in 3-Phase Distribution Transformers." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2018. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1869.
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This thesis explores the impacts and behavior of 3-phase distribution transformers when subject to ungrounded single phase open circuit faults. A simple 3-phase system is modeled using MATLAB Simulink and operation under fault conditions are simulated and studied. Simulation results are confirmed via lab experimentation. Finally, a robust detection and protection method using neutral current injection (as proposed in industry literature) is built and demonstrated.
Electric utility operating experience has demonstrated that all too often, loads on 3-phase distribution transformers are not adequately protected against an ungrounded single phase open circuit fault (commonly called “single phasing”). This type of fault is amongst the least understood and hence the least protected against. This is especially true at end of transmission system radial feeds where 3-phase transformers can re-create the opened phase voltage due to a variety of effects including magnetic coupling, voltage loops and loading effects. Operating experience in the nuclear power industry has shown that the results can be catastrophic especially considering the impacts to motor loads. Impacts can result in unavailability of emergency loads, tripping of motor protection circuits or even motor damage and failure.
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Mnguni, Mkhululi Elvis Siyanda. "Investigation of the application of IEC61850 standard in distribution busbar protection schemes." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1071.
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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
Master of Technology: Electrical Engineering
in the Faculty of Engineering
at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology
Supervisor: Prof. R. Tzoneva
Co-supervisor: Prof. P. Petev
2013Busbars are the most important components in the distribution networks. Faults on the busbar are uncommon, however an occurrence of a busbar fault can lead to a major loss of power. Busbars are the areas in a substation where the levels of current are high and therefore the protective relay application is very critical. In order for the protection scheme to be successful it is important to carry out the following specifications: Selectivity, Stability, Sensitivity, and Speed. To meet all of the above requirements protection must be reliable, meaning that the protection scheme must trip when called up to do so (dependability) and it must not trip when it’s not supposed to (security). The thesis focuses on the reverse blocking busbar protection scheme with aim to improve the speed of its operation and at the same time to increase operational reliability, flexibility and stability of the protection during external and internal faults by implementation of the extended functionality provided by the IEC61850 standard-based protective IEDs. The practical implementation of the scheme by the use of IEC 61850 standard communication protocol is investigated. The research analyzes in detail the reverse blocking busbar protection scheme that is used at the moment in the power systems and it develops an improved IEC 61850 based reverse blocking busbar protection scheme for a distribution network. The proposed scheme is designed for a radial type of a distribution network and is modeled and simulated in the DigSILENT software environment for various faults on the busbar and its outgoing feeders. The results from the simulations are used further for implementation of the designed protection scheme. A laboratory test bench is build using three compliant with the IEC 61850 standard ABB IEDs 670 series, CMC 356 Omicron test injection device, PC, MOXA switch, and a DC power supplier. Two ways of the reverse blocking signals between the IEDs implementation are considered: hard wired and Ethernet communication by using IEC 61850 standard GOOSE messages. Comparative experimental study of the operational trip response speed of the two implementation shows that the performance of the protection scheme for the case of Ethernet communication is better The thesis findings and deliverables will be used for postgraduate studies of other students, research, short courses, and solution of industrial problems. Keywords: Busbar, Power system, reverse busbar blocking scheme; IEC61850; Distribution, Protection relays, IEDs, GOOSE message, laboratory test bench
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Souto, Laiz de Carvalho. "Fault location in power distribution networks with distributed generation." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-28062016-151847/.
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This research presents the development and implementation of fault location algorithms in power distribution networks with distributed generation units installed along their feeders. The proposed algorithms are capable of locating the fault based on voltage and current signals recorded by intelligent electronic devices installed at the end of the feeder sections, information to compute the loads connected to these feeders and their electric characteristics, and the operating status of the network. In addition, this work presents the study of analytical models of distributed generation and load technologies that could contribute to the performance of the proposed fault location algorithms. The validation of the algorithms was based on computer simulations using network models implemented in ATP, whereas the algorithms were implemented in MATLAB.Esta pesquisa apresenta o desenvolvimento e a implementação de algoritmos para localização de faltas em redes primárias de distribuição de energia elétrica que possuem unidades de geração distribuída conectadas ao longo dos seus alimentadores. Esses algoritmos são capazes de efetuar a localização de faltas utilizando registros dos sinais de tensões e correntes realizados por dispositivos eletrônicos inteligentes, instalados nas saídas dos alimentadores de distribuição, além de informações que permitam determinar os valores das cargas conectadas nesses alimentadores, características elétricas, e o estado operativo da rede de distribuição. Ademais, este trabalho apresenta o estudo de modelos analíticos de unidades de geração distribuída e de cargas que poderiam contribuir positivamente com o desempenho dos algoritmos propostos. A validação dos algoritmos foi realizada através de simulações computacionais, utilizando modelos de rede implementados em ATP e os algoritmos foram implementados em MATLAB.
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Cintuglu, Mehmet Hazar. "Wide-Area Time-Synchronized Closed-Loop Control of Power Systems And Decentralized Active Distribution Networks." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3031.
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The rapidly expanding power system grid infrastructure and the need to reduce the occurrence of major blackouts and prevention or hardening of systems against cyber-attacks, have led to increased interest in the improved resilience of the electrical grid. Distributed and decentralized control have been widely applied to computer science research. However, for power system applications, the real-time application of decentralized and distributed control algorithms introduce several challenges. In this dissertation, new algorithms and methods for decentralized control, protection and energy management of Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control (WAMPAC) and the Active Distribution Network (ADN) are developed to improve the resiliency of the power system. To evaluate the findings of this dissertation, a laboratory-scale integrated Wide WAMPAC and ADN control platform was designed and implemented. The developed platform consists of phasor measurement units (PMU), intelligent electronic devices (IED) and programmable logic controllers (PLC). On top of the designed hardware control platform, a multi-agent cyber-physical interoperability viii framework was developed for real-time verification of the developed decentralized and distributed algorithms using local wireless and Internet-based cloud communication. A novel real-time multiagent system interoperability testbed was developed to enable utility independent private microgrids standardized interoperability framework and define behavioral models for expandability and plug-and-play operation. The state-of-theart power system multiagent framework is improved by providing specific attributes and a deliberative behavior modeling capability. The proposed multi-agent framework is validated in a laboratory based testbed involving developed intelligent electronic device prototypes and actual microgrid setups. Experimental results are demonstrated for both decentralized and distributed control approaches. A new adaptive real-time protection and remedial action scheme (RAS) method using agent-based distributed communication was developed for autonomous hybrid AC/DC microgrids to increase resiliency and continuous operability after fault conditions. Unlike the conventional consecutive time delay-based overcurrent protection schemes, the developed technique defines a selectivity mechanism considering the RAS of the microgrid after fault instant based on feeder characteristics and the location of the IEDs. The experimental results showed a significant improvement in terms of resiliency of microgrids through protection using agent-based distributed communication.
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van, Rensburg Karel Jensen. "Analysis of arcing faults on distribution lines for protection and monitoring." Queensland University of Technology, 2003. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15800/.
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This thesis describes an investigation into the influences of arcing and conductor deflection due to magnetic forces on the accuracy of fault locator algorithms in electrical distribution networks. The work also explores the possibilities of using the properties of an arc to identify two specific types of faults that may occur on an overhead distribution line. A new technique using the convolution operator is introduced for deriving differential equation algorithms. The first algorithm was derived by estimating the voltage as an array of impulse functions while the second algorithm was derived using a piecewise linear voltage signal. These algorithms were tested on a simulated single-phase circuit using a PI-model line. It was shown that the second algorithm gave identical results as the existing dynamic integration operator type algorithm. The first algorithm used a transformation to a three-phase circuit that did not require any matrix calculations as an equivalent sequence component circuit is utilised for a single-phase to ground fault. A simulated arc was used to test the influence of the non-linearity of an arc on the accuracy of this algorithm. The simulations showed that the variation in the resistance due to arcing causes large oscillations of the algorithm output and a 40th order mean filter was used to increase the accuracy and stability of the algorithm. The same tests were performed on a previously developed fault locator algorithm that includes a square-wave power frequency proximation of the fault arc. This algorithm gave more accurate and stable results even with large arc length variations. During phase-to-phase fault conditions, two opposing magnetic fields force the conductors outwards away from each other and this movement causes a change in the total inductance of the line. A three dimensional finite element line model based on standard wave equations but incorporating magnetic forces was used to evaluate this phenomenon. The results show that appreciable errors in the distance estimations can be expected especially on poorly tensioned di stribution lines.New techniques were also explored that are based on identification of the fault arc. Two methods were successfully tested on simulated networks to identify a breakingconductor. The methods are based on the rate of increase in arc length during the breaking of the conductor. The first method uses arc voltage increase as the basis of the detection while the second method make use of the increase in the non-linearity of the network resistance to identify a breaking conductor. An unsuccessful attempt was made to identifying conductor clashing caused by high winds: it was found that too many parameters influence the separation speed of the two conductors. No unique characteristic could be found to identify the conductor clashing using the speed of conductor separation. The existing algorithm was also used to estimate the voltage in a distribution network during a fault for power quality monitoring purposes.
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Hamilton, Hymiar. "An impact study of DC protection techniques for shipboard power systems." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2007. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-07062007-144823.
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Junior, Eloi Rufato. "Viabilidade técnica e econômica da modernização do sistema de proteção da distribuição." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-11122006-143845/.
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O objetivo do desenvolvimento deste trabalho é tecer uma análise da viabilidade técnica - econômica da modernização do sistema de Proteção da Distribuição, comparando a utilização dos relés digitais aos quais foram incorporadas novas funções, em relação aos relés eletromecânicos e estáticos. As informações apresentadas nesse trabalho mostram que os relés digitais oferecem uma significante economia quanto ao custo de aquisição e implantação, no desenvolvimento dos projetos de aplicação e na manutenção destes equipamentos após instalados em campo. Os relés eletromecânicos tem sido largamente utilizados nos esquemas de proteção de consumidores industriais e residencias de grande porte e nos sistemas de proteção das companhias de eletricidade. Devido a quantidade de peças móveis e freqüentes re-ajustes que estes tipos de equipamentos necessitam, os mesmos demandam muitas horas dispendidas pelo pessoal de calibração e manutenção das empresas de eletricidade. A realização de Estudos de Proteção, com a parametrização destes relés muitas vezes torna-se inviável, sob o ponto de vista de sensibilidade e da coordenação das proteções, devido ao fato de que estes equipamentos possuem ajustes limitados tanto de valores de corrente de partida como na seleção de curvas tempo x corrente utilizadas para temporização das proteções, no caso de relés eletromecânicos de sobrecorrente. Durante os últimos anos, com o advento da evolução da indústria, da micro eletrônica e do desenvolvimento de softwares, os relés digitais veêm substituíndo os relés eletromecânicos e estáticos, tanto em instalações novas como também nas remodelações das instalações mais antigas, nos sistemas elétricos de proteção industrial e de empresas de eletricidade. Realizou-se uma análise quanto ao histórico dos relés de proteção, mostrando o seu desenvolvimento desde os relés mais antigos, tipos eletromecânicos, após os relés estáticos, que foram a evolução dos anteriores e finalmente estudando os relés digitais. Os relés digitais oferecem muitas vantagens se comparados com os relés eletromecânicos e estáticos, as quais serão abordandos em items específicos da revisão de literatura neste trabalho. O trabalho é finalizado com uma análise de casos, onde foram computados e analisados casos, como índices de fornecimento, custos de instalação de relés digitais em substituição à relés e sistemas eletromecânicos e estáticos, utilizados convencionalmente para a proteção em alimentadores de Subestações da Copel - Companhia Paranaense de Energia, com o objetivo de coletar-se e analisar-se, ao longo de 12 meses as reais vantagens e desvantagens da utilização destes equipamentos nos sistemas elétricos de proteção dos circuitos de distribuição de energia.The purpose of this study is to carry out a technical and economic feasibility assessment of the updating of the Distribution Protection system, comparing the use of digital relays, to which new functions have been integrated, with electromechanical and static relays. Information hereby presented shows that digital relays are significantly cost-effective in terms of acquisition and implementation for developing application projects and in maintaining that equipment after it has been set up in the field. Electromechanical relays have been largely used in protection schemes for large-scale industrial and residential consumers, as well as in security schemes for power plant companies. Because of the large number of moving parts and frequent readjustments required by that type of equipment, many manhours must be put in by calibration and maintenance staff employed by power plant companies. Carrying out a Protection Study that establishes parameters for those relays is often unfeasible given the sensitivity and coordination of the protections, in that the equipment in question has limited adjustments, both in terms of pick-up currents values and of the selection of time curve vs. current used in the protection timer, in the case of overcurrent electromechanical relays. During the last years, with the rise of industrial evolution, microelectronics and software development, digital relays are replacing electromechanical and static relays in electrical security systems used by industrial and power plant company protection, both in new facilities and in refurbished facilities. A study was carried out on the history of protection relays showing how they developed from the older, electromechanical type after the static relays, which evolved form the former, and was concluded with the study of digital relay models. Digital relays provide significant advantages compared to electromechanical and static relays, which will be covered under specific revision items of the references provided herein. The study is concluded by assessing case studies that were accounted for and assessed, such as supply rates, installation costs of digital relays to replace electromechanical and static systems used traditionally to provide protection for COPEL´s (Power Company of the State of Paraná) Substations. The purpose was to collect and analyze, over a 12-month period, the actual advantages and disadvantages of using that type of equipment in electrical systems that provide circuit protection for power distribution.
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Ziolkowski, Valmir. "Estratégias experimentais para ensaios de faltas fase-terra com alta impedância em sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18153/tde-07052007-134218/.
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O conhecimento das características experimentais das faltas de alta impedância é de suma importância para o desenvolvimento de sistemas e equipamentos voltados a detecção eficiente das mesmas em sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica. Este trabalho apresenta um conjunto de estratégias experimentais que visam orientar passo a passo a realização de ensaios de faltas fase-terra com alta impedância, contemplando-se desde os dispositivos de proteção usados na viabilização dos experimentos até os equipamentos de oscilografias utilizados para registrar as grandezas elétricas advindas dessas situações de faltas. São ainda apresentados os resultados obtidos pelos ensaios realizados de queda de condutor energizado (lado fonte) em solo seco, queda de condutor energizado (lado fonte) em brita seca, queda de condutor energizado sobre a cruzeta e queda de condutor energizado (lado carga) em solo seco.The knowledge of experimental characteristics of high-impedance fault is of highest importance for developing both systems and equipments addressed to its efficient detection in electric power distribution systems. This work presents a set of practical strategies to guide step by step the accomplishment of experiments involving phase-ground faults with high impedance, being also contemplated from protection devices used in the experiments to oscillograph equipments dedicated to register the electric signals produced in those situations. It is still presented the results produced by fault experiments involving drop of energized cable (source side) in dry soil, drop of energized cable (source side) in dry broken stones, drop of energized cable on crossarm and drop of energized cable (load side) in dry soil.
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Abbas, Junaid. "Logical selectivity for medium voltage overcurrent protection and its verification via co-simulation tool for the responses of the power and communication network." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/15274/.
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This thesis deals with the modelling and simulation of MV network overcurrent protection using EMTP. Transmission lines 25 Km in length for both radial and loop network with constant parameters operates at 50 Hz and 66 kV line to line voltages are simulated using EMTP. The first part of the thesis discusses the simulation of Radial network with unearthed neutral for analysing the behaviour of the fault current making the comparison with healthy feeder. Second part is to use a Radial network with compensated neutral, Petersen Coil (PC) is used for compensation of the short circuit current making the similar comparison. Third step is to design a 67N directional replay protection in EMTP to trip the circuit breaker in the fault situation. Then using both Radial and Loop network, a comparison and response of the 67N protection in both situations is analysed. Several simulations of Single Line to Ground Faults (SLGF) with different fault locations were carried out to verify the correct operation of the relay based on the developed protection scheme. The results of the simulation the operation of the relay based on its protection scheme and its response time based on the fault location. Finally, delay between the blocking signals are inserted to see the behaviour of the protection system under loop network configuration.
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Bassi, Welson. "Estudo de surtos em redes secundárias de distribuição devido a descargas atmosféricas diretas na rede primária." Universidade de São Paulo, 1999. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-10102017-100131/.
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Este trabalho apresenta uma análise dos surtos em redes aéreas secundárias de distribuição causados por descargas atmosféricas diretas no circuito primário. Alguns trabalhos publicados sobre o fenômeno são comentados, sendo também analisados vários outros estudos relativos à modelagem de componentes. No trabalho, os principais componentes da rede foram modelados e incluídos na representação de uma topologia típica (com as linhas primária e secundária). Assim, foram considerados: transformador de distribuição, isoladores, pára-raios, cargas (consumidores) e resistências de aterramento. Os modelos foram validados, quando possível, através de ensaios em laboratório. Algumas alternativas de proteção da rede secundária foram consideradas. Foi verificada a influência de alguns parâmetros relevantes tais como amplitude e tempo de frente da corrente da descarga, resistências de aterramento, modelos de cargas e posição da descarga. Os resultados foram obtidos por simulações computacionais realizadas através do programa ATP (Alternative Transients Program). São apresentadas formas de onda de sobretensões nos consumidores. Também são apresentados e discutidos valores de corrente e energia nos dispositivos de proteção, fornecendo informações sobre as alternativas de proteção.This work presents an evaluation of surges in low-voltage overhead distribution lines caused by direct lightning strikes in medium voltage lines. Some publications concerning the phenomenon are commented and several other studies used during the process of modeling of the components are also analysed. The main components of the distribution system were modeled and included. So, a typical distribution network topology (with the primary and secondary lines) was represented including its components: distribution transformer, insulators, surge arresters, loads and ground resistances. The performance of the developed models, whenever possible, was verified by laboratory tests. Some possibilities of the secondary protection were included. Parameters having major effect on the results, such as the lightning current amplitude and front time, the values of grounding resistances, the models of the loads and the lightning strike position were taken into consideration in the study. The results were obtained by simulations performed using the ATP (Alternative Transients Program). Waveforms are presented in order to provide information on the characteristics of the overvoltages in the consumers along the line. Currents, as well as energy absorbed by the low-voltage surge arresters are aldo presented and discussed, providing useful information about the performance of some protection alternatives.
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Carvalho, Thaís Ohara de. "Desenvolvimento de sistema para estudo de tensões induzidas em linhas de média tensão por descargas atmosféricas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-24062004-153510/.
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A busca de uma melhor qualidade da energia passa necessariamente por um melhor entendimento dos fenômenos relacionados às descargas atmosféricas. No caso de redes de distribuição com tensões nominais inferiores a 69 kV, uma parcela significativa das interrupções se deve às sobretensões induzidas por descargas próximas às linhas. Este trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver e implantar um sistema para estudo de tensões induzidas em linhas de distribuição devido a descargas atmosféricas indiretas através da obtenção simultânea das formas de onda de tensões induzidas em duas linhas com diferentes configurações. Além das linhas, equipadas com divisores de tensão especialmente projetados para medições de tensões impulsivas, também fazem parte do sistema uma torre metálica para captação de descargas, construída nas proximidades das linhas, o sistema de medição instalado em sua base para registro de correntes de descargas que eventualmente incidam em sua estrutura e o programa computacional que gerencia os processos de aquisição e armazenamento de dados. A metodologia adotada no estudo é pioneira no que se refere a descargas naturais, pois somente em pesquisa desenvolvida pelo Grupo de Alta Tensão e Descargas Atmosféricas (GATDA/USP) através de modelo em escala reduzida foram obtidos registros simultâneos de tensões induzidas pelas mesmas descargas em linhas de distribuição com e sem proteção. O presente estudo representa uma extensão da pesquisa realizada com modelo reduzido, sendo a metodologia anteriormente desenvolvida transportada para um sistema em escala real. O sistema entrou em operação no final de fevereiro de 2002, tendo sido registradas várias formas de onda de tensões induzidas, comprovando o seu desempenho satisfatório. Este trabalho descreve os principais componentes do sistema e apresenta alguns dos resultados preliminares obtidos.For improving the energy quality it is essential to understand the phenomena related to the lightning discharges. In the case of distribution networks with rated voltages lesser than 69 kV, there is a significant number of interruptions caused by overvoltages induced by lightning discharges near to the lines. The aim of this work was to develop and to implement a system to study lightning induced voltages on distribution lines through simultaneous acquisition of induced voltages waveforms on two lines with different configurations. Besides the lines, equipped with voltage dividers specially designed to measure impulsive voltages, also belong to the system a metallic tower built in the vicinity of the lines, the measuring system installed at its base to register lightning currents that eventually hit it and the computer programme that manages the acquisition and data storage process. The methodology adopted in the study is pioneer concerning natural lightning, since records of voltages induced simultaneously on unprotected and protected distribution lines by the same lightning event were obtained only in a previous research developed by the High Voltage / Lightning Research Group (GATDA/USP), by means of a scale model. The present study represents an extension of that research, so that the same methodology previously developed has been transferred to a real scale system. The system started to operate in the end of February 2002 and several induced voltages waveforms have been registered, confirming its satisfactory performance. This Dissertation describes the system and its main components and shows some of the preliminary results obtained so far.
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Rocha, Clarissa Argenti. "Método de coordenação e seletividade de fusíveis e religadores para redes de distribuição de energia." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2018. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/7455.
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As redes atuais de distribuição são cada vez mais exigidas quanto a sua confiabilidade, as concessionárias precisam atender os critérios dos indicadores de qualidade individual. Para alcançar melhor a eficiência da rede aplica-se a ela os conceitos de coordenação e seletividade. Buscando este conceito o presente trabalho apresenta um método para determinação de fusíveis e religadores aplicados na rede de distribuição de forma a garantir sua capacidade de coordenação e seletividade. Através do estudo dos elementos de proteção e do conhecimento das características da rede, e de como devem ser estes elementos dimensionados a ponto de serem seletivos e coordenados apresenta-se uma metodologia para, por meio do uso de grafos determinar o valor de fusíveis e religadores em uma rede de distribuição. Ao final a metodologia possibilita a execução de manobras de rede e avalia se a coordenação e seletividade dos elementos ainda é válida. Para a aplicação deste método, a rede IEEE de 34 barras é adaptada adicionando fusíveis e religador para permitir validar o conceito aqui apresentado.
Existing power distribution networks are increasingly required as to their reliability, energy distribution companies need to meet the criteria of individual quality indicators. To achieve the efficiency of the network, apply to it the concepts of coordination and selectivity. Looking for this concept the present work presents a method for determination of fuses and automatic circuit reclosers applied in the power distribution network to guarantee its coordination and selectivity. Through the study of the elements of protection, and the knowledge of the characteristics of the network, and how these elements should be dimensioned to be selective and coordinated, a methodology is presented for, using graphs, to determine the value of fuses and automatic circuit reclosers in a power distribution network. In the end, the methodology allows the execution of network maneuvers, and evaluates if the coordination and selectivity of the elements is still valid. For the application of this method, the IEEE network of 34 bars is adapted by adding fuses and automatic circuit recloser to allow validating the concept presented here
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Delvecchi, Esloany Daisy Carniatto. "Análise de novos sinais para a detecção de ilhamento de geradores síncronos distribuídos." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/259999.
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Orientadores: Walmir de Freitas Filho, José Carlos de Melo Vieira JúniorDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação
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Resumo: Geradores síncronos conectados em redes de distribuição de energia elétrica estão sujeitos a operarem de forma ilhada após a ocorrência de distúrbios na rede elétrica. Ilhamento ocorre quando uma parte da rede de distribuição torna-se eletricamente isolada da fonte de energia principal (subestação), mas continua a ser energizada por geradores distribuídos conectados no subsistema isolado. A prática atualmente utilizada pelas concessionárias e recomendada nos principais guias técnicos é desconectar todos os geradores tão logo ocorra um ilhamento. Tipicamente, é necessário detectar uma situação de ilhamento em menos de dois segundos, dependendo, principalmente, do tempo de operação dos religadores automáticos. Os métodos mais comuns e baratos para detectar ilhamento compreendem relés baseados em medidas de freqüência (sub/sobrefrequência, taxa de variação de frequência e "salto de vetor") e o relé de tensão. No entanto, esses relés podem falhar se os níveis de desbalanço de potência ativa e reativa no subsistema ilhado forem pequenos. Portanto, o objetivo dessa dissertação é investigar a potencialidade de novos sinais para detectar ilhamento de geradores síncronos distribuídos, como forma de substituição ou complementação aos dispositivos de proteção anti-ilhamento convencionais. Os sinais analisados neste trabalho são taxa de variação da potência ativa (dP/dt), a relação Volts por Hertz (V/Hz), a variação da impedância (Z) medida no ponto de acoplamento comum (PAC), e a diferença angular ('delta' 'teta') entre as tensões medidas no PAC e na subestação. A investigação é baseada no levantamento de um conjunto de curvas relacionando tempo de detecção e desbalanço de potência ativa/reativa e nas zonas de não detecção, as quais fornecem os pontos de operação para os quais o relé em estudo falha na detecção do ilhamento. As curvas e as zonas são obtidas através de simulações de transitórios eletromagnéticos trifásicas considerando diferentes perfis de carga-geração na rede ilhada. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os sinais analisados têm um grande potencial para esse tipo de aplicação, porém são sujeitos à atuação indevida no caso da ocorrência de eventos que não sejam ilhamentos na rede de distribuição. Assim, uma análise de falsa operação também é conduzida e são propostas melhorias para minimizar e/ou eliminar a atuação indevida desses relés aqui investigados
Abstract: Synchronous generators connected to distribution power networks are likely to operate islanded following faults clearance in the system. Islanding occurs when a portion of the distribution system becomes electrically isolated from the substation, yet it continues energized by distributed generators connected to the islanded system. Utilities and standards recommend the disconnection of distributed generators immediately after islanding occurrences, otherwise it can lead to a number of problems to the generator and the connected loads. Typically, it is required to detect an islanding situation faster than two seconds after the island formation, depending, mainly, on the operation time of automatic reclosers. The most common and economical methods to detect islanding include the relays based on measures of frequency (under/over frequency, rate of change of frequency and vector surge) and voltage. However, these relays can fail if the active and reactive power imbalance levels in the islanded system are small. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is to investigate the potentiality of new signals to detect islanding of distributed synchronous generators, as replacement or complement to conventional protection anti-islanding devices. The signals analyzed in this research are the rate of change of generator active power (dP/dt), the ratio Volts per Hertz (V/Hz), impedance variation (Z) measured at the point of common coupling (PCC), and the angular difference ('delta' 'teta') between the voltage angle measured at the PCC and at the utility substation. The investigation is based on a set of curves, which relate time of islanding detection and active/reactive power imbalance and on the nondetection zones, which provide the operating points for which the relay fails to detect the islanding. These are obtained through electromagnetic transient three-phase simulations considering different profiles of generation-load in the islanded network. The results show that the signals analyzed have a huge potential for this type of application, however, their performance can decrease in case of occurrence of non-islanding events in the distribution system. Thereby, an analysis of false operation is conducted in order to propose improvements to minimize and/or to eliminate improper behavior of these relays
Mestrado
Energia Eletrica
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica
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Bassi, Welson. "Caracterização de equipamentos e instalações residenciais de baixa tensão aplicada ao estudo de transitórios de origem atmosférica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-10102017-111817/.
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Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de caracterização das impedâncias de entrada, em função da frequência, de instalações residenciais de baixa tensão e diversos equipamentos eletro-eletrônicos comumente encontrados. As respostas em frequência medidas são ajustadas e modeladas por redes RLC simples, mas efetivas, que podem ser utilizadas em qualquer programa computacional para simulações de transitórios. A faixa de frequências, até 5 MHz, permite o uso desses modelos em estudos associados a transitórios atmosféricos ou causados por chaveamentos. É importante ressaltar a existência de muito poucos trabalhos nesse assunto, pois, usualmente, as instalações de baixa tensão, ou os equipamentos conectados, são representadas por simples elementos concentrados, resistores, indutores ou capacitores. Por outro lado, sabe-se que os níveis de sobretensões em um sistema, ou instalação, são fortemente dependentes das cargas conectadas e, quanto mais precisos os modelos, melhores e mais confiáveis simulações são obtidas. Este trabalho inclui simulações com o programa computacional ATP utilizando os modelos desenvolvidos para avaliação de surtos em uma rede de distribuição típica submetida a descargas atmosféricas diretas no circuito primário. Além disso, utilizando o programa Pspice, são realizadas simulações da resposta interna de uma instalação residencial, com diversos equipamentos conectados, e submetida a surtos atmosféricos em sua entrada. O trabalho concentra informações práticas e úteis sobre estudos de surtos em sistemas e instalações de baixa tensãoThis work presents a study of impedance characteristics, over a wide range of frequencies, of residential low-voltage installations and electric-electronic appliances, commonly found in residential installations. The measured frequency responses are fitted and modeled by simple, but effective, RLC networks, that can be used in any software for transient simulations. The range of frequencies, up to 5 MHz, allows the use of these models considering lightning or switching studies. It is of importance to point the lack of publications focusing this topic, because usually the low-voltage installations, or connected equipment, are represented by simple lumped components inductances, resistances or capacitances. Otherwise, it is well known that the overvoltage level of a system, or installation, is strongly dependent on the connected loads and for more precise models, better and more reliable simulation results are obtained. This work includes ATP software simulations using the developed models for evaluation of surges in a typical distribution network subjected to direct lightning strikes at the primary circuit. Furthermore, simulations of internal response of a low-voltage installation with connected equipment and subjected to lightning surges in its entrance is performed using the Pspice software. The work summarizes practical and useful information about the low-voltage surge studies on low-voltage systems.
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Filomena, André Darós. "Localização de defeitos em alimentadores primários subterrâneos : formulação estendida baseada na impedância aparente." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/16083.
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O presente trabalho apresenta uma abordagem estendida para o diagnóstico de faltas em sistemas subterrâneos de distribuição de energia. O esquema proposto desenvolve modificações às técnicas de localização de defeitos em sistemas de distribuição aéreos baseadas no cálculo da impedância aparente, adaptando-as para a aplicação em alimentadores primários de topologia subterrânea. Sistemas subterrâneos estão associados à alta confiabilidade, com índices reduzidos de interrupção devido a suas características construtivas, que impedem a ocorrência de perturbações devido a fenômenos climáticos, mecânicos ou humanos. No entanto, as falhas em cabos subterrâneos são tipicamente permanentes, exigindo a substituição da seção de linha defeituosa para o restabelecimento do sistema. De forma distinta às redes aéreas, onde a localização de defeitos pode ser realizada por meio de inspeções visuais, a topologia subterrânea impossibilita a utilização desta abordagem. Embora o processo de digitalização dos esquemas de proteção de alimentadores primários tenha incentivado o desenvolvimento de inúmeras metodologias para a localização de defeitos em redes de distribuição aéreas, características típicas de redes de distribuição subterrâneas não foram contempladas. Nestes sistemas, a aplicação das técnicas desenvolvidas para sistemas aéreos resulta em estimativas errôneas da distância da falta. O esquema proposto visa a superar esta deficiência dos algoritmos de localização tradicionais, adaptando-os às características típicas de redes de distribuição subterrâneas. A formulação desenvolvida se baseia no cálculo da impedância aparente, o qual poderá ser incorporado como sub-rotina de relés de proteção de arquitetura digital. Além de disponibilizar a estimativa da distância da falta, o esquema de localização de defeitos proposto obtém uma estimativa das resistências de falta associadas à perturbação. A metodologia utiliza como dados de entrada os sinais de tensão e corrente referentes aos períodos de pré-falta e durante a perturbação, e propõe uma compensação da componente capacitiva, característica típica e não-desprezível de cabos subterrâneos. De modo a contemplar a existência de ramificações laterais, o esquema de localização propõe a utilização de sistemas radiais equivalentes, determinados a partir de rotinas de fluxo de potência trifásico. Tendo em vista o comportamento randômico do carregamento em sistemas de distribuição, a metodologia propõe, ainda, uma análise do perfil de carga durante o período pré-falta. Para possibilitar uma análise da eficiência do método proposto, testes comparativos com uma técnica de localização de defeitos para redes de distribuição de topologia aérea recentemente proposta foram realizados. De modo a validar o esquema de localização de defeitos proposto, foram executadas inúmeras simulações computacionais a partir de dados reais de um alimentador subterrâneo. O desempenho do esquema de diagnóstico de faltas foi avaliado frente aos aspectos de: resistência de falta, distância da falta, ângulo de incidência de falta, existência de cargas desequilibradas e variações no carregamento do sistema. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a viabilidade da aplicação da metodologia proposta para a localização de defeitos em sistemas de distribuição subterrâneos.This work presents an extended approach for underground power distribution system fault location. The scheme develops modifications in the proposed impedance-based fault location techniques for overhead distribution systems, adapting it for underground feeders. Under-ground systems are associated to high reliability, with low interruption rates due to its con-struction characteristics, which avoid the fault occurrence from climatic, mechanics or human interference. However, the underground cables damages are typically permanent, requesting the damaged line section substitution before system restoration. Fault location on overhead systems can be assisted by visual inspection, on underground system, this approach can not used. Although the primary feeder protection scheme's digitalization process has stimulated the development of several fault location schemes for overhead feeders, typical underground's system characteristics were not considered. In these systems, the application of the techniques used on overhead systems results in erroneous fault distance estimates. The proposed methodology aims to overcome this limitation of traditional fault location algorithms, adapting it to the typical underground systems characteristics. The proposed formulation is based on the apparent impedance calculation, and can be included as a sub-routine in digital protection relays. Besides the fault distance estimates, the fault diagnosis scheme also calculates the fault resistances associated to each disturbance. The fault location scheme uses as input data the voltage's and current's signals before and during the fault, and also proposes a capacitive current compensation. The fault location technique also proposes the usage of equivalent radial systems, calculated through three-phase load flow techniques, to allow the algorithm coverage on laterals and sub-laterals. Due to the random load profile of distribution systems, the technique develops a load profile analysis during the pre-fault period. In order to provide efficiency analysis of the proposed formulation, comparative testes with a recently proposed fault location technique was realized. To validate the proposed fault location algorithm, several fault simulations were executed using real underground feeder data. The proposed fault location scheme performance was evaluated considering the following aspects: fault resistance, fault distance and inception fault angle. Also, the methodology was analyzed considering different load profiles, including unbalanced loads and load variation. The obtained results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed formulation for fault location in underground distribution systems.
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Ricciardi, Tiago Rodarte 1986. "Análise do impacto da proteção antiilhamento na estabilidade de geradores conectados via inversores." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/259992.
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Orientador: Walmir de Freitas FilhoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação
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Resumo: O uso de geradores conectados via inversores em redes de distribuição de energia elétrica tem aumentado consideravelmente nos últimos anos em razão dos avanços obtidos nas tecnologias de células a combustível e fotovoltaicas bem como de microturbinas e turbinas eólicas. Nesse contexto, a utilização de sistemas de proteção antiilhamento no ponto de conexão do gerador com a rede elétrica é uma das exigências previstas nos principais guias técnicos empregados pelas concessionárias. Ilhamento ocorre quando uma parte da rede de distribuição torna-se eletricamente isolada da fonte de energia principal (subestação), mas continua a ser energizada por geradores distribuídos conectados no subsistema isolado. No caso particular dos geradores conectados via inversores, os principais dispositivos utilizados comercialmente para fornecer proteção antiilhamento são baseados no conceito de realimentação positiva, cuja idéia básica é empregar um dos parâmetros que definem a tensão terminal do gerador como sinal de realimentação positiva no seu sistema controle. Caso o gerador esteja conectado ao sistema de distribuição, a realimentação positiva não consegue, a priori, desestabilizar o gerador. Por outro lado, caso o gerador torne-se ilhado, a realimentação positiva fará com que o gerador se torne instável e, por conseguinte, a situação de ilhamento pode ser rapidamente detectada por relés de sub/sobre tensão e/ou sub/sob freqüência. Visto que tal esquema de proteção esforça-se para desestabilizar o gerador independentemente da ocorrência ou não de ilhamentos, é fundamental desenvolver ferramentas para analisar a estabilidade de redes com múltiplos geradores equipados com proteção antiilhamento via realimentação positiva. O objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado foi desenvolver uma série de modelos linearizados no espaço de estados para representar os principais dispositivos de proteção antiilhamento existentes comercialmente a fim de investigar a estabilidade frente a pequenas perturbações de sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica com múltiplos geradores conectados via inversores utilizando-se análise modal
Abstract: The usage of inverter-based generators connected directly to electric Power distribution systems has considerably increased in recent years due to the technological advances of fuel and photovoltaic cells as well as microturbines and wind turbines. In this context, the usage of anti-islanding protection devices at the interconnection point is required by the main technical guides utilized by the utilities. Islanding occurs when a portion of the distribution system becomes electrically isolated from the remainder of the power system, yet continues to be energized by distributed generators. In the case of inverter-based generators, the main devices commercially employed to supply anti-islanding protection are based on the positive feedback concept. These methods use the deviations of voltage frequency and/or magnitude from normal values as positive feedback signals into the control system to influence the operation of inverterbased distributed generators. If the generator is connected to a strong utility system, in priori, the destabilizing force of the positive feedback has a negligible impact and the generator can operate without difficulties. On the other hand, when the generator is islanded, the positive feedback can destabilize the generator easily. Such distinctively different generator behaviors facilitate the detection of islanding conditions by using under/over voltage and frequency relays. Since the positive feedback scheme is a destabilizing force, the impact of this scheme on the stability of system with multiples inverter-based generators is of concern. If the positive feedback gain is too high, the generator may become unstable even if it is connected to the main supply system. Thus, the objective of this master thesis is to develop several small-signal models to investigate the stability of distribution network with multiple inverter-based generators with positive feedback anti-islanding protection by using modal analysis
Mestrado
Energia Eletrica
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica
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SOUZA, ROSE M. G. do P. "Determinação do fator de pico de potência utilizando barras de controle, detectores ex-core e redes neurais." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2005. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11296.
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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Mattos, Marcel Souza. "Uma contribuição para a parametrização da proteção em sistemas de distribuição considerando custo de interrupções." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/148681.
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A continuidade no fornecimento de energia elétrica a clientes é um objetivo constante das distribuidoras de energia, as quais estão constantemente buscando desenvolver soluções tecnológicas a fim de melhorar o desempenho das redes de distribuição. Com o crescimento das cargas eletrônicas e o expressivo aumento dos dispositivos automáticos nas redes, surge uma nova forma de analisar a rede de distribuição sob o aspecto da filosofia da proteção, considerando interrupções sustentadas e momentâneas, sob dois aspectos distintos, o primeiro considera o custo da energia não fornecida sob o período de contingência, enquanto que o segundo refere-se ao impacto do custo social para diferentes classes de clientes, durante o período das interrupções. Desta forma este trabalho propõe o desenvolvimento de uma estratégia de minimização de custos dessas interrupções considerando as características das cargas, bem como o tempo necessário para reinicialização da carga. Para este fim, é aplicado um modelo de programação não-linear, que emprega variáveis binárias para definir a habilitação ou não de curvas rápidas nos religadores e uma abordagem de otimização clássica. Os algoritmos foram desenvolvidos no software Matlab e posteriormente convertido para linguagem GAMS (Generic Algebraic Modeling System). A metodologia foi testada e validada em um alimentador de distribuição real urbano, localizado na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre (RS, Brasil).Uninterrupted power delivery is a permanent goal of power utilities. One way of attaining this objective is constantly investing in technological solutions to improve the performance of distribution networks. With increasing loads, mainly electronic ones, as well as growing insertion of automatic reclosers, the protection philosophy of distribution systems has to be rethought taking into account temporary and permanent interruptions. In this work, we propose a strategy to minimize the cost of interruptions taking into account the load characteristics and the time required to restart the load. This is achieved by deriving a mixed integer nonlinear programming model. The proposed model uses binary variables to define if the instantaneous characteristic of the recloser should be enabled and a classical explicit mathematical optimization approach. The algorithms were developed with Matlab software and the conversion was made to a General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS). The applicability of the proposed methodology is tested in an actual feeder from Porto Alegre.
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Koehler, Marcos. "Impactos no sistema de proteção da rede de distribuição com a ligação de pequenas centrais hidrelétricas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-11122006-153103/.
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Geração Distribuída é uma expressão utilizada para designar a geração elétrica proveniente de locais próximos ou juntos de consumidores, não interferindo a potência, tecnologia ou fonte de energia empregada. Estudos indicam que, até o ano de 2010, 20% do total de geração (em termos mundiais) serão provenientes desta forma de obtenção, uma vez que se torna fático sua vantagem sobre a geração central, por oferecer economia em matéria de investimentos relacionados à transmissão, redução de perdas e melhoria acerca da estabilidade do serviço de energia elétrica. Exemplos de geração distribuída são observados em pequenas centrais hidrelétricas, eólicas, térmicas, fotovoltaicas e geradoras de emergência, por terem pequeno porte e serem integradas ao sistema elétrico. Voltandose por hora ao potencial hidráulico passível de exploração no país, associado por sua vez às pequenas centrais hidrelétricas, tem-se cerca de 4% da potência instalável total (parcela extremamente significativa). De acordo com o Plano 2.015 da ELETROBRÁS, centrais que atingem até 30 MW de potência instalada representam um potencial de 9.456 MW. Informações de Geração da ANEEL indicam que há cerca de 254 PCH em operação no país, totalizando 1327 MW (1,4% do total), 40 empreendimentos em construção (500 MW) e 211 projetos outorgados (construção não iniciada) que, se implantados, adicionarão ao sistema elétrico 3426 MW. O panorama da reordenação da matriz energética nacional não tem apresentado abundância no que diz respeito ao investimento público, direcionado a grandes empreendimentos. Desta forma, as quedas d´água de pequeno e médio porte representam uma evidente opção de geração. As Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétricas (PCH) surgem então como uma alternativa viável, como já especificado anteriormente. Oferece vantagens primeiramente pelo custo acessível, pelo menor prazo de implementação e maturação do investimento, pelas facilidades oferecidas pela legislação, pela disposição das concessionárias de energia elétrica de comprarem o excedente de energia gerada por autoprodutores e finalmente por disponibilizarem o acesso às suas linhas de distribuição e transmissão à longa distância. A partir do incentivo proveniente do Governo Federal para a construção de PCH e descontos nas tarifas de uso dos sistemas de transmissão e distribuição, propiciou-se a ligação de novos pontos de geração de energia no sistema de Distribuição. Com a finalidade de reduzir os custos de transportes de energia, visa-se a localização dos novos pontos de geração próxima aos pontos de consumo potencial. Sendo assim, na medida em que a rede garante a regulação de freqüência e a absorção permanente da potência total, os grupos serão equipados com geradores que não requerem controle com comando sofisticado. Há, todavia, a possibilidade da construção de interligações que devem ser estudadas mesmo quando se tratando de rede de pequeno porte. Sua vantagem está no fato de permitir a utilização de geradores assíncronos, os quais são menos onerosos e mais robustos. Os efeitos da geração nos sistemas de distribuição irão depender do tamanho, do tipo e do local onde será instalada a geração. Atualmente não se tem dado a devida importância aos impactos na proteção da rede de distribuição da concessionária - fato lamentável já que se poderia evitar a degradação da qualidade de energia, confiabilidade e operação - uma vez que se dá prioridade aos benefícios como a energia de backup, a redução dos afundamentos de tensão, a energia de ponta, dentre outras. A partir do momento em que estas PCH são instaladas nas redes de Distribuição, transforma-se um sistema anteriormente radial em um sistema em anel, com mais de uma fonte de contribuição de corrente de curtocircuito. Sendo assim, têm-se como diretrizes deste trabalho abordar temas relacionados aos problemas com falta de coordenação e sensibilidade dos equipamentos de proteção, bloqueio de religamento, necessidade de proteção de sobre-corrente com função direcional, coordenação com consumidores e ramais (gerando problemas de segurança com pessoas e equipamentos) e continuidade de energia. Portanto, é de suma importância a realização sistemática de estudos de proteção de redes com geração de PCH em paralelo, uma vez que é determinante para a segurança e melhoria dos índices de continuidade de serviço. Finalmente, são descritos e analisados detalhadamente, os impactos no sistema de proteção nas redes de distribuição com a ligação de Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétricas, sendo propostas soluções para a redução deste impacto.Distributed Generation is an expression used to designate the electric generation source in places near or contiguous to consumers, regardless of the power, technology or energy source used. Studies show that, by the year 2010, 20% of the total amount of generation (worldwide) will be acquired this way. The advantages of distributed generation, over central generation, are obvious and include: lower investment needed for transmission, reduction of losses and better performance regarding stability in the electric energy service. Examples of distributed generation include: small hydro electrics, wind turbines, thermals, photovoltaics and emergency generators. These examples are small in size and are interconnected to the electric system. Hydraulic power, which is available through exploration in the country, could comprise about 4% of the total power to be generated (which is a verysignificant portion) in small hydro electrics. According to ELETROBRÁS´ Plan 2,015, a power station that reaches up to 30 MW of installed power represents a potential of 9,456 MW. ANEEL´ information about Generation shows that there are about 254 PCH in operation in the country, which total 1,327 MW (1.4% of the total), 40 enterprises under construction (500 MW) and 211 approved projects (construction has not yet begun) that, when finished, will add 3,426 MW to the electric system. Substantial public investments have not been directed toward the larger enterprises since the re-arrangement of the national energy center. Thus, small and medium sized waterfalls represent a very interesting generation option. The small hydro electrics (PCH) appear as a possible choice, as mentioned before. They offer advantages, such as affordable cost, a short implementation time required, return of investment, support through legislation, the willingness of the electric power utilities to buy the exceeded energy generated by selfproducers and, finally, the possibility of access to its distribution and transmission lines through long distances. The connection of new points of energy generation in the Distribution system was made possible with the support from the Federal Government, through encouragement for PCH constructions and tax discounts for use of the transmission and distribution systems. We plan on locating the new points of generation next to the points of potential consumers with the objective of decreasing energy transportation costs. Thus, as the network guarantees the regulation of frequency and the permanent absorption of the total power, groups are equipped with generators that do not require a sophisticated command control. There is, however, the possibility of building interconnections, which must be studied even when related to the small potency network. The advantage lies in the facts that asynchronous generators can be used - which are cheaper and stronger. The effects of generation on distribution systems will depend on size, type and location where the generation will be installed. The protection of the utilities distribution network should be assigned a higher priority. Instead, we prioritize the benefits of energy production, such as the backup energy, voltage sags, top-notch energy, among others. This is unfortunate, since the protection of the utilities distribution network will avoid the degradation of the energy quality, of reliability and of operations. From the moment that these PCH are installed on the Distribution networks, a radial system is turned into a ring system with more than one source of short-circuit current contribution. Thus, the guidelines for this work are the approach to topics related to problems with the lack of coordination and sensibility of protection equipment, re-connection blockage, necessity of protection of overcurrent with directional function, coordination with consumers and extension lines (causing security problems with people and equipment) and energy continuity. It is of great importance to perform systematic studies on the protection of networks with the simultaneous generation of PCH since they are essential for the security and improvement of the current levels of continuity of service. Finally, the impacts on the distribution system protection of networks with connections to Small Hydroelectric Centrals are described and analyzed in detail, followed by proposals of solutions for the reduction of such impacts.
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Vieira, Junior Jose Carlos de Melo. "Metodologias para ajuste e avaliação do desempenho de reles de proteção anti-ilhamento de geradores sincronos distribuidos." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/260506.
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Orientadores: Andre Luiz Morelato França, Walmir de Freitas FilhoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação
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Resumo: Uma das principais funções dos sistemas de proteção de geradores distribuídos conectados em redes de subtransmissão ou de distribuição de energia elétrica é desconectá-los tão logo uma situação de ilhamento seja detectada. O ilhamento ocorre quando parte da rede elétrica é desconectada do restante do sistema da concessionária, mas continua a ser energizada por um ou mais geradores distribuídos conectados a ela, formando um subsistema isolado da concessionária. Esta ocorrência deve ser evitada porque coloca em risco a segurança de pessoas e equipamentos e pode deteriorar a qualidade da energia suprida aos consumidores locais. Neste contexto, esta tese de doutorado propõe novas metodologias para avaliar de forma sistemática e ajustar alguns dos principais relés de proteção anti-ilhamento de geradores síncronos. As técnicas analisadas compreendem os relés de deslocamento de fase ou ¿salto de vetor¿, relés de taxa de variação de freqüência, relés de sub/sobrefreqüência convencionais e os relés de sub/sobretensão convencionais. A aplicação das metodologias desenvolvidas mostrou que elas são ferramentas eficientes para avaliar e determinar o desempenho desses relés quanto à detecção de ilhamentos, auxiliando na seleção dos esquemas de proteção e ajustes mais adequados
Abstract: One of the main functions of distributed generators¿ protection systems is the capability to disconnect the generators immediately after an islanding occurrence is detected. Islanding occurs when a portion of the distribution system is disconnected from the utility grid, yet remains energized by one or more distributed generators connected to it. This operating condition should be avoided because it poses safety risks to utility personnel and equipments as well as it can cause power quality problems to the local costumers. In this context, this thesis proposes new methodologies to systematically evaluate and adjust some anti-islanding techniques applied to synchronous generators. The techniques analyzed are the under/over frequency relays, the rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) relays, the vector surge or vector jump relays and the under/overvoltage relays. The results have shown that the proposed methodologies can be efficient tools to evaluate and to determine the performance of these anti-islanding relays, consequently, they can help protection engineers to select the most proper protection devices and their settings
Doutorado
Energia Eletrica
Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica
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Arguence, Olivier. "Modélisation des ilots non-intentionnels et caractérisation des méthodes passives de détection d’ilotage." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAT045/document.
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Un ilot non-intentionnel peut se former lorsque d’une petite partie du réseau est déconnectée du reste du système électrique, et continue pourtant de fonctionner à l’insu du gestionnaire de réseau en raison de la présence de générateurs locaux. Cet événement n’est pas voulu : le comportement des ilots n’est pas maitrisé, ce qui entraîne des risques potentiels pour les personnes et équipements électriques. L’ilotage non-intentionnel est un phénomène complexe et mal connu, aujourd’hui considéré comme rare, mais dont la probabilité d’apparition tend actuellement, a priori, à s’accroître progressivement. Cet accroissement est dû à l’effet conjugué de plusieurs phénomènes : premièrement, le développement des installations de production de petite et moyenne puissance, raccordées directement au réseau de distribution ; deuxièmement, l’élargissement des seuils de détection qui sont utilisés dans leurs protections de découplage ; et troisièmement, l’implémentation dans ces installations d’automatismes de régulation de puissance active et réactive. Dans ce contexte, la chaire industrielle Smartgrid d’Enedis a financé ces travaux de thèse afin de mieux caractériser ces phénomènes d’ilotage et d’améliorer leur détection.Afin d’atteindre ces objectifs, une première priorité de la thèse a été d’améliorer la compréhension des ilots non-intentionnels au travers d’une approche analytique. Celle-ci a notamment permis la résolution formelle d’un modèle simple capable d’expliquer le comportement en fréquence d’un îlot. Ces résolutions ont été enrichies par de nombreuses expérimentations en laboratoire et par des simulations numériques. Les modèles ont fait l’objet d’une étude bibliographique approfondie, notamment pour le choix des modèles de charge.Une seconde priorité de la thèse a été d’estimer l’efficacité des méthodes passives de détection d’ilotage au travers du calcul de la zone de non-détection (ZND). L'influence de plusieurs charges sur la ZND a été analysé, ce qui a permis d’améliorer la compréhension du phénomène complexe que sont les ilots non-intentionnels. L’efficacité des nouvelles protections anti-ilotage utilisant des seuils sur la dérivée en fréquence (ROCOF) a aussi fait l’objet d’évaluations approfondies. Enfin, les méthodes de calcul de ZND ont été améliorés par rapport aux méthodes préexistantes, ce qui a permis de radicalement améliorer l’estimation faite de l'impact des nouvelles régulations de puissance P(f) et Q(U)Unintentional islands might appear when a subpart of the grid is disconnected from the power system and keeps working because of local generation. These events are unwanted: their behavior is not controlled and leads to potential risks for people and for electric equipment. Unintentional islanding is a complex phenomenon and badly understood. Nowadays it is considered to be rare, but a priori its occurrence probability is currently steadily increasing. This rising is the consequence of several phenomena: firstly, the development of distributed generation of small and average size directly connected to the distribution grid; secondly, the enlargement of frequency thresholds used by isolating protections; and thirdly, the implementation of power regulations of active and reactive power in the generation unit. Within this context, the Smart Grid chair of Enedis financed this PhD thesis in order to better characterize these islanding phenomena and to improve their detection.To achieve these targets, a first priority of the PhD was to improve the comprehension of unintentional islanding through symbolic calculation. This approach makes it possible to solve a simple model and to explain the evolution of the frequency during an island. These results are completed with several laboratory experiments and by numeric simulations. Models are designed based on a thorough bibliography, in particular for load modeling.A second priority of the PhD was to estimate the efficiency of anti-islanding protections through the computation of non-detection zone (NDZ). The impact of several loads on the NDZ is analyzed to improve the understanding of unintentional islanding, which is a complex phenomenon. The efficiency of new anti-islanding protections using thresholds on the rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) is also thoroughly evaluated. It is shown that the computation method used by the protection plays a key role. At last, the calculation methods of the NDZ is improved regarding previous methods. Among other things, it allows to radically change the estimations of the impact of new power regulations P(f) and Q(U)
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Gandioli, Camille. "Du dimensionnement à l'intégration dans le réseau électrique du limiteur de courant supraconducteur." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00913689.
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Les travaux de cette thèse portent sur l'intégration dans le réseau électrique du limiteur supraconducteur de courant (SCFCL). Un modèle du ruban supraconducteur ont été développé et validé grâce à une comparaison avec des tests expérimentaux. Premièrement, ce modèle a permis le dimensionnement du SCFCL du projet Eoccoflow (projet européen). Dans un deuxième temps, le modèle de SCFCL est intégré dans différents types de réseau. D'une part, l'intégration du SCFCL dans les réseaux haute tension continu maillés rend vraisemblable la protection de tels réseaux. D'autre part, grâce au SCFCL de nouvelles architectures du réseau de distribution sont proposées permettant l'intégration massive de génération distribuée. Cette thèse se clot sur le dimensionnement et les tests d'un SCFCL pour un réseau à taille réduite.
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Emelin, Samuel. "Analyse et intercomparaison des choix techniques majeurs en terme de structures de réseau et de règles d'exploitation parmi les grands distributeurs d'électricité." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENT042.
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Confronté à un contexte de stagnation globale de la consommation d'électricité mais avec un potentiel important de développement de nouveaux usages, ainsi qu'à l'apparition d'unités de production dispersée sur le territoire, le principal gestionnaire de réseau de distribution français a besoin d'expliciter ce que sont ses grands choix de structure et de règles d'exploitation, et de les comparer avec les distributeurs étrangers. Les principes de construction du réseau ont un impact sur la capacité à intégrer les nouvelles installations de consommation ou de production à moindre cout, et à assurer les exigences sociétales,notamment pour ce qui concerne la continuité de fourniture. Cette thèse permet de comparer ces choix techniques majeurs avec les pratiques rencontrées à l'étranger, pour situer le réseau français et ses spécificités dans un environnement technique international.Après avoir arrêté une perspective de développement des usages et des productions en France sur la base notamment des textes législatifs, l'architecture du réseau de distribution français est décrite. Les différences fonctionnelles de choix de structure dans le monde sont alors analysés, en soulignant les conséquences dans le dimensionnement par rapport au cas français. Puis l'équilibre entre niveaux de tension est questionné, ainsi que les effet des caractéristiques du territoire sur le réseau. Enfin, des choix techniques nouveaux sont proposés après analyse des points forts et des points faibles des variantes existant dans le mondeFaced to a context of a global lack of growth in electricity consumption, but with many potential development of new uses, added with the appearance of more and more dispersed generation, the main French distribution grid utility needs to question and compare its choicesconcerning grid structure and exploitation practices. Grid building principles have a greatimpact over its capacity to integrate at low cost consumption and production facilities, whilemeeting society needs, mainly continuity of supply. This work allows to compare thosetechnical choices between France and other countries, to determine where French utilitystands and what are its specific features in a worldwide technical environment.After setting a perspective about uses and production development, mainly on the basis of French legislation, the overall distribution grid architecture is described. Functional differences in structure choices in the world are then analysed, their consequences in thesizing of equipments is underlined. Then the equilibrium between voltage levels is questioned,as the effect of territorial features on the grid. Finally, new technical choices are proposed after advantages and drawbacks analysis of existing world grids
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Foltýn, Petr. "Řešení elektrizace nové lokality elektrickou energií." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-219030.
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This master’s thesis is concerned with the proposal of new locality electrification. There are 59 detached houses. The thesis is divided into theoretical part and computational part. In the theoretical part, there are all documents necessary for the successful proposal of the electrification. In the computational part is drafted distribution substation, high voltage power cable, proposal of low voltage power cables and protection. Each part is made for two versions (for the degree of electrification A and for the degree of electrification C) and recorded in cadastral maps. The proposal of distribution substation and high voltage power cable is made by traditional method - all calculations are processed by the designer. Low-voltage power cables and protection are implemented in a computer program Sichr (version 11.01) OEZ company.
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Salles, Corrêa Diogo. "Metodologias para analise do risco de ocorrencia de ilhamentos não intencionais de geradores sincronos distribuidos." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/259998.
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Orientadores: Walmir de Freitas Filho, Jose Carlos de Melo Vieira JuniorDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação
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Resumo: Geradores síncronos conectados em redes de distribuição de energia elétrica estão sujeitos a operarem de forma ilhada após contingências como, por exemplo, curtos-circuitos. Ilhamento ocorre quando uma parte da rede de distribuição opera eletricamente isolada da subestação da concessionária, mas continua a ser energizada por geradores distribuídos. Devido a um conjunto de implicações técnicas e de segurança, a prática atualmente utilizada pelas concessionárias e recomendada pelos principais guias técnicos é desconectar todos os geradores da rede isolada tão logo ocorra um ilhamento. Existem diversas técnicas de proteção desenvolvidas para detectar ilhamentos e a maioria delas possui limitações técnicas e são propensas a falharem em determinadas situações. Neste contexto, torna-se importante conhecer a probabilidade ou risco da proteção falhar na detecção de ilhamentos em sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica com geradores distribuídos e, por conseguinte, decidir se o sistema de proteção utilizado é adequado ou não. A falha da detecção de uma situação de ilhamento é tecnicamente denominada ilhamento não intencional. Esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta uma série de metodologias desenvolvidas para analisar o risco da ocorrência de ilhamentos não intencionais devido à falha do sistema de proteção de geradores síncronos. O sistema de proteção antiilhamento considerado neste trabalho é composto por relés baseados em medidas de freqüência e/ou tensão visto que atualmente estes são considerados os dispositivos mais eficientes para realizar tal tarefa. Como os desempenhos desses relés estão fortemente relacionados aos desbalanços de potência ativa e reativa na rede ilhada, respectivamente, as metodologias desenvolvidas baseiam-se nas curvas de carga do sistema de distribuição, nos patamares de geração de potência ativa e reativa e no cálculo de um índice numérico que indica o risco de falha da proteção antiilhamento. Diversos métodos eficientes foram desenvolvidos para calcular diretamente este índice de risco sem a necessidade de executar numerosas simulações de transitórios eletromagnéticos. Ressalta-se que os principais fatores que afetam o desempenho do sistema de proteção antiilhamento podem ser prontamente determinados com a aplicação das metodologias desenvolvidas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram-se precisos quando comparados aos obtidos por meio de repetidas simulações do tipo de transitórios eletromagnéticos
Abstract: Distributed synchronous generators connected to distribution power systems are prone to operate islanded after contingencies such as short circuits. Islanding occurs when a portion of the distribution network operates electrically isolated from the utility grid substation, yet continues to be energized by local distributed generators connected to the isolated system. Due to a number of technical and safety concerns, the procedure currently adopted by utilities and recommended by the main technical guides is to disconnect all the generators immediately after an islanding event. There are several anti-islanding techniques and the majority of them present technical limitations so that they are likely to fail in certain situations. In this context, it becomes important to know the probability or the risk of the protection scheme to fail in the detection of islanding events in distribution power systems containing distributed generators and, ultimately, determine whether the protection scheme under study is adequate or not. The failure of islanding detection is technically denominated non intentional islanding. This work presents a number of methodologies developed to evaluate the risk of occurrence of non intentional islanding due to the failure of synchronous generators protection systems. The anti-islanding protection system considered in this work is composed of relays based on measures of frequency and/or voltage, since these are considered to be the most efficient methods to perform this task. As the performance of these relays is strongly dependent on the active and reactive power imbalances in the islanded system, respectively, the methodologies are based on the distribution network feeder load curves, the active and reactive power generation levels and on the calculation of numerical index to quantify the risk level of protection system failure. Efficient methods were developed to directly calculate these risk indexes without performing several electromagnetic transient simulations. Through these methods, the main factors impacting on the performance of the antiislanding protection schemes can be determined. The results obtained by the usage of the proposed methodologies presented a very good match with those obtained by electromagnetic transient simulations
Mestrado
Energia Eletrica
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica
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Lima, Daniel Ferreira. "Mitigação de variações de tensão causadas pela proteção anti-ilhamento de geradores distribuídos via controle de taps de reguladores de tensão." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18154/tde-20092017-145917/.
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A conexão de geradores distribuídos em sistemas de distribuição deve ser cuidadosamente avaliada para que os mesmos auxiliem efetivamente na melhoria do desempenho das redes elétricas, buscando reduzir ou eliminar eventuais situações que causem a degradação da qualidade da energia elétrica fornecida aos consumidores, entre outros aspectos. Neste contexto, existem vários trabalhos que analisam a influência da conexão de geradores distribuídos no perfil de tensão da rede elétrica, frequência, desequilíbrio de fases e distorção harmônica. No entanto, há poucos trabalhos analisando os efeitos da desconexão de geradores distribuídos na qualidade da energia fornecida aos consumidores. Uma vez operando em paralelo com a rede de distribuição, esses geradores influenciam o perfil de tensão e o comportamento dos dispositivos reguladores de tensão. Como consequência, sua desconexão pode provocar variações de tensão intensas causando danos ou mau funcionamento às cargas. A desconexão pode ser repentina ou devido à atuação da proteção anti-ilhamento, seguida dos procedimentos de religamento automático do alimentador, se houver. Visando estudar este problema, o qual tende a se tornar uma nova preocupação das concessionárias de energia elétrica, e no intuito de minimizar e/ou eliminar os possíveis efeitos negativos dessas variações de tensão, esta pesquisa propõe o desenvolvimento de um método de controle dos taps dos reguladores de tensão. Neste método, o controle dos taps foi modelado como um problema de otimização, minimizando as violações de tensão mencionadas anteriormente e também a quantidade de operações dos reguladores de tensão ao longo de um dia típico. A otimização foi solucionada com um Algoritmo Genético e os resultados obtidos indicaram que é possível minimizar as variações de tensão usando a curva de carga do sistema para planejar a operação dos reguladores de tensão.The connection of distributed generators in an electric power system should be evaluated carefully to ensure that they effectively assist in improving the performance of electrical networks, reducing or eliminating any situations that cause degradation of the power quality of the consumers, and other issues. In this context, there are several studies that analyze the influence of generators connected to distribution systems and how they affect the frequency, cause variations in voltage magnitude, voltage unbalance and harmonic distortion. However, there are a few studies analyzing the effects that the disconnection of distributed generators induces to the power quality of consumers. Once operating in parallel with the distribution network, these generators have an effect on voltage variations and voltage regulator devices. As a result, disconnection can cause severe voltage variations causing damage or malfunction to the loads. The disconnection may be sudden or due to the action of anti-islanding protection, followed by the procedure to reconnect the substation, if it is possible. In order to study this problem, which tends to become a new power quality concern for electric utilities, and in order to minimize and / or eliminate the possible side effects of the voltage variations, this research proposes the development of a control method of voltage regulators\' taps. In this method, the control of taps was modeled as an optimization problem which aimed to minimize these voltage variations aforementioned and also the amount of voltage regulator operations over a typical day. The optimization was solved by a Genetic Algorithm and the results obtained demonstrate that it is possible to minimize the voltage variation by using the system load curve to plan the operation of voltage regulators.
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Júnior, Elói Rufato. "Aplicação de sistema especialista para localização de defeitos em redes de distribuição." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-25052016-110422/.
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Com o objetivo de orientar e agilizar a busca do local de curto circuitos em redes primárias aéreas de distribuição de energia, esta pesquisa propõe uma metodologia para localização de áreas com maior probabilidade de ser sede do defeito, utilizando variáveis Heurísticas. A metodologia Heurística se aplica em problemas que envolvem variáveis com incertezas, que podem ser avaliadas por meio de recursos empíricos e na experiência de especialistas. Dentre as variáveis influentes no cálculo de curto circuito, foram consideradas como mais relevantes: a resistência de defeito, a tensão pré falta, a impedância do sistema equivalente a montante da subestação e a impedância da rede. A metodologia proposta se fundamenta no conhecimento das correntes e tensões oscilografadas no barramento da subestação por ocasião da ocorrência de um curto circuito e, por outro lado no pré-calculo de correntes de curto circuito heurísticas ao longo da rede. No âmbito da pesquisa foram realizados testes de campo para levantamento da variável heurística resistência de defeito, resumidos neste texto e documentados no CD - ROM em anexo. Foi desenvolvido um software que permitiu a efetiva aplicação da proposta desta pesquisa em vários alimentadores de uma Distribuidora, cujos resultados comprovaram a eficiência da metodologia.With the aim of guiding and speeding up the search of a short circuits place in primary networks of energy distribution this research proposes a methodology for locating higher probability areas of fault, making use of Heuristic variables. The Heuristic methodology is applied in problems that involve variables with uncertainties, which can be evaluated with empirical tools and specialists experience. Among the influential variables in the short circuit calculation, as most relevant were considered: the faults resistance, the pre fault tension, the equivalent system impedance upstream of the substation and the electrical grid impedance. The proposed methodology relies on the knowledge of currents and tensions oscillografed in the substation bus in consequence of a short circuit and, in another way on the pre calculation of heuristic short circuit currents along the grid. In the research scope field tests were performed with the aim of collecting the fault resistance heuristic variable, resumed in this text and documented on the CD-ROM attached. A software that allowed the actual implementation of this researchs purpose in various feeders of a distributor has been developed, with results that confirmed the efficiency of this methodology.
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Ferreira, Roberta Rosa. "Metodologia para proteção adaptativa de linhas de distribuição na presença de geradores síncronos distribuídos." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2015.
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Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Ahda Pionkoski Grilo PavaniDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, 2015.
A operação de parte da rede de distribuição de forma ilhada alimentada por geradores distribuídos aumenta os índices de confiabilidade do sistema, caso de problemas com a conexão com a rede principal reduz o tempo de indisponibilidade do fornecimento de energia elétrica para um conjunto de cargas. Os geradores síncronos distribuídos por apresentarem regulador de velocidade e controle de excitação podem mais facilmente operar no modo ilhado. Um dos grandes desafios da operação ilhada, no entanto, é a redução drástica dos níveis de curto-circuito quando a rede passa a operar de forma ilhada, comprometendo as funções de proteção dos relés de sobrecorrente. Com isso, para a operação de forma segura de uma rede ilhada é necessário alterar o ajuste da proteção dos relés de sobrecorrente. Os relés digitais apresentam a possibilidade de armazenar dois ou mais ajustes distintos de proteção, e a seleção do ajuste a ser usado pode ser realizada via um sinal externo. Neste contexto, o objetivo desta dissertação é apresentar um método capaz de identificar o estado de conexão da rede com a subestação principal e, em caso de alteração deste estado, enviar um sinal para o relé de proteção para a seleção do ajuste adequado. O método proposto não depende de comunicação e baseia-se em um dispositivo simples composto basicamente por um tiristor, que pode ser instalado próximo ao relé. O dispositivo foi modelado no MatLab e utilizado em simulações computacionais de uma rede de distribuição para validar a metodologia proposta. A rede de distribuição simulada possui capacidade de operar de forma ilhada alimentada por dois geradores síncronos distribuídos. O método proposto apresentou bom desempenho e foi capaz de identificar a condição de operação do sistema e selecionar o ajuste da proteção de forma adequada.
The capacity of part of the system to keep an autonomous operation supplied by distributed generators improves the network reliability indices, since, in case of the loss of the connection with the utility grid, it reduces the frequency and duration of interruptions for the customers. Considering that distributed synchronous generators usually have excitation system and speed regulator, they can easily control the voltage and frequency of the system and operate in the islanded mode. However, one of the challenges of islanded operation is the drastically decrease of fault current level when the system is operating in the islanded mode compared to the main system connected condition. So, to ensure a safe grid operation the overcurrent protection settings should be changed. The microprocessor-based overcurrent relay have more than one setting group and thus have the possibility to change the tripping characteristics during the operation as a function of an input signal. In this context, the objective of this thesis is to present a method capable of identifying the grid state and send a signal to the overcurrent relay in order to change the overcurrent settings. The proposed method doesn¿t depend on the communication systems for the relays, and it is based on a simple device composed by one tyristor, which can be installed next to the relay. The device was modeled in MatLab and used in computational simulations considering a typical distribution system to validate the proposed method. The distribution grid used has the capacity of operating in islanded mode or connected to the utility grid mode. The proposed method has presented a good performance and it was able to identify the operation condition in order to select the suited protection setting.
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Meira, Paulo César Magalhães 1985. "Análise da proteção antiilhamento de geradores de indução conectados em redes de distribuição de energia elétrica." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/259993.
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Orientador: Walmir de Freitas FilhoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação
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Resumo: Em redes de distribuição, ilhamento ocorre quando parte da rede elétrica é desconectada do restante do sistema da concessionária, mas continua a ser energizada por um ou mais geradores distribuídos conectados a ela. Esta ocorrência deve ser evitada porque coloca em risco a segurança de pessoas e equipamentos. Diversos trabalhos têm sido desenvolvidos na análise do comportamento ilhado e da proteção antiilhamento de geradores síncronos e de geradores não-rotativos conectados via conversores eletrônicos. No entanto, pouca atenção tem sido dada aos casos envolvendo geradores de indução, sejam eles geradores duplamente alimentados ou com rotor tipo gaiola de esquilo. Portanto, o objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado é investigar o comportamento destes geradores durante ilhamentos, bem como analisar a eficiência dos relés baseados em medidas de freqüência e tensão para a realização de proteção antiilhamento. A ferramenta empregada para análise da proteção antiilhamento é a zona de não-detecção, a qual é definida como a região no espaço de desbalanço de potência reativa versus desbalanço de potência ativa em que o sistema de proteção antiilhamento não consegue detectar a situação de ilhamento dentro do tempo especificado. Tais zonas foram obtidas através de numerosas simulações de transitórios eletromagnéticos utilizando o programa PSCAD/EMTDC
Abstract: In distribution systems, islanding occurs when part of the electric system is disconnected from the remaining utility system, but continues to be fed by one or more distributed generators operating in the island. This occurrence should be avoided as it represents a safety risk to equipment and customers. There have been several research papers which analyze the islanding behavior and the anti-islanding protection of synchronous generators and non-rotating generators connected to the grid using electronic converters. Nonetheless, little attention has been spent to analyze the situations involving induction generators, either doubly-fed generators or squirrel-cage generators. Therefore, the objective of this dissertation is to investigate the behavior of these generators during islanded operation, as well as analyze the efficiency of anti-islanding protection schemes based on frequency and voltage relays. The analysis is conducted by using the non-detection zone, which is defined in the active versus reactive power imbalance space where the anti-islanding protection fails. These zones were determined by numerous electromagnetic transient simulations by using the software PSCAD/EMTDC
Mestrado
Energia Eletrica
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica
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Vianna, João Tito Almeida. "Métodos determinísticos para detecção e localização por área de faltas monofásicas de alta impedância sustentadas nos circuitos primários de sistemas de distribuição desequilibrados." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2016. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/4039.
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O presente trabalho tem por objetivo o desenvolvimento de alternativas para detecção de faltas de alta impedância (HIFs) sustentadas em sistemas de distribuição. Como a maioria destas faltas é monofásica, enfoque foi dado para este tipo de falta no desenvolvimento do trabalho. Devido ao desequilíbrio e a variação da carga dos sistemas de distribuição, a proteção tradicional dos mesmos apresenta dificuldades na detecção destas faltas, que acabam se sustentando no sistema. Isso acarreta um risco de segurança pública, na medida em que estruturas externas ao sistema elétrico são mantidas energizadas representando risco a vidas que entrem em contato com elas. Características da topologia típica de sistemas de distribuição brasileiros (conhecida como do “tipo europeu”) foram exploradas de forma a se elaborar duas propostas de métodos de detecção e localização de HIFs. Ambos os métodos se baseiam na alocação de medidores alocados ao longo do sistema de distribuição, cujas medidas são integradas a uma central de dados via rede de comunicação. Nesta central, as medidas recebidas são analisadas de forma a diagnosticar a presença e localização de faltas monofásicas de alta impedância no sistema e emitir alarmes que descrevam a situação atual do mesmo. O primeiro método, o PDSZ, baseia-se em medições fasoriais sincronizadas e, além da detecção e localização, conta com um algoritmo de classificação das fases envolvidas na falta. Já o segundo (PQDSZ) baseia-se em medições não fasoriais e não possui esta última funcionalidade. Ambos os métodos são implementados em laboratório e simulados com o uso de um Simulador Digital de Tempo Real (RTDS), o que permite uma validação bem próxima da aplicação dos métodos em um sistema real. Tais simulações comprovam a aplicabilidade dos métodos propostos e todos os resultados são analisados de forma a confirmar este fato.
This work aims to develop alternatives for the detection of sustained high impedance faults (HIFs) on distribution power systems. As the majority of these faults are single phase ones, the development was focused on this kind of fault. Due to load unbalance and variation of the distribution systems, the traditional protectiontechniques presents problems on detecting these faults, which are kept sustained on the system. This situation represents a serious public hazard, because the external electrical system structure remains energized, representing a risk to lives that eventually get in touch with it. There is also the risk of starting a fire from this fault point. Topologycal features of Brasilian distribution systems (known as “european type”) were exploited in order to elaborate two methods for detection and localization of HIFs. Both methods are based on the use of meters alocated along the distribution system, whose measurements are sent to a central data concentrator, through a network communication. Then, the received measurements are analysed in order to diagnose the ocurrence of single phase high impedance faults on the system and send alarms that describe the current system situation. The first method, named PDSZ, is based on Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) and besides detecting and locating the fault, can also classify it, showing which phaseis involved. The second one, the PQDSZ, is based on non-synchronized measurements and can not classify the fault. Both methods were implemented on laboratory and tested using real equipament and a Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS), which allows a very precise evaluation of the proposed methods, emulating conditions very similar the real ones. The simulations prove the aplicability of the proposed methods and the results are analysed in order to show the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
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Hanák, Miroslav. "Návrh transformační stanice pro vyvedení výkonu z fotovoltaické elektrárny." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-217818.
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This master’s thesis engages in project of outgoing transformer unit for the photovoltaic power station. It describes project and its design documentation what conducts to practising of construction. It has compared investing to more expansive transformer what has lower loss. It describes charges of operation’s transformer in twenty years. It leads project of cable low voltage. It compares whether is better to use aluminium or cupric cables. Project is led with respect for investment costs and minimum of operation loss.
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Wikman-Svahn, Per. "Ethical Aspects of Radiation Risk Management." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Filosofi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-100730.
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This thesis is based on the assumption that the intersection of moral philosophy and practical risk management is a rewarding area to study. In particular, the thesis assumes that concepts, ideas, and methods that are used in moral philosophy can be of great benefit for risk analysis, but also that practices in risk regulation provide a useful testing ground for moral philosophical theories. The thesis consists of an introduction and five articles. Article I is a review article on social and ethical aspects of radiation protection related to nuclear power generation. The paper concludes that four areas of social and ethical issues stand out as central: The first is uncertainty and the influence of value judgments in scientific risk assessments. The second is the distributions of risks and benefits between different individuals, in both space and time. The third is the problem of setting limits when there is no known level of exposure associated with a zero risk. The fourth is related to stakeholder influence and risk communication. Article II discusses ethical issues related to the proposal that doses (or risks) below a certain level should be excluded from the system of radiation protection, without any regard for the number of people exposed. Different arguments for excluding small radiation doses from regulation are examined and a possible solution to the problem of regulating small risks is proposed in the article: Any exclusion of small doses (or risks) from radiation protection ought to be based on a case-by-case basis, with the condition that the expected value of harm remains small. Article III examines what makes one distribution of individual doses better than another distribution. The article introduces a mathematical framework based on preference logic, in which such assessments can be made precisely in terms of comparisons between alternative distributions of individual doses. Principles of radiation protection and from parallel discussions in moral philosophy and welfare economics are defined using this framework and their formal properties analyzed. Article IV argues that the ethical theory of “responsibility-catering prioritarianism” is well positioned to deal with the reasonable requirements in an ethical theory of risk. The article shows how responsibility-catering prioritarianism can be operationalized using a prioritarian social welfare function based on hypothetical utilities. For this purpose, a hypothetical utility measure called ‘responsibility-adjusted utility’ is proposed, which is based on the utility that would normally be expected given circumstances outside of the control of the individual. Article V was written as a response to the Fukushima disaster. Several authors have called the Fukushima disaster a ‘black swan.’ However, the article argues that the hazards of large earthquakes and tsunamis were known before the accident, and introduces and defines the concept of a ‘black elephant,’ as (i) a high-impact event that (ii) lies beyond the realm of regular expectations, but (iii) is ignored despite existing evidence.QC 20120816
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Ferreira, Gustavo Dorneles. "Otimização da confiabilidade de sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica: uma abordagem considerando a seleção e alocação de dispositivos de proteção e manobras." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2009. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8462.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoOne of the main goals of the electric utilities is to provide energy to its customers in a reliable and low cost way. Traditionally, the electricity sector regulatory commissions impose continuity targets, which must be carried out, to avoid great penalties. For many years, the electric utilities have adopted the practice of allowing the increment of temporary interruptions, aiming the reduction of permanent interruptions in energy supply, through coordinated protection schemes. However, due to the increase growing in electronic loads, and the existence of complex power-driven industrial processes, there is a less tolerance in short duration interruptions events. Therefore, the reliability must be characterized as widely way, considering the occurrence of such disturbances. The definition of protection devices types, and its arrangement in the feeder, enables the restriction of faults propagation, reducing the number of consumers subject to interruptions in energy supply. Similarly, the allocation of switching devices in an optimized way, provides a reduction of the interruptions duration, allowing the isolation of portions of the network subject to failure, the reconfiguration of the feeder and restoration of the supply to the consumer, in permanent interruptions cases. Targeting these factors, in this work are proposed two methods to optimize the reliability of electrical distribution systems. The optimization with a single objective is based on optimized allocation of protective and switching devices in the feeder, aiming the minimization of the reliability indices that considers the occurrence of permanent interruptions in energy supply. It is possible the choice of different indices, considering parameters such as load, number of consumers, and energy costs related to the occurrence of interruptions. The protection scheme, in this case is pre-defined (coordinated or selective), and applied to all reclosers allocated in the process of optimization, as well as the breaker of the substation. The second methodology - called double objective - is based on simultaneous minimization of reliability index that take into account the occurrence of permanent interruptions, and the indicator MAIFIE (Momentary Average Interruption Event Frequency Index), which considers the incidence of events that cause temporary interruptions in energy supply. Thus, besides the allocation of protection and switching devices, the optimization consists in definition of the protection scheme to be employed in reclosers and circuit breaker at the substation. Both formulations result in models of nonlinear programming with discontinuous and non-differentiable objective functions, subject to non-linear restrictions. These restrictions reflect in economic and technical limitations, such as coordination and selectivity between the protective devices, topology of the feeder, maximum number of devices available for allocation, and others. In order to find the best solution of the problem with single objective, a Simple Genetic Algorithm is proposed. A conjunct of best solutions of the dual objective problem was accomplished by using Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm. Among these, the most appropriate solution is selected through the use of Fuzzy Inference System. The performance of the algorithms and the quality of the solutions were verified by submitting a real 421 bus distribution system in the process of optimization. The results are commented and compared with the commonly practices used by electric companies.
Uma das principais metas das empresas concessionárias é fornecer energia a seus clientes de forma confiável e com baixo custo. Tradicionalmente, órgãos reguladores do setor elétrico estabelecem metas de continuidade, que devem ser satisfeitas sob pena da aplicação de vultosas multas. Durante muitos anos, as concessionárias têm adotado a prática de permitir o incremento das interrupções temporárias, visando à diminuição na ocorrência das interrupções permanentes no fornecimento de energia, pelo emprego do esquema de proteção coordenado. Entretanto, com o crescente aumento das cargas eletrônicas, e a existência de processos industriais automatizados cada vez mais complexos, existe uma menor tolerância à ocorrência de interrupções de curta duração. Logo, a confiabilidade deve ser caracterizada de forma mais ampla, considerando a ocorrência deste tipo de distúrbio. A definição dos tipos de dispositivos de proteção, e a disposição dos mesmos em locais específicos do alimentador, possibilitam restringir a propagação de faltas, reduzindo o número de consumidores submetidos a interrupções no fornecimento de energia. De forma semelhante, a alocação de chaves de manobras de maneira otimizada provê meios de reduzir a duração das interrupções, possibilitando a isolação de trechos da rede sob condição de falta, a reconfiguração do alimentador e o restabelecimento do fornecimento à parte dos consumidores, caso ocorram interrupções permanentes. Visando estes fatores, neste trabalho são propostas duas metodologias de otimização da confiabilidade de sistemas elétricos de distribuição. A otimização com objetivo único consiste na alocação de dispositivos de proteção e manobras no alimentador, visando à minimização de indicadores de confiabilidade que consideram a ocorrência de interrupções permanentes no fornecimento de energia. É possível a escolha de diferentes indicadores, considerando parâmetros como: carga, número de consumidores, energia e custos relacionados à ocorrência de interrupções. O esquema de proteção, neste caso é pré-definido (coordenado ou seletivo), sendo aplicado a todos os religadores alocados no processo de otimização, inclusive ao disjuntor da subestação. A segunda metodologia denominada duplo objetivo consiste na minimização simultânea de um indicador de confiabilidade que considera a ocorrência de interrupções permanentes, e do indicador MAIFIE (Momentary Average Interruption Event Frequency Index), que considera a ocorrência de eventos causadores de interrupções temporárias no fornecimento de energia. Desta forma, além da alocação dos dispositivos de proteção e manobras, o processo de otimização visa definir o esquema de proteção a ser empregado nos religadores, bem como no disjuntor da subestação. Ambas as formulações resultam em modelos de programação não-lineares, com funções objetivo descontínuas e não diferenciáveis, sujeitas a restrições não-lineares. Estas restrições refletem limitações técnicas e econômicas, tais como coordenação e seletividade entre os dispositivos de proteção, topologia do alimentador, número máximo de dispositivos disponíveis para alocação, entre outras. Na busca da melhor solução do problema com objetivo único é empregado o Algoritmo Genético Simples. Um conjunto de soluções ótimas do problema duplo objetivo é obtido utilizando o Algoritmo Genético Multiobjetivo. Dentre estas, a solução mais adequada é selecionada por meio de um Sistema de Inferência Nebulosa. O desempenho dos algoritmos e a qualidade das soluções foram verificados submetendo um sistema de distribuição real de 421 barras ao processo de otimização. Por fim, os resultados são comentados e comparados com as práticas mais utilizadas pelas concessionárias.
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Michl, Pavel. "Začleňování fotovoltaických elektráren do elektrizační soustavy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-218537.
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The thesis discuses an integration of photovoltaic power stations to electric network. The first part describes connecting conditions of small sources to distribution system, including administrative requirements, feasibility study, and requirements to the energy meters, measuring, control devices, switching devices and protection. The second part is aimed to describe problems of the photovoltaic system. Solar radiation generating and reducing of its intensity incident upon the earth surface are described in this part. The quantum of produced electric power depends on climatic conditions in the fixed area, seasons, etc. This work also discusses the types of photovoltaic cells and their actual efficiency. Inverters are further important components of the photovoltaic system. The parameters of the inverters have a great influence on the total actual efficiency of the photovoltaic system. Different methods of the photovoltaic panels’ connection with the inverters and their advantages and disadvantages are also mentioned. The supporting structure of the photovoltaic panels and eventually transformer are further important components of photovoltaic system. The work also analyze the methods of connection of the photovoltaic power station to distributive low voltage and medium voltage network, electric energy accumulation and possibilities of the sale of produced electric energy. The large number of the connected photovoltaic power stations has negative influences to electric network. The third part contains the design of a photovoltaic power plant with a capacity of 516,24 kWp on the scoped area in southern Bohemia. The project documentation for the location where the power plant is designed is also made. It contains the design of photovoltaic panels, the design of the inverters to get an optimal power load. This part also contains a calculation of the photovoltaic system losses and the design of transformer and the cable junction calculation of the distributive system. The feasibility study of the power plant connected to distributive system is also conducted. Its delivery rate will be connected to the distribution point Řípov (110/22 kV). The calculation results show us that this photovoltaic power plant can be linked to the distribution system. The final part of this paper contains an economic estimate of the photovoltaic power plant operating and the calculation of the return. An Economic return is influenced by the wide range of values that affect the total return rate. The calculation of an operating economy is made for several variants. The return rate in refer to contemporary redemption price for 2010 with no consideration for a bank loan is 7 years. If we consider the bank loan it would be 12 years. The penetrative reduction of the redemption price is expected for 2011. Calculation works with the decline of 30 %. It would extend the rate of return to 11 years without a bank loan or to 22 years with the bank loan. The bank loan is considered to cover 80 % of the investment.
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Oprea, Elena-Alina. "Droit de l'Union européenne et lois de police." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020028.
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L’interaction du droit de l’Union européenne avec le droit international privé se manifeste avec une acuité particulière en matière de lois de police, continuant et renouvelant les discussions suscitées par celles-ci. La promotion des intérêts de l’Union européenne par ce mécanisme de DIP peut être facilement observée. Il reste que des questions peuvent surgir quant à l’aménagement, dans les systèmes juridiques nationaux, de l’articulation des lois de police de source nationale et européenne. Le transfert de certaines compétences des Etats membres vers l’Union, le rapprochement des législations des Etats membres ou le poids plus important accordé aux raisonnements et aux intérêts européens au moment de la qualification mettent en lumière une catégorie « lois de police » avec des contours nouveaux. La mise en oeuvre des lois de police porte, elle aussi, l’empreinte de l’influence du droit de l’Union européenne. L’intégration des données liées à la réalisation du marché intérieur entraîne une perturbation significative du mécanisme traditionnel des lois de police, accompagnée d’une diminution de l’efficacité de ces normes dans les relations entre les Etats membres. L’objectif de création, au sein de l’Union, d’un espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice s’est matérialisé par la mise en place de corps de règles européennes de DIP dans diverses matières. La méthode des lois de police en ressort transformée, suite tant à la prise de position directe du législateur européen sur les conditions de son intervention, qu’en raison des évolutions enregistrées par d’autres méthodes concurrentes de droit international privéThe interaction between the European Union law and the private international law is particularly acute in the field of internationally mandatory rules, maintaining and renewing the debate which always accompanied this kind of norms. If the internationally mandatory rules occupy a special place in the European legislation, being an extremely effective tool of European policy, some difficulties arise as to the articulation, in the Member States’ legal systems, of the both national and European different sources of lois de police. The transfer of powers from Member States to the European Union, the harmonization of national legislations and the greater weight given to European reasoning and interests at the time of qualification highlight a new dimension of the internationally mandatory rules concept. Also the implementation of internationally mandatory rules is highly influenced by the European Union Law. The Member States’ obligations concerning the completing of the internal market and the removal of restrictions to changes involve a significant disturbance to this traditional PIL mechanism; a decrease in the effectiveness of internationally mandatory rules in relations between Member States may be observed. The purpose of establishing an area of freedom, security and justice within the European Union was materialized in the establishment of European private international law rules in various fields; the internationally mandatory rules method is transformed as a result of the European legislator direct intervention on his definition and regime, but also as a result of the evolution that affects other concurring private international law methods